{"id":55682,"date":"2026-06-08T11:14:37","date_gmt":"2026-06-08T04:14:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=55682"},"modified":"2026-06-08T11:14:37","modified_gmt":"2026-06-08T04:14:37","slug":"nam-thu-vien-co-dai-lam-thay-doi-the-gioi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/06\/nam-thu-vien-co-dai-lam-thay-doi-the-gioi.html","title":{"rendered":"N\u0103m th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Leo Salvatore<\/i><\/p>\n

[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

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Ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau \u2018Y\u1ebfn ti\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Ashurbanipal\u2019 t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 Nineveh, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Anh. (\u1ea2nh: London Mharrsch\/CC BY 4.0)<\/i><\/p>\n

Khi ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 Hy L\u1ea1p, La M\u00e3, hay nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0i, l\u0103ng m\u1ed9, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a?<\/p>\n

Sau khi ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh, c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1eadp tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

V\u0103n kh\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Hittite<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Hittite \u2014 th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00ecnh n\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ph\u00eda B\u1eafc H\u1eafc H\u1ea3i, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Hittite \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Anatolia (Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n nay) v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 2000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. H\u1ecd th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 r\u00e8n s\u1eaft v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng xe ng\u1ef1a ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Hittite \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Hattusa. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1900, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khai qu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 n\u00e0y. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n l\u1ed9 thi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng c\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd kh\u00e1c. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng ghi nh\u1edb nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 v\u0103n kh\u1ed1 ho\u00e0ng gia c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hattusa. Hi\u1ec7n nay n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cV\u0103n kh\u1ed1 Bogazkoy\u201d. B\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 h\u01a1n 25.000 b\u1ea3n ghi ch\u1eef h\u00ecnh n\u00eam b\u1eb1ng t\u00e1m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 k\u00fd t\u1ef1 Akkadian, lo\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00f9ng l\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

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Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Kadesh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n b\u1ea3n ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong V\u0103n kh\u1ed1 Bogozoy. (\u1ea2nh: Marcus Cyron\/CC BY 3.0)<\/i><\/p>\n

V\u0103n kh\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed, c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, th\u01b0 t\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i giao gi\u1eefa kinh \u0111\u00f4 Hattusa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh xung quanh, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n gian, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111a Th\u1ea7n \u2014 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y gi\u00fap hi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t t\u1eeb l\u00e2u v\u1ed1n lu\u00f4n ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Hattusa c\u0169ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cHi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc V\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n\u201d tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Hittite v\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn m\u00e3i m\u00e3i. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 hai qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t trong su\u1ed1t hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay thu\u1ed9c Syria, Li B\u0103ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Akkadian, hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ee3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa Pharaon Ramesses II c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Hattusa. Hai v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 huynh \u0111\u1ec7, g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eefa Pharaon Ramesses II v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Puduhepa c\u1ee7a Hittite l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec7m cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. V\u1ecb Pharaon n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cTh\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n S\u1ea5m s\u1ebd trao cho ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, trong m\u1ed1i giao h\u1ea3o n\u00e0y, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd g\u1eafng k\u1ebft m\u00e3i m\u00e3i. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd du h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta m\u00e3i m\u00e3i, vun \u0111\u1eafp cho t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp ho\u00e0ng gia c\u1ee7a Vua Ashurbanipal<\/b><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 Nineveh King \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Assyria c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u1edf v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 (Iraq ng\u00e0y nay), v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c tham chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Assyria. T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec3m ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y Ashurbanipal \u2014 v\u1ecb vua v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Assyria (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 669\u2013631 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) khao kh\u00e1t s\u01b0u t\u1eadp th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u0103n kh\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Hittite, h\u01a1n 30.000 b\u1ea3n ghi b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t t\u1eeb cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia c\u1ee7a Vua Ashurbanipal g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 x\u1eed \u00e1n, th\u01b0 t\u1eeb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 s\u1ed5 s\u00e1ch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. V\u0103n kh\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 b\u00f3i to\u00e1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. C\u00e1c th\u1ea7y tu v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o b\u00f3i to\u00e1n trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

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Ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau \u2018Y\u1ebfn ti\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Ashurbanipal\u2019 t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 Nineveh, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Anh. (\u1ea2nh: London Mharrsch\/CC BY 4.0)<\/i><\/p>\n

Vua Ashurbanipal \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi \u0111i c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 g\u1eedi cho ng\u00e0i nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n sao v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m b\u1ea3n sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1, nh\u00e0 vua c\u0169ng thu\u00ea nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sao ch\u00e9p v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra th\u00eam b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef h\u00ecnh n\u00eam m\u00e0 \u00f4ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u1edf Nineveh. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt b\u00f3i to\u00e1n, mong \u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng vi\u1ebft tay v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o qua ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a Vua Ashurbanipal trong vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u t\u1ed3n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c cho h\u1eadu th\u1ebf. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 trao truy\u1ec1n cho h\u1ecd, \u1edf Assyria v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

H.G. Wells\u2014m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u2014 g\u1ecdi v\u0103n kh\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Ashurbanipal l\u00e0 \u201cngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d.<\/p>\n

Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a kho t\u00e0ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cS\u1eed thi Gilgamesh\u201d, m\u1ed9t huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m s\u1eed thi n\u00e0y k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn phi\u00eau l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a Gilgamesh v\u00e0 Enkidu, hai k\u1ebb th\u00f9 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1n. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt si\u00eau nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong kinh th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho s\u1ef1 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Th\u1ea5y hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t khi\u1ebfn cho Enkidu m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh nan y. Vi\u1ec7c Enkidu s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft khi\u1ebfn Gilgamesh d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7y ch\u00f4ng gai \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u00ed m\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh.<\/p>\n

S\u1eed thi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua lo xa \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Alexandria<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ng\u00e0y nay s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft Homer l\u00e0 ai n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n c\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y c\u00f3i trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Alexandria n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Alexandria kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n kh\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Hittite v\u00e0 Assyria. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd theo \u00fd ch\u1ec9 Vua Ptolemy \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ecb \u2014 v\u1ecb vua c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hittite c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp t\u1eebng tranh gi\u00e0nh. Khi Alexander \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf b\u0103ng h\u00e0 n\u0103m 323 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Vua Ptolemy tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, Vua Ptolemy \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tri th\u1ee9c. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u201cMouseion\u201d, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt tinh hoa \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Archimedes. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t minh ra chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y b\u01a1m n\u01b0\u1edbc mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong khi \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u1edf Alexandria.<\/p>\n

Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng \u0103n chung, c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, nh\u1eefng khu v\u01b0\u1eddn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 th\u1ea7y tr\u00f2 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u1eb7c tra c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t s\u01b0u t\u1eadp l\u1edbn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y c\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201c\u0110\u1ea1i Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Alexandria\u201d tranh minh h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a O. Von Corven th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, trong t\u1eadp \u201cK\u00fd \u1ee9c Lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d. (\u1ea2nh: Oak Knoll Press. PD-US)<\/i><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 48 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Julius Caesar \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00f3ng h\u1ecfa h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n \u1edf c\u1ea3ng Alexandria. Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n Vua Ptolemy 14 s\u1eafp l\u00ean ng\u00f4i chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c con t\u00e0u v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. S\u1ef1 t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Caesar \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 lan r\u1ed9ng qua nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c g\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kho ch\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng tai n\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thi\u00eau r\u1ee5i 40.000 cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y c\u00f3i. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 400.000 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ea3n ch\u00e9p tay c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1eed thi Homer. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Alexandria \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp th\u01a1 n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh chu\u1ea9n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ch\u00e9p trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1eabn s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. N\u00f3 suy t\u00e0n t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t; chi\u1ebfn tranh, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ecf b\u00ea \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 nhau v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e0y. T\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 300 C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u00e0 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 Pergamum v\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y da<\/b><\/p>\n

Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 300 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai hoang Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda T\u00e2y v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Anatolia. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Pergamum. Trong v\u00f2ng ch\u01b0a t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a. S\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh khi Vua Eumenes \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Pergamum quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7, ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o cho th\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 Alexandria.<\/p>\n

Pergamum h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Alexandria. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 trong k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ch d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Khu th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i cao c\u1ee7a Pergamum t\u1ea1i Khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n Asclepius, t\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p. (\u1ea2nh: Imehling\/CC BY-SA 3.0)<\/i><\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea5y c\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u1edf th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Alexandria r\u1ebb ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t d\u1ec5 v\u1ee1. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ea5y c\u00f3i b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y trong ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 300 n\u0103m, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 [g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i]. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y c\u00f3i c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u2014 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o tra c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9n \u2014 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Pergamum \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u201cvellum\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y da b\u00ea. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 da t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd, c\u00f3 l\u00fac l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u1eebu ho\u1eb7c d\u00ea, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cparchment\u201d (gi\u1ea5y da). Ch\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb t\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Pergamum trong ti\u1ebfng La-tinh (pergamenum) v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p (parchemin). Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, gi\u1ea5y da \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y d\u1ec5 h\u1ecfng sang c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p tay (codex) b\u1ec1n h\u01a1n (c\u00e1c t\u1eadp gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00e1y \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1eef \u201ccodex\u201d hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u theo \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng codex n\u00e0y. H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i qua c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y da t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/b><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 39 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia Gaius Asinius Pollio \u0111\u00e3 tu s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u0169 n\u00e1t n\u1eb1m ngay trung t\u00e2m La M\u00e3 \u2013 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00e0n ph\u00e1. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Pollio, t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i \u201catrium libertatis\u201d (s\u1ea3nh t\u1ef1 do), m\u1ed9t khu li\u00ean h\u1ee3p c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u01b0\u1eddn t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n

Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 khu v\u01b0\u1eddn li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n th\u00ec m\u1edbi lui t\u1edbi n\u01a1i n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u00ec ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed thanh cao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eefu \u00fd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho kh\u00e1ch qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0 s\u1eed gia La M\u00e3 Pliny Gi\u00e0 (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 23-79 C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) t\u1eebng \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y th\u00f4i th\u00fac kh\u00e1ch gh\u00e9 th\u0103m suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n b\u1ea5t t\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1eabn \u0111ang tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang ta\u201d.<\/p>\n

Pliny \u0111\u00e3 ca ng\u1ee3i Pollio v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u201cs\u00e1ng l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, n\u01a1i t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d. B\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p cho nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 , m\u00e0 Pollio c\u00f2n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tham gia b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i ng\u00e2m th\u01a1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng giao kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7y tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, Pollio c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i ng\u00e2m th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Virgil, m\u1ed9t thi h\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u1eed thi Aeneid. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e2m th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 say m\u00ea, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang. S\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1eef g\u00ecn qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/b><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c v\u0103n kh\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Hittite v\u00e0 Assyria \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng quy chu\u1ea9n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, cung c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, hay b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qua nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Alexandria v\u00e0 Pergamum t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 h\u01a1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian. V\u1edbi khu li\u00ean h\u1ee3p c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Pollio, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u00e0 cho t\u1edbi nay n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n: N\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tinh th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf nhoi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u1eebng l\u01b0u gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng: Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 v\u1ee1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t, m\u1ecfng manh nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea5y c\u00f3i, lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i \u2014 th\u1ee9 v\u1ed1n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0m \u0111au \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 th\u01b0 y\u00eau tri th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n cao c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

(Theo The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb:<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/bright\/5-ancient-libraries-that-changed-the-world-6018513<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Leo Salvatore [ChanhKien.org] Ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau \u2018Y\u1ebfn ti\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Ashurbanipal\u2019 t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 Nineveh, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Anh. 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