{"id":55896,"date":"2026-06-17T05:48:03","date_gmt":"2026-06-16T22:48:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=55896"},"modified":"2026-06-17T05:48:03","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T22:48:03","slug":"cac-phuong-hoi-thoi-trung-co-cach-thuc-hoat-dong-va-nhung-dieu-chung-ta-co-the-hoc-hoi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/06\/cac-phuong-hoi-thoi-trung-co-cach-thuc-hoat-dong-va-nhung-dieu-chung-ta-co-the-hoc-hoi.html","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5: C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Walker Larson<\/i><\/p>\n

[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

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B\u1ee9c tranh \u201cThe Syndics of the Drapers\u2019 Guild\u201d (C\u00e1c gi\u00e1m qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i Th\u1ee3 D\u1ec7t), n\u0103m 1662, c\u1ee7a danh h\u1ecda Rembrandt. (\u1ea2nh thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng)<\/i><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i \u00c2u ch\u00e2u trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11, c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u2014 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i, v\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16. Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, v\u00e0 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u01a1 khai.<\/p>\n

\u201cC\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i: b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh\u201d, nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Paul Murray Kendall vi\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn n\u1eb1m trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cThe Age of Chivalry\u201d (Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Hi\u1ec7p s\u0129). \u201cNh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh chi ti\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1edd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 ph\u1ee5 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu\u00ea\u201d. Th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ee9c th\u00f9 lao, c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. \u201cL\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d, nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Henri Pirenne nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cEconomic and Social History of Medieval Europe\u201d (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5).<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh trong th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5: ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng rong b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Trung C\u1ed5 T\u0103m t\u1ed1i (Dark Ages). Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i trong th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n n\u01a1i h\u1ecd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng rong d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n, thu\u00ea c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd thay m\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, trong khi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1913 c\u1ee7a B\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o (Catholic Encyclopedia) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n mua b\u00e1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea1t b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai giao d\u1ecbch m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi: mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb trong vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 trong ph\u1ea1m vi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1eabn nhau, tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nhau tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea1nh tranh. \u201cNhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i s\u00e1t c\u00e1nh c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn, h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ngay t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\u201d, nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Henri Pirenne vi\u1ebft. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i t\u1eeb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n\u201d.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho ri\u00eang h\u1ecd m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Henri Pirenne nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i \u201cd\u00e0nh ri\u00eang th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n cho c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i lai, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u00e0o trong ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u201d. V\u00ec v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 c\u00f2n duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u00f9ng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd c\u1ee7a quan ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u2014 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ngay b\u00ean c\u1eeda s\u1ed5, n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi gian l\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3 trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i c\u00f2n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f2a \u00e1n ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e9t x\u1eed v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1t ti\u1ec1n, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n gian l\u1eadn, l\u00e0m h\u00e0ng k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u1ea1nh tranh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, ho\u1eb7c vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng: th\u1ee3 nhu\u1ed9m, th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m th\u1ee7y tinh, th\u1ee3 kim ho\u00e0n, th\u1ee3 l\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c, th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m r\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3ng y\u00ean ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 may, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 nhu\u1ed9m, n\u0103m 1433. (\u1ea2nh thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng)<\/i><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 h\u1ed9i qu\u00e1n ri\u00eang, n\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra y\u1ebfn ti\u1ec7c, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp. H\u1ecd l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u ng\u1eef ho\u1eb7c huy hi\u1ec7u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed1n kh\u00f3. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i tham gia ch\u0103m s\u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p khi \u0111au \u1ed1m, tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p d\u00e0nh cho g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed mai t\u00e1ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u do ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i chi tr\u1ea3, theo nh\u01b0 B\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o (Catholic Encyclopedia). C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ng\u0103n nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y x\u1ea3y ra ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i c\u00f2n n\u1eafm gi\u1eef c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng do m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf quan ch\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i, hi\u1ebfm khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng ngh\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb hay s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Henri Pirenne nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i \u201cmang l\u1ea1i cho [ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng] m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng ng\u0103n h\u1ecd v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean cao h\u01a1n\u201d. T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0, x\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u00ea c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quy m\u00f4 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

D\u1eabu v\u1eady, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ngh\u1ec1 \u2014 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n \u2014 s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 c\u1ea3 trong ngh\u1ec1. C\u00e1c th\u1ee3 c\u1ea3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u01b0\u1edfng ri\u00eang, nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 d\u00e0y d\u1ea1n kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m tinh hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi tay ngh\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 ph\u1ee5 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m b\u00e1nh th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Bodleian, Oxford, Anh. (\u1ea2nh thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng)<\/i><\/p>\n

Gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ee3 ph\u1ee5\u2014nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5p th\u1ee3 c\u1ea3. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 ph\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c\u201d (masterpiece)\u2014theo \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m gi\u00fap m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee3 ph\u1ee5 l\u00ean th\u1ee3 c\u1ea3, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf x\u01b0\u1edfng ri\u00eang cho m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Theo B\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 Britannica, \u201cTrong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f9ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd\u201d.<\/p>\n

Tuy v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, b\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3. Theo th\u1eddi gian, c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 c\u1ea3 d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u1eaft khe \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u0103ng c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c l\u00ean th\u1ee3 ph\u1ee5, hay t\u1eeb th\u1ee3 ph\u1ee5 l\u00ean th\u1ee3 c\u1ea3. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n suy y\u1ebfu, tr\u1edf n\u00ean k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 k\u00e9m c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i suy gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n qua c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf trong v\u00e0 sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Khai s\u00e1ng (Age of Enlightenment), h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng. Ch\u00fang ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t\u2014c\u00f9ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i k\u00e8m\u2014\u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi kinh doanh trong vi\u1ec7c th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i c\u00f2n gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecd trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung gian th\u00fa v\u1ecb trong cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn sau n\u00e0y gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7t ra gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u0169y qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty s\u1edf h\u1eefu quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn ngang v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7\u2014nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y nay \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 (Big Tech)\u2014g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng trao t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 do nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 d\u00f9 ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i mang l\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

(Theo The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/bright\/medieval-guilds-how-they-worked-and-what-we-can-learn-from-them-5994635<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Walker Larson [ChanhKien.org] B\u1ee9c tranh \u201cThe Syndics of the Drapers\u2019 Guild\u201d (C\u00e1c gi\u00e1m qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i Th\u1ee3 D\u1ec7t), n\u0103m 1662, c\u1ee7a danh h\u1ecda Rembrandt. (\u1ea2nh thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng) M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i \u00c2u ch\u00e2u trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55896","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-van-hoa-than-truyen"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nC\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5: C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/06\/cac-phuong-hoi-thoi-trung-co-cach-thuc-hoat-dong-va-nhung-dieu-chung-ta-co-the-hoc-hoi.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5: C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Walker Larson [ChanhKien.org] B\u1ee9c tranh \u201cThe Syndics of the Drapers\u2019 Guild\u201d (C\u00e1c gi\u00e1m qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i Th\u1ee3 D\u1ec7t), n\u0103m 1662, c\u1ee7a danh h\u1ecda Rembrandt. 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