{"id":53812,"date":"2026-04-08T11:16:01","date_gmt":"2026-04-08T04:16:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=53812"},"modified":"2026-04-08T11:16:01","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T04:16:01","slug":"nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/04\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6): Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a khi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i (Ph\u1ea7n 1)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_0531.jpeg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-53813\" src=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_0531-300x200.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_0531-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_0531.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><i>Lo&#7841;t b&agrave;i vi&#7871;t &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t c&#7911;a The Epoch Times: Nh&igrave;n th&#7845;u &ldquo;Thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a&rdquo;. (&#7842;nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><b>Ti&#7871;p theo:<\/b> <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/03\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-5-khoa-hoc-ve-luan-hoi-va-can-tu-tiet-lo-ban-chat-cua-sinh-menh-phan-2.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Nh&igrave;n th&#7845;u &ldquo;Thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a&rdquo; (Ch&#432;&#417;ng 5): Khoa h&#7885;c v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i v&agrave; c&#7853;n t&#7917; ti&#7871;t l&#7897; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh (Ph&#7847;n 2)<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p>M&#7909;c l&#7909;c c&#7911;a Ch&#432;&#417;ng 6:<\/p>\n<p>Ch&#432;&#417;ng 6: Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a khi&#7871;n khoa h&#7885;c l&#7841;c l&#7889;i (Ph&#7847;n 1)<\/p>\n<p>1. Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a khi&#7871;n khoa h&#7885;c h&atilde;m s&acirc;u v&agrave;o ng&#7897; nh&#7853;n b&aacute;c b&#7887; Th&#7847;n linh<\/p>\n<p>1.1 M&#7897;t m&agrave;n k&#7883;ch nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i g&acirc;y ch&#7845;n &#273;&#7897;ng<\/p>\n<p>1.2 Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a l&agrave; ng&#7909;y khoa h&#7885;c, kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; c&#259;n c&#7913;<\/p>\n<p>1.3 Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i v&agrave; c&#7853;n t&#7917; cho th&#7845;y kh&#7843; n&#259;ng t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n<\/p>\n<p>1.4 Khoa h&#7885;c v&agrave; &#273;&#7913;c tin v&agrave;o Th&#7847;n kh&ocirc;ng h&#7873; m&acirc;u thu&#7851;n<\/p>\n<p>2. Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a khi&#7871;n khoa h&#7885;c m&#7845;t &#273;i lu&acirc;n l&yacute; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c<\/p>\n<p>2.1 Th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m b&#7879;nh giang mai Tuskegee<\/p>\n<p>2.2 Ng&agrave;nh c&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p c&#7845;y gh&eacute;p n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng &#273;&#7851;m m&aacute;u &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c<\/p>\n<p>2.3 Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a khi&#7871;n khoa h&#7885;c ph&#7899;t l&#7901; lu&acirc;n l&yacute; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c ra sao<\/p>\n<p>3. Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a d&#7851;n t&#7899;i vi&#7879;c l&#7841;m d&#7909;ng khoa h&#7885;c c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879;<\/p>\n<p>3.1 C&aacute;i ch&#7871;t c&#7911;a Jesse<\/p>\n<p>3.2 H&#7841; Ki&#7871;n Khu&ecirc; ch&#7881;nh s&#7917;a ph&ocirc;i ng&#432;&#7901;i<\/p>\n<p>3.3 Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; &ldquo;ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c&rdquo; c&#7911;a virus<\/p>\n<p>3.4 M&#7889;i nguy hi&#7875;m c&#7911;a sinh v&#7853;t bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene<\/p>\n<p>3.5 Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a l&agrave; &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c &#273;&#7857;ng sau vi&#7879;c theo &#273;u&#7893;i c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; qu&aacute; m&#7913;c<\/p>\n<p>4. Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a khi&#7871;n y h&#7885;c ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i l&acirc;m v&agrave;o kh&#7889;n c&#7843;nh<\/p>\n<p>4.1 Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a c&#7911;ng c&#7889; quan &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c c&#417; h&#7885;c v&#7873; sinh m&#7879;nh<\/p>\n<p>4.2 Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a c&#7911;ng c&#7889; c&aacute;c &yacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; kh&aacute;ng c&#417; h&#7885;c<\/p>\n<p>4.3 S&#7913;c kh&#7887;e tinh th&#7847;n v&agrave; b&#7879;nh tinh th&#7847;n b&#7883; xem nh&#7865;<\/p>\n<p>5. Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a khi&#7871;n nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u khoa h&#7885;c b&#7887; qua tinh th&#7847;n<\/p>\n<p>5.1 Baxter v&agrave; &ldquo;C&#7843;m &#7913;ng nguy&ecirc;n th&#7911;y&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>5.2 &ldquo;N&#432;&#7899;c bi&#7871;t c&acirc;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>5.3 V&#7853;t l&yacute; l&#432;&#7907;ng t&#7917; ch&#7913;ng minh tinh th&#7847;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i kh&aacute;ch quan.<\/p>\n<p>Trong th&#7847;n tho&#7841;i Hy L&#7841;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i c&oacute; m&#7897;t c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n v&#7873; Th&#7847;n l&#7917;a Hephaestus, &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; t&ecirc;n l&agrave; Pandora t&#7915; &#273;&#7845;t s&eacute;t v&agrave; sau &#273;&oacute; g&#7917;i c&ocirc; &#7845;y &#273;&#7871;n nh&acirc;n gian. Sau khi Pandora &#273;&#7871;n nh&acirc;n gian, c&ocirc; &#273;&atilde; m&#7903; m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c h&#7897;p ma thu&#7853;t &#273;&aacute;ng l&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng n&ecirc;n m&#7903; ra, k&#7871;t qu&#7843; l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; t&agrave; &aacute;c nh&#432; tham lam, &#273;&#7889; k&#7925;, &ocirc;n d&#7883;ch, b&#7879;nh t&#7853;t &#273;&atilde; tr&agrave;n ra, mang &#273;&#7871;n v&ocirc; s&#7889; tai h&#7885;a cho nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p>C&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n c&#7893; x&#432;a n&agrave;y cho &#273;&#7871;n ng&agrave;y nay v&#7851;n c&ograve;n &yacute; ngh&#297;a s&acirc;u s&#7855;c.<\/p>\n<p>Ng&agrave;y nay, phi thuy&#7873;n v&#361; tr&#7909; &#273;&atilde; bay ra ngo&agrave;i kh&ocirc;ng gian, c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; cao c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y &#7903; kh&#7855;p m&#7885;i n&#417;i. &#272;i&#7879;n tho&#7841;i di &#273;&#7897;ng, m&aacute;y &#273;i&#7879;n to&aacute;n v&agrave; tr&iacute; tu&#7879; nh&acirc;n t&#7841;o d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave;m b&#7845;t c&#7913; &#273;i&#7873;u g&igrave;. Khoa h&#7885;c &#273;&atilde; th&acirc;m nh&#7853;p v&agrave;o m&#7885;i m&#7863;t c&#7911;a &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i, &#273;&#7891;ng h&agrave;nh c&ugrave;ng s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; l&agrave;m thay &#273;&#7893;i t&#432; duy c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i th&ocirc;ng qua gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c, nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u khoa h&#7885;c, &#7913;ng d&#7909;ng &hellip;<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, khoa h&#7885;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t l&agrave; con dao hai l&#432;&#7905;i. &#272;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c mang l&#7841;i s&#7921; ti&#7879;n l&#7907;i cho cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i, th&igrave; khoa h&#7885;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t c&#361;ng mang &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t s&#7889; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873;. Con ng&#432;&#7901;i ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng theo &#273;u&#7893;i khoa h&#7885;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t, trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh khoa h&#7885;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n, th&igrave; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng v&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c d&#7847;n b&#7883; mai m&#7897;t. Tr&aacute;i &#272;&#7845;t ng&agrave;y nay &#273;ang kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7915;ng b&#7883; t&agrave;n ph&aacute; b&#7903;i nh&#7919;ng thi&ecirc;n tai nh&acirc;n h&#7885;a, &ocirc; nhi&#7877;m m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c sa &#273;&#7885;a, xa r&#7901;i truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng, lo&#7841;n t&#432;&#7907;ng tr&agrave;n lan; ch&#7913;ng lo l&#7855;ng, tr&#7847;m c&#7843;m v&agrave; c&aacute;c b&#7879;nh truy&#7873;n nhi&#7877;m kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7915;ng xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n.<\/p>\n<p>Nhi&#7873;u v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; kh&aacute;c nhau do khoa h&#7885;c g&acirc;y ra m&agrave; con ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7889;i m&#7863;t, c&oacute; th&#7875; b&#7855;t ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; s&#7921; d&#7851;n h&#432;&#7899;ng sai l&#7847;m c&#7911;a gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#432; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y, trong &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n nguy&ecirc;n th&#7911;y c&#7911;a Tr&aacute;i &#272;&#7845;t, qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a t&#7921; ph&aacute;t kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; t&#7841;o ra con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7899;i th&acirc;n h&igrave;nh tinh m&#7929; v&agrave; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng tr&iacute; tu&#7879; cao nh&#432; v&#7853;y. Do &#273;&oacute;, t&#7845;t ph&#7843;i c&oacute; m&#7897;t s&#7913;c m&#7841;nh c&#7911;a tr&iacute; tu&#7879; cao h&#417;n, m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; thi&#7871;t k&#7871; v&agrave; t&#7841;o ra con ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch c&oacute; tr&#7853;t t&#7921;. M&agrave; &ldquo;tr&#7853;t t&#7921;&rdquo; n&agrave;y, theo quan &#273;i&#7875;m v&#7853;t l&yacute; m&agrave; x&eacute;t, ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; quy lu&#7853;t c&#417; b&#7843;n c&#7911;a t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n, hay l&agrave; c&aacute;i m&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i x&#432;a g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;o.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>S&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i, ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng m&agrave; h&#7885; s&#7889;ng t&#7845;t ph&#7843;i ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i quy lu&#7853;t c&#417; b&#7843;n n&agrave;y c&#7911;a t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n, n&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng t&#7891;n t&#7841;i t&#7845;t c&#7843; n&#7873;n v&#259;n minh v&agrave; s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n tr&#432;&#7899;c m&#7855;t ch&uacute;ng ta. C&oacute; l&#7869; ch&uacute;ng ta kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; hi&#7875;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a thi&#7871;t k&#7871; &#273;&#7847;y tr&iacute; tu&#7879; n&agrave;y, th&#7853;m ch&iacute; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; &#273;&#7863;t t&ecirc;n cho n&oacute;, nh&#432;ng ch&uacute;ng ta v&#7851;n th&#7915;a nh&#7853;n m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch kh&aacute;ch quan s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a thi&#7871;t k&#7871; tr&iacute; tu&#7879; c&oacute; tr&#7853;t t&#7921; n&agrave;y, ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i &#273;i&#7873;u m&agrave; Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; g&#7885;i l&agrave; tri th&#7913;c ch&acirc;n ch&iacute;nh &ndash; &ldquo;tri chi vi tri chi, b&#7845;t tri vi b&#7845;t tri, th&#7883; tri d&atilde;&rdquo; (bi&#7871;t th&igrave; n&oacute;i l&agrave; bi&#7871;t, kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t th&igrave; n&oacute;i l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t, &#7845;y ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; bi&#7871;t). Socrates c&#361;ng c&oacute; m&#7897;t c&acirc;u n&oacute;i n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;All I know is that I know nothing&rdquo; (T&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; t&ocirc;i bi&#7871;t l&agrave; t&ocirc;i kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t g&igrave; c&#7843;).<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a &#273;&atilde; ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a thi&#7871;t k&#7871; c&oacute; tr&#7853;t t&#7921; n&agrave;y, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i c&#361;ng ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n lu&acirc;n l&yacute; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c t&#432;&#417;ng th&iacute;ch v&#7899;i &#273;&#7883;nh lu&#7853;t c&#417; b&#7843;n n&agrave;y c&#7911;a t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n, k&#7871;t qu&#7843; t&#7845;t y&#7871;u l&agrave; mang &#273;&#7871;n cho con ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&#7919;ng h&#7853;u qu&#7843; kh&ocirc;ng t&#432;&#417;ng th&iacute;ch v&#7899;i t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n nh&#432; l&#7841;c l&#7889;i, th&#7853;m ch&iacute; l&agrave; th&#7843;m h&#7885;a. V&igrave; v&#7853;y, Darwin gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; &#273;&atilde; m&#7903; m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c h&#7897;p ma thu&#7853;t, gi&#7843;i ph&oacute;ng gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a, khi&#7871;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#7847;n xa r&#7901;i truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng, &#273;&aacute;nh m&#7845;t t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng, coi th&#432;&#7901;ng linh h&#7891;n v&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i. Vi&#7879;c ch&uacute; tr&#7885;ng qu&aacute; m&#7913;c v&agrave;o l&#7907;i &iacute;ch v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t v&agrave; ti&#7871;n b&#7897; k&#7929; thu&#7853;t &#273;&atilde; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng bi&#7871;n d&#7883; v&#7873; th&#7875; ch&#7845;t v&agrave; tinh th&#7847;n c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i, t&#7841;o ra v&ocirc; v&agrave;n th&#7843;m h&#7885;a cho m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&agrave; nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p><b>1. Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a khi&#7871;n khoa h&#7885;c h&atilde;m s&acirc;u v&agrave;o ng&#7897; nh&#7853;n b&aacute;c b&#7887; Th&#7847;n linh<\/b><\/p>\n<p>T&#7915; x&#432;a &#273;&#7871;n nay, ch&uacute;ng ta &#273;&#7873;u do cha m&#7865; sinh ra, ai c&oacute; th&#7875; ng&#7901; r&#7857;ng &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y l&#7841;i c&oacute; th&#7875; b&#7883; thay &#273;&#7893;i b&#7903;i &ldquo;khoa h&#7885;c&rdquo; m&agrave; con ng&#432;&#7901;i lu&ocirc;n xem l&agrave; chu&#7849;n m&#7921;c? Ch&uacute;ng ta h&atilde;y b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#7915; m&#7897;t s&#7921; ki&#7879;n nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p><b>1.1 M&#7897;t m&agrave;n k&#7883;ch nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i g&acirc;y ch&#7845;n &#273;&#7897;ng<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Ng&agrave;y 27\/12\/2002, t&#7841;i m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c h&#7885;p b&aacute;o &#7903; Hollywood, Florida, b&agrave; Brigitte Boisselier, m&#7897;t c&#7921;u h&oacute;a h&#7885;c gia ng&#432;&#7901;i Ph&aacute;p, l&atilde;nh &#273;&#7841;o c&#7911;a m&#7897;t gi&aacute;o ph&aacute;i c&oacute; li&ecirc;n quan v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i ngo&agrave;i h&agrave;nh tinh, v&agrave; l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7913;ng &#273;&#7847;u c&ocirc;ng ty nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n (Clonaid), &#273;&atilde; tuy&ecirc;n b&#7889; r&#7857;ng em b&eacute; nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n mang t&ecirc;n Eve &#273;&atilde; ch&agrave;o &#273;&#7901;i &#8309;&sup3;&sup2;.<\/p>\n<p>Tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&oacute; m&#7897;t th&aacute;ng, v&agrave;o ng&agrave;y 28\/11\/2002, b&aacute;c s&#297; ph&#7909; khoa ng&#432;&#7901;i &Yacute; Severino Antinori c&#361;ng tuy&ecirc;n b&#7889; r&#7857;ng m&#7897;t em b&eacute; nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n s&#7869; ch&agrave;o &#273;&#7901;i v&agrave;o th&aacute;ng 01\/2003 &#8309;&sup3;&sup3;.<\/p>\n<p>Ngay khi tin t&#7913;c v&#7873; nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n, n&oacute; &#273;&atilde; l&#7853;p t&#7913;c l&agrave;m d&#7845;y l&ecirc;n l&agrave;n s&oacute;ng ch&#7881; tr&iacute;ch gay g&#7855;t t&#7915; kh&#7855;p n&#417;i tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i. Ng&agrave;y 28\/12\/2002, The Guardian &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#259;ng m&#7897;t b&agrave;i b&aacute;o c&oacute; nhan &#273;&#7873; &ldquo;Nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c t&agrave; gi&aacute;o tuy&ecirc;n b&#7889; l&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i,&rdquo; ch&#7881; tr&iacute;ch nh&#7919;ng &ldquo;nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c&rdquo; n&agrave;y b&#7883; &aacute;m &#7843;nh b&#7903;i c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; &ldquo;nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i,&rdquo; &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i k&ecirc;u g&#7885;i l&#7879;nh c&#7845;m tr&ecirc;n ph&#7841;m vi to&agrave;n c&#7847;u. &#8309;&sup3;&#8308;<\/p>\n<p>Kh&ocirc;ng ai c&oacute; th&#7875; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng r&#7857;ng c&oacute; m&#7897;t ng&agrave;y, m&#7897;t khoa h&#7885;c gia &#273;&#432;&#7907;c k&iacute;nh tr&#7885;ng l&#7841;i c&oacute; th&#7875; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n k&#7929; thu&#7853;t sinh h&#7885;c nh&#432; v&#7853;y, l&agrave;m nh&#7919;ng vi&#7879;c vi ph&#7841;m b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t v&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#417; b&#7843;n c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>K&#7923; th&#7921;c, b&#259;ng d&agrave;y ba th&#432;&#7899;c kh&ocirc;ng b&#7903;i c&aacute;i l&#7841;nh m&#7897;t ng&agrave;y.<\/p>\n<p>C&oacute; th&#7875; m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; t&#7915;ng xem b&#7897; phim khoa h&#7885;c vi&#7877;n t&#432;&#7903;ng &ldquo;C&ocirc;ng vi&ecirc;n k&#7927; Jura&rdquo; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1993, n&oacute;i v&#7873; m&#7897;t c&ocirc;ng ty c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; sinh h&#7885;c &#273;&atilde; chi&#7871;t xu&#7845;t gene kh&#7911;ng long t&#7915; m&#7897;t con mu&#7895;i b&ecirc;n trong h&#7893; ph&aacute;ch, v&agrave; h&#7891;i sinh lo&agrave;i kh&#7911;ng long th&ocirc;ng qua c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; sinh h&#7885;c.<\/p>\n<p>C&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; n&oacute;i &#273;&#7871;n kh&aacute;i ni&#7879;m c&#417; b&#7843;n c&#7911;a c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n. N&oacute;i m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n, nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n l&agrave; qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh t&#7841;o ra &#273;&#7901;i sau c&#7911;a sinh v&#7853;t b&#7857;ng c&aacute;ch sao ch&eacute;p gene m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch nh&acirc;n t&#7841;o, thay v&igrave; giao ph&#7889;i truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng gi&#7919;a sinh v&#7853;t &#273;&#7921;c v&agrave; c&aacute;i &#8309;&sup3;&#8309;. Tr&ecirc;n th&#7921;c t&#7871;, tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n c&#7911;a c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7853;t l&agrave; v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1964, Ti&#7871;n s&#297; John Gurdon, m&#7897;t khoa h&#7885;c gia ng&#432;&#7901;i Anh, &#273;&atilde; nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n th&agrave;nh c&ocirc;ng ph&ocirc;i &#7871;ch. &Ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng m&#7897;t ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p g&#7885;i l&agrave; chuy&#7875;n nh&acirc;n t&#7871; b&agrave;o sinh d&#432;&#7905;ng, (somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT) &#8309;&sup3;&#8310;.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7871;n n&#259;m 1996, c&aacute;c khoa h&#7885;c gia Anh qu&#7889;c &#273;&atilde; t&#7841;o ra con c&#7915;u nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n t&ecirc;n l&agrave; &ldquo;Dolly&rdquo; &#8309;&sup3;&#8311;, sau &#273;&oacute; c&agrave;ng ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u lo&agrave;i &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7853;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n nh&#432; b&ograve; nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n &#8309;&sup3;&#8312;, l&#7907;n nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n &#8309;&sup3;&#8313;, v.v. M&#7863;c d&ugrave; c&aacute;c c&aacute; th&#7875; nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n th&#432;&#7901;ng gi&agrave; s&#7899;m v&agrave; &#273;o&#7843;n m&#7879;nh, cho th&#7845;y c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; t&#432;&#7903;ng ch&#7915;ng nh&#432; m&#7899;i l&#7841; n&agrave;y c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng sai s&oacute;t r&#7845;t l&#7899;n, nh&#432;ng &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&oacute; c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; ng&#259;n c&#7843;n c&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&aacute;ch nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>Cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng, khi m&#7897;t s&#7889; nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c b&iacute; m&#7853;t chuy&#7875;n c&aacute;i g&#7885;i l&agrave; c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; sinh h&#7885;c n&agrave;y sang con ng&#432;&#7901;i, th&igrave; s&#7921; c&#7889; nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i n&oacute;i tr&ecirc;n &#273;&atilde; x&#7843;y ra. Tr&ecirc;n th&#7921;c t&#7871;, vi&#7879;c nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i m&agrave; h&#7885; tuy&ecirc;n b&#7889; ch&#432;a &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&aacute;c nh&#7853;n, v&agrave; cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng ch&#7881; l&agrave; m&#7897;t m&agrave;n k&#7883;ch s&#417; s&agrave;i.<\/p>\n<p>H&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; c&aacute;c khoa h&#7885;c gia, ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; gia v&agrave; c&#417; quan qu&#7843;n l&yacute; tr&ecirc;n to&agrave;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i l&ecirc;n &aacute;n gay g&#7855;t. Ngay c&#7843; c&aacute;c n&#432;&#7899;c ch&acirc;u &Acirc;u v&agrave; ch&acirc;u M&#7929; c&oacute; c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; sinh h&#7885;c ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; c&#7845;m &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch r&otilde; r&agrave;ng. C&#7921;u T&#7893;ng th&#7889;ng Hoa K&#7923; George W. Bush v&agrave; c&#7921;u T&#7893;ng th&#7889;ng Ph&aacute;p Chirac &#273;&#7873;u &#7911;ng h&#7897; m&#7841;nh m&#7869; lu&#7853;t c&#7845;m nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i; C&#7909;c Qu&#7843;n l&yacute; Th&#7921;c ph&#7849;m v&agrave; D&#432;&#7907;c ph&#7849;m Hoa K&#7923; &#273;&atilde; coi vi&#7879;c nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; m&#7897;t h&agrave;nh vi y t&#7871; b&#7845;t h&#7907;p ph&aacute;p.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&acirc;y l&agrave; l&#7869; th&#432;&#7901;ng t&igrave;nh hi&#7875;n nhi&ecirc;n, cho d&ugrave; c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n c&oacute; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&acirc;u th&igrave; c&#361;ng ch&#7881; c&oacute; th&#7875; sao ch&eacute;p c&#417; th&#7875; con ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&#7913; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; sao ch&eacute;p linh h&#7891;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i. Th&#7853;t kh&oacute; &#273;&#7875; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng r&#7857;ng m&#7897;t &ldquo;c&#417; th&#7875;&rdquo; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; linh h&#7891;n l&#7841;i c&oacute; th&#7875; s&#7889;ng m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7857;ng sau h&agrave;nh vi nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i n&agrave;y, c&oacute; li&ecirc;n quan ch&#7863;t ch&#7869; &#273;&#7871;n gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Darwin cho r&#7857;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a t&#7915; kh&#7881;, lo&#7841;i tr&#7915; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng Th&#7847;n t&#7841;o ra con ng&#432;&#7901;i, d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; hi&#7875;u l&#7847;m c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7873; c&aacute;c nguy&ecirc;n t&#7855;c c&#417; b&#7843;n c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh. &#272;&oacute; l&agrave; l&#7901;i c&#7843;nh t&#7881;nh cho c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>L&agrave;m th&#7871; n&agrave;o m&agrave; gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a l&#7841;i khi&#7871;n khoa h&#7885;c t&#7915;ng b&#432;&#7899;c l&#7841;c l&#7889;i, th&#7853;m ch&iacute; nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; nh&#432; nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c con ng&#432;&#7901;i ngh&#297; &#273;&#7871;n? Ng&#7885;n ngu&#7891;n c&#7911;a &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y v&#7851;n c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch t&#7915; &#273;&#7847;u.<\/p>\n<p><b>1.2 Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a l&agrave; ng&#7909;y khoa h&#7885;c, kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; c&#259;n c&#7913;<\/b><\/p>\n<p>T&#7915; &ldquo;khoa h&#7885;c&rdquo; (Science) ban &#273;&#7847;u c&oacute; ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c t&#7915; ti&#7871;ng Latin, theo c&aacute;ch n&oacute;i th&ocirc;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng, n&oacute; d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; ch&#7881; nh&#7919;ng tri &#8203;&#8203;th&#7913;c ho&#7863;c h&#7885;c v&#7845;n gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch v&#7841;n s&#7921; v&#7841;n v&#7853;t tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i &#8309;&#8308;&#8304;. M&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch ban &#273;&#7847;u c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c l&agrave; [truy t&igrave;m] tri &#8203;&#8203;th&#7913;c v&agrave; h&#7885;c v&#7845;n m&ocirc; t&#7843; ch&acirc;n l&yacute; c&#7911;a v&#361; tr&#7909;.<\/p>\n<p>C&oacute; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u c&aacute;ch &#273;&#7875; kh&aacute;m ph&aacute; ch&acirc;n l&yacute; c&#7911;a v&#361; tr&#7909;, bao g&#7891;m c&#7843; khoa h&#7885;c th&#7921;c nghi&#7879;m &#8309;&#8308;&sup1;, v&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c phi th&#7921;c nghi&#7879;m. M&#7885;i con &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7873;u d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n Rome, ch&#7881; c&#7847;n m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i gi&#7919; t&#7845;m l&ograve;ng c&#7903;i m&#7903; v&agrave; th&aacute;i &#273;&#7897; t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m s&#7921; th&#7853;t, cho d&ugrave; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p kh&aacute;c nhau, th&igrave; c&#361;ng &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; th&#7875; bi&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &iacute;t nhi&#7873;u ch&acirc;n t&#432;&#7899;ng c&#7911;a v&#361; tr&#7909;.<\/p>\n<p>V&#7853;y &ldquo;gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a&rdquo; c&#7911;a Darwin, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c coi l&agrave; ch&acirc;n l&yacute; v&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c vi&#7871;t v&agrave;o s&aacute;ch gi&aacute;o khoa sinh h&#7885;c, c&oacute; tu&acirc;n th&#7911; c&aacute;c nguy&ecirc;n t&#7855;c c&#417; b&#7843;n c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c kh&ocirc;ng?<\/p>\n<p>Ch&uacute;ng ta &#273;&atilde; th&#7843;o lu&#7853;n trong ba ch&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n r&#7857;ng c&oacute; 13 l&#7895;i c&#417; b&#7843;n v&#7873; m&#7863;t logic v&agrave; th&#7921;c t&#7871; trong gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a. Darwin ch&#7881; c&#7847;n ngh&#297; &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&ocirc;i m&#7855;t l&agrave; c&#7843;m th&#7845;y ch&#7845;n kinh. T&#7841;i sao? B&#7903;i v&igrave; gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p, tinh t&#7871; c&#7911;a c&#7845;u tr&uacute;c v&agrave; ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng c&#7911;a &#273;&ocirc;i m&#7855;t, v&#7853;y n&ecirc;n Darwin &#273;&atilde; vi&#7871;t trong cu&#7889;n &ldquo;Ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&aacute;c lo&agrave;i&rdquo; r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;Th&#7853;t hoang &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng khi ngh&#297; r&#7857;ng &#273;&ocirc;i m&#7855;t c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh b&#7903;i qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>M&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#432;&#7901;ng so s&aacute;nh ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng c&#7911;a m&#7855;t v&#7899;i m&aacute;y &#7843;nh, nh&#432;ng m&aacute;y &#7843;nh &#273;&ograve;i h&#7887;i c&aacute;c chuy&ecirc;n gia ph&#7843;i thi&#7871;t k&#7871; c&#7849;n th&#7853;n. &#272;&ocirc;i m&#7855;t con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng c&ograve;n m&#7841;nh h&#417;n v&agrave; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p h&#417;n nhi&#7873;u so v&#7899;i m&aacute;y &#7843;nh, l&#7869; n&agrave;o n&oacute; l&agrave; k&#7871;t qu&#7843; c&#7911;a qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a ng&#7851;u nhi&ecirc;n hay sao? N&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&#7871;t k&#7871; c&#7849;n th&#7853;n, l&agrave;m sao n&oacute; c&oacute; th&#7875; sinh ra?<\/p>\n<p>C&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y, gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Darwin ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng c&#7911;ng c&#7889; v&agrave; ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n kh&ocirc;ng ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i c&aacute;c nguy&ecirc;n t&#7855;c khoa h&#7885;c, n&oacute; ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n l&agrave; m&#7897;t th&#7913; ng&#7909;y khoa h&#7885;c v&agrave; l&#7869; ra ph&#7843;i s&#7899;m b&#7883; lo&#7841;i tr&#7915; kh&#7887;i h&#7879; th&#7889;ng khoa h&#7885;c.<\/p>\n<p>V&#7873; ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, khoa h&#7885;c th&#7921;c nghi&#7879;m ch&#7911; y&#7871;u d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n t&#432; duy ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch, nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh &ldquo;nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y m&#7899;i tin,&rdquo; v&agrave; th&#432;&#7901;ng &ldquo;m&#7845;t &#273;i t&#7893;ng th&#7875;.&rdquo; V&agrave;o gi&#7919;a th&#7871; k&#7927; 19, khoa h&#7885;c th&#7921;c nghi&#7879;m v&#7851;n c&ograve;n &#7903; giai &#273;o&#7841;n s&#417; khai. Darwin &#273;&atilde; l&#7907;i d&#7909;ng nh&#7919;ng h&#7841;n ch&#7871; v&agrave; s&#7921; non n&#7899;t c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c th&#7921;c nghi&#7879;m l&uacute;c b&#7845;y gi&#7901; &#273;&#7875; ti&ecirc;m nhi&#7877;m v&agrave;o con ng&#432;&#7901;i gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t sai l&#7847;m r&#7857;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i &ldquo;ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a&rdquo; t&#7915; lo&agrave;i kh&#7881;; c&#7913; nh&#432; th&#7871;, gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng ho&agrave;ng th&acirc;m nh&#7853;p v&agrave;o &#273;i&#7879;n &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c.<\/p>\n<p><b>1.3 Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i v&agrave; c&#7853;n t&#7917; cho th&#7845;y kh&#7843; n&#259;ng t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Khoa h&#7885;c ch&acirc;n ch&iacute;nh s&#7869; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u b&#7857;ng nh&#7919;ng quan s&aacute;t ch&acirc;n th&#7921;c v&#7873; c&aacute;c hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng v&#361; tr&#7909;. S&#7921; quan s&aacute;t c&oacute; th&#7875; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#7915; tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7911;a c&aacute;c gi&aacute;c quan v&#7853;t l&yacute; c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng ta trong kh&ocirc;ng gian n&agrave;y, ho&#7863;c c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; s&#7921; &ldquo;quan s&aacute;t&rdquo; v&agrave; &ldquo;th&#7875; nghi&#7879;m&rdquo; v&#7873; v&#361; tr&#7909; r&#7897;ng l&#7899;n h&#417;n th&ocirc;ng qua suy ngh&#297; v&agrave; &yacute; th&#7913;c c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng ta.<\/p>\n<p>V&#7873; ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c s&#7921; s&#7889;ng c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i, ngo&agrave;i nh&#7919;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng th&#7913;c th&#7843;o lu&#7853;n nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u t&#7915; x&#432;a &#273;&#7871;n nay ra, &#7903; Ch&#432;&#417;ng 3 ch&uacute;ng t&ocirc;i c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; tr&iacute;ch d&#7851;n m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng, cho th&#7845;y c&#417; th&#7875; con ng&#432;&#7901;i tinh x&#7843;o v&agrave; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra th&ocirc;ng qua qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a, m&agrave; ch&#7881; c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&#7871;t k&#7871; v&agrave; t&#7841;o ra b&#7903;i m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i sinh m&#7879;nh c&oacute; tr&iacute; tu&#7879; n&agrave;o &#273;&oacute;.<\/p>\n<p>Tr&ecirc;n th&#7921;c t&#7871;, trong v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a m&#7895;i d&acirc;n t&#7897;c trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917; &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; truy&#7873;n thuy&#7871;t S&aacute;ng Th&#7871; ri&ecirc;ng c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, &#273;a s&#7889; t&#7893; ti&ecirc;n c&#7911;a c&aacute;c d&acirc;n t&#7897;c &#273;&#7873;u tin r&#7857;ng Th&#7847;n &#273;&atilde; t&#7841;o ra con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; v&#7841;n v&#7853;t.<\/p>\n<p>B&#7903;i v&igrave; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng th&#7883; gi&aacute;c, th&iacute;nh gi&aacute;c v&agrave; c&aacute;c kh&#7843; n&#259;ng nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c kh&aacute;c c&#7911;a c&#417; th&#7875; con ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&uacute;ng ta l&agrave; h&#7919;u h&#7841;n, n&ecirc;n n&#7871;u con ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y Th&#7847;n, th&igrave; c&#361;ng ch&#432;a &#273;&#7911; &#273;&#7875; ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n kh&#7843; n&#259;ng t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n. L&uacute;c n&agrave;y, ch&#7881; c&oacute; m&#7897;t tinh th&#7847;n khi&ecirc;m t&#7889;n, m&#7897;t t&acirc;m h&#7891;n c&#7903;i m&#7903;, k&#7871;t h&#7907;p v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p kh&aacute;m ph&aacute; kh&aacute;c, ch&uacute;ng ta m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#7871;n g&#7847;n v&#7899;i ch&acirc;n t&#432;&#7899;ng c&#7911;a v&#361; tr&#7909;.<\/p>\n<p>Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&#7911;a c&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c v&#7873; s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7853;n t&#7917; c&oacute; th&#7853;t cho th&#7845;y, khi con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7903; tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i c&#7853;n k&#7873; c&aacute;i ch&#7871;t v&agrave; linh h&#7891;n r&#7901;i kh&#7887;i c&#417; th&#7875;, th&igrave; h&#7885; c&oacute; th&#7875; s&#7903; h&#7919;u nhi&#7873;u kh&#7843; n&#259;ng phi th&#432;&#7901;ng. Linh h&#7891;n c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;i v&agrave;o nh&#7919;ng kh&ocirc;ng gian kh&aacute;c, quan s&aacute;t v&agrave; c&#7843;m nh&#7853;n nhi&#7873;u ch&acirc;n t&#432;&#7899;ng h&#417;n &#7903; nh&#7919;ng kh&ocirc;ng gian kh&aacute;c.<\/p>\n<p>V&iacute; d&#7909;, c&ocirc; b&eacute; Vicky b&#7883; m&ugrave; t&#7915; khi sinh ra, kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t g&igrave; v&#7873; to&aacute;n h&#7885;c v&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c, ch&#432;a bao gi&#7901; nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y &aacute;nh s&aacute;ng, c&acirc;y c&#7889;i, hoa l&aacute; hay con ng&#432;&#7901;i, nh&#432;ng l&#7841;i b&#7845;t ng&#7901; nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y &aacute;nh s&aacute;ng trong hai l&#7847;n tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7853;n t&#7917;. C&ocirc; b&eacute; c&ograve;n nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y c&#417; th&#7875; c&#7911;a ch&iacute;nh m&igrave;nh v&agrave; c&aacute;c nh&acirc;n vi&ecirc;n y t&#7871; &#7903; nh&acirc;n gian. Ngo&agrave;i ra, &#7903; tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i t&#7841;i kh&ocirc;ng gian kh&aacute;c, c&ocirc; b&eacute; c&ograve;n hi&#7875;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&eacute;p t&iacute;nh vi-t&iacute;ch ph&acirc;n, bi&#7871;t h&agrave;nh tinh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh nh&#432; th&#7871; n&agrave;o v&agrave; t&igrave;m ra c&acirc;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i cho nhi&#7873;u c&acirc;u h&#7887;i v&#7873; khoa h&#7885;c, to&aacute;n h&#7885;c, s&#7921; s&#7889;ng, tinh c&#7847;u, c&aacute;c v&#7883; Th&#7847;n, v.v. C&ocirc; b&eacute; c&oacute; c&#7843;m gi&aacute;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c bao quanh b&#7903;i m&#7897;t d&ograve;ng n&#432;&#7899;c ki&#7871;n &#8203;&#8203;th&#7913;c v&agrave; c&oacute; th&#7875; bi&#7871;t nh&#7919;ng ng&ocirc;n ng&#7919; m&agrave; tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y kh&ocirc;ng hi&#7875;u. &#8309;&#8308;&sup2;<\/p>\n<p>M&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7853;n t&#7917; &#273;&atilde; vi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng, &#273;&ocirc;i m&#7855;t c&#7911;a anh ta &#7903; kh&ocirc;ng gian kh&aacute;c d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; c&oacute; th&#7875; t&#7921; &#273;&#7897;ng thay &#273;&#7893;i ti&ecirc;u c&#7921;, v&#7899;i t&#7847;m nh&igrave;n gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; k&iacute;nh thi&ecirc;n v&#259;n v&agrave; k&iacute;nh hi&#7875;n vi, c&oacute; th&#7875; nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y m&#7885;i &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng g&acirc;n tr&ecirc;n l&aacute; c&#7911;a m&#7895;i c&aacute;i c&acirc;y xa ngo&agrave;i m&#7845;y d&#7863;m &#8309;&#8308;&sup3;; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c t&#7915;ng tr&#7843;i qua tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7853;n t&#7917; m&ocirc; t&#7843; h&#7885; c&oacute; t&#7847;m nh&igrave;n 360 &#273;&#7897;, c&oacute; th&#7875; nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y m&#7885;i h&#432;&#7899;ng c&ugrave;ng m&#7897;t l&uacute;c &#8309;&#8308;&#8308;.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y cho th&#7845;y sau khi linh h&#7891;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i t&aacute;ch kh&#7887;i c&#417; th&#7875;, n&oacute; c&oacute; th&#7875; b&#7897;c l&#7897; nh&#7919;ng kh&#7843; n&#259;ng phi th&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; t&#7847;m nh&igrave;n phi th&#432;&#7901;ng, t&#7847;m nh&igrave;n to&agrave;n c&#7843;nh, dao th&#7883;, v.v. &#7902; tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i &#273;&oacute;, tr&iacute; tu&#7879; c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7903; r&#7897;ng, c&oacute; th&#7875; hi&#7875;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7919;ng b&iacute; &#7849;n ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p v&agrave; s&acirc;u s&#7855;c c&#7911;a v&#361; tr&#7909;, bao g&#7891;m c&#7843; l&#7901;i gi&#7843;i &#273;&aacute;p cho nh&#7919;ng c&acirc;u h&#7887;i v&#7873; ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p>V&iacute; d&#7909;, sau tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7853;n t&#7917; do b&#7883; ngh&#7865;n h&#7841;t &#273;i&#7873;u, ch&aacute;u b&eacute; Katie 3 tu&#7893;i &#273;&atilde; vi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;Ch&aacute;u bi&#7871;t ch&#7855;c r&#7857;ng m&igrave;nh l&agrave; m&#7897;t sinh v&#7853;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra, m&#7897;t sinh v&#7853;t t&#7891;n t&#7841;i nh&#7901; v&agrave;o s&#7921; hi&#7879;n h&#7919;u n&agrave;y.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>R&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7915;ng tr&#7843;i qua tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7853;n t&#7917;, bao g&#7891;m c&#7843; m&#7897;t s&#7889; chuy&ecirc;n gia y t&#7871;, &#273;&atilde; nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y nh&#7919;ng sinh m&#7879;nh tr&iacute; tu&#7879; cao c&#7845;p &#7903; c&aacute;c chi&#7873;u kh&ocirc;ng gian kh&aacute;c.<\/p>\n<p>Trong tu&#7847;n l&#7877; khi b&aacute;c s&#297; gi&#7843;i ph&#7851;u th&#7847;n kinh Eben Alexander (1953-) &#7903; &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Harvard h&ocirc;n m&ecirc;, linh h&#7891;n c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i Thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng &#273;&aacute;m m&acirc;y tr&#7855;ng h&#7891;ng kh&#7893;ng l&#7891;. &Ocirc;ng c&ograve;n mi&ecirc;u t&#7843; c&#7843;m gi&aacute;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&igrave;nh y&ecirc;u t&#7915; Ch&uacute;a v&agrave; tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7891;ng h&agrave;nh v&#7899;i c&aacute;c Thi&ecirc;n Th&#7847;n. &#8309;&#8308;&#8309;<\/p>\n<p>Trong cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch &ldquo;Ch&uacute;a v&agrave; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i b&ecirc;n kia&rdquo; (God and the Afterlife) do b&aacute;c s&#297; x&#7841; tr&#7883; ung th&#432; ng&#432;&#7901;i M&#7929; Jeffrey Long (1954-) xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n, m&#7897;t nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n tr&ecirc;n 420 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7853;n t&#7917; &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; c&aacute;c b&aacute;c s&#297;, khoa h&#7885;c gia, chuy&ecirc;n gia v&agrave; m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i thu&#7897;c c&aacute;c t&#7847;ng l&#7899;p x&atilde; h&#7897;i, cho th&#7845;y sau khi tr&#7843;i qua tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7853;n t&#7917;, s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i tin v&agrave;o s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a Ch&uacute;a &#273;&atilde; t&#259;ng l&ecirc;n 86%, m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; tin v&agrave;o Ch&uacute;a &#273;&atilde; t&#259;ng l&ecirc;n &#273;&aacute;ng k&#7875;. &#8309;&#8308;&#8310;<\/p>\n<p>Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Long ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i tr&#7843;i qua tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7853;n t&#7917; c&oacute; m&#7897;t s&#7921; nh&#7845;t qu&aacute;n &#273;&aacute;ng ch&uacute; &yacute; trong nh&#7919;ng m&ocirc; t&#7843; c&#7911;a h&#7885; v&#7873; Ch&uacute;a &ndash; m&#7897;t s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i ch&iacute; cao v&ocirc; th&#432;&#7907;ng t&#7887;a ra t&igrave;nh y&ecirc;u v&agrave; &acirc;n s&#7911;ng, h&#417;n n&#7919;a trong nh&#7919;ng m&ocirc; t&#7843; c&#7911;a h&#7885; v&#7873; h&igrave;nh t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n c&#361;ng c&oacute; s&#7921; nh&#7845;t qu&aacute;n &#273;&aacute;ng kinh ng&#7841;c: C&aacute;c v&#7883; Th&#7847;n th&#432;&#7901;ng c&oacute; &aacute;nh s&aacute;ng th&aacute;nh khi&#7871;t si&ecirc;u ph&agrave;m, l&ograve;ng t&#7915; bi v&agrave; t&igrave;nh y&ecirc;u v&#7883; tha v&ocirc; &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n, th&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7889;ng tr&ecirc;n &ldquo;Thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng&rdquo; m&#7929; l&#7879; phi th&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7911;a v&#361; tr&#7909;. M&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch m&agrave; Th&#7847;n giao ti&#7871;p v&#7899;i con ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#432;&#7901;ng l&agrave; &#273;&#7875; gi&uacute;p con ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7845;y tr&#432;&#7899;c t&#432;&#417;ng lai v&agrave; ch&#7881; b&#7843;o con ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#432;&#7899;ng thi&#7879;n.<\/p>\n<p>T&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7853;n t&#7917;, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i r&#417;i v&agrave;o tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; quan s&aacute;t th&#7845;y sinh m&#7879;nh tr&iacute; tu&#7879; cao c&#7845;p &#7903; c&aacute;c chi&#7873;u kh&ocirc;ng gian kh&aacute;c.<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Brian Weiss (1944-), Ti&#7871;n s&#297; y khoa v&agrave; l&agrave; h&#7885;c gi&#7843; t&acirc;m th&#7847;n h&#7885;c t&#7841;i Tr&#432;&#7901;ng Y &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Yale Hoa K&#7923;, cho bi&#7871;t khi d&ugrave;ng thu&#7853;t th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7875; khi&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i ta ti&#7871;n v&agrave;o tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n, &yacute; th&#7913;c c&#7911;a &#273;&#7889;i t&#432;&#7907;ng b&#7883; th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;i &#273;&#7871;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i tinh th&#7847;n n&#417;i sinh m&#7879;nh cao c&#7845;p (Master Spirits) t&#7891;n t&#7841;i. M&ocirc; t&#7843; c&#7911;a h&#7885; (sau khi th&#7913;c d&#7853;y) v&#7873; sinh m&#7879;nh cao c&#7845;p c&#361;ng t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; m&ocirc; t&#7843; c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7853;n t&#7917;. C&oacute; m&#7897;t l&#7847;n, sinh m&#7879;nh cao c&#7845;p &#7903; kh&ocirc;ng gian kh&aacute;c c&ograve;n th&ocirc;ng qua &#273;&#7889;i t&#432;&#7907;ng b&#7883; th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n m&agrave; n&oacute;i ra th&ocirc;ng tin ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c v&#7873; gia &#273;&igrave;nh c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng Weiss. &#8309;&#8308;&#8311;<\/p>\n<p>B&aacute;c s&#297; ph&#7909; khoa ng&#432;&#7901;i Nh&#7853;t Akira Ikegawa (1954-) &#273;&atilde; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u nh&#7919;ng tr&#7867; em c&oacute; k&yacute; &#7913;c thai nhi v&agrave; ghi l&#7841;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7919;ng t&igrave;nh hu&#7889;ng kh&aacute; gi&#7889;ng nhau. Nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; cho bi&#7871;t tr&#432;&#7899;c khi c&aacute;c em &#273;&#432;&#7907;c sinh ra, c&aacute;c em &#273;&#7907;i &#7903; tr&ecirc;n m&acirc;y v&agrave; s&#7889;ng v&#7899;i c&aacute;c Thi&ecirc;n Th&#7847;n, Ti&ecirc;n n&#7919;. C&aacute;c em t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m m&#7865; c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh kh&#7855;p n&#417;i tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, v&agrave; khi t&igrave;m th&#7845;y, c&aacute;c em &#273;&atilde; r&#7901;i &#273;&aacute;m m&acirc;y tr&ecirc;n tr&#7901;i &#273;&#7875; bay v&agrave;o b&#7909;ng m&#7865;. &#8309;&#8308;&#8312;<\/p>\n<p>N&#7871;u ch&uacute;ng ta th&#7921;c s&#7921; kh&ocirc;ng mang theo b&#7845;t k&#7923; quan ni&#7879;m c&#7889; h&#7919;u n&agrave;o m&agrave; ch&#7881; tu&acirc;n theo s&#7921; th&#7853;t, th&igrave; &iacute;t nh&#7845;t ch&uacute;ng ta c&oacute; th&#7875; k&#7871;t lu&#7853;n r&#7857;ng &ldquo;Th&#7847;n&rdquo; l&agrave; m&#7897;t sinh m&#7879;nh tr&iacute; tu&#7879; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i &#7903; kh&ocirc;ng gian kh&aacute;c, v&agrave; l&agrave; m&#7897;t hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng m&agrave; con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7889;i m&#7863;t m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch kh&aacute;ch quan.<\/p>\n<p><b>1.4 Khoa h&#7885;c v&agrave; ni&#7873;m tin v&agrave;o Th&#7847;n kh&ocirc;ng m&acirc;u thu&#7851;n v&#7899;i nhau<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Trong kho&#7843;ng th&#7901;i gian t&#7915; n&#259;m 2014 &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m 2019, b&agrave; Elaine Howard Ecklund, Ch&#7911; t&#7883;ch Khoa khoa h&#7885;c x&atilde; h&#7897;i ki&ecirc;m Gi&aacute;o s&#432; x&atilde; h&#7897;i h&#7885;c t&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Rice &#7903; Hoa K&#7923;, &#273;&atilde; c&ugrave;ng nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u qu&#7889;c t&#7871; l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t t&#7915; &#8203;&#8203;tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#7871;n nay v&#7873; quan &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a c&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i ni&#7873;m tin v&agrave;o Th&#7847;n. H&#417;n 20,000 nh&agrave; sinh v&#7853;t h&#7885;c v&agrave; v&#7853;t l&yacute; h&#7885;c t&#7915; t&aacute;m qu&#7889;c gia v&agrave; khu v&#7921;c bao g&#7891;m Hoa K&#7923;, Anh, &Yacute;, Ph&aacute;p, H&#7891;ng K&ocirc;ng, &#7844;n &#272;&#7897;, &#272;&agrave;i Loan v&agrave; Th&#7893; Nh&#297; K&#7923; &#273;&atilde; tham gia v&agrave;o nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u n&agrave;y.<\/p>\n<p>K&#7871;t qu&#7843; &#273;i&#7873;u tra n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n trong m&#7897;t cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch v&agrave;o n&#259;m 2019 v&#7899;i nhan &#273;&#7873; &ldquo;Th&#7871; t&#7909;c v&agrave; Khoa h&#7885;c&rdquo; (Secular and Science). K&#7871;t qu&#7843; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u cho th&#7845;y h&#417;n 3\/4 s&#7889; nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t tr&ecirc;n kh&#7855;p th&#7871; gi&#7899;i tin r&#7857;ng ni&#7873;m tin v&agrave;o Th&#7847;n v&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c kh&ocirc;ng h&#7873; m&acirc;u thu&#7851;n tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p v&#7899;i nhau. T&#7915; s&#7889; li&#7879;u c&#7909; th&#7875; m&agrave; x&eacute;t, c&oacute; 65% khoa h&#7885;c gia &#7903; Anh tin r&#7857;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; m&acirc;u thu&#7851;n, &#7903; &#272;&agrave;i Loan l&agrave; 91% v&agrave; &#7903; M&#7929; l&agrave; 71%. &#8309;&#8308;&#8313;<\/p>\n<p>Cu&#7897;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t n&agrave;y n&oacute;i l&ecirc;n r&#7857;ng trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh theo &#273;u&#7893;i ch&acirc;n l&yacute; khoa h&#7885;c, c&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c th&#432;&#7901;ng tin r&#7857;ng ni&#7873;m tin v&agrave;o Th&#7847;n v&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c c&oacute; th&#7875; c&ugrave;ng t&#7891;n t&#7841;i, th&#7853;m ch&iacute; m&#7897;t s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i v&ocirc; Th&#7847;n c&#361;ng nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n trong c&ocirc;ng vi&#7879;c c&#7911;a h&#7885;. M&#7897;t s&#7889; nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c cho r&#7857;ng t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i Th&#7847;n th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave; &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c th&uacute;c &#273;&#7849;y h&#7885; theo &#273;u&#7893;i ch&acirc;n l&yacute; khoa h&#7885;c. Th&#7847;n c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave; ch&igrave;a kh&oacute;a &#273;&#7875; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch thi&ecirc;n nhi&ecirc;n v&agrave; v&#361; tr&#7909;.<\/p>\n<p>Trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917; nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i, r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c &#273;&atilde; ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n ra b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng cho th&#7845;y Th&#7847;n &#273;&atilde; t&#7841;o ra con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; v&#7841;n v&#7853;t. R&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u khoa h&#7885;c gia c&oacute; th&agrave;nh t&#7921;u hi&#7875;n h&aacute;ch c&#361;ng tin v&agrave;o s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n ho&#7863;c &#272;&#7845;ng T&#7841;o H&oacute;a. H&#7885; tin r&#7857;ng s&#7921; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p c&#7911;a v&#361; tr&#7909; v&agrave; sinh m&#7879;nh c&#361;ng nh&#432; tr&#7853;t t&#7921; v&agrave; quy lu&#7853;t c&#7911;a t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n l&agrave; bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n c&#7911;a s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n.<\/p>\n<p>Ngay t&#7915; th&#7871; k&#7927; 18, nh&agrave; v&#7853;t l&yacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i Anh Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727), ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7879;nh danh l&agrave; cha &#273;&#7867; c&#7911;a v&#7853;t l&yacute; h&#7885;c, trong nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a v&#361; tr&#7909; v&agrave; &ldquo;l&#7921;c v&#7841;n v&#7853;t h&#7845;p d&#7851;n.&rdquo; Newton t&#7915;ng n&oacute;i: &ldquo;T&ocirc;i tin r&#7857;ng c&agrave;ng nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u khoa h&#7885;c th&igrave; t&ocirc;i c&agrave;ng tin v&agrave;o Ch&uacute;a.&rdquo; &ldquo;Ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a v&ocirc; th&#7847;n th&#7853;t v&ocirc; ngh&#297;a. Khi nh&igrave;n v&agrave;o h&#7879; M&#7863;t Tr&#7901;i, t&ocirc;i th&#7845;y kho&#7843;ng c&aacute;ch gi&#7919;a Tr&aacute;i &#272;&#7845;t v&agrave; M&#7863;t Tr&#7901;i v&#7915;a &#273;&#7911; &#273;&#7875; Tr&aacute;i &#272;&#7845;t nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#432;&#7907;ng &aacute;nh s&aacute;ng v&agrave; nhi&#7879;t l&#432;&#7907;ng ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p. &#272;&acirc;y kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; ng&#7851;u nhi&ecirc;n!&rdquo;; &ldquo;&#272;&#7915;ng nghi ng&#7901; &#272;&#7845;ng T&#7841;o H&oacute;a, v&igrave; ch&#7881; d&#7921;a v&agrave;o tai n&#7841;n ng&#7851;u nhi&ecirc;n m&agrave; c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u khi&#7875;n v&#361; tr&#7909; n&agrave;y l&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875;.&rdquo; &#8309;&#8309;&sup1;<\/p>\n<p>V&#7873; c&acirc;u h&#7887;i &ldquo;&#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n&rdquo; khi&#7871;n v&ocirc; s&#7889; h&agrave;nh tinh chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7897;ng c&oacute; quy lu&#7853;t &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; &#273;&acirc;u, Newton tin r&#7857;ng s&#7921; chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a m&#7885;i v&#7853;t th&#7875; ph&#7843;i c&oacute; l&yacute; do, l&yacute; do n&agrave;y ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n, m&agrave; &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n n&agrave;y l&agrave; do Ch&uacute;a ban cho. &Ocirc;ng tin r&#7857;ng nh&#7919;ng th&agrave;nh t&#7921;u khoa h&#7885;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh kh&ocirc;ng g&igrave; kh&aacute;c h&#417;n l&agrave; &#273;i theo Ch&uacute;a v&agrave; suy ngh&#297; theo s&#7921; h&#432;&#7899;ng d&#7851;n c&#7911;a Ch&uacute;a.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&agrave; v&#7853;t l&yacute; ki&#7879;t xu&#7845;t s&aacute;ng l&#7853;p ra thuy&#7871;t t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i, Albert Einstein, c&#361;ng tin r&#7857;ng tr&#7853;t t&#7921; v&agrave; quy lu&#7853;t trong v&#361; tr&#7909; l&agrave; bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n c&#7911;a s&#7913;c m&#7841;nh c&#7911;a Ch&uacute;a. &Ocirc;ng nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh khoa h&#7885;c ch&#432;a th&#7875; ch&#7913;ng minh hay ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a Ch&uacute;a, b&#7903;i v&igrave; nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; ph&#7841;m vi c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c l&agrave; h&#7919;u h&#7841;n.<\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 1992, Ti&#7871;n s&#297; v&#7853;t l&yacute; h&#7885;c Henry Margenau (1901-1997) t&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Yale v&agrave; nh&agrave; v&#259;n n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng Roy Abraham Varghese (1957-) &#273;&atilde; t&#7893;ng h&#7907;p quan &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a 62 khoa h&#7885;c gia t&#7847;m c&#7905; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i (trong &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; 24 ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;t gi&#7843;i Nobel), v&agrave; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch &ldquo;V&#361; tr&#7909; h&#7885;c, sinh h&#7885;c, Th&#7847;n h&#7885;c: C&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c suy ng&#7851;m v&#7873; khoa h&#7885;c, Ch&uacute;a v&agrave; ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a v&#361; tr&#7909;, s&#7921; s&#7889;ng v&agrave; con ng&#432;&#7901;i&rdquo; (Cosmos, bios, theos: scientists reflect on science, God, and the origins of the universe, life, and homo sapiens) &#8309;&#8309;&sup2;.<\/p>\n<p>Cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch k&#7871;t lu&#7853;n r&#7857;ng &ldquo;ch&#7881; c&oacute; m&#7897;t c&acirc;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i thuy&#7871;t ph&#7909;c&rdquo; cho c&aacute;c quy lu&#7853;t th&#7889;ng nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n v&agrave; thi&#7871;t k&#7871; ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c c&#7911;a m&#7885;i th&#7913; trong v&#361; tr&#7909; &ndash; v&#361; tr&#7909;, v&#7841;n v&#7853;t v&agrave; sinh m&#7879;nh ch&#7881; c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra b&#7903;i m&#7897;t v&#7883; Th&#7847;n to&agrave;n n&#259;ng v&agrave; to&agrave;n tr&iacute;.<\/p>\n<p>Ch&uacute;ng t&ocirc;i &#273;&atilde; th&#7843;o lu&#7853;n chi ti&#7871;t trong ba ch&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n v&#7873; s&#7921; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p c&#7911;a c&aacute;c c&#417; quan, h&#7879; th&#7889;ng, gene, v.v. c&#7911;a c&#417; th&#7875; con ng&#432;&#7901;i, nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u c&#259;n b&#7843;n l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c n&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; thi&#7871;t k&#7871; v&agrave; s&aacute;ng t&#7841;o c&#7911;a &#272;&#7845;ng T&#7841;o H&oacute;a.<\/p>\n<p>Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Francis Crick, nh&agrave; sinh h&#7885;c ph&acirc;n t&#7917; n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i M&#7929;, &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7873; ra l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t v&#7873; c&#7845;u tr&uacute;c chu&#7895;i xo&#7855;n k&eacute;p DNA v&agrave; &#273;&#7841;t gi&#7843;i Nobel. &Ocirc;ng t&#7915;ng n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh g&#7847;n nh&#432; l&agrave; m&#7897;t &#273;i&#7873;u k&#7923; di&#7879;u, b&#7903;i v&igrave; c&#7847;n th&#7887;a m&atilde;n r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh n&agrave;y.<\/p>\n<p>Gi&aacute;o s&#432; Ian Macreadie, nh&agrave; sinh h&#7885;c ph&acirc;n t&#7917; v&agrave; vi sinh v&#7853;t h&#7885;c ng&#432;&#7901;i &Uacute;c, &#273;&atilde; nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh t&iacute;nh ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p c&#7911;a sinh v&#7853;t v&agrave; &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n di truy&#7873;n, cho r&#7857;ng &ldquo;r&otilde; r&agrave;ng l&agrave; m&#7885;i sinh v&#7853;t &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&#7871;t k&#7871; v&agrave; t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch t&#7881; m&#7881; ngay t&#7915; &#273;&#7847;u.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>R&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ki&#7871;n &#8203;&#8203;th&#7913;c tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; th&#7875; cho ph&eacute;p &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i t&#7891;n t&#7841;i nhi&#7873;u h&#7879; th&#7889;ng l&yacute; lu&#7853;n, &#7845;y v&#7853;y m&agrave; v&#7873; ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7841;i ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; sinh v&#7853;t, khi Darwin &#273;&#432;a ra &ldquo;gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a&rdquo; v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1859 &#273;&atilde; kh&#7859;ng &#273;&#7883;nh r&#7857;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a t&#7915; lo&agrave;i kh&#7881;, tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n kh&#7843; n&#259;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; v&#7841;n v&#7853;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&aacute;ng t&#7841;o ra, nh&#432;ng d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; n&oacute; l&#7841;i l&agrave; l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t duy nh&#7845;t v&#7873; ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c sinh m&#7879;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c y h&#7885;c ch&iacute;nh th&#7889;ng c&ocirc;ng nh&#7853;n.<\/p>\n<p>Trong h&#417;n 160 n&#259;m, c&aacute;c th&#7871; h&#7879; khoa h&#7885;c gia b&#7883; nh&#7891;i nh&eacute;t b&#7903;i gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a sai l&#7847;m n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng h&#7841; th&#7845;p m&#7889;i li&ecirc;n h&#7879; gi&#7919;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; Th&#7847;n, nh&#7919;ng quan ni&#7879;m &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c v&agrave; lu&acirc;n l&yacute; c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i c&#361;ng ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng b&#7883; coi th&#432;&#7901;ng, khoa h&#7885;c v&agrave; c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; d&#7847;n d&#7847;n b&#7883; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng nh&#432; m&#7897;t c&ocirc;ng c&#7909; &#273;&#7875; l&agrave;m nh&#7919;ng vi&#7879;c vi ph&#7841;m truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng, ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p><b>2. Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a khi&#7871;n khoa h&#7885;c m&#7845;t &#273;i lu&acirc;n l&yacute; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Nh&#7919;ng s&#7921; vi&#7879;c nh&#432; nh&acirc;n b&#7843;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c khoa h&#7885;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t khi&#7871;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i bi&#7871;n d&#7883;, h&#417;n n&#7919;a c&#361;ng th&#7875; hi&#7879;n s&#7921; thi&#7871;u t&ocirc;n tr&#7885;ng c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i &#272;&#7845;ng T&#7841;o H&oacute;a. &#272;&oacute; l&agrave; bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c khoa h&#7885;c b&#7883; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a &#273;&#432;a &#273;&#7871;n t&#7847;ng di&#7879;n v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t, v&#7873; c&#417; b&#7843;n l&agrave; coi th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c lu&acirc;n l&yacute; c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i, tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh &#273;&#7841;i di&#7879;n &#273;i&#7875;n h&igrave;nh cho s&#7921; h&#7895;n lo&#7841;n li&ecirc;n ti&#7871;p xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng.<\/p>\n<p>Khi n&oacute;i &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c, h&#7847;u h&#7871;t m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7873;u ngh&#297; &#273;&#7871;n nguy&ecirc;n t&#7855;c v&agrave;ng &#273;&#7875; ph&acirc;n bi&#7879;t &#273;&uacute;ng sai l&agrave; &ldquo;c&aacute;i g&igrave; b&#7841;n kh&ocirc;ng mu&#7889;n th&igrave; &#273;&#7915;ng l&agrave;m v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c.&rdquo; L&#7901;i th&#7873; Hippocrates lu&ocirc;n l&agrave; m&#7897;t chu&#7849;n t&#7855;c h&agrave;nh ngh&#7873; y quan tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i c&aacute;c b&aacute;c s&#297; tr&ecirc;n to&agrave;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, trong &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; m&#7897;t c&acirc;u l&agrave; &ldquo;&#272;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n kh&ocirc;ng g&acirc;y h&#7841;i&rdquo; (First Do No Harm).<\/p>\n<p>Ng&#432;&#7901;i ta &#273;&atilde; &yacute; th&#7913;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c r&#7857;ng, n&#7871;u khoa h&#7885;c mu&#7889;n duy tr&igrave; m&#7897;t h&#432;&#7899;ng ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n &#273;&uacute;ng &#273;&#7855;n th&igrave; c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#432;&#7899;c th&uacute;c b&#7903;i lu&acirc;n l&yacute; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c &#8309;&#8309;&sup3;. M&#7897;t th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m l&acirc;m s&agrave;ng ch&iacute;nh th&#7913;c tr&ecirc;n ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7843;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#7911;y ban &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c y t&#7871; xem x&eacute;t nghi&ecirc;m ng&#7863;t, n&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&ecirc; chu&#7849;n th&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n. &#272;&#432;&#7907;c th&agrave;nh l&#7853;p v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1993, &#7910;y ban &#272;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c Sinh h&#7885;c Qu&#7889;c t&#7871; (IBC) l&agrave; m&#7897;t t&#7893; ch&#7913;c ch&#7883;u tr&aacute;ch nhi&#7879;m theo d&otilde;i khoa h&#7885;c &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng v&agrave; c&aacute;c &#7913;ng d&#7909;ng c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng, nh&#7857;m b&#7843;o &#273;&#7843;m t&ocirc;n tr&#7885;ng ph&#7849;m gi&aacute; v&agrave; quy&#7873;n t&#7921; do c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#8309;&#8309;&#8308;.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&atilde; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n s&#7921; b&#259;ng ho&#7841;i v&#7873; lu&acirc;n l&yacute; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c trong l&#297;nh v&#7921;c y sinh h&#7885;c. B&aacute;c s&#297;, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i lu&ocirc;n t&#7853;n t&acirc;m ch&#7919;a b&#7879;nh c&#7913;u ng&#432;&#7901;i, x&#432;a nay lu&ocirc;n l&agrave; m&#7897;t ngh&#7873; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&ocirc;n tr&#7885;ng. Nh&#432;ng th&#7921;c t&#7871; th&igrave; sao? Ch&uacute;ng ta c&ugrave;ng xem x&eacute;t hai tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p th&#7921;c t&#7871; x&#7843;y ra v&agrave;o th&#7901;i c&#7853;n &#273;&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p><b>2.1 Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u Tuskegee v&#7873; b&#7879;nh giang mai<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Tuskegee l&agrave; m&#7897;t th&#7883; tr&#7845;n nh&#7887; &#7903; ti&#7875;u bang Alabama, Hoa K&#7923;, l&agrave; n&#417;i t&#7885;a l&#7841;c c&#7911;a tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Tuskegee, m&#7897;t tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c t&#432; th&#7909;c c&oacute; b&#7873; d&agrave;y l&#7883;ch s&#7917; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&agrave;nh l&#7853;p v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1881 d&agrave;nh cho ng&#432;&#7901;i da &#273;en.<\/p>\n<p>Trong kho&#7843;ng th&#7901;i gian t&#7915; n&#259;m 1932 &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m 1972, D&#7883;ch v&#7909; Y t&#7871; C&ocirc;ng c&#7897;ng Hoa K&#7923; (USPHS) &#273;&atilde; h&#7907;p t&aacute;c v&#7899;i &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Tuskegee &#273;&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; cho 399 ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&agrave;n &ocirc;ng M&#7929; g&#7889;c Phi b&#7883; nhi&#7877;m b&#7879;nh giang mai &#7903; Alabama d&#432;&#7899;i danh ngh&#297;a &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; mi&#7877;n ph&iacute;. K&#7923; th&#7921;c, &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; &#273;&#7875; b&iacute; m&#7853;t nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u t&aacute;c h&#7841;i c&#7911;a b&#7879;nh giang mai &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i c&#417; th&#7875; con ng&#432;&#7901;i. C&aacute;c b&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n k&#7923; th&#7921;c kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&ocirc;ng b&aacute;o v&#7873; vi&#7879;c h&#7885; b&#7883; b&#7879;nh giang mai, h&#7885; ch&#7881; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cho bi&#7871;t l&agrave; h&#7885; c&oacute; &ldquo;m&aacute;u x&#7845;u&rdquo; (bad blood) v&agrave; c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; th&#7921;c s&#7921;.<\/p>\n<p>B&#7879;nh giang mai l&agrave; m&#7897;t b&#7879;nh l&acirc;y truy&#7873;n qua &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng t&igrave;nh d&#7909;c do vi khu&#7849;n Treponema pallidum g&acirc;y ra, c&oacute; th&#7875; g&acirc;y l&#7903; lo&eacute;t v&agrave; ph&aacute;t ban &#7903; mi&#7879;ng v&agrave; xung quanh x&#432;&#417;ng mu. N&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883;, n&oacute; c&oacute; th&#7875; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n c&aacute;c bi&#7871;n ch&#7913;ng nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng h&#417;n, th&#7853;m ch&iacute; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n t&#7917; vong.<\/p>\n<p>T&#7841;i th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m n&agrave;y b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1932, b&#7879;nh giang mai l&agrave; m&#7897;t c&#259;n b&#7879;nh nan y kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; c&#7913;u ch&#7919;a. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m 1943, sau khi c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng y t&#7871; ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n ra r&#7857;ng penicillin c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; b&#7879;nh giang mai m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch hi&#7879;u qu&#7843;, theo nguy&ecirc;n t&#7855;c &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c, nh&#7919;ng b&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n n&agrave;y n&ecirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; b&#7857;ng thu&#7889;c hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; c&agrave;ng s&#7899;m c&agrave;ng t&#7889;t. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, &#273;&#7875; ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; b&#7879;nh giang mai, c&aacute;c nh&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u &#273;&atilde; khi&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng b&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n b&#7883; b&#7879;nh giang mai n&agrave;y l&#7847;m t&#432;&#7903;ng r&#7857;ng h&#7885; &#273;ang &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; b&#7879;nh b&#7857;ng &ldquo;thu&#7889;c h&#7891;ng&rdquo; (Pink medicine), nh&#432;ng th&#7921;c t&#7871; h&#7885; ch&#7881; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c u&#7889;ng aspirin v&agrave; b&#7893; sung s&#7855;t.<\/p>\n<p>Trong s&#7889; c&aacute;c b&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n n&agrave;y, c&oacute; 128 ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; qua &#273;&#7901;i v&igrave; b&#7879;nh giang mai ho&#7863;c bi&#7871;n ch&#7913;ng, 40 ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; v&#7907; b&#7883; nhi&#7877;m b&#7879;nh v&agrave; 19 ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; con &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7849;n &#273;o&aacute;n nhi&#7877;m b&#7879;nh giang mai b&#7849;m sinh sau khi sinh ra.<\/p>\n<p>Th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; ch&#7845;m d&#7913;t v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1972 khi &ocirc;ng Peter Buxtun, m&#7897;t nh&agrave; d&#7883;ch t&#7877; h&#7885;c c&#7911;a USPHS ti&#7871;t l&#7897; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; v&#7899;i gi&#7899;i truy&#7873;n th&ocirc;ng. N&#259;m 1997, ch&iacute;nh ph&#7911; Hoa K&#7923; &#273;&atilde; b&#7891;i th&#432;&#7901;ng v&agrave; c&ocirc;ng khai xin l&#7895;i c&aacute;c n&#7841;n nh&acirc;n.<\/p>\n<p>Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u Tuskegee v&#7873; b&#7879;nh giang mai (Tuskegee Syphilis Study) &#273;&atilde; vi ph&#7841;m nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng c&aacute;c nguy&ecirc;n t&#7855;c &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c trong nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u y h&#7885;c tr&ecirc;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i. R&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i M&#7929; g&#7889;c Phi ng&agrave;y nay v&#7851;n b&#7883; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng b&#7903;i &aacute;m &#7843;nh t&acirc;m l&yacute; v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng s&#7861;n l&ograve;ng hi&#7871;n m&aacute;u.<\/p>\n<p>Ti&#7871;n s&#297; John Heller, tr&#432;&#7903;ng khoa b&#7879;nh hoa li&#7877;u c&#7911;a B&#7897; Y t&#7871; C&ocirc;ng c&#7897;ng Hoa K&#7923;, t&#7915;ng n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;Nh&igrave;n chung, c&aacute;c b&aacute;c s&#297; v&agrave; nh&acirc;n vi&ecirc;n c&ocirc;ng ch&#7913;c ch&#7881; &#273;&#417;n thu&#7847;n l&agrave; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n tr&aacute;ch nhi&#7879;m c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh. M&#7897;t s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i trong s&#7889; h&#7885; ch&#7881; l&agrave;m theo m&#7879;nh l&#7879;nh, m&#7897;t s&#7889; kh&aacute;c th&igrave; l&agrave;m vi&#7879;c v&igrave; vinh quang c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>C&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y, y sinh h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; &#273;&atilde; ti&#7871;n v&agrave;o sai l&#7847;m l&agrave; coi th&#432;&#7901;ng sinh m&#7879;nh v&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c, nh&#7919;ng &ldquo;nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u h&#7885;c thu&#7853;t&rdquo; c&#7911;a b&aacute;c s&#297; c&oacute; th&#7875; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh v&#7887; b&#7885;c khoa tr&#432;&#417;ng, l&agrave;m t&#7893;n h&#7841;i tr&#7855;ng tr&#7907;n &#273;&#7889;i t&#432;&#7907;ng nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;a ra ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; ngay c&#7843; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng b&#7879;nh hi&#7875;m ngh&egrave;o. &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; vi ph&#7841;m l&#432;&#417;ng t&acirc;m c&#417; b&#7843;n c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>Kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i ng&#7851;u nhi&ecirc;n m&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&oacute; l&#7841;i x&#7843;y ra &#7903; qu&#7847;n th&#7875; ng&#432;&#7901;i da &#273;en. S&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a ph&acirc;n bi&#7879;t ch&#7911;ng t&#7897;c c&#361;ng c&oacute; li&ecirc;n quan m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n &#273;&#7871;n gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a. Trong b&#7897; phim t&agrave;i li&#7879;u &ldquo;Darwin: The Voyage That Shook The World,&rdquo; nh&agrave; s&#7917; h&#7885;c sinh h&#7885;c Peter Bowler (1944-) t&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Cambridge &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t quan ni&#7879;m m&agrave; Darwin tin t&#432;&#7903;ng, cho r&#7857;ng c&aacute;c ch&#7911;ng t&#7897;c kh&aacute;c ngo&#7841;i tr&#7915; ng&#432;&#7901;i da tr&#7855;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; n&#259;ng l&#7921;c tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#259;n minh v&#7873; tr&iacute; tu&#7879; v&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c, h&#7885; &#273;ang &#7903; giai &#273;o&#7841;n t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i s&#7899;m trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a sinh h&#7885;c c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i. &#8309;&#8309;&#8309;<\/p>\n<p><b>2.2 Ng&agrave;nh c&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p c&#7845;y gh&eacute;p n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng &#273;&#7851;m m&aacute;u &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c<\/b><\/p>\n<p>N&#7871;u nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; b&#7879;nh giang mai &#7903; Tuskegee l&agrave; m&#7897;t s&#7921; ki&#7879;n l&#7899;n &#273;&aacute;nh m&#7845;t &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#417; b&#7843;n c&#7911;a y h&#7885;c, th&igrave; ng&agrave;nh c&#7845;y gh&eacute;p n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c, v&#7889;n kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n v&#7873; m&#7863;t &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c, l&#7841;i c&agrave;ng l&agrave; m&#7897;t t&#7897;i &aacute;c kinh ho&agrave;ng h&#417;n.<\/p>\n<p>Trong ng&agrave;nh c&#7845;y gh&eacute;p n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng, s&#7921; t&#7921; nguy&#7879;n v&agrave; &#273;&#7891;ng t&igrave;nh l&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n ti&ecirc;n quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7875; hi&#7871;n n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng. C&#432;&#7905;ng ch&#7871; l&#7845;y n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng m&agrave; ch&#432;a &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; &#273;&#7891;ng &yacute; c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c l&agrave; t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c s&aacute;t nh&acirc;n. H&agrave;nh vi n&agrave;y l&agrave; m&#7897;t s&#7921; vi ph&#7841;m nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i quy&#7873;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7889;ng c&#417; b&#7843;n c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>Ng&agrave;nh c&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p c&#7845;y gh&eacute;p n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c lu&ocirc;n t&#7891;n t&#7841;i v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c sinh h&#7885;c, bao g&#7891;m c&#7843; ngu&#7891;n n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng kh&ocirc;ng r&otilde; ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c v&agrave; thi&#7871;u s&#7921; &#273;&#7891;ng &yacute; t&#7915; ng&#432;&#7901;i hi&#7871;n t&#7863;ng v.v. , do &#273;&oacute; &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng qu&#7889;c t&#7871; l&ecirc;n &aacute;n. H&#7879; th&#7889;ng c&#7845;y gh&eacute;p n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c lu&ocirc;n kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&aacute;p &#7913;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&aacute;c y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u c&#7911;a T&#7893; ch&#7913;c Y t&#7871; Th&#7871; gi&#7899;i v&#7873; t&iacute;nh minh b&#7841;ch v&agrave; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng truy xu&#7845;t ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng, ch&iacute;nh ph&#7911; Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&atilde; t&#7915; ch&#7889;i &#273;&#7875; x&atilde; h&#7897;i qu&#7889;c t&#7871; ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh ki&#7875;m tra &#273;&#7897;c l&#7853;p &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i h&#7879; th&#7889;ng n&agrave;y.<\/p>\n<p>Do t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng, t&#7927; l&#7879; hi&#7871;n t&#7841;ng t&#7921; nguy&#7879;n c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n Trung Qu&#7889;c l&agrave; r&#7845;t th&#7845;p. M&#7863;c d&ugrave; Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&atilde; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n quy &#273;&#7883;nh cho ph&eacute;p thu ho&#7841;ch n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng t&#7915; t&#7917; t&ugrave; v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1984, nh&#432;ng ngo&#7841;i tr&#7915; s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng t&#7917; t&ugrave; l&#7899;n v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1983, s&#7889; t&#7917; t&ugrave; &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c lu&ocirc;n t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh v&agrave; gi&#7843;m d&#7847;n qua t&#7915;ng n&#259;m. Th&#7871; nh&#432;ng, s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng ca gh&eacute;p t&#7841;ng &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c t&#7915; n&#259;m 2000 &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m 2005 l&#7841;i cho th&#7845;y s&#7921; gia t&#259;ng m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch k&#7923; l&#7841; v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng r&otilde; nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n.<\/p>\n<p>K&#7875; t&#7915; th&aacute;ng 06\/2006, c&#7921;u B&#7897; tr&#432;&#7903;ng ch&acirc;u &Aacute;-Th&aacute;i B&igrave;nh D&#432;&#417;ng v&agrave; l&agrave; C&ocirc;ng t&#7889; vi&ecirc;n Ho&agrave;ng gia Canada David Kilgour (1941-2022) c&ugrave;ng lu&#7853;t s&#432; nh&acirc;n quy&#7873;n n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i Canada David Matas (1943-) &#273;&atilde; ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c &#273;i&#7873;u tra &#273;&#7897;c l&#7853;p. V&agrave;o th&aacute;ng 07\/2006, h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch &ldquo;Thu ho&#7841;ch &#273;&#7851;m m&aacute;u, gi&#7871;t h&#7841;i c&aacute;c h&#7885;c vi&ecirc;n <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#phap_luan_cong\" 28734 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Ph&aacute;p Lu&acirc;n C&ocirc;ng<\/a> &#273;&#7875; l&#7845;y n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng&rdquo; (Bloody Harvest, The killing of Falun Gong for their organs). Cu&#7897;c &#273;i&#7873;u tra k&#7871;t lu&#7853;n r&#7857;ng th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&atilde; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n nhanh ch&oacute;ng trong nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m g&#7847;n &#273;&acirc;y, ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng trong 41.500 ca ph&#7851;u thu&#7853;t c&#7845;y gh&eacute;p l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c. &#8309;&#8309;&#8311; L&#7901;i gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch duy nh&#7845;t l&agrave; ch&uacute;ng &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; c&aacute;c h&#7885;c vi&ecirc;n <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#phap_luan_cong\" 28734 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Ph&aacute;p Lu&acirc;n C&ocirc;ng<\/a>, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i tin v&agrave;o &ldquo;Ch&acirc;n, Thi&#7879;n, Nh&#7851;n&rdquo; &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; ch&iacute;nh quy&#7873;n &#272;&#7843;ng c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n Trung Qu&#7889;c (&#272;CSTQ) &#273;&agrave;n &aacute;p t&agrave;n kh&#7889;c b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#7915; n&#259;m 1999. Cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch m&ocirc; t&#7843; vi&#7879;c c&#432;&#7905;ng b&#7913;c thu ho&#7841;ch n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng t&#7915; c&aacute;c h&#7885;c vi&ecirc;n <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#phap_luan_cong\" 28734 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Ph&aacute;p Lu&acirc;n C&ocirc;ng<\/a> l&agrave; &ldquo;t&#7897;i &aacute;c ch&#432;a t&#7915;ng c&oacute; tr&ecirc;n h&agrave;nh tinh n&agrave;y.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>Hai &ocirc;ng David Kilgour v&agrave; David Matas &#273;&atilde; cung c&#7845;p kho&#7843;ng 52 lo&#7841;i b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng, bao g&#7891;m vi&#7879;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n c&aacute;c cu&#7897;c g&#7885;i t&#432; v&#7845;n t&#7899;i khoa c&#7845;y gh&eacute;p n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng c&#7911;a r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u b&#7879;nh vi&#7879;n &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c v&#7899;i t&#432; c&aacute;ch l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&agrave; b&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n, &#273;&#7875; h&#7887;i li&#7879;u c&aacute;c b&#7879;nh vi&#7879;n c&oacute; th&#7875; l&#7845;y n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng t&#7915; c&aacute;c h&#7885;c vi&ecirc;n <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#phap_luan_cong\" 28734 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Ph&aacute;p Lu&acirc;n C&ocirc;ng<\/a> hay kh&ocirc;ng. K&#7871;t qu&#7843; &#273;i&#7873;u tra c&#7911;a h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; x&aacute;c nh&#7853;n th&#7921;c t&#7871; v&#7873; t&#7897;i &aacute;c c&#432;&#7905;ng b&#7913;c thu ho&#7841;ch n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng t&#7915; c&aacute;c h&#7885;c vi&ecirc;n <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#phap_luan_cong\" 28734 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Ph&aacute;p Lu&acirc;n C&ocirc;ng<\/a> c&#7911;a &#272;CSTQ.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7871;n n&#259;m 2016, sau m&#432;&#7901;i n&#259;m &#273;i&#7873;u tra v&agrave; thu th&#7853;p b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng, hai &ocirc;ng David v&agrave; nh&agrave; b&aacute;o ng&#432;&#7901;i M&#7929; Ethan Gutmann (1958-) &#273;&atilde; c&ugrave;ng xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n m&#7897;t b&aacute;o c&aacute;o m&#7899;i d&agrave;i 798 trang mang t&ecirc;n &ldquo;Thu ho&#7841;ch n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng &#273;&#7851;m m&aacute;u&rdquo; (Bloody Harvest\/The Slaughter), cho bi&#7871;t c&aacute;c b&aacute;c s&#297; Trung Qu&#7889;c c&#7845;y gh&eacute;p t&#7915; 60.000 &#273;&#7871;n 100.000 n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng m&#7895;i n&#259;m, v&#432;&#7907;t xa s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng th&#7853;n, gan v&agrave; tim &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cung c&#7845;p b&#7903;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i hi&#7871;n t&#7863;ng t&igrave;nh nguy&#7879;n. &#8309;&#8309;&#8312;<\/p>\n<p>B&aacute;o c&aacute;o n&agrave;y &#273;&#7863;t ra v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; &#273;&aacute;ng lo ng&#7841;i: Nh&#7919;ng n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng n&agrave;y &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; &#273;&acirc;u?<\/p>\n<p>B&aacute;o c&aacute;o &#273;&atilde; d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng t&#432;&#7901;ng t&#7853;n, bao g&#7891;m h&#7891; s&#417; b&#7879;nh vi&#7879;n, l&#7901;i khai c&#7911;a b&aacute;c s&#297;, c&aacute;c cu&#7897;c h&#7885;p b&aacute;o v&agrave; tuy&ecirc;n b&#7889; c&ocirc;ng khai, ch&#7913;ng minh r&#7857;ng n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng ch&#7911; y&#7871;u &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; c&aacute;c ng&acirc;n h&agrave;ng n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i, bao g&#7891;m c&aacute;c h&#7885;c vi&ecirc;n <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#phap_luan_cong\" 28734 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Ph&aacute;p Lu&acirc;n C&ocirc;ng<\/a>, ng&#432;&#7901;i H&#7891;i gi&aacute;o Duy Ng&ocirc; Nh&#297;, ng&#432;&#7901;i T&acirc;y T&#7841;ng v&agrave; t&iacute;n &#273;&#7891; C&#417; &#273;&#7889;c, h&#7885; c&oacute; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7889;i m&#7863;t v&#7899;i s&#7889; ph&#7853;n b&#7883; thu ho&#7841;ch n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng r&#7891;i b&#7883; gi&#7871;t b&#7845;t c&#7913; l&uacute;c n&agrave;o.<\/p>\n<p>Ng&agrave;y 17\/06\/2019, T&ograve;a &aacute;n Nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n &#272;&#7897;c l&#7853;p (China Tribunal) &#7903; London, V&#432;&#417;ng qu&#7889;c Anh, &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;a ra ph&aacute;n quy&#7871;t sau cu&#7897;c &#273;i&#7873;u tra v&agrave; x&eacute;t x&#7917; to&agrave;n c&#7847;u r&#7857;ng: &#272;CSTQ &#273;&atilde; gi&#7871;t h&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i v&ocirc; t&#7897;i v&agrave; c&#432;&#7905;ng b&#7913;c thu ho&#7841;ch n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng t&#7915; ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng. H&agrave;nh vi t&agrave; &aacute;c n&agrave;y v&#7851;n c&ograve;n ti&#7871;p di&#7877;n cho &#273;&#7871;n ng&agrave;y nay. &#272;&acirc;y l&agrave; m&#7897;t s&#7921; th&#7853;t kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; ch&#7889;i c&atilde;i. C&aacute;c qu&#7889;c gia c&oacute; m&#7889;i bang giao v&#7899;i Trung Qu&#7889;c n&ecirc;n bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng h&#7885; &#273;ang qua l&#7841;i v&#7899;i m&#7897;t &ldquo;qu&#7889;c gia t&#7897;i ph&#7841;m&rdquo; &#8309;&#8309;&#8313;.<\/p>\n<p>Theo m&#7897;t b&aacute;o c&aacute;o tr&ecirc;n trang web c&#7911;a Li&ecirc;n Hi&#7879;p Qu&#7889;c v&agrave;o ng&agrave;y 14\/06\/2021, m&#432;&#7901;i hai chuy&ecirc;n gia nh&acirc;n quy&#7873;n c&#7911;a Li&ecirc;n Hi&#7879;p Qu&#7889;c &#273;&atilde; b&aacute;o c&aacute;o v&#7873; s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a n&#7841;n c&#432;&#7905;ng b&#7913;c thu ho&#7841;ch n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng t&#7915; c&aacute;c nh&oacute;m bao g&#7891;m c&aacute;c h&#7885;c vi&ecirc;n <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#phap_luan_cong\" 28734 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Ph&aacute;p Lu&acirc;n C&ocirc;ng<\/a> v&agrave; c&aacute;c nh&oacute;m t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng kh&aacute;c &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c. H&#7885; c&#7843;m th&#7845;y v&ocirc; c&ugrave;ng b&agrave;ng ho&agrave;ng. &#8309;&#8310;&#8304;<\/p>\n<p>C&aacute;c chuy&ecirc;n gia c&#7911;a Li&ecirc;n Hi&#7879;p Qu&#7889;c cho bi&#7871;t: &ldquo;D&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n nh&#7919;ng c&aacute;o bu&#7897;c nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c, c&aacute;c c&#417; quan n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n nh&#7845;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cho b&#7883; l&#7845;y &#273;i t&#7915; t&ugrave; nh&acirc;n l&agrave; tim, th&#7853;n, gan, gi&aacute;c m&#7841;c, v&agrave; &iacute;t ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n h&#417;n l&agrave; c&aacute;c b&#7897; ph&#7853;n c&#7911;a gan. H&igrave;nh th&#7913;c bu&ocirc;n b&aacute;n c&oacute; t&iacute;nh ch&#7845;t y t&#7871; n&agrave;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cho l&agrave; li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n c&aacute;c chuy&ecirc;n gia trong l&#297;nh v&#7921;c y t&#7871;, bao g&#7891;m b&aacute;c s&#297; ph&#7851;u thu&#7853;t, b&aacute;c s&#297; g&acirc;y m&ecirc; v&agrave; c&aacute;c chuy&ecirc;n gia y t&#7871; kh&aacute;c.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>Ng&agrave;y 05\/05\/2022, Ngh&#7883; vi&#7879;n &Acirc;u Ch&acirc;u &#273;&atilde; th&ocirc;ng qua m&#7897;t ngh&#7883; quy&#7871;t kh&#7849;n c&#7845;p, b&agrave;y t&#7887; m&#7889;i quan ng&#7841;i s&acirc;u s&#7855;c v&#7873; n&#7841;n thu ho&#7841;ch n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng &#273;ang di&#7877;n ra m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch c&oacute; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng v&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&agrave; n&#432;&#7899;c h&#7853;u thu&#7851;n &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c, v&#7899;i ngu&#7891;n n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng ch&#7911; y&#7871;u &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; c&aacute;c h&#7885;c vi&ecirc;n <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#phap_luan_cong\" 28734 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Ph&aacute;p Lu&acirc;n C&ocirc;ng<\/a>. &#8309;&#8310;&sup1;<\/p>\n<p>Th&aacute;ng 06\/2020, T&#7893; ch&#7913;c Qu&#7889;c t&#7871; &#272;i&#7873;u tra Cu&#7897;c &#273;&agrave;n &aacute;p <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#phap_luan_cong\" 28734 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Ph&aacute;p Lu&acirc;n C&ocirc;ng<\/a> (WOIPFG) &#273;&atilde; ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c &#273;i&#7873;u tra chi ti&#7871;t v&#7873; 891 b&#7879;nh vi&#7879;n gh&eacute;p t&#7841;ng &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c, 9.519 b&aacute;c s&#297; c&#7845;y gh&eacute;p &#273;ang h&agrave;nh ngh&#7873; v&agrave; h&agrave;ng tr&#259;m ng&agrave;n b&aacute;o c&aacute;o, lu&#7853;n v&#259;n v&agrave; t&agrave;i li&#7879;u tr&ecirc;n trang web c&#7911;a c&aacute;c b&#7879;nh vi&#7879;n tr&ecirc;n c&aacute;c k&ecirc;nh truy&#7873;n th&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7841;i ch&uacute;ng. T&#7893; ch&#7913;c n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; t&#7893;ng k&#7871;t v&agrave; c&ocirc;ng b&#7889; 730 b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng ghi &acirc;m &#273;i&#7873;u tra v&agrave; h&#417;n 2.000 b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng t&agrave;i li&#7879;u. Trong &#273;&oacute; bao g&#7891;m 58 b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng ghi &acirc;m cho th&#7845;y c&aacute;c quan ch&#7913;c &#272;CSTQ th&#7915;a nh&#7853;n m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch r&otilde; r&agrave;ng, ho&#7863;c tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p l&agrave;m ch&#7913;ng ch&#7889;ng l&#7841;i vi&#7879;c thu ho&#7841;ch n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng t&#7915; ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng. &#8309;&#8310;&sup2;<\/p>\n<p>R&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; ch&#7889;i c&atilde;i t&#7915; c&aacute;c c&#417; quan &#273;i&#7873;u tra kh&aacute;c nhau &#273;&atilde; cho th&#7845;y, &#272;CSTQ &#273;&atilde; l&#7907;i d&#7909;ng m&#7897;t s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n c&aacute;c h&#7885;c vi&ecirc;n <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#phap_luan_cong\" 28734 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Ph&aacute;p Lu&acirc;n C&ocirc;ng<\/a> v&ocirc; t&#7897;i v&agrave; b&#7883; giam gi&#7919; phi ph&aacute;p l&agrave;m &ldquo;v&#7889;n li&#7871;ng&rdquo; &#273;&#7875; th&agrave;nh l&#7853;p ng&agrave;nh c&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p c&#7845;y gh&eacute;p n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng, t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t chu&#7895;i s&#7843;n nghi&#7879;p kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; v&agrave; &#273;&#7851;m m&aacute;u. Sau &#273;&oacute;, m&oacute;ng vu&#7889;t c&#7911;a &#272;CSTQ &#273;&atilde; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng sang nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i tr&#7867; kh&#7887;e m&#7841;nh nh&#432; sinh vi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c v&agrave; h&#7885;c sinh trung h&#7885;c. Hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng &ldquo;th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7907; &#273;en n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i&rdquo; ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng gia t&#259;ng &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&atilde; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng m&#7889;i lo ng&#7841;i l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a d&#432; lu&#7853;n. &#8309;&#8310;&sup3;<\/p>\n<p>&#272;i&#7873;u g&igrave; &#273;&atilde; bi&#7871;n con dao ph&#7851;u thu&#7853;t c&#7911;a b&aacute;c s&#297; ph&#7851;u thu&#7853;t th&agrave;nh v&#361; kh&iacute; gi&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i? T&#7845;t nhi&ecirc;n, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y li&ecirc;n quan tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p &#273;&#7871;n m&#7879;nh l&#7879;nh c&#7921;c quy&#7873;n c&#7911;a &#272;CSTQ v&#7889;n &#273;&agrave;n &aacute;p t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng v&agrave; coi th&#432;&#7901;ng sinh m&#7841;ng. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Darwin c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; &#273;&oacute;ng m&#7897;t vai tr&ograve; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; thi&#7871;u, l&agrave; t&ograve;ng ph&#7841;m v&#7873; m&#7863;t l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t trong vi&#7879;c khi&#7871;n c&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c tr&#7903; n&ecirc;n b&#7845;t k&iacute;nh v&#7899;i Th&#7847;n, &#273;&aacute;nh m&#7845;t &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c, v&agrave; xem nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i y&#7871;u th&#7871; nh&#432; &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7853;t &#273;&#7875; t&ugrave;y &yacute; gi&#7871;t h&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p><b>2.3 Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a khi&#7871;n khoa h&#7885;c ph&#7899;t l&#7901; lu&acirc;n l&yacute; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c ra sao<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Con ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; &ldquo;anh linh c&#7911;a v&#7841;n v&#7853;t,&rdquo; &#273;i&#7875;m kh&aacute;c bi&#7879;t c&#417; b&#7843;n nh&#7845;t gi&#7919;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7853;t l&agrave; con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng quan ni&#7879;m &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#417; b&#7843;n, c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;a ra nh&#7919;ng ph&aacute;n &#273;o&aacute;n h&agrave;nh vi d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n nh&#7919;ng quy ph&#7841;m &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c. M&#7863;c d&ugrave; b&ecirc;n trong nh&acirc;n t&iacute;nh c&#361;ng c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u x&#7845;u xa &ndash; ma t&iacute;nh, nh&#432;ng ch&#7881; c&#7847;n m&#7863;t thi&#7879;n c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n t&iacute;nh chi&#7871;m &#432;u th&#7871;, con ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng d&#7877; d&agrave;ng b&#7883; ma t&iacute;nh ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t, &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; th&#7875; duy tr&igrave; &#7903; tr&ecirc;n m&#7913;c c&#417; b&#7843;n.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a cho r&#7857;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; &ldquo;ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a&rdquo; t&#7915; &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7853;t, khi&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i ta th&#7915;a nh&#7853;n v&agrave; ph&oacute;ng t&uacute;ng ma t&iacute;nh c&#7911;a b&#7843;n th&acirc;n, h&#7841; th&#7845;p gi&aacute; tr&#7883; thi&#7879;n l&#432;&#417;ng c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i, t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7841;nh tranh t&agrave;n kh&#7889;c &ldquo;k&#7867; m&#7841;nh nh&#7845;t s&#7869; s&#7889;ng s&oacute;t&rdquo; c&#7911;a gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a cho r&#7857;ng d&ugrave; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng ti&#7879;n n&agrave;o, ch&#7881; c&#7847;n m&#7897;t sinh v&#7853;t c&oacute; th&#7875; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i trong gi&#7899;i t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n t&agrave;n kh&#7889;c th&igrave; n&oacute; s&#7869; l&agrave; k&#7867; chi&#7871;n th&#7855;ng. Cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng d&ugrave; t&#7889;t &#273;&#7865;p &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&acirc;u, n&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng th&iacute;ch &#7913;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng thay &#273;&#7893;i c&#7911;a m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng th&igrave; s&#7869; b&#7883; &#273;&agrave;o th&#7843;i. V&igrave; m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch chi&#7871;n th&#7855;ng, m&#7885;i th&#7911; &#273;o&#7841;n &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &aacute;p d&#7909;ng, c&oacute; th&#7875; ch&agrave; &#273;&#7841;p, hy sinh b&#7845;t k&#7923; nguy&ecirc;n t&#7855;c lu&acirc;n l&yacute; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c n&agrave;o. S&#7921; tr&agrave;n lan c&#7911;a t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a c&#361;ng t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c ph&aacute; h&#7911;y c&aacute;c n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c m&agrave; nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i &#273;&atilde; d&#7921;a v&agrave;o h&agrave;ng ng&agrave;n n&#259;m qua.<\/p>\n<p>M&#7885;i th&#7913; &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t, k&#7875; c&#7843; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng. M&#7897;t h&#7879; t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#7889;t s&#7869; thay &#273;&#7893;i m&#7897;t x&atilde; h&#7897;i, m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia. Ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; c&aacute;c ch&iacute;nh gi&aacute;o truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n trong n&#7873;n v&#259;n minh nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i, ho&#7863;c d&#7841;y con ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#432;&#7899;ng thi&#7879;n, ho&#7863;c h&#432;&#7899;ng d&#7851;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i tu luy&#7879;n, &#273;&#7863;t &#273;&#7883;nh n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng &#273;&#7875; con ng&#432;&#7901;i duy tr&igrave; m&#7897;t tr&igrave;nh &#273;&#7897; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c ch&iacute;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i gi&uacute;p n&#7873;n v&#259;n minh nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i duy tr&igrave; &#7903; m&#7897;t tr&igrave;nh &#273;&#7897; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh. T&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng &ldquo;nh&acirc;n, ngh&#297;a, l&#7877;, tr&iacute;, t&iacute;n&rdquo; c&#7911;a Nho gia &#273;&atilde; gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a d&acirc;n t&#7897;c Trung Hoa trong h&agrave;ng ng&agrave;n n&#259;m, duy tr&igrave; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a c&#7843; d&acirc;n t&#7897;c.<\/p>\n<p>Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, m&#7897;t h&#7879; t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng x&#7845;u c&#361;ng s&#7869; l&agrave;m thay &#273;&#7893;i m&#7897;t x&atilde; h&#7897;i, m&#7897;t qu&#7847;n th&#7875;. N&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; s&#7921; h&#432;&#7899;ng d&#7851;n c&#7911;a c&aacute;c b&#7853;c Th&aacute;nh nh&acirc;n, con ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#7877; r&#417;i v&agrave;o h&#7895;n lo&#7841;n gi&#7919;a s&oacute;ng gi&oacute; v&agrave; &iacute;ch k&#7927;, nh&#7919;ng thi&ecirc;n tai nh&acirc;n h&#7885;a l&agrave; &#273;&#7911; &#273;&#7875; l&agrave;m gi&aacute;n &#273;o&#7841;n ho&#7863;c ph&aacute; h&#7911;y to&agrave;n b&#7897; qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh v&#259;n minh nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p>T&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng ti&ecirc;u c&#7921;c c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ng&#7909;y trang d&#432;&#7899;i l&#7899;p v&#7887; khoa h&#7885;c &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i con ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; r&#7845;t r&otilde; r&agrave;ng. Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a &#273;a t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p l&ecirc;n t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng v&agrave; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>K&#7875; t&#7915; n&#259;m 1859 tr&#7903; &#273;i, khoa h&#7885;c &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng &#273;&atilde; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u b&#7883; gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Darwin d&#7851;n theo h&#432;&#7899;ng sai l&#7847;m. Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n gi&#7899;i khoa h&#7885;c, nh&#7845;t l&agrave; gi&#7899;i y sinh trong h&#417;n m&#7897;t tr&#259;m n&#259;m qua. Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7883; quan ni&#7879;m sai l&#7847;m n&agrave;y &#273;&#7847;u &#273;&#7897;c l&acirc;u n&#259;m, trong &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; c&aacute;c b&aacute;c s&#297;, khoa h&#7885;c gia, &#273;&atilde; v&ocirc; t&igrave;nh h&#7845;p th&#7909; ch&#7845;t &#273;&#7897;c c&#7911;a thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a v&agrave; l&agrave;m b&#259;ng ho&#7841;i n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c ch&iacute;nh th&#7889;ng.<\/p>\n<p><b>3. Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a d&#7851;n t&#7899;i vi&#7879;c l&#7841;m d&#7909;ng khoa h&#7885;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Cu&#7897;c c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng c&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#7915; th&#7871; k&#7927; 18 hi&#7879;n &#273;ang b&#432;&#7899;c v&agrave;o giai &#273;o&#7841;n th&#7913; t&#432;, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;Cu&#7897;c c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng c&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p l&#7847;n th&#7913; t&#432;,&rdquo; n&#7893;i b&#7853;t b&#7903;i nh&#7919;ng b&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#7897;t ph&aacute; nh&#432; graphene, k&#7929; thu&#7853;t di truy&#7873;n, th&#7921;c t&#7871; &#7843;o, th&ocirc;ng tin l&#432;&#7907;ng t&#7917;, n&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng h&#7907;p h&#7841;ch, n&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng s&#7841;ch v&agrave; c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; sinh h&#7885;c, ph&#7843;n &aacute;nh s&#7921; dung h&#7907;p c&#7911;a nhi&#7873;u ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p khoa h&#7885;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t kh&aacute;c nhau, khi&#7871;n vi&#7879;c ph&acirc;n bi&#7879;t ranh gi&#7899;i gi&#7919;a v&#7853;t l&yacute;, to&aacute;n h&#7885;c v&agrave; sinh h&#7885;c tr&#7903; n&ecirc;n c&agrave;ng kh&oacute; kh&#259;n h&#417;n &#8309;&#8310;&#8308;.<\/p>\n<p>Khoa h&#7885;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t &#273;&atilde; cung c&#7845;p cho ch&uacute;ng ta r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u th&#7913; m&#7899;i, gi&uacute;p cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i tr&#7903; n&ecirc;n ti&#7879;n l&#7907;i h&#417;n. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n nhanh ch&oacute;ng v&agrave; &#7913;ng d&#7909;ng qu&aacute; m&#7913;c c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t &#273;&atilde; k&eacute;o theo ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng nhi&#7873;u v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; v&#7873; s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e, m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&agrave; x&atilde; h&#7897;i. Khoa h&#7885;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t &#273;ang thay &#273;&#7893;i h&agrave;nh vi c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i, c&aacute;ch ch&uacute;ng ta suy ngh&#297; v&#7873; c&aacute;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873;, v&agrave; th&#7853;m ch&iacute; thay &#273;&#7893;i c&#7845;u tr&uacute;c c&#417; th&#7875; con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#361;ng nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>Ch&uacute;ng ta h&atilde;y b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u v&#7899;i c&aacute;i ch&#7871;t bi th&#7843;m c&#7911;a m&#7897;t c&#7853;u b&eacute; 18 tu&#7893;i.<\/p>\n<p><b>3.1 C&aacute;i ch&#7871;t c&#7911;a Jesse<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Jesse Gelsinger l&agrave; m&#7897;t c&#7853;u b&eacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i M&#7929;, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7849;n &#273;o&aacute;n m&#7855;c m&#7897;t h&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng b&#7849;m sinh hi&#7871;m g&#7863;p g&#7885;i l&agrave; h&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng thi&#7871;u h&#7909;t Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTCD) khi m&#7899;i 2 tu&#7893;i. Gan c&#7911;a c&#7853;u thi&#7871;u m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i enzyme chuy&#7875;n h&oacute;a acid amin l&agrave; Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), lo&#7841;i enzyme n&agrave;y c&oacute; th&#7875; khi&#7871;n n&#7891;ng &#273;&#7897; amoniac trong m&aacute;u t&#259;ng l&ecirc;n v&agrave; th&#7853;m ch&iacute; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c g&acirc;y t&#7917; vong. C&#7853;u c&#7847;n m&#7897;t ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; &#259;n ki&ecirc;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng k&#7923; v&agrave; c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i thu&#7889;c &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t &#273;&#7875; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i. &#8309;&#8310;&#8309;<\/p>\n<p>Th&aacute;ng 09\/1999, c&#7853;u b&eacute; Jesse 18 tu&#7893;i t&#7889;t b&#7909;ng mu&#7889;n gi&uacute;p &#273;&#7905; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7883; c&#259;n b&#7879;nh t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; c&#7853;u v&#432;&#7907;t qua b&#7879;nh t&#7853;t. C&#7853;u &#273;&atilde; t&igrave;nh nguy&#7879;n tham gia th&#7917; nghi&#7879;m li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p gene. C&aacute;c nh&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c gia t&#7915; &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Pennsylvania &#7903; Philadelphia &#273;&atilde; ch&iacute;ch m&#7897;t vect&#417; adenovirus mang gene OTC b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng v&agrave;o gan c&#7911;a Jesse, nh&#7857;m c&#7889; g&#7855;ng kh&ocirc;i ph&#7909;c kh&#7843; n&#259;ng chuy&#7875;n h&oacute;a amoniac c&#7911;a gan.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, adenovirus &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng l&agrave;m v&#7853;t mang gene &#273;&atilde; khi&#7871;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng mi&#7877;n d&#7883;ch c&#7911;a Jesse ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng th&aacute;i qu&aacute;. Jesse b&#7883; s&#7889;t cao v&agrave; h&ocirc;n m&ecirc; s&acirc;u v&agrave;o bu&#7893;i t&#7889;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&iacute;ch thu&#7889;c. C&#7853;u &#273;&atilde; qua &#273;&#7901;i v&igrave; suy &#273;a c&#417; quan b&#7889;n ng&agrave;y sau &#273;&oacute;.<\/p>\n<p>K&#7871;t qu&#7843; l&agrave; gia &#273;&igrave;nh Jesse &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7879; &#273;&#417;n ki&#7879;n &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Pennsylvania &#8309;&#8310;&#8310;. C&#417; quan Qu&#7843;n l&yacute; Th&#7921;c ph&#7849;m v&agrave; D&#432;&#7907;c ph&#7849;m Hoa K&#7923; (FDA) &#273;&atilde; t&#7841;m d&#7915;ng c&aacute;c th&#7917; nghi&#7879;m tr&ecirc;n ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7873; li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p gene c&#7911;a &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Pennsylvania, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u &#273;i&#7873;u tra 69 th&#7917; nghi&#7879;m li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p gene kh&aacute;c &#273;ang di&#7877;n ra &#7903; Hoa K&#7923; &#8309;&#8310;&#8311;.<\/p>\n<p>Th&#7843;m k&#7883;ch n&agrave;y l&#7853;p t&#7913;c l&agrave;m ngu&#7897;i s&#7921; nhi&#7879;t t&igrave;nh c&#7911;a c&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p gene. C&aacute;c nh&agrave; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; r&uacute;t ti&#7873;n, c&aacute;c c&ocirc;ng ty kh&#7903;i nghi&#7879;p b&#7883; ph&aacute; s&#7843;n, c&aacute;c trung t&acirc;m li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p gene b&#7883; gi&#7843;i t&aacute;n. Trong m&#432;&#7901;i t&aacute;m n&#259;m ti&#7871;p theo, nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p gene g&#7847;n nh&#432; b&#7883; &#273;&igrave;nh tr&#7879;.<\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 2017, Luxturna, m&#7897;t li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p gene d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; b&#7879;nh v&#7873; m&#7855;t, &#273;&atilde; kh&#417;i d&#7853;y m&#7897;t tia l&#7917;a nh&#7887; trong l&#297;nh v&#7921;c li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p gene. V&igrave; li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p n&agrave;y ch&#7881; c&#7847;n ch&iacute;ch t&#7841;i ch&#7895; v&agrave; c&oacute; t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i &iacute;t &#273;&#7871;n to&agrave;n b&#7897; c&#417; th&#7875; n&ecirc;n cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng n&oacute; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&agrave;nh c&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;a l&ecirc;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. &#8309;&#8310;&#8312;<\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 2019, Zolgensma, m&#7897;t li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p gene kh&aacute;c c&#7911;a c&ocirc;ng ty Novartis, c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&ecirc; chu&#7849;n &#273;&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i ch&#7913;ng r&#7889;i lo&#7841;n di truy&#7873;n l&agrave; ch&#7913;ng lo&#7841;n d&#432;&#7905;ng c&#417;&#8309;&#8310;&#8313;.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, kho&#7843;ng th&#7901;i gian t&#7889;t &#273;&#7865;p &#273;&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng k&eacute;o d&agrave;i. Sau &#273;&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng l&acirc;u, li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p gene l&#7841;i g&#7863;p ph&#7843;i h&agrave;ng lo&#7841;t tai n&#7841;n v&#7873; m&#7863;t an to&agrave;n.<\/p>\n<p>Th&aacute;ng 11\/2019, trong m&#7897;t th&#7917; nghi&#7879;m l&acirc;m s&agrave;ng v&#7873; li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p gene SGT-001 do c&ocirc;ng ty Solid Biosciences ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n &#273;&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; ch&#7913;ng lo&#7841;n d&#432;&#7905;ng c&#417; Duchenne (DMD), m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i tham gia &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; t&#7893;n th&#432;&#417;ng nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng v&#7873; th&#7853;n v&agrave; m&aacute;u. Th&#7917; nghi&#7879;m l&acirc;m s&agrave;ng n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; l&#7853;p t&#7913;c b&#7883; FDA Hoa K&#7923; k&ecirc;u g&#7885;i d&#7915;ng l&#7841;i &#8309;&#8311;&#8304;. Tr&ecirc;n th&#7921;c t&#7871;, trong c&aacute;c th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m tr&ecirc;n &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7853;t tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&oacute;, c&oacute; ba con kh&#7881; v&agrave; ba con heo &#273;&#7873;u b&#7883; ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng &#273;&#7897;c t&iacute;nh nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng v&agrave; cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng &#273;&atilde; ch&#7871;t.<\/p>\n<p>Ch&#432;a &#273;&#7847;y m&#7897;t n&#259;m sau, c&ocirc;ng ty Astellas &#273;&atilde; khi&#7871;n &iacute;t nh&#7845;t b&#7889;n c&#7853;u b&eacute; t&#7917; vong khi s&#7917; d&#7909;ng li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p gene li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n adenovirus &#273;&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; m&#7897;t b&#7879;nh c&#417; hi&#7871;m g&#7863;p. &#8309;&#8311;&sup1;<\/p>\n<p>Trong hai th&#7853;p k&#7927; k&#7875; t&#7915; c&aacute;i ch&#7871;t c&#7911;a Jesse, c&aacute;c c&ocirc;ng ty t&#432; nh&acirc;n v&agrave; c&ocirc;ng c&#7897;ng &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; h&agrave;ng t&#7927; USD v&#7899;i hy v&#7885;ng &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; b&#7879;nh b&#7857;ng c&aacute;ch thay &#273;&#7893;i ho&#7863;c thay th&#7871; c&aacute;c gene khi&#7871;m khuy&#7871;t c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng ta. Cho &#273;&#7871;n nay, nh&#7919;ng n&#7895; l&#7921;c n&agrave;y ch&#7881; mang l&#7841;i m&#7897;t s&#7889; r&#7845;t &iacute;t ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883;.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p t&#7917; vong li&ecirc;n ti&#7871;p do li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p gene g&acirc;y ra &#273;&atilde; khi&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i ta ph&#7843;i suy ng&#7851;m: T&#7841;i sao li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p gene l&#7841;i kh&oacute; kh&#259;n nh&#432; v&#7853;y, v&agrave; lu&ocirc;n &#273;i k&egrave;m v&#7899;i t&#7917; vong?<\/p>\n<p>&Yacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng thi&#7871;t k&#7871; c&#7911;a li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p gene c&oacute; v&#7867; h&#7845;p d&#7851;n: b&#7857;ng c&aacute;ch &#273;&#432;a gene m&#7909;c ti&ecirc;u v&agrave;o c&#417; th&#7875; ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh c&aacute;c gene kh&ocirc;ng ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c trong c&#417; th&#7875; con ng&#432;&#7901;i, c&#259;n b&#7879;nh n&agrave;y c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7919;a kh&#7887;i. Nh&#432;ng ki&#7875;u &ldquo;x&#7917; l&yacute;&rdquo; n&agrave;y gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; b&#7855;n s&uacute;ng: tuy l&agrave; nh&#7855;m v&agrave;o c&aacute;c gene x&#7845;u c&#7847;n s&#7917;a, nh&#432;ng n&#7871;u b&#7855;n tr&#432;&#7907;t th&igrave; s&#7869; l&agrave;m h&#7887;ng c&aacute;c gene b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng, &#273;&acirc;y g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;s&#7921; ki&#7879;n l&#7879;ch m&#7909;c ti&ecirc;u&rdquo;. &#8309;&#8311;&sup2;<\/p>\n<p>&#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; b&#7855;n s&uacute;ng trong b&oacute;ng t&#7889;i, kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y m&#7909;c ti&ecirc;u, ti&#7873;m &#7849;n nh&#7919;ng nguy c&#417; nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng kh&ocirc;ng l&#432;&#7901;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t. V&#7853;y n&ecirc;n, nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; v&ocirc; t&#7897;i n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; kh&ocirc;ng may tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh n&#7841;n nh&acirc;n c&#7911;a &ldquo;li&#7879;u &#8203;&#8203;ph&aacute;p gene.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p t&#7917; vong do li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p gene g&acirc;y ra l&agrave; l&#7901;i c&#7843;nh b&aacute;o nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng cho s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n khoa h&#7885;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i ng&agrave;y nay.<\/p>\n<p><b>3.2 H&#7841; Ki&#7871;n Khu&ecirc; ch&#7881;nh s&#7917;a ph&ocirc;i ng&#432;&#7901;i<\/b><\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 2012, nh&agrave; sinh v&#7853;t h&#7885;c ng&#432;&#7901;i M&#7929; Jennifer A. Doudna (1964-) v&agrave; nh&agrave; sinh v&#7853;t h&#7885;c ng&#432;&#7901;i Ph&aacute;p Emmanuelle Charpentier (1968-) &#273;&atilde; c&ugrave;ng ph&aacute;t minh ra ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p ch&#7881;nh s&#7917;a gene CRISPR\/Cas9. Trong &#273;&oacute; CRISPR l&agrave; vi&#7871;t t&#7855;t c&#7911;a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, Cas9 &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t endnuclease li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n CRISPR, t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; &ldquo;c&aacute;i k&eacute;o ph&acirc;n t&#7917;,&rdquo; c&oacute; th&#7875; h&#432;&#7899;ng d&#7851;n RNA c&#7855;t DNA t&#7841;i c&aacute;c v&#7883; tr&iacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7881; &#273;&#7883;nh.<\/p>\n<p>M&#7863;c d&ugrave; hai khoa h&#7885;c gia n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c gi&#7843;i Nobel H&oacute;a h&#7885;c v&agrave;o n&#259;m 2020, nh&#432;ng vi&#7879;c &#7913;ng d&#7909;ng k&#7929; thu&#7853;t n&agrave;y v&agrave;o l&acirc;m s&agrave;ng v&#7851;n ti&#7873;m &#7849;n r&#7911;i ro r&#7845;t l&#7899;n &#8309;&#8311;&#8309;.<\/p>\n<p>CRISPR\/Cas9 l&agrave; m&#7897;t c&ocirc;ng c&#7909; nh&#7887; b&eacute; nh&#432;ng m&#7841;nh m&#7869;, gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c k&eacute;o ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&ocirc; t&#7843; l&agrave; &ldquo;chi&#7871;c k&eacute;o c&#7911;a Ch&uacute;a.&rdquo; N&oacute; c&oacute; th&#7875; c&#7855;t v&agrave; ch&#7881;nh s&#7917;a ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c v&#7853;t li&#7879;u di truy&#7873;n trong DNA. DNA c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i tuy r&#7845;t nh&#7887; nh&#432;ng l&#7841;i v&ocirc; c&ugrave;ng ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p, bao g&#7891;m 3.2 t&#7927; k&yacute; t&#7921; di truy&#7873;n, h&#417;n n&#7919;a ch&uacute;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; t&#432;&#417;ng t&aacute;c v&#7899;i nhau. Khi ng&#432;&#7901;i ta s&#7917; d&#7909;ng CRISPR\/Cas9 &#273;&#7875; ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh ch&#7881;nh s&#7917;a gene, vi&#7879;c d&#7921; &#273;o&aacute;n k&#7871;t qu&#7843; cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng l&agrave; r&#7845;t kh&oacute;.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, v&agrave;o ng&agrave;y 26\/11\/2018 theo gi&#7901; B&#7855;c Kinh, nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c Trung Qu&#7889;c c&oacute; t&ecirc;n H&#7841; Ki&#7871;n Khu&ecirc; (He Jiankui) &#273;&atilde; vui m&#7915;ng th&ocirc;ng b&aacute;o r&#7857;ng, &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; t&#7841;o ra em b&eacute; ch&#7881;nh s&#7917;a gene &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i. Hai b&eacute; g&aacute;i L&#7897; L&#7897; (Lulu) v&agrave; Na Na (Nana) b&#7883; ch&#7881;nh s&#7917;a gene &#7903; giai &#273;o&#7841;n ph&ocirc;i thai &#273;&atilde; ch&agrave;o &#273;&#7901;i &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c. &#8309;&#8311;&#8310;<\/p>\n<p>V&#7899;i l&yacute; do gi&uacute;p &#273;&#7905; con ch&aacute;u c&#7911;a b&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n AIDS, &ocirc;ng H&#7841; Ki&#7871;n Khu&ecirc; &#273;&atilde; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; ch&#7881;nh s&#7917;a gene &#273;&#7875; ch&#7881;nh s&#7917;a t&ugrave;y ti&#7879;n gene CCR5 c&#7911;a tr&#7913;ng &#273;&atilde; th&#7909; tinh m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng tr&#7843;i qua lu&#7853;n ch&#7913;ng khoa h&#7885;c v&agrave; &#273;&aacute;nh gi&aacute; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c nghi&ecirc;m ng&#7863;t. H&agrave;nh vi v&ocirc; tr&aacute;ch nhi&#7879;m c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng H&#7841; l&#7853;p t&#7913;c &#273;&atilde; g&acirc;y x&ocirc;n xao gi&#7899;i khoa h&#7885;c tr&ecirc;n to&agrave;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, b&#7883; ch&#7881; tr&iacute;ch n&#7863;ng n&#7873; v&#7873; m&#7863;t lu&acirc;n l&yacute; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c. Cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng, &ocirc;ng H&#7841; &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; t&ugrave; giam.<\/p>\n<p>Ngay c&#7843; khi ch&uacute;ng ta ch&#7881; xem x&eacute;t thu&#7847;n t&uacute;y t&#7915; b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng khoa h&#7885;c, t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a gene do &ocirc;ng H&#7841; Ki&#7871;n Khu&ecirc; ch&#7881;nh s&#7917;a &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nguy c&#417; m&#7855;c b&#7879;nh AIDS v&agrave; c&aacute;c b&#7879;nh nhi&#7877;m virus kh&aacute;c l&agrave; r&#7845;t ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p, v&agrave; c&ograve;n c&oacute; th&#7875; c&oacute; t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n n&atilde;o. Nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; &ocirc;ng H&#7841; mang l&#7841;i cho hai &#273;&#7913;a b&eacute; n&agrave;y c&oacute; l&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; h&#7841;nh ph&uacute;c m&agrave; l&agrave; r&#7911;i ro s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e su&#7889;t &#273;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>C&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c Trung Qu&#7889;c vi&#7871;t trong m&#7897;t tuy&ecirc;n b&#7889; chung r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;Qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh xem x&eacute;t &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c y sinh &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i c&aacute;i g&#7885;i l&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u n&agrave;y ch&#7881; mang t&iacute;nh h&igrave;nh th&#7913;c. Vi&#7879;c ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh th&#7917; nghi&#7879;m tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p tr&ecirc;n ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&#7881; c&oacute; th&#7875; d&ugrave;ng t&#7915; &lsquo;&#273;i&ecirc;n r&#7891;&rsquo; &#273;&#7875; m&ocirc; t&#7843;.&rdquo; &ldquo;K&#7929; thu&#7853;t n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; t&#7915; l&acirc;u, nh&#432;ng c&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c y sinh tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i kh&ocirc;ng l&agrave;m ho&#7863;c kh&ocirc;ng d&aacute;m l&agrave;m v&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n v&#7873; m&#7909;c ti&ecirc;u, nh&#7919;ng r&#7911;i ro l&#7899;n kh&aacute;c, v&agrave; quan tr&#7885;ng h&#417;n l&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>T&#7901; Financial Times &#273;&atilde; d&#7851;n l&#7901;i b&agrave; Joyce Harper, Gi&aacute;o s&#432; ph&ocirc;i ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c College London, n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng n&#7897;i dung nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u m&agrave; &ocirc;ng H&#7841; Ki&#7871;n Khu&ecirc; tuy&ecirc;n b&#7889; l&agrave; &ldquo;qu&aacute; s&#7899;m, nguy hi&#7875;m v&agrave; v&ocirc; tr&aacute;ch nhi&#7879;m.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>Ngo&agrave;i ra, c&aacute;c c&ocirc;ng c&#7909; ch&#7881;nh s&#7917;a gene c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#7913;ng d&#7909;ng r&#7845;t r&#7897;ng tr&ecirc;n ng&#432;&#7901;i, ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; thay &#273;&#7893;i &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m ngo&#7841;i h&igrave;nh v&agrave; tr&iacute; th&ocirc;ng minh, thay &#273;&#7893;i gene l&agrave;m t&#259;ng nguy c&#417; m&#7855;c m&#7897;t s&#7889; lo&#7841;i ung th&#432;, v&agrave; thay &#273;&#7893;i gene trong tinh tr&ugrave;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i khi&#7871;n c&aacute;c gene &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7881;nh s&#7917;a c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c truy&#7873;n l&#7841;i cho th&#7871; h&#7879; t&#432;&#417;ng lai. N&#7871;u vi&#7879;c ch&#7881;nh s&#7917;a gene kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c qu&#7843;n l&yacute; ch&#7863;t ch&#7869; th&igrave; c&oacute; th&#7875; s&#7869; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n c&aacute;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c r&#7845;t l&#7899;n.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_0532.jpeg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-53814\" src=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_0532-300x199.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_0532-300x199.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_0532.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><i>H&igrave;nh 6-1: Tr&igrave;nh t&#7921; gen c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i r&#7845;t quan tr&#7885;ng, l&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u c&#7889;t l&otilde;i &#273;&#7875; b&#7843;o t&#7891;n nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i. (&#7842;nh: Shutterstock)<\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>3.3 Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; &ldquo;t&#259;ng c&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng&rdquo; c&#7911;a virus<\/b><\/p>\n<p>N&#7871;u t&aacute;c h&#7841;i c&#7911;a c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; di truy&#7873;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#7903; tr&ecirc;n ch&#7881; gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n &#7903; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7883; m&#7897;t s&#7889; b&#7879;nh nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh, th&igrave; ph&#7841;m vi c&#7911;a ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; ti&#7871;p theo &#273;&acirc;y kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t v&agrave;i ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>Khi &#273;&#7841;i d&#7883;ch COVID-19 b&ugrave;ng ph&aacute;t tr&ecirc;n to&agrave;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, ngo&agrave;i Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#7841;i l&#7909;c &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; g&#7847;n b&#7843;y tri&#7879;u sinh m&#7879;nh b&#7883; l&#7845;y &#273;i. Ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a COVID-19 lu&ocirc;n l&agrave; m&#7897;t ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; g&acirc;y tranh c&atilde;i. Kh&#7843; n&#259;ng r&ograve; r&#7881; trong ph&ograve;ng th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m lu&ocirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c xem l&agrave; tr&#7885;ng &#273;i&#7875;m c&acirc;n nh&#7855;c trong gi&#7899;i khoa h&#7885;c.<\/p>\n<p>K&#7875; t&#7915; n&#259;m 2005, c&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c cho r&#7857;ng &#273;&#7875; l&agrave;m cho con ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&#7887;e m&#7841;nh h&#417;n, h&#7885; c&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7917; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; k&#7929; thu&#7853;t di truy&#7873;n &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;o ra c&aacute;c virus t&aacute;i t&#7893; h&#7907;p, th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n m&#7897;t s&#7889; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u &ldquo;t&#259;ng c&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng&rdquo; (gain-of-function, GOF), v.v.<\/p>\n<p>V&iacute; d&#7909;, c&aacute;c nh&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u t&#7841;i Vi&#7879;n nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u virus V&#361; H&aacute;n &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&atilde; ch&egrave;n m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n gene protein c&#7911;a virus corona &#7903; d&#417;i m&agrave; con ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng b&#7883; nhi&#7877;m v&agrave;o trong virus SARS &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;o ra &#273;&#7897;c t&iacute;nh m&#7841;nh h&#417;n, d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n b&#7879;nh ph&#7893;i nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng h&#417;n, c&oacute; th&#7875; l&acirc;y nhi&#7877;m sang ng&#432;&#7901;i. Lo&#7841;i virus v&#7889;n kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; nguy c&#417; g&acirc;y b&#7879;nh cho con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i virus c&oacute; th&#7875; khi&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i ta nhi&#7877;m b&#7879;nh. B&#7843;n th&acirc;n c&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t h&#7885; &#273;ang l&agrave;m g&igrave;, h&#7885; c&ograve;n coi &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; m&#7897;t vinh quang khoa h&#7885;c. Lu&#7853;n v&#259;n n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n tr&ecirc;n t&#7853;p san Y h&#7885;c T&#7921; Nhi&ecirc;n (Nature Medicine) v&agrave;o n&#259;m 2015.<\/p>\n<p>Ngay khi k&#7871;t qu&#7843; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&ocirc;ng b&#7889;, &ocirc;ng Richard Ebright, chuy&ecirc;n gia ph&ograve;ng th&#7911; sinh h&#7885;c, h&#7885;c gi&#7843; sinh h&#7885;c ph&acirc;n t&#7917; t&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Rutgers, &#273;&atilde; b&agrave;y t&#7887; quan ng&#7841;i s&acirc;u s&#7855;c v&#7873; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u n&agrave;y. &Ocirc;ng cho r&#7857;ng &ldquo;t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng duy nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a c&ocirc;ng vi&#7879;c n&agrave;y l&agrave; t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i r&#7911;i ro phi t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n m&#7899;i trong ph&ograve;ng th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m.&rdquo; &#8309;&#8311;&#8312;<\/p>\n<p>S&#7921; vi&#7879;c nh&#432; th&#7871; n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; c&#7845;m kh&ocirc;ng &iacute;t l&#7847;n. V&agrave;o n&#259;m 2022, nh&acirc;n vi&ecirc;n nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u virus t&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Boston &#273;&atilde; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n s&#7917;a &#273;&#7893;i gene c&#7911;a virus Omicron c&oacute; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng g&acirc;y b&#7879;nh r&#7845;t y&#7871;u, t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i virus m&#7899;i, c&#361;ng ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i virus t&aacute;i t&#7893; h&#7907;p gi&#7919;a ch&#7911;ng nguy&ecirc;n th&#7911;y c&#7911;a COVID-19 v&agrave; protein gai c&#7911;a Omicron. T&#7927; l&#7879; t&#7917; vong do virus m&#7899;i n&agrave;y g&acirc;y ra l&ecirc;n t&#7899;i 80% trong c&aacute;c th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m tr&ecirc;n &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7853;t, m&#7897;t l&#7847;n n&#7919;a g&acirc;y ra s&#7921; kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng cho m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i. &#8309;&#8311;&#8313;<\/p>\n<p>Ng&agrave;y 06\/02\/2023, t&#7841;p ch&iacute; Khoa h&#7885;c (Science) &#273;&#432;a tin r&#7857;ng, &ocirc;ng Ebright c&ugrave;ng m&#7897;t nh&oacute;m c&aacute;c khoa h&#7885;c gia quan t&acirc;m &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng r&#7911;i ro ti&#7873;m &#7849;n c&#7911;a nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u m&#7847;m b&#7879;nh &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i con ng&#432;&#7901;i, &#273;&atilde; th&agrave;nh l&#7853;p m&#7897;t t&#7893; ch&#7913;c b&#7845;t v&#7909; l&#7907;i g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;B&#7843;o v&#7879; t&#432;&#417;ng lai c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng ta&rdquo; (Protect Our Future), hy v&#7885;ng ng&#259;n ch&#7863;n &ldquo;d&#7883;ch b&#7879;nh c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;e d&#7885;a s&#7921; sinh t&#7891;n c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i sinh ra trong ph&ograve;ng th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m,&rdquo; &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i kh&#7903;i x&#432;&#7899;ng c&aacute;c quy t&#7855;c an to&agrave;n sinh h&#7885;c nghi&ecirc;m ng&#7863;t h&#417;n. &Ocirc;ng Ebright v&agrave; nh&oacute;m c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh cho r&#7857;ng, m&#7863;c d&ugrave; thi&#7871;u b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p ch&#7913;ng minh c&aacute;c th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m virus trong ph&ograve;ng th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m V&#361; H&aacute;n &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c c&oacute; th&#7875; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&#7841;i d&#7883;ch Covid-19, nh&#432;ng n&oacute; v&#7851;n ph&#7843;i ch&#7883;u tr&aacute;ch nhi&#7879;m cho c&aacute;i ch&#7871;t c&#7911;a h&agrave;ng tri&#7879;u ng&#432;&#7901;i trong &#273;&#7841;i d&#7883;ch hi&#7879;n nay. &#8309;&#8312;&#8304;<\/p>\n<p>Trong x&atilde; h&#7897;i hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i, con ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#432;&#7901;ng theo &#273;u&#7893;i ti&#7871;n b&#7897; k&#7929; thu&#7853;t d&#432;&#7899;i c&#7901; hi&#7879;u c&#7911;a nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u khoa h&#7885;c. C&#7841;nh tranh k&#7929; thu&#7853;t &#273;&atilde; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh m&#7909;c ti&ecirc;u ch&iacute;nh ho&#7863;c th&#7853;m ch&iacute; l&agrave; m&#7909;c ti&ecirc;u duy nh&#7845;t, bao g&#7891;m thay &#273;&#7893;i gene virus, ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; c&#7843;i t&#7841;o b&#7897; gene c&#7911;a m&#7897;t s&#7889; lo&#7841;i virus &#273;&#7875; bi&#7871;n ch&uacute;ng th&agrave;nh v&#7853;t t&#7843;i th&#7875; cho k&#7929; thu&#7853;t di truy&#7873;n. C&ograve;n vi&#7879;c ng&#259;n ng&#7915;a c&aacute;c b&#7879;nh d&#7883;ch l&#7899;n v&agrave; t&#259;ng c&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e con ng&#432;&#7901;i th&igrave; ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, d&#7847;n b&#7883; coi nh&#7865;, th&#7853;m ch&iacute; kh&ocirc;ng ai h&#7887;i t&#7899;i.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, ph&#7843;i th&#7915;a nh&#7853;n r&#7857;ng s&#7921; hi&#7875;u bi&#7871;t c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7873; c&aacute;c gene v&agrave; &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng c&#7911;a nhi&#7873;u lo&#7841;i virus v&#7851;n c&ograve;n r&#7845;t h&#7841;n ch&#7871;. Virus s&#7869; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh g&igrave; trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene, th&igrave; ngay c&#7843; c&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng d&#7921; li&#7879;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#7919;ng nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u &ldquo;t&#259;ng c&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng&rdquo; v&#7899;i l&yacute; do &#273;&#7875; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n khoa h&#7885;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t v&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u vaccine, c&#417; b&#7843;n kh&ocirc;ng kh&aacute;c g&igrave; m&#7897;t h&agrave;nh vi &#273;&ugrave;a v&#7899;i l&#7917;a.<\/p>\n<p><b>3.4 T&aacute;c h&#7841;i c&#7911;a sinh v&#7853;t bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene<\/b><\/p>\n<p>C&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; k&#7929; thu&#7853;t gene &#273;&atilde; kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7915;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n sau khi ra &#273;&#7901;i v&agrave;o nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m 1970, n&oacute; l&agrave; th&ocirc;ng qua c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; sinh h&#7885;c ph&acirc;n t&#7917; &#273;&#7875; &#273;em gene c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t n&agrave;o &#273;&oacute; chuy&#7875;n v&agrave;o trong b&#7897; gene c&#7911;a sinh v&#7853;t m&#7909;c ti&ecirc;u, t&#7915; &#273;&oacute; t&#7841;o ra ch&#7911;ng m&#7899;i mang theo c&aacute;c gene &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; thay &#273;&#7893;i. &#8309;&#8312;&sup1;<\/p>\n<p>Sinh v&#7853;t b&#7883; thay &#273;&#7893;i v&#7853;t li&#7879;u di truy&#7873;n b&#7857;ng c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; k&#7929; thu&#7853;t gene &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; sinh v&#7853;t c&#7843;i t&#7841;o gene (genetically modified organism, GMO), c&#361;ng ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; sinh v&#7853;t &ldquo;bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene&rdquo; m&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i ta th&#432;&#7901;ng n&oacute;i. Tr&ecirc;n th&#7921;c t&#7871;, ch&uacute;ng kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng sinh v&#7853;t m&#7899;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c sinh ra th&ocirc;ng qua c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n nh&#432; giao ph&#7889;i t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n, v.v. &#8309;&#8312;&sup2;<\/p>\n<p>Ng&#432;&#7901;i ta th&#432;&#7901;ng &aacute;p d&#7909;ng c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; n&agrave;y cho c&acirc;y n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p, m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch ban &#273;&#7847;u l&agrave; c&#7843;i thi&#7879;n gi&aacute; tr&#7883; dinh d&#432;&#7905;ng c&#7911;a th&#7921;c ph&#7849;m, t&#259;ng s&#7843;n l&#432;&#7907;ng v&agrave; gi&#7843;m thi&#7875;u vi&#7879;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng thu&#7889;c tr&#7915; s&acirc;u, v.v. V&iacute; d&#7909; nh&#432; &#273;&#432;a gene kh&aacute;ng c&ocirc;n tr&ugrave;ng c&#7911;a vi khu&#7849;n Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) v&agrave;o ng&ocirc;, g&#7841;o, khoai t&acirc;y v&agrave; c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i c&acirc;y tr&#7891;ng kh&aacute;c, cho ph&eacute;p ch&uacute;ng t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i protein &#273;&#7897;c h&#7841;i &#273;&#7875; ch&#7889;ng l&#7841;i s&acirc;u b&#7879;nh. Ng&ocirc; BT &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tr&#7891;ng r&#7897;ng r&atilde;i l&agrave; m&#7897;t v&iacute; d&#7909;. Khi s&acirc;u b&#7879;nh c&#7889; g&#7855;ng &#259;n ng&ocirc; BT, nh&#7919;ng protein &#273;&#7897;c h&#7841;i n&agrave;y s&#7869; g&acirc;y t&#7893;n th&#432;&#417;ng cho ru&#7897;t c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng v&agrave; cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng khi&#7871;n s&acirc;u b&#7879;nh ch&#7871;t. V&#7873; m&#7863;t l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t, n&oacute; c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave;m gi&#7843;m c&aacute;c m&#7889;i nguy hi&#7875;m g&acirc;y h&#7841;i cho c&acirc;y ng&ocirc;, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i gi&#7843;m nhu c&#7847;u v&#7873; thu&#7889;c tr&#7915; s&acirc;u.<\/p>\n<p>Ngo&agrave;i ra, c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i &#273;&#7853;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#432;a v&agrave;o gene kh&aacute;ng thu&#7889;c di&#7879;t c&#7887; (Roundup Ready), cho ph&eacute;p ch&uacute;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; ch&#7889;ng l&#7841;i m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i thu&#7889;c di&#7879;t c&#7887; g&#7885;i l&agrave; glyphosate, b&#7843;o &#273;&#7843;m r&#7857;ng &#273;&#7853;u n&agrave;nh s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng b&#7883; t&#7893;n th&#432;&#417;ng khi s&#7917; d&#7909;ng thu&#7889;c di&#7879;t c&#7887;.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, m&#7885;i chuy&#7879;n l&#7841;i kh&ocirc;ng nh&#432; mong &#273;&#7907;i. M&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7915;ng ch&#7913;ng minh t&iacute;nh kh&ocirc;ng an to&agrave;n c&#7911;a c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i th&#7921;c ph&#7849;m bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene n&agrave;y. Ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng ch&#7913;ng minh r&#7857;ng c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i c&acirc;y tr&#7891;ng bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene &iacute;t kh&ocirc;ng t&#7889;t nh&#432; trong tr&iacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng ban &#273;&#7847;u, n&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng k&#7923; di&#7879;u nh&#432; c&ocirc;ng ty c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; di truy&#7873;n h&#7913;a h&#7865;n.<\/p>\n<p>Hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i, v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; an to&agrave;n c&#7911;a c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i c&acirc;y tr&#7891;ng bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene &#273;&atilde; thu h&uacute;t s&#7921; ch&uacute; &yacute; r&#7897;ng r&atilde;i t&#7915; c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng khoa h&#7885;c v&agrave; c&aacute;c c&#417; quan ch&iacute;nh ph&#7911; &#7903; nhi&#7873;u qu&#7889;c gia. &Iacute;t nh&#7845;t c&oacute; 38 qu&#7889;c gia &#273;&atilde; tuy&ecirc;n b&#7889; c&#7845;m c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i c&acirc;y tr&#7891;ng bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene, bao g&#7891;m 28 qu&#7889;c gia EU, 4 qu&#7889;c gia ch&acirc;u &Aacute;, 4 qu&#7889;c gia &#7903; ch&acirc;u Phi v&agrave; 2 qu&#7889;c gia &#7903; ch&acirc;u M&#7929;. &#8309;&#8312;&sup3;<\/p>\n<p>T&#7841;i sao v&#7853;y?<\/p>\n<p>Tr&#432;&#7899;c h&#7871;t, d&#7919; li&#7879;u nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u ch&#7913;ng minh r&#7857;ng th&#7921;c ph&#7849;m bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene c&oacute; th&#7875; g&acirc;y h&#7841;i cho nhi&#7873;u c&#417; quan v&agrave; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i, bao g&#7891;m gan, tuy&#7871;n t&#7909;y, th&#7853;n ho&#7863;c sinh d&#7909;c, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i c&ograve;n c&oacute; th&#7875; thay &#273;&#7893;i huy&#7871;t d&#7883;ch, sinh h&oacute;a v&agrave; mi&#7877;n d&#7883;ch. &#8309;&#8312;&#8308;<\/p>\n<p>Th&aacute;ng 05\/2009, Vi&#7879;n Khoa h&#7885;c Y h&#7885;c M&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#7903; Hoa K&#7923; &#273;&atilde; b&aacute;o c&aacute;o r&#7857;ng, vi&#7879;c &#259;n th&#7921;c ph&#7849;m bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene c&oacute; nguy c&#417; g&acirc;y ra t&#7893;n th&#432;&#417;ng nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e, bao g&#7891;m v&ocirc; sinh, c&aacute;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; mi&#7877;n d&#7883;ch, t&#259;ng t&#7889;c l&atilde;o h&oacute;a, &#273;i&#7873;u h&ograve;a insulin, thay &#273;&#7893;i h&#7879; th&#7889;ng n&#7897;i t&#7841;ng v&agrave; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ti&ecirc;u h&oacute;a ch&iacute;nh. C&#417; quan n&agrave;y k&#7871;t lu&#7853;n: &ldquo;Gi&#7919;a th&#7921;c ph&#7849;m bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene v&agrave; t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng b&#7845;t l&#7907;i &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; quan h&#7879;, ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i [gi&#7919;a ch&uacute;ng] t&#7891;n t&#7841;i m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; nh&acirc;n qu&#7843;.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>Th&#7913; hai, c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene c&ograve;n c&oacute; th&#7875; mang &#273;&#7871;n &ldquo;&ocirc; nhi&#7877;m gene&rdquo; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng, ph&aacute; h&#7911;y s&#7921; c&acirc;n b&#7857;ng sinh th&aacute;i c&#7911;a t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n.<\/p>\n<p>S&#7921; trao &#273;&#7893;i gene gi&#7919;a c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i c&acirc;y tr&#7891;ng bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene v&agrave; c&aacute;c lo&agrave;i hoang d&atilde; g&#7847;n &#273;&oacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;d&ograve;ng gene&rdquo; (gene flow), &#273;&acirc;y hi&#7879;n l&agrave; vi&#7879;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c quan t&acirc;m nh&#7845;t trong gi&#7899;i sinh v&#7853;t h&#7885;c. D&ograve;ng gene l&agrave; th&#7913; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i kh&aacute;ch quan trong t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n, nh&#432;ng ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n l&agrave; x&#7843;y ra gi&#7919;a c&ugrave;ng m&#7897;t ch&#7911;ng ho&#7863;c c&ugrave;ng m&#7897;t lo&agrave;i. Khi th&#7921;c v&#7853;t bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene ph&aacute;t sinh d&ograve;ng gene, s&#7869; sinh ra m&#7897;t s&#7889; h&#7853;u qu&#7843; nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; &#273;o&aacute;n tr&#432;&#7899;c, ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; sinh ra si&ecirc;u c&#7887; d&#7841;i, si&ecirc;u s&acirc;u b&#7879;nh v&agrave; &#273;a d&#7841;ng sinh h&#7885;c c&oacute; h&#7841;i, d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n virus m&#7899;i, &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n c&aacute;c sinh v&#7853;t kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i m&#7909;c ti&ecirc;u sinh h&#7885;c, &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng c&ograve;n t&#7841;o th&agrave;nh &ldquo;&ocirc; nhi&#7877;m gene&rdquo; nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng h&#417;n. &#8309;&#8312;&#8309;<\/p>\n<p>D&#432;&#7899;i &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a d&ograve;ng gene, gene c&#7911;a th&#7921;c v&#7853;t bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7871;n c&aacute;c lo&agrave;i th&#7921;c v&#7853;t hoang d&atilde; &#273;&#7883;a ph&#432;&#417;ng, t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t lo&agrave;i &ldquo;si&ecirc;u c&#7887; d&#7841;i&rdquo; ch&#7889;ng l&#7841;i thu&#7889;c di&#7879;t c&#7887;. &Aacute;p l&#7921;c ch&#7885;n l&#7885;c m&#7841;nh m&#7869; do thu&#7889;c di&#7879;t c&#7887; g&acirc;y ra c&oacute; th&#7875; d&#7851;n t&#7899;i s&#7921; t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng nhanh ch&oacute;ng c&#7911;a c&aacute;c &#273;&#7863;c t&iacute;nh kh&aacute;ng ch&#7845;t di&#7879;t c&#7887; c&#7911;a th&#7921;c v&#7853;t hoang d&atilde; &#273;&#7883;a ph&#432;&#417;ng. H&#7841;t c&#7911;a &ldquo;si&ecirc;u c&#7887; d&#7841;i&rdquo; v&#7899;i kh&#7843; n&#259;ng kh&aacute;ng thu&#7889;c di&#7879;t c&#7887; c&oacute; th&#7875; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i t&#7915; 20 &#273;&#7871;n 30 n&#259;m trong &#273;&#7845;t tr&#432;&#7899;c khi n&#7843;y m&#7847;m. Do &#273;&oacute;, m&#7897;t khi c&acirc;y bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene t&#7841;o ra h&#7841;t, g&#7847;n nh&#432; s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; lo&#7841;i b&#7887;. N&ocirc;ng d&acirc;n v&#7899;i &#273;&#7853;u n&agrave;nh bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene &#7903; Canada v&agrave; Argentina &#273;&atilde; ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7889;i m&#7863;t v&#7899;i c&aacute;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng l&agrave; c&#7887; d&#7841;i kh&aacute;ng thu&#7889;c di&#7879;t c&#7887;. &#8309;&#8312;&#8310;<\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 2013, &ldquo;M&#7841;ng l&#432;&#7899;i h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng thu&#7889;c tr&#7915; s&acirc;u&rdquo; c&#7911;a Hoa K&#7923; &#273;&atilde; b&aacute;o c&aacute;o r&#7857;ng, nhi&#7873;u lo&#7841;i &ldquo;si&ecirc;u c&#7887; d&#7841;i&rdquo; kh&aacute;ng t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i thu&#7889;c tr&#7915; s&acirc;u &#273;ang ho&agrave;nh h&agrave;nh &#7903; 32.6 tri&#7879;u ha &#273;&#7845;t n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p &#7903; Hoa K&#7923;. Nh&#7919;ng v&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7845;t n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p n&agrave;y &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tr&#7891;ng c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i c&acirc;y tr&#7891;ng bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene v&agrave; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng thu&#7889;c di&#7879;t c&#7887; c&#7911;a c&ocirc;ng ty sinh h&oacute;a n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p Monsanto. Lo&#7841;i c&#7887; d&#7841;i n&agrave;y r&#7845;t d&agrave;y v&agrave; ch&#7855;c, ngay c&#7843; m&aacute;y g&#7863;t c&#361;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng b&#7883; ch&uacute;ng l&agrave;m h&#7887;ng. &#8309;&#8312;&#8311;<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;H&#432;&#7899;ng d&#7851;n thu&#7889;c di&#7879;t c&#7887; n&#259;m 2012&rdquo; c&#7911;a &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Bang Iowa c&#361;ng ch&#7881; ra r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;L&#7883;ch s&#7917; &#273;&atilde; nhi&#7873;u l&#7847;n ch&#7913;ng minh r&#7857;ng, vi&#7879;c qu&#7843;n l&yacute; c&#7887; d&#7841;i tr&ecirc;n n&#7873;n thu&#7889;c di&#7879;t c&#7887; s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; tr&aacute;nh kh&#7887;i th&#7845;t b&#7841;i.&rdquo; Vi&#7879;c n&acirc;ng c&#7845;p cu&#7897;c chi&#7871;n h&oacute;a ch&#7845;t &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i c&#7887; d&#7841;i ch&#7881; c&oacute; th&#7875; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n si&ecirc;u c&#7887; d&#7841;i sinh ra nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i t&#259;ng m&#7841;nh vi&#7879;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng thu&#7889;c di&#7879;t c&#7887;.<\/p>\n<p>L&#7845;y l&uacute;a bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene l&agrave;m m&#7897;t v&iacute; d&#7909; kh&aacute;c. C&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c hy v&#7885;ng khi&#7871;n l&uacute;a c&oacute; c&aacute;c gene c&oacute; th&#7875; ch&#7889;ng l&#7841;i s&acirc;u b&#7879;nh, protein do l&uacute;a t&#7893;ng h&#7907;p c&oacute; th&#7875; ti&ecirc;u di&#7879;t s&acirc;u b&#7879;nh. Nh&#432;ng nh&#432; m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7873;u bi&#7871;t, s&acirc;u b&#7879;nh l&agrave; m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n c&#7911;a chu&#7895;i sinh h&#7885;c, n&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng &#259;n l&aacute; l&uacute;a, th&igrave; ph&#7843;i &#259;n c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i hoa m&agrave;u ho&#7863;c c&#7887; d&#7841;i kh&aacute;c. M&#7897;t khi c&#7887; d&#7841;i c&#361;ng mang c&aacute;c gene ch&#7889;ng s&acirc;u b&#7879;nh th&ocirc;ng qua d&ograve;ng gene, v&#7853;y c&aacute;c lo&agrave;i s&acirc;u b&#7879;nh ch&#7881; c&oacute; t&#259;ng t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7875; c&#7841;nh tranh v&#7899;i con ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>K&#7871;t qu&#7843; l&agrave;, &ldquo;si&ecirc;u s&acirc;u b&#7879;nh&rdquo; s&#7869; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n. Con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#7847;n t&#259;ng li&#7873;u thu&#7889;c tr&#7915; s&acirc;u ho&#7863;c ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i thu&#7889;c m&#7899;i ch&#7889;ng l&#7841;i s&acirc;u m&#7899;i. Nh&#432; v&#7853;y v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; s&acirc;u b&#7879;nh kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t, m&agrave; c&ograve;n xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n s&acirc;u b&#7879;nh ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng h&#417;n, th&#7853;m ch&iacute; t&#7841;o ra t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng ti&ecirc;u c&#7921;c &#273;&#7871;n m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7889;ng c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>Ng&agrave;y 02\/05\/2006, t&#7841;p ch&iacute; Khoa h&#7885;c M&#7929; (Scientific American) &#273;&atilde; b&aacute;o c&aacute;o v&#7873; b&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene, nh&#7919;ng c&acirc;y b&ocirc;ng n&agrave;y c&oacute; ch&#7913;a m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i &#273;&#7897;c t&#7889; c&oacute; th&#7875; ti&ecirc;u di&#7879;t s&acirc;u h&#7891;ng &#273;&#7909;c qu&#7843;. C&aacute;c nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u cho th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng b&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene th&#7921;c s&#7921; c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave;m gi&#7843;m vi&#7879;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng thu&#7889;c tr&#7915; s&acirc;u trong n&#259;m &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m th&#7913; hai, nhu c&#7847;u v&#7873; c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i thu&#7889;c tr&#7915; s&acirc;u c&#7909; th&#7875; l&#7841;i t&#259;ng l&ecirc;n, h&#417;n n&#7919;a n&#7871;u d&ugrave;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene &#273;&#7875; kh&#7889;ng ch&#7871; m&#7897;t s&#7889; lo&agrave;i g&acirc;y h&#7841;i n&agrave;o &#273;&oacute;, th&igrave; c&aacute;c lo&agrave;i g&acirc;y h&#7841;i kh&aacute;c l&#7841;i tr&#7903; n&ecirc;n khi&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i ta &#273;au &#273;&#7847;u. &#8309;&#8312;&#8312;<\/p>\n<p>C&acirc;y tr&#7891;ng bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene c&#361;ng &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n c&aacute;c lo&agrave;i kh&aacute;c &#7903; tr&ecirc;n v&agrave; d&#432;&#7899;i c&#7911;a chu&#7895;i th&#7913;c &#259;n li&ecirc;n quan. V&iacute; d&#7909;, &#7871;ch c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; s&#7869; &#259;n c&aacute;c si&ecirc;u s&acirc;u b&#7879;nh, gia s&uacute;c v&agrave; c&#7915;u c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; s&#7869; &#259;n si&ecirc;u c&#7887; d&#7841;i bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene, nh&#432; v&#7853;y cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng b&#7883; th&#432;&#417;ng nhi&#7873;u nh&#7845;t v&#7851;n l&agrave; con ng&#432;&#7901;i, lo&agrave;i &#273;&#7913;ng &#273;&#7847;u trong chu&#7895;i sinh h&#7885;c.<\/p>\n<p>Do &#273;&oacute;, l&#7845;y si&ecirc;u c&#7887; d&#7841;i l&agrave;m v&iacute; d&#7909;. Ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t h&oacute;a h&#7885;c truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng t&#7915; l&acirc;u &#273;&atilde; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; hi&#7879;u qu&#7843;, chi ph&iacute; c&#7911;a c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p l&agrave;m c&#7887; v&#7853;t l&yacute; th&igrave; qu&aacute; cao, m&agrave; ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7853;t c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; khi&#7871;n v&#7853;t nu&ocirc;i ho&#7863;c gia c&#7847;m cho b&#7883; &#7889;m ho&#7863;c kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; d&ugrave;ng l&agrave;m th&#7913;c &#259;n. Nh&#432; v&#7853;y, cu&#7897;c chi&#7871;n g&acirc;y ra b&#7903;i c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7869; c&oacute; th&#7875; lan r&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&acirc;u? Ph&#7841;m vi l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c. V&#7899;i si&ecirc;u s&acirc;u b&#7879;nh c&#361;ng l&agrave; t&igrave;nh hu&#7889;ng t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921;. M&#7897;t khi t&igrave;nh h&igrave;nh n&#7857;m ngo&agrave;i t&#7847;m ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t, n&oacute; s&#7869; kh&aacute; &#273;&aacute;ng lo ng&#7841;i, n&oacute; c&ograve;n s&#7869; tr&#432;&#7901;ng k&#7923; g&acirc;y h&#7841;i cho n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng c&#7911;a n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i, tr&#432;&#7901;ng k&#7923; ph&aacute; h&#7911;y chu&#7895;i th&#7913;c &#259;n v&agrave; m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng sinh th&aacute;i.<\/p>\n<p>D&ograve;ng gene m&agrave; c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; k&#7929; thu&#7853;t gene t&#7841;o ra tr&#7843;i d&agrave;i gi&#7919;a c&aacute;c lo&agrave;i kh&aacute;c nhau, lo&#7841;i l&#7921;c l&#432;&#7907;ng n&agrave;y v&#432;&#7907;t xa r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u so v&#7899;i d&ograve;ng gene c&#7911;a t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n. N&#7871;u n&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t, s&#7869; c&oacute; th&#7875; nhanh ch&oacute;ng thay &#273;&#7893;i gene lo&agrave;i, t&#7915; &#273;&oacute; t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng s&acirc;u s&#7855;c &#273;&#7871;n gene c&#7911;a c&aacute;c sinh v&#7853;t t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n v&agrave; con ng&#432;&#7901;i, h&#7853;u qu&#7843; l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c.<\/p>\n<p>Ban &#273;&#7847;u m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i c&acirc;y tr&#7891;ng bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene v&#7899;i &yacute; &#273;&#7883;nh l&agrave; t&#7889;t, nh&#432;ng k&#7871;t qu&#7843; l&agrave;, h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; t&#7841;o ra nh&#7919;ng nan &#273;&#7873; m&#7899;i, l&agrave;m bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&agrave; g&acirc;y nguy h&#7841;i cho con ng&#432;&#7901;i, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; kh&ocirc;ng khi&#7871;n ch&uacute;ng ta suy ngh&#297;. N&oacute; nh&#7855;c nh&#7903; ch&uacute;ng ta r&#7857;ng cho d&ugrave; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; bao nhi&ecirc;u v&agrave;o c&aacute;c c&ocirc;ng ty thu&#7889;c tr&#7915; s&acirc;u hay nh&acirc;n gi&#7889;ng, th&igrave; c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; th&#7855;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&ecirc;n nhi&ecirc;n. N&#7871;u mu&#7889;n gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; c&#7887; d&#7841;i v&agrave; c&ocirc;n tr&ugrave;ng g&acirc;y h&#7841;i, ch&uacute;ng ta kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; ch&#7881; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&agrave; d&#7921;a v&agrave;o l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t &ldquo;s&aacute;t h&#7841;i&rdquo; mang t&iacute;nh &#273;&#7889;i kh&aacute;ng, m&agrave; ph&#7843;i t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m s&#7921; kh&ocirc;n ngoan kh&aacute;c.<\/p>\n<p><b>3.5 Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a l&agrave; &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c &#273;&#7857;ng sau vi&#7879;c theo &#273;u&#7893;i c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; qu&aacute; m&#7913;c<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&#272;&acirc;u l&agrave; nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n khi&#7871;n c&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c h&#7871;t l&#7847;n n&agrave;y &#273;&#7871;n l&#7847;n kh&aacute;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng l&yacute; lu&#7853;n ch&#7881;nh s&#7917;a gene &#273;&#7875; thay &#273;&#7893;i gene ng&#432;&#7901;i, d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng th&#7843;m k&#7883;ch nh&#432; tr&#7867; em t&#7917; vong b&#7903;i &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; b&#7857;ng li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p gene, hay ch&#7881;nh s&#7917;a gene trong ph&ocirc;i ng&#432;&#7901;i? Th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&ograve;n m&#7903; r&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c s&#7917;a &#273;&#7893;i gene c&#7911;a virus, c&acirc;y tr&#7891;ng, v.v., xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n nguy hi&#7875;m c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng d&#7915;ng l&#7841;i, kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t suy ng&#7851;m?<\/p>\n<p>Khi m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i b&igrave;nh t&#297;nh l&#7841;i v&agrave; suy ngh&#297; v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n s&acirc;u xa, th&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng kh&oacute; &#273;&#7875; ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; ch&#7863;t ch&#7869; v&#7899;i gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a.<\/p>\n<p><b>Th&#7913; nh&#7845;t,<\/b> vi&#7879;c ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n Th&#7847;n t&#7841;o ra con ng&#432;&#7901;i m&agrave; gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n b&aacute; c&oacute; li&ecirc;n quan m&#7853;t thi&#7871;t &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch t&ugrave;y ti&#7879;n v&agrave; v&ocirc; nguy&ecirc;n t&#7855;c. V&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p r&#7857;ng Th&#7847;n &#273;&atilde; s&aacute;ng t&#7841;o ra thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7883;a v&#7841;n v&#7853;t, s&#7921; tinh t&#7871; v&agrave; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p c&#7911;a v&#7841;n v&#7853;t tr&ecirc;n Tr&aacute;i &#272;&#7845;t khi&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i ta kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7855;c m&#7855;c r&#7857;ng &#273;&acirc;y c&oacute; ph&#7843;i l&agrave; ki&#7879;t t&aacute;c c&#7911;a S&aacute;ng Th&#7871; Ch&#7911; hay kh&ocirc;ng.<\/p>\n<p>N&#7871;u l&#7889;p xe BMW b&#7883; h&#7887;ng, ng&#432;&#7901;i b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng v&#7851;n c&oacute; th&#7875; t&#7921; s&#7917;a ch&#7919;a v&agrave; thay th&#7871;, n&#7871;u m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c &#7889;c v&iacute;t b&#7883; r&#417;i ra th&igrave; c&oacute; th&#7875; l&#7855;p m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c kh&aacute;c v&agrave;o. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, n&#7871;u h&#7879; th&#7889;ng &#273;i&#7873;u khi&#7875;n c&#7889;t l&otilde;i c&#7911;a xe c&oacute; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873;, th&igrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; t&ugrave;y ti&#7879;n s&#7917;a ch&#7919;a, ch&#7881; c&oacute; th&#7875; g&#7917;i v&#7873; x&#432;&#7903;ng ban &#273;&#7847;u &#273;&#7875; duy tu.<\/p>\n<p>C&#417; th&#7875; con ng&#432;&#7901;i r&#7845;t tinh t&#7871; v&agrave; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p, ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p h&#417;n v&ocirc; s&#7889; l&#7847;n so v&#7899;i thi&#7871;t k&#7871; c&#7911;a m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c xe BMW. N&#7871;u c&#417; th&#7875; con ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7921;c s&#7921; l&agrave; t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m c&#7911;a S&aacute;ng Th&#7871; Ch&#7911;, n&#7871;u m&#7897;t s&#7889; b&#7897; ph&#7853;n ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; tay v&agrave; ch&acirc;n b&#7883; g&atilde;y, th&igrave; con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&ograve;n c&oacute; th&#7875; t&#7921; s&#7917;a ch&#7919;a ch&uacute;ng. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, c&oacute; m&#7897;t s&#7889; t&igrave;nh hu&#7889;ng th&igrave; e l&agrave; s&#7913;c ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c.<\/p>\n<p>Gene l&agrave; th&#7913; c&#7889;t l&otilde;i v&agrave; quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7843;o t&#7891;n khi S&aacute;ng Th&#7871; Ch&#7911; t&#7841;o ra v&#7853;t ch&#7911;ng. Gene ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t m&#7885;i th&#7913; c&#7911;a m&#7897;t c&aacute; th&#7875; sinh v&#7853;t. T&#7845;t c&#7843; qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh t&#7893;ng h&#7907;p protein, ph&acirc;n chia t&#7871; b&agrave;o, sinh s&#7843;n v&agrave; c&aacute;c qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh sinh l&yacute; quan tr&#7885;ng kh&aacute;c c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh &#273;&#7873;u li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n gene. C&aacute;c gene c&oacute; th&#7875; t&#7921; sao ch&eacute;p m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c v&agrave; trung th&#7921;c, b&#7843;o &#273;&#7843;m t&iacute;nh &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh c&#7911;a lo&agrave;i.<\/p>\n<p>Gene gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; m&atilde; ph&acirc;n t&#7917; c&#7911;a s&#7921; s&aacute;ng t&#7841;o c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n. M&#7863;c d&ugrave; c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng ti&ecirc;n ti&#7871;n, nh&#432;ng v&#7851;n c&ograve;n r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u &#273;&#7863;c t&iacute;nh c&#7911;a gene v&#7851;n ch&#432;a &#273;&#432;&#7907;c hi&#7875;u r&otilde;.<\/p>\n<p>V&iacute; d&#7909;, 98% DNA c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng m&atilde; h&oacute;a protein, nh&#7919;ng DNA kh&ocirc;ng m&atilde; h&oacute;a n&agrave;y c&oacute; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng quan tr&#7885;ng, ch&#7881; l&agrave; con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7851;n ch&#432;a hi&#7875;u r&otilde; ch&uacute;ng.<\/p>\n<p>V&agrave;o n&#259;m 2009, Gi&aacute;o s&#432; Peter Gariaev, m&#7897;t khoa h&#7885;c gia ng&#432;&#7901;i Nga, &#273;&atilde; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n m&#7897;t lu&#7853;n v&#259;n n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng DNA c&oacute; th&#7875; h&#7845;p th&#7909; c&aacute;c photon v&agrave; c&oacute; &#273;&#7863;c t&iacute;nh tr&#432;&#7901;ng n&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng. &Ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; chi&#7871;u s&aacute;ng m&#7897;t m&#7851;u DNA &#273;&#7863;t trong b&igrave;nh th&#7841;ch anh b&#7857;ng ch&ugrave;m tia laser, k&#7871;t qu&#7843; ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n DNA gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; m&#7897;t mi&#7871;ng b&#7885;t bi&#7875;n h&#7845;p th&#7909; &aacute;nh s&aacute;ng, n&oacute; &#273;&atilde; h&#7845;p th&#7909; &aacute;nh s&aacute;ng. &#8309;&#8312;&#8313;<\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 2009, m&#7897;t b&agrave;i b&aacute;o tr&ecirc;n &ldquo;T&#7841;p ch&iacute; T&acirc;m th&#7847;n h&#7885;c&rdquo; (Journal of Psychiatry) &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p r&#7857;ng ngo&agrave;i vi&#7879;c t&#7893;ng h&#7907;p protein, DNA c&ograve;n c&oacute; th&#7875; nh&#7853;n v&agrave; truy&#7873;n n&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng &#273;i&#7879;n t&#7915;, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i c&oacute; th&#7875; kh&#7903;i t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng trong l&#297;nh v&#7921;c truy&#7873;n t&iacute;n hi&#7879;u &#273;i&#7879;n sinh h&#7885;c (&aacute;nh s&aacute;ng) v&agrave; &acirc;m thanh sinh h&#7885;c. &#8309;&#8313;&#8304;<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#7919;ng nh&acirc;n vi&ecirc;n y sinh, chuy&ecirc;n gia di truy&#7873;n v&agrave; nh&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; k&#7929; thu&#7853;t di truy&#7873;n kh&#7855;t khe h&#417;n &#273;&#7873;u bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng, khoa h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i bi&#7871;t r&#7845;t &iacute;t v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng b&iacute; &#7849;n t&#7893;ng th&#7875; c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh con ng&#432;&#7901;i. V&igrave; v&#7853;y, h&#7885; &#273;&#7863;t b&#7843;n th&acirc;n &#7903; v&#7883; tr&iacute; ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c, t&acirc;m &ocirc;m theo l&ograve;ng k&iacute;nh s&#7907;.<\/p>\n<p>Khi c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; sinh h&#7885;c ti&#7871;n b&#7897; v&#432;&#7907;t b&#7853;c, con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i l&yacute; tr&iacute; h&#417;n, kh&ocirc;ng n&ecirc;n ti&#7871;n l&ecirc;n m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch m&ugrave; qu&aacute;ng. C&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; sinh h&#7885;c c&agrave;ng ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n th&igrave; r&#7911;i ro c&agrave;ng l&#7899;n, con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&agrave;ng n&ecirc;n &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t ch&uacute; &yacute; &#273;&#7871;n c&aacute;c nguy&ecirc;n t&#7855;c lu&acirc;n l&yacute; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c. &#272;&oacute; c&oacute; ph&#7843;i l&agrave; &ldquo;Chi&#7871;c k&eacute;o c&#7911;a Th&#432;&#7907;ng &#272;&#7871;&rdquo; hay kh&ocirc;ng, ch&uacute;ng ta v&#7851;n c&#7847;n b&#7843;o l&#432;u th&aacute;i &#273;&#7897;. N&#7871;u th&#7921;c s&#7921; l&agrave; &ldquo;Chi&#7871;c k&eacute;o c&#7911;a Th&#432;&#7907;ng &#272;&#7871;&rdquo; th&igrave; ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; t&ugrave;y ti&#7879;n s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c.<\/p>\n<p>Trong c&aacute;c c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene sinh v&#7853;t, do kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n k&iacute;nh s&#7907; &ldquo;s&#7921; s&aacute;ng t&#7841;o c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n,&rdquo; v&#7853;y n&ecirc;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i mu&#7889;n &#273;&oacute;ng vai &ldquo;ng&#432;&#7901;i s&aacute;ng t&#7841;o,&rdquo; d&ugrave;ng &ldquo;c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; sinh h&#7885;c&rdquo; &#273;&#7875; thay th&#7871; s&#7921; s&aacute;ng t&#7841;o c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n, ph&aacute; v&#7905; tr&#7853;t t&#7921; c&#7911;a t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n, s&#7917; d&#7909;ng hai &#273;o&#7841;n gene kh&ocirc;ng li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7875; t&aacute;i t&#7893; h&#7907;p th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t lo&agrave;i m&#7899;i. Con ng&#432;&#7901;i cho r&#7857;ng th&ocirc;ng qua c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; sinh h&#7885;c l&agrave; c&oacute; th&#7875; ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh trao &#273;&#7893;i gene gi&#7919;a c&aacute;c lo&agrave;i kh&aacute;c nhau v&agrave; c&aacute;c gi&#7899;i sinh v&#7853;t kh&aacute;c nhau (&#273;&#7897;ng v&#7853;t, th&#7921;c v&#7853;t, vi sinh v&#7853;t), m&agrave; l&#7841;i kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; h&agrave;nh vi vi ph&#7841;m nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng quy lu&#7853;t t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n. Nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; tr&aacute;nh kh&#7887;i vi&#7879;c ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; gi&aacute; &#273;&#7855;t cho h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng n&agrave;y.<\/p>\n<p>Th&#7871; gi&#7899;i n&agrave;y t&#7891;n t&#7841;i m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch c&oacute; tr&#7853;t t&#7921; d&#432;&#7899;i s&#7921; an b&agrave;i c&#7911;a S&aacute;ng Th&#7871; Ch&#7911;. Khi con ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7883; th&uacute;c &#273;&#7849;y b&#7903;i l&#7907;i &iacute;ch tr&#432;&#7899;c m&#7855;t, vi&#7879;c &#273;&#432;a c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i virus v&agrave; c&acirc;y tr&#7891;ng bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i gene n&agrave;y v&agrave;o m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n, th&igrave; s&#7869; mang t&#7899;i t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng m&agrave; con ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; l&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i v&agrave; m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng xung quanh.<\/p>\n<p><b>Th&#7913; hai,<\/b> gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh r&#7857;ng &#273;&#7875; c&#7841;nh tranh sinh t&#7891;n, con ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7843;i kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7915;ng ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n v&agrave; l&#7899;n m&#7841;nh. D&#432;&#7899;i s&#7921; ch&#7881; d&#7851;n c&#7911;a logic sinh t&#7891;n &ldquo;k&#7867; m&#7841;nh s&#7889;ng s&oacute;t, k&#7867; y&#7871;u b&#7883; &#273;&agrave;o th&#7843;i,&rdquo; m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh t&#432; duy r&#7857;ng ch&#7881; khi tr&#7903; n&ecirc;n m&#7841;nh m&#7869; h&#417;n, h&#7885; m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i trong x&atilde; h&#7897;i &#273;&#7847;y &aacute;p l&#7921;c c&#7841;nh tranh n&agrave;y.<\/p>\n<p>V&igrave; v&#7853;y, con ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7915;ng ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; &#273;&#7875; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i, kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u khoa h&#7885;c m&agrave; nhi&#7873;u ng&agrave;nh nh&#432; n&ocirc;ng s&#7843;n, ch&#259;n nu&ocirc;i, d&#7883;ch v&#7909; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i v.v. c&#361;ng tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh chi&#7871;n tr&#432;&#7901;ng phi kh&oacute;i thu&#7889;c. Trong x&atilde; h&#7897;i khoa h&#7885;c v&agrave; c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i, con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;ang theo &#273;u&#7893;i c&aacute;i g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n&rdquo; li&ecirc;n t&#7909;c, c&#7841;nh tranh v&agrave; so s&aacute;nh kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7915;ng, c&agrave;ng ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng b&#7883; &#273;&#7849;y v&agrave;o v&ograve;ng xo&aacute;y theo &#273;u&#7893;i ti&#7871;n b&#7897; khoa h&#7885;c v&agrave; c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch phi&#7871;n di&#7879;n.<\/p>\n<p>C&agrave;ng &#273;&#7855;m ch&igrave;m trong c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879;, con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&agrave;ng d&#7877; b&#7887; qua nh&#7919;ng y&#7871;u t&#7889; m&agrave; c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; bao qu&aacute;t v&agrave; quan tr&#7885;ng h&#417;n &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i con ng&#432;&#7901;i, v&iacute; d&#7909; nh&#432; nh&acirc;n t&iacute;nh, truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng, &yacute; ngh&#297;a c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh v&agrave; m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n sinh, v.v.<\/p>\n<p>C&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i thi&#7871;u s&#7921; ch&#7889;ng &#273;&#7905; c&#7911;a lu&acirc;n l&yacute; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c, r&#7845;t d&#7877; m&#7845;t kh&#7889;ng ch&#7871; khi &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh. Chu&#7849;n m&#7921;c &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7893; ti&ecirc;n truy&#7873;n l&#7841;i t&#7915; h&agrave;ng ngh&igrave;n n&#259;m tr&#432;&#7899;c, khoa h&#7885;c c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; &#273;ang ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n nhanh ch&oacute;ng, nh&#432;ng chu&#7849;n m&#7921;c &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&#432;a t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng n&acirc;ng l&ecirc;n, th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&ograve;n c&#7845;p t&#7889;c tr&#432;&#7907;t xu&#7889;ng, kho&#7843;ng c&aacute;ch sai l&#7879;ch n&agrave;y cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng s&#7869; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7905;i dao s&#7855;c b&eacute;n ch&eacute;m ng&#432;&#7907;c nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p>T&#7845;t nhi&ecirc;n, &#273;&acirc;y ch&#7881; l&agrave; m&#7897;t s&#7889; v&iacute; d&#7909; v&#7873; vi&#7879;c l&#7841;m d&#7909;ng khoa h&#7885;c v&agrave; c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879;, tr&ecirc;n th&#7921;c t&#7871; c&ograve;n c&oacute; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u v&iacute; d&#7909; t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; v&#7873; s&#7913;c ph&aacute; ho&#7841;i c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c v&agrave; c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879;. C&acirc;u h&#7887;i th&#7921;c s&#7921; l&agrave; d&#432;&#7899;i b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; t&#432;&#7903;ng ch&#7915;ng nh&#432; &ldquo;m&#7841;nh m&#7869; v&agrave; ti&#7871;n b&#7897;&rdquo; nh&#432; c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; sinh h&#7885;c, c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; s&#7889; hay c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; gi&aacute;m s&aacute;t, l&agrave;m th&#7871; n&agrave;o &#273;&#7875; ch&uacute;ng ta duy tr&igrave; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c con ng&#432;&#7901;i? L&agrave;m th&#7871; n&agrave;o &#273;&#7875; ch&uacute;ng ta ch&#7881; huy nh&#7919;ng ti&#7871;n b&#7897; c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c v&agrave; k&#7929; thu&#7853;t y t&#7871; trong khi v&#7851;n duy tr&igrave; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#417; b&#7843;n?<\/p>\n<p>Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a kh&ocirc;ng nh&#7919;ng kh&ocirc;ng cho ph&eacute;p ch&uacute;ng ta s&#7917; d&#7909;ng nh&#7919;ng c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; n&agrave;y m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch h&#7907;p l&yacute; v&agrave; c&oacute; &yacute; th&#7913;c &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c r&otilde; r&agrave;ng, m&agrave; c&ograve;n h&#7911;y ho&#7841;i thi&ecirc;n t&iacute;nh, truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng v&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i, khi&#7871;n s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng m&#7845;t ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t, d&#7847;n d&#7847;n khi&#7871;n nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i &#273;i v&agrave;o con &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng nguy hi&#7875;m b&#7883; h&#7911;y di&#7879;t.<\/p>\n<p><b>4. Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a khi&#7871;n y h&#7885;c ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i l&acirc;m v&agrave;o kh&#7889;n c&#7843;nh<\/b><\/p>\n<p>T&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a &#273;&atilde; th&acirc;m nh&#7853;p v&agrave;o h&#7879; th&#7889;ng khoa h&#7885;c, khi&#7871;n khoa h&#7885;c b&agrave;i tr&#7915; ni&#7873;m tin v&agrave;o Th&#7847;n, &#273;&aacute;nh m&#7845;t &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c, khi&#7871;n khoa h&#7885;c c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; b&#7883; l&#7841;m d&#7909;ng, g&acirc;y ra nhi&#7873;u t&aacute;c h&#7841;i kh&aacute;c nhau. M&#7897;t v&iacute; d&#7909; n&#7893;i b&#7853;t ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; y h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y (sau &#273;&acirc;y g&#7885;i t&#7855;t l&agrave; y h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i).<\/p>\n<p>Y h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n &#273;&#7871;n ng&agrave;y nay, &#273;&atilde; ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng g&#7863;p ph&#7843;i nhi&#7873;u nan &#273;&#7873; y h&#7885;c, bao g&#7891;m c&aacute;c s&#7921; ki&#7879;n l&#7899;n v&#7873; s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng, c&aacute;c b&#7879;nh truy&#7873;n nhi&#7877;m m&#7899;i, t&igrave;nh tr&#7841;ng kh&aacute;ng thu&#7889;c c&#7911;a vi khu&#7849;n ho&#7863;c virus, c&aacute;c b&#7879;nh kinh ni&ecirc;n, b&#7879;nh nan y, b&#7879;nh t&acirc;m th&#7847;n v&agrave; c&aacute;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c kh&aacute;c, th&#7853;m ch&iacute; l&acirc;m v&agrave;o kh&#7889;n c&#7843;nh. Y h&#7885;c d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; &#273;&atilde; &#273;i v&agrave;o m&#7897;t v&ograve;ng lu&#7849;n qu&#7849;n, kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; t&#7921; tho&aacute;t ra &#273;&#432;&#7907;c.<\/p>\n<p><b>4.1 Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a c&#7911;ng c&#7889; quan &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c c&#417; h&#7885;c v&#7873; sinh m&#7879;nh<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Ki&#7871;n th&#7913;c c&#7911;a y h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i v&#7873; sinh m&#7879;nh l&agrave; ki&#7871;n l&#7853;p tr&ecirc;n c&#417; s&#7903; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng l&yacute; lu&#7853;n c&#7911;a tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c c&#417; h&#7885;c. Tr&igrave;nh &#273;&#7897; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a n&oacute; li&ecirc;n quan m&#7853;t thi&#7871;t &#273;&#7871;n tr&igrave;nh &#273;&#7897; hi&#7875;u bi&#7871;t c&#7911;a v&#7853;t l&yacute; v&#7873; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i n&agrave;y, c&oacute; khuy&#7871;t &#273;i&#7875;m l&agrave; &ldquo;nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y m&#7899;i tin&rdquo; v&agrave; &ldquo;&#273;&aacute;nh m&#7845;t t&#7893;ng th&#7875;&rdquo; (xem Ch&#432;&#417;ng 4 &#273;&#7875; bi&#7871;t chi ti&#7871;t).<\/p>\n<p>Khi c&aacute;c nh&acirc;n vi&ecirc;n y t&#7871; ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i ch&#7881; c&oacute; c&aacute;i nh&igrave;n h&#7841;n h&#7865;p v&#7873; c&aacute;c hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng s&#7889;ng &#7903; c&#7845;p &#273;&#7897; v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t, h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; t&#7921; gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n b&#7843;n th&acirc;n v&agrave; ph&#7841;m vi kh&aacute;m ph&aacute; khoa h&#7885;c &#7903; c&#7845;p &#273;&#7897; kh&ocirc;ng gian n&ocirc;ng c&#7841;n. C&aacute;ch suy ngh&#297; c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i ta c&#361;ng d&#7847;n ch&#7883;u h&#7841;n ch&#7871; b&#7903;i m&ocirc; h&igrave;nh ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n khoa h&#7885;c, &#273;i ch&#7879;ch kh&#7887;i m&ocirc; h&igrave;nh s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng l&agrave; kh&aacute;m ph&aacute; n&#7897;i h&agrave;m tinh th&#7847;n c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; theo &#273;u&#7893;i &ldquo;thi&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n h&#7907;p nh&#7845;t&rdquo; (s&#7921; h&ograve;a h&#7907;p gi&#7919;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7899;i thi&ecirc;n nhi&ecirc;n).<\/p>\n<p>Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a do Darwin &#273;&#7873; ra ch&#7881; ph&aacute;n &#273;o&aacute;n ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7875;m t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7891;ng v&#7873; h&igrave;nh d&#7841;ng v&agrave; c&#7845;u tr&uacute;c c&oacute; th&#7875; nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y b&#7857;ng m&#7855;t th&#432;&#7901;ng. Logic t&#432; duy n&agrave;y c&agrave;ng l&uacute;n s&acirc;u th&ecirc;m nh&#7919;ng khuy&#7871;t &#273;i&#7875;m &ldquo;nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y m&#7899;i tin&rdquo; v&agrave; &ldquo;&#273;&aacute;nh m&#7845;t t&#7893;ng th&#7875;&rdquo; c&#7911;a ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a duy v&#7853;t, khi&#7871;n t&#432; duy duy v&#7853;t c&#7911;a y h&#7885;c ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng m&aacute;y m&oacute;c h&#417;n. Sau h&#417;n m&#7897;t th&#7871; k&#7927; x&acirc;m nh&#7853;p v&agrave; l&ecirc;n men, nh&#7919;ng h&#432;&#7899;ng d&#7851;n v&agrave; t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng ti&ecirc;u c&#7921;c &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i y h&#7885;c ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y v&#7873; sau ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng tr&#7903; n&ecirc;n r&otilde; r&agrave;ng, c&#361;ng c&agrave;ng &#273;&aacute;ng s&#7907;.<\/p>\n<p>V&iacute; d&#7909;, s&#7921; hi&#7875;u bi&#7871;t c&#7911;a y h&#7885;c ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y v&#7873; b&#7879;nh t&#7853;t nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh v&agrave;o vi&#7879;c t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m &ldquo;&#7893; b&#7879;nh.&rdquo; &#7892; b&#7879;nh n&agrave;y lu&ocirc;n b&#7883; gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n &#7903; t&#7847;ng di&#7879;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t m&agrave; m&#7855;t ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; c&aacute;c c&ocirc;ng c&#7909; kh&aacute;c c&oacute; th&#7875; ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c, t&#7913;c l&agrave; c&aacute;c c&#417; quan, m&ocirc;, t&#7871; b&agrave;o v&agrave; ph&acirc;n t&#7917;. Ng&#432;&#7901;i ta s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&aacute;c c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; ti&ecirc;n ti&#7871;n h&#417;n nh&#432; c&#7855;t l&aacute;t m&ocirc; b&#7879;nh h&#7885;c, ch&#7909;p X-quang, CT v&agrave; MRI v.v., t&#7845;t c&#7843; &#273;&#7873;u nh&#7857;m m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch l&agrave; t&igrave;m ra &#7893; b&#7879;nh. Sinh h&#7885;c ph&acirc;n t&#7917; v&agrave; c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; k&#7929; thu&#7853;t di truy&#7873;n &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave;m nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u xoay quanh c&aacute;c th&agrave;nh ph&#7847;n v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t sinh h&#7885;c ch&iacute;nh t&#7841;o n&ecirc;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i, c&agrave;ng l&agrave;m c&agrave;ng chi ti&#7871;t h&#417;n.<\/p>\n<p>C&acirc;u h&#7887;i &#273;&#7863;t ra l&agrave;, &#7893; b&#7879;nh r&#7889;t cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; &#273;&acirc;u? V&#7853;t l&yacute; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i cho &#273;&#7871;n nay v&#7851;n ch&#432;a th&#7875; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u h&#7871;t c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t, v&agrave; tr&ecirc;n th&#7921;c t&#7871; s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng bao gi&#7901; c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&oacute;, &#273;i&#7873;u g&igrave; s&#7869; x&#7843;y ra n&#7871;u nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n th&#7921;c s&#7921; n&#7857;m &#7903; &#273;&acirc;u &#273;&oacute; ngo&agrave;i t&#7847;m v&#7899;i c&#7911;a c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p y t&#7871; hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i? V&#7853;y khi n&agrave;o th&igrave; m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; t&igrave;m ra nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n th&#7921;c s&#7921;?<\/p>\n<p>Trong y h&#7885;c, c&oacute; m&#7897;t nh&oacute;m b&#7879;nh l&#7899;n kh&ocirc;ng r&otilde; nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; b&#7879;nh &ldquo;nguy&ecirc;n ph&aacute;t,&rdquo; ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; t&#259;ng huy&#7871;t &aacute;p nguy&ecirc;n ph&aacute;t, ung th&#432; gan nguy&ecirc;n ph&aacute;t, suy tuy&#7871;n th&#432;&#7907;ng th&#7853;n m&#7841;n t&iacute;nh nguy&ecirc;n ph&aacute;t, x&#417; c&#7913;ng c&#7897;t b&ecirc;n nguy&ecirc;n ph&aacute;t, v.v.<\/p>\n<p>D&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n s&#7921; hi&#7875;u bi&#7871;t h&#7841;n ch&#7871; c&#7911;a y h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i v&#7873; kh&aacute;i ni&#7879;m v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta ch&#432;a hi&#7875;u r&otilde; nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n &#273;&#7857;ng sau r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y ph&#7843;n &aacute;nh nh&#7919;ng thi&#7871;u s&oacute;t c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t y h&#7885;c. N&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng th&#7921;c s&#7921; hi&#7875;u r&otilde; nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n g&acirc;y b&#7879;nh, th&igrave; c&oacute; th&#7875; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng ra &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p v&agrave; hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; c&oacute; t&iacute;nh c&#7921;c h&#7841;n ra sao.<\/p>\n<p><b>4.2 Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a c&#7911;ng c&#7889; c&aacute;c &yacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; kh&aacute;ng c&#417; h&#7885;c<\/b><\/p>\n<p>M&#7897;t m&#7863;t, y h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i b&#7883; gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Darwin &#273;&aacute;nh l&#7915;a, coi c&#417; th&#7875; con ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; m&#7897;t h&#7895;n h&#7907;p c&#7911;a protein, gene v&agrave; c&aacute;c v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t kh&aacute;c, &yacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng c&#417; b&#7843;n c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; b&#7879;nh l&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng v&agrave; lo&#7841;i b&#7887; c&aacute;c m&ocirc; b&#7883; b&#7879;nh.<\/p>\n<p>M&#7863;t kh&aacute;c, gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Darwin cho r&#7857;ng c&aacute;c lo&agrave;i c&#7841;nh tranh &#273;&#7875; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i, &yacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng v&agrave; ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p c&#7841;nh tranh n&agrave;y c&#361;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#7843;n &aacute;nh trong c&aacute;c nguy&ecirc;n t&#7855;c &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; b&#7879;nh t&#7853;t. Y h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i b&#7883; nh&#7919;ng t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a Darwin &#273;&aacute;nh l&#7915;a, v&iacute; vi&#7879;c &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; b&#7879;nh t&#7853;t nh&#432; chi&#7871;n tranh. B&#7879;nh t&#7853;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c coi l&agrave; s&#7921; x&acirc;m l&#432;&#7907;c c&#7911;a k&#7867; th&ugrave;, m&#7909;c ti&ecirc;u c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; l&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n nh&#7919;ng &ldquo;vi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7841;n th&#7847;n k&#7923;&rdquo; d&#432;&#7899;i d&#7841;ng thu&#7889;c v&agrave; vaccine &#273;&#7875; ti&ecirc;u di&#7879;t k&#7867; th&ugrave;.<\/p>\n<p>C&#7843; hai &yacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng n&agrave;y &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&atilde; l&agrave;m t&#7893;n h&#7841;i nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7871;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; c&#7911;a T&acirc;y y.<\/p>\n<p><b>4.2.1 Y h&#7885;c &#273;&#7889;i ch&#7913;ng tr&#7883; tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng, kh&ocirc;ng tr&#7883; g&#7889;c<\/b><\/p>\n<p>H&#7847;u h&#7871;t c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; c&#7911;a y h&#7885;c ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y ch&#7881; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&agrave; che &#273;&#7853;y tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng, can thi&#7879;p v&agrave;o c&aacute;ch th&#7913;c ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n c&#7911;a m&#7897;t c&#417; quan ho&#7863;c h&#7879; th&#7889;ng, ch&#7913; kh&ocirc;ng gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n g&#7889;c r&#7877; c&#7911;a c&#259;n b&#7879;nh.<\/p>\n<p>V&iacute; d&#7909;, khi m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7883; s&#7889;t, n&#7871;u ch&#7881; d&ugrave;ng thu&#7889;c h&#7841; s&#7889;t &#273;&#7875; h&#7841; nhi&#7879;t &#273;&#7897; c&#417; th&#7875;, nh&#432;ng b&#7873; ngo&agrave;i kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n s&#7889;t kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; ngh&#297;a l&agrave; b&#7879;nh &#273;&atilde; kh&#7887;i. N&oacute; ch&#7881; lo&#7841;i b&#7887; c&aacute;c tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng b&#7873; ngo&agrave;i c&#7911;a c&#417;n s&#7889;t ch&#7913; kh&ocirc;ng t&igrave;m ra nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n s&acirc;u xa &#273;&#7857;ng sau n&oacute;. V&iacute; d&#7909;, nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n khi&#7871;n nhi&#7879;t &#273;&#7897; c&#417; th&#7875; t&#259;ng cao c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave; do nhi&#7877;m khu&#7849;n, ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n kh&#7889;i u, r&#7889;i lo&#7841;n ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng h&#7879; th&#7889;ng mi&#7877;n d&#7883;ch, v.v. S&#7917; d&#7909;ng thu&#7889;c h&#7841; s&#7889;t &#273;&#7875; lo&#7841;i b&#7887; c&aacute;c tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng b&#7873; ngo&agrave;i, ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i c&oacute; th&#7875; s&#7869; khi&#7871;n t&igrave;nh tr&#7841;ng b&#7879;nh tr&#7903; n&ecirc;n ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p v&agrave; kh&oacute; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; h&#417;n.<\/p>\n<p>Thu&#7889;c h&#7841; huy&#7871;t &aacute;p kh&ocirc;ng h&#7873; gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7853;n g&#7889;c nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n g&acirc;y t&#259;ng huy&#7871;t &aacute;p, m&agrave; ch&#7881; &#7913;c ch&#7871; t&#7841;m th&#7901;i c&aacute;c tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng th&ocirc;ng qua thu&#7889;c l&#7907;i ti&#7875;u ho&#7863;c thu&#7889;c gi&atilde;n m&#7841;ch; thu&#7889;c h&#7841; &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng huy&#7871;t kh&ocirc;ng gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#259;n nguy&ecirc;n c&#7911;a b&#7879;nh ti&#7875;u &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng, m&agrave; ch&#7881; d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; che &#273;&#7853;y c&aacute;c tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng t&#259;ng &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng huy&#7871;t.<\/p>\n<p>Thu&#7889;c n&#7897;i ti&#7871;t t&#7889; v&#7887; th&#432;&#7907;ng th&#7853;n l&agrave; lo&#7841;i thu&#7889;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n trong T&acirc;y y v&#7899;i t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng &#7913;c ch&#7871; mi&#7877;n d&#7883;ch, th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; c&aacute;c b&#7879;nh t&#7921; mi&#7877;n ho&#7863;c b&#7879;nh d&#7883; &#7913;ng. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n c&#417; b&#7843;n g&acirc;y ra d&#7883; &#7913;ng ho&#7863;c r&#7889;i lo&#7841;n ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng h&#7879; th&#7889;ng t&#7921; mi&#7877;n d&#7883;ch v&#7851;n ch&#432;a &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&igrave;m ra v&agrave; kh&#7855;c ph&#7909;c. M&#7863;c d&ugrave; c&aacute;c tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng &#273;&atilde; t&#7841;m th&#7901;i b&#7883; che &#273;&#7853;y, nh&#432;ng nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n g&#7889;c r&#7877; v&#7851;n c&ograve;n &#273;&oacute;. Sau khi ng&#7915;ng thu&#7889;c, b&#7879;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng d&#7877; t&aacute;i ph&aacute;t ho&#7863;c th&#7853;m ch&iacute; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n r&#7889;i lo&#7841;n ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng t&#7893;ng th&#7875; nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng h&#417;n.<\/p>\n<p>Kh&#7889;i u &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#7855;t b&#7887; nh&#432;ng m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng b&ecirc;n trong n&#417;i kh&#7889;i u ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n v&#7851;n ch&#432;a &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917;a ch&#7919;a, sau khi ph&#7851;u thu&#7853;t, kh&#7889;i u v&#7851;n c&oacute; th&#7875; t&aacute;i ph&aacute;t.<\/p>\n<p>Li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p &#273;&#7889;i ch&#7913;ng (Allopathic Therapy) &#273;au &#273;&#7847;u th&igrave; tr&#7883; &#273;&#7847;u, &#273;au ch&acirc;n th&igrave; tr&#7883; ch&acirc;n, th&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7881; gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&aacute;c tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng. Th&#7853;t sai l&#7847;m khi ngh&#297; r&#7857;ng ch&#7881; c&#7847;n lo&#7841;i b&#7887; c&aacute;c tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng l&agrave; &#273;&atilde; gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#259;n b&#7879;nh. Nh&#7919;ng &yacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; ch&#7881; t&#7853;p trung v&agrave;o tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7869; khi&#7871;n t&igrave;nh tr&#7841;ng b&#7879;nh tr&#7903; n&ecirc;n ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p v&agrave; kh&oacute; gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t h&#417;n, d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n v&ocirc; s&#7889; c&#259;n b&#7879;nh kh&oacute; ch&#7919;a.<\/p>\n<p>Ng&agrave;y nay, trong m&ocirc; h&igrave;nh &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; &#273;&#7847;y nh&#7919;ng t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7889;i ch&#7913;ng c&#7911;a y h&#7885;c ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i, ch&uacute;ng ta ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7889;i m&#7863;t v&#7899;i r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u c&#259;n b&#7879;nh kh&oacute; ch&#7919;a. Con ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#432;&#7901;ng m&#7855;c c&aacute;c b&#7879;nh d&#7883; &#7913;ng, r&#7889;i lo&#7841;n gi&#7845;c ng&#7911;, m&#7879;t m&#7887;i m&#7841;n t&iacute;nh, lo &acirc;u, tr&#7847;m c&#7843;m v.v., ch&#7845;t l&#432;&#7907;ng cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng gi&#7843;m &#273;i &#273;&aacute;ng k&#7875;.<\/p>\n<p>C&aacute;c chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; y t&#7871; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a Darwin ch&#7881; c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; c&aacute;c tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng, ch&#7913; kh&ocirc;ng tr&#7883; nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n g&#7889;c r&#7877;. Gi&#7843;i ph&aacute;p tr&#7883; g&#7889;c l&agrave; n&ecirc;n gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t t&#7853;n g&#7889;c c&#259;n nguy&ecirc;n g&acirc;y b&#7879;nh. Vi&#7879;c gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t c&aacute;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; c&#259;n b&#7843;n g&acirc;y b&#7879;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&ograve;i h&#7887;i ph&#7843;i s&#7917;a ch&#7919;a s&#7921; m&#7845;t c&acirc;n b&#7857;ng trong c&aacute;c ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng c&#7911;a c&#417; th&#7875;.<\/p>\n<p><b>4.2.2 T&aacute;c d&#7909;ng ph&#7909; &#273;&aacute;ng lo c&#7911;a thu&#7889;c T&acirc;y<\/b><\/p>\n<p>D&#432;&#7899;i s&#7921; h&#432;&#7899;ng d&#7851;n c&#7911;a ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; &#273;&#7889;i ch&#7913;ng n&agrave;y, h&#7847;u h&#7871;t c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i thu&#7889;c do T&acirc;y y ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng ph&#7909; &#273;&#7897;c h&#7841;i, c&ograve;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;Ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng c&oacute; h&#7841;i c&#7911;a thu&#7889;c&rdquo; (Adverse Drug Reaction). M&#7897;t s&#7889; t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng ph&#7909; t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng c&#259;n b&#7879;nh m&#7899;i, m&#7897;t s&#7889; th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&ograve;n g&acirc;y t&#7917; vong. &#272;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c c&#7843;i thi&#7879;n c&aacute;c tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng b&#7873; m&#7863;t, ph&#7851;u thu&#7853;t, x&#7841; tr&#7883; v&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; b&#7857;ng thu&#7889;c h&oacute;a h&#7885;c th&#432;&#7901;ng t&#7841;o ra c&aacute;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e m&#7899;i.<\/p>\n<p>Khi nh&#7855;c &#273;&#7871;n t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng ph&#7909; c&#7911;a thu&#7889;c, th&#7843;m k&#7883;ch &ldquo;Thalidomide&rdquo; trong kho&#7843;ng th&#7901;i gian t&#7915; n&#259;m 1957 &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m 1962 l&agrave; m&#7897;t b&agrave;i h&#7885;c &#273;au &#273;&#7899;n khi&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i ta kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; n&agrave;o qu&ecirc;n. Thalidomide &#273;&#432;&#7907;c gi&#7899;i thi&#7879;u l&agrave; thu&#7889;c an th&#7847;n v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1953. Sau &#273;&oacute;, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n n&oacute; c&oacute; t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i t&igrave;nh tr&#7841;ng bu&#7891;n n&ocirc;n, n&ocirc;n, ch&aacute;n &#259;n v&agrave; c&aacute;c tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng kh&aacute;c c&#7911;a ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng khi mang thai, n&oacute; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; c&aacute;c ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng khi mang thai v&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&aacute;n &#7903; 46 qu&#7889;c gia tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i. &#8309;&#8313;&sup1;<\/p>\n<p>K&#7871;t qu&#7843; l&agrave; sau khi ra m&#7855;t th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng kh&ocirc;ng l&acirc;u, ph&#7909; n&#7919; mang thai s&#7917; d&#7909;ng lo&#7841;i thu&#7889;c n&agrave;y tr&ecirc;n kh&#7855;p th&#7871; gi&#7899;i &#273;&atilde; sinh ra h&#417;n 10.000 tr&#7867; s&#417; sinh d&#7883; t&#7853;t v&#7899;i d&#7883; t&#7853;t b&#7849;m sinh nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng, li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u b&#7897; ph&#7853;n tr&ecirc;n c&#417; th&#7875;, bao g&#7891;m t&#7913; chi (phocomelia, th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;ch&acirc;n tay h&#7843;i c&#7849;u&rdquo;), m&#7863;t, m&#7855;t, tai, tim, &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng ti&ecirc;u h&oacute;a, th&#7853;n v&agrave; b&#7897; ph&#7853;n sinh d&#7909;c v.v., t&#7927; l&#7879; t&#7917; vong &#7903; tr&#7867; s&#417; sinh l&ecirc;n t&#7899;i 40%.<\/p>\n<p>Sau s&#7921; c&#7889; &ldquo;Thalidomide,&rdquo; c&aacute;c qu&#7889;c gia tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i &#273;&atilde; x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng c&aacute;c quy tr&igrave;nh nghi&ecirc;m ng&#7863;t &#273;&#7875; b&aacute;o c&aacute;o ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng c&oacute; h&#7841;i c&#7911;a thu&#7889;c.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&oacute; l&agrave; m&#7897;t b&agrave;i h&#7885;c &#273;au &#273;&#7899;n, cho &#273;&#7871;n ng&agrave;y nay ng&#432;&#7901;i ta v&#7851;n &#273;ang suy ng&#7851;m v&#7873; nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n g&acirc;y ra th&#7843;m k&#7883;ch &ldquo;Thalidomide.&rdquo; Sau &#273;&oacute;, m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n ra r&#7857;ng Thalidomide c&oacute; th&#7875; g&acirc;y &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n DNA, &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh s&#7909;n, g&acirc;y &#273;&#7897;c cho d&acirc;y th&#7847;n kinh v&agrave; m&agrave;o th&#7847;n kinh, ch&#7889;ng l&#7841;i s&#7921; h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh m&#7841;ch, v.v.<\/p>\n<p>K&#7923; th&#7921;c, ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng khi mang thai r&#7845;t c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave; ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n c&#7911;a c&#417; th&#7875; ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7865; sau khi mang thai, kh&ocirc;ng n&ecirc;n ch&#7889;ng l&#7841;i n&oacute;. Th&ocirc;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng sau khi mang thai ba th&aacute;ng, b&#7879;nh s&#7869; t&#7921; kh&#7887;i m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&#7847;n d&ugrave;ng thu&#7889;c, nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&#7863;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; b&#7857;ng y h&#7885;c c&#7893; truy&#7873;n. T&acirc;y y v&#7889;n c&oacute; t&#432; duy &#273;&#7889;i kh&aacute;ng n&ecirc;n xem n&oacute; nh&#432; m&#7897;t c&#259;n b&#7879;nh m&agrave; b&#7887; qua s&#7921; an to&agrave;n c&#7911;a thai nhi. Vi&#7879;c c&#7889; g&#7855;ng d&ugrave;ng thu&#7889;c &#273;&#7875; lo&#7841;i b&#7887; ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng mang thai l&agrave; b&agrave;i h&#7885;c &#273;au &#273;&#7899;n cho nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i trong vi&#7879;c th&aacute;ch th&#7913;c thi&ecirc;n nhi&ecirc;n v&agrave; &#273;i ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng.<\/p>\n<p>Hi&#7879;n nay, thu&#7889;c T&acirc;y y c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng ph&#7909; nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng. C&aacute;c ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng b&#7845;t l&#7907;i do d&ugrave;ng thu&#7889;c v&agrave; ch&iacute;ch ng&#7915;a l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; c&oacute; th&#7875; x&#7843;y ra h&agrave;ng ng&agrave;y &#7903; b&#7879;nh vi&#7879;n.<\/p>\n<p>M&#7897;t b&agrave;i b&aacute;o n&#259;m 1998 tr&ecirc;n &ldquo;T&#7853;p san c&#7911;a Hi&#7879;p h&#7897;i Y khoa Hoa K&#7923;&rdquo; (JAMA) &#273;&atilde; ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch t&#7893;ng h&#7907;p t&#7927; l&#7879; ph&aacute;t sinh ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng c&oacute; h&#7841;i c&#7911;a thu&#7889;c &#7903; b&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n n&#7897;i tr&uacute; &#7903; Hoa K&#7923; trong 30 n&#259;m t&#7915; n&#259;m 1966 &#273;&#7871;n 1996. K&#7871;t qu&#7843; cho th&#7845;y c&oacute; 6.7% b&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n nh&#7853;p vi&#7879;n xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng c&oacute; h&#7841;i nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng c&#7911;a thu&#7889;c, v&agrave; 0.32% t&#7917; vong do ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng c&oacute; h&#7841;i c&#7911;a thu&#7889;c. D&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n t&#7927; l&#7879; n&agrave;y, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta &#432;&#7899;c t&iacute;nh r&#7857;ng c&oacute; h&#417;n 2.21 tri&#7879;u b&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n nh&#7853;p vi&#7879;n xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng b&#7845;t l&#7907;i nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng &#7903; Hoa K&#7923; m&#7895;i n&#259;m, &#432;&#7899;c t&iacute;nh c&oacute; h&#417;n 106,000 ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7917; vong &#8309;&#8313;&sup2;. FDA Hoa K&#7923; &#273;&atilde; tr&iacute;ch d&#7851;n k&#7871;t qu&#7843; c&#7911;a nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u ban &#273;&#7847;u v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng con s&#7889; &#432;&#7899;c t&iacute;nh, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i ch&#7881; ra r&#7857;ng ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng c&oacute; h&#7841;i c&#7911;a thu&#7889;c &#273;&atilde; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng quan tr&#7885;ng &#8309;&#8313;&sup3;.<\/p>\n<p><b>4.2.3 Ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n m&ugrave; qu&aacute;ng v&agrave; l&#7841;m d&#7909;ng vaccine<\/b><\/p>\n<p>L&agrave; m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i d&#432;&#7907;c ph&#7849;m &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t, vaccine ch&#7911; y&#7871;u d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; ph&ograve;ng b&#7879;nh h&#417;n l&agrave; ch&#7919;a b&#7879;nh. &#272;&#7889;i t&#432;&#7907;ng ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&#7887;e m&#7841;nh ch&#7913; kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7879;nh, v&igrave; v&#7853;y vi&#7879;c gi&aacute;m s&aacute;t t&iacute;nh an to&agrave;n c&#7911;a vaccine ph&#7843;i ch&#7863;t ch&#7869; h&#417;n so v&#7899;i d&#432;&#7907;c ph&#7849;m th&ocirc;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng, khi &#273;&aacute;nh gi&aacute; l&#7907;i &iacute;ch v&agrave; r&#7911;i ro ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n s&#7869; cao h&#417;n. &#272;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&agrave; trong x&atilde; h&#7897;i hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i, m&#7895;i ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#7873;u s&#7869; b&#7883; bu&#7897;c ph&#7843;i ch&iacute;ch vaccine nhi&#7873;u l&#7847;n trong &#273;&#7901;i, v&#7853;y n&ecirc;n v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; an to&agrave;n vaccine c&oacute; li&ecirc;n quan m&#7853;t thi&#7871;t &#273;&#7871;n m&#7895;i c&aacute; nh&acirc;n.<\/p>\n<p>Tr&#432;&#7899;c khi m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i thu&#7889;c ho&#7863;c vaccine &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&ecirc; chu&#7849;n &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#432;a ra th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng, n&oacute; c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh c&aacute;c th&#7917; nghi&#7879;m &#273;&#7897;c t&iacute;nh trung v&agrave; d&agrave;i h&#7841;n, c&#361;ng nh&#432; c&aacute;c th&#7917; nghi&#7879;m l&acirc;m s&agrave;ng giai &#273;o&#7841;n 1 &#273;&#7871;n giai &#273;o&#7841;n 3. Do &#273;&oacute;, th&ocirc;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng ph&#7843;i m&#7845;t trung b&igrave;nh kho&#7843;ng 10 n&#259;m &#273;&#7875; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n v&agrave; &#273;&#432;a vaccine truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng ra th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. M&#7897;t s&#7889; lo&#7841;i vaccine m&#7899;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n, ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; vaccine ng&#7915;a COVID-19, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n v&#7899;i t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; c&#7921;c nhanh m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; s&#7921; gi&aacute;m s&aacute;t &#273;&#7847;y &#273;&#7911;, trong v&ograve;ng ch&#432;a &#273;&#7847;y m&#7897;t n&#259;m, &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7849;y &#273;&#7871;n h&agrave;ng t&#7927; ng&#432;&#7901;i tr&ecirc;n kh&#7855;p th&#7871; gi&#7899;i trong khi t&iacute;nh an to&agrave;n trung v&agrave; d&agrave;i h&#7841;n v&#7851;n ch&#432;a &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ki&#7875;m ch&#7913;ng &#273;&#7847;y &#273;&#7911;.<\/p>\n<p>Vaccine ng&#7915;a COVID-10 &#273;&atilde; nhanh ch&oacute;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tung ra th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng m&agrave; ch&#432;a ho&agrave;n t&#7845;t quy tr&igrave;nh ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n th&ocirc;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng. &#272;&atilde; c&oacute; b&aacute;o c&aacute;o v&#7873; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p x&#7843;y ra ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng ph&#7909; nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng ho&#7863;c th&#7853;m ch&iacute; t&#7917; vong &#7903; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&iacute;ch vaccine. S&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n vaccine m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch m&ugrave; qu&aacute;ng n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; ch&#7881; tr&iacute;ch r&#7897;ng r&atilde;i.<\/p>\n<p>T&iacute;nh &#273;&#7871;n ng&agrave;y 15\/09\/2023, ch&#7881; ri&ecirc;ng H&#7879; th&#7889;ng b&aacute;o c&aacute;o t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng ph&#7909; c&#7911;a vaccine &#7903; Hoa K&#7923; (Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System, VAERS) &#273;&atilde; nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c 1.593.415 b&aacute;o c&aacute;o t&#7921; ph&aacute;t v&#7873; t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng ph&#7909; t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&iacute;ch ba lo&#7841;i vaccine COVID-19. Trong &#273;&oacute; bao g&#7891;m 209.910 ca nh&#7853;p vi&#7879;n, 36.231 ca t&#7917; vong, 38.449 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p &#273;e d&#7885;a t&iacute;nh m&#7841;ng, 67.812 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p khuy&#7871;t t&#7853;t su&#7889;t &#273;&#7901;i, 20.810 ca &#273;au tim ph&aacute;t t&aacute;c, 27.522 ca vi&ecirc;m c&#417; tim ho&#7863;c vi&ecirc;m m&agrave;ng ngo&agrave;i tim, 8.891 ca gi&#7843;m ti&#7875;u c&#7847;u v&agrave; 5.040 ca s&#7849;y thai. Ba lo&#7841;i vaccine ng&#7915;a COVID-19 n&agrave;y l&agrave; vaccine Pfizer, vaccine Moderna v&agrave; vaccine Johnson&Johnson. &#8309;&#8313;&#8308;<\/p>\n<p>Th&aacute;ng 03\/2023, m&#7897;t lu&#7853;n v&#259;n &#273;&#259;ng tr&ecirc;n t&#7853;p san y khoa Mi&#7877;n d&#7883;ch, Vi&ecirc;m v&agrave; B&#7879;nh t&#7853;t (Immunity, Inflammation and Disease) c&#7911;a Hoa K&#7923; &#273;&atilde; ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch m&#7897;t s&#7889; ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng b&#7845;t l&#7907;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&aacute;o c&aacute;o sau khi ch&iacute;ch vaccine COVID-19 mRNA, bao g&#7891;m 17.636 t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng ph&#7909; v&#7873; tim m&#7841;ch v&agrave; 284 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p t&#7917; vong. Nh&#7919;ng t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng ph&#7909; v&#7873; tim m&#7841;ch n&agrave;y bao g&#7891;m 13.936 ca huy&#7871;t kh&#7889;i, 758 ca &#273;&#7897;t qu&#7925;, 511 ca vi&ecirc;m c&#417; tim, 377 ca nh&#7891;i m&aacute;u c&#417; tim, 301 ca t&#7855;c m&#7841;ch ph&#7893;i v&agrave; 254 ca r&#7889;i lo&#7841;n nh&#7883;p tim. Th&#7901;i gian xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n c&aacute;c tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n trung b&igrave;nh l&agrave; t&#7915; 4.8 &#273;&#7871;n 5.6 ng&agrave;y sau khi ch&iacute;ch ng&#7915;a. &#8309;&#8313;&#8309;<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&acirc;y ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; bi k&#7883;ch m&agrave; s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n qu&aacute; m&#7913;c c&#7911;a c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&atilde; mang &#273;&#7871;n cho nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i. M&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch ban &#273;&#7847;u l&agrave; &ldquo;ch&#7919;a b&#7879;nh&rdquo; nh&#432;ng thay v&agrave;o &#273;&oacute; l&#7841;i &ldquo;g&acirc;y b&#7879;nh&rdquo; v&agrave; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n nhi&#7873;u b&#7879;nh h&#417;n. T&#7841;i sao k&#7871;t qu&#7843; l&#7841;i tr&aacute;i ng&#432;&#7907;c nh&#432; v&#7853;y? &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y cho th&#7845;y c&oacute; s&#7921; sai l&#7879;ch v&#7873; ph&#432;&#417;ng h&#432;&#7899;ng trong qu&#7929; &#273;&#7841;o ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a k&#7929; thu&#7853;t y t&#7871; c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p><b>4.2.4 Hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7841;m d&#7909;ng kh&aacute;ng sinh ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Thu&#7889;c kh&aacute;ng sinh (antibiotic), l&agrave; t&ecirc;n g&#7885;i chung c&#7911;a c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i thu&#7889;c h&oacute;a h&#7885;c c&oacute; t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng &#7913;c ch&#7871; s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a vi khu&#7849;n ho&#7863;c ti&ecirc;u di&#7879;t vi khu&#7849;n. Vi&#7879;c l&#7841;m d&#7909;ng kh&aacute;ng sinh c&#361;ng l&agrave; m&#7897;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n d&#432;&#7899;i s&#7921; ch&#7881; &#273;&#7841;o c&#7911;a t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; &#273;&#7889;i ch&#7913;ng.<\/p>\n<p>L&#7883;ch s&#7917; ph&aacute;t minh ra thu&#7889;c kh&aacute;ng sinh c&oacute; th&#7875; truy &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m 1928, khi b&aacute;c s&#297; v&agrave; nh&agrave; vi tr&ugrave;ng h&#7885;c ng&#432;&#7901;i Scotland Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) v&ocirc; t&igrave;nh quan s&aacute;t th&#7845;y s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a t&#7909; c&#7847;u v&agrave;ng (Staphylococcus aureus) b&#7883; &#7913;c ch&#7871;, th&#7871; l&agrave; &ocirc;ng li&#7873;n ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&agrave; &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; m&#7897;t ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n mang t&iacute;nh &#273;&#7897;t ph&aacute; v&#7873; t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng &#7913;c ch&#7871; c&#7911;a penicillin &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i t&#7909; c&#7847;u v&agrave;ng, t&#7915; &#273;&oacute; m&#7903; ra k&#7927; nguy&ecirc;n &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; b&#7857;ng kh&aacute;ng sinh. &#8309;&#8313;&#8310;<\/p>\n<p>Penicillin thu&#7897;c nh&oacute;m thu&#7889;c beta-lactams. Beta-lactams lu&ocirc;n l&agrave; nh&oacute;m kh&aacute;ng sinh quan tr&#7885;ng trong &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; nhi&#7877;m tr&ugrave;ng t&#7909; c&#7847;u v&agrave;ng.<\/p>\n<p>Kh&ocirc;ng l&acirc;u sau khi penicillin &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta nh&#7853;n th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng m&#7897;t s&#7889; t&#7909; c&#7847;u v&agrave;ng &#273;&atilde; tr&#7903; n&ecirc;n kh&aacute;ng penicillin. Th&#7853;m ch&iacute; tr&#432;&#7899;c khi penicillin &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#432;a ra th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng, m&#7897;t s&#7889; vi khu&#7849;n t&#7909; c&#7847;u v&agrave;ng &#273;&atilde; s&#7903; h&#7919;u beta-lactamase, c&oacute; th&#7875; th&ocirc;ng qua qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh th&#7911;y ph&acirc;n l&agrave;m cho nh&oacute;m thu&#7889;c beta-lactams m&#7845;t t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng. T&#7913;c l&agrave; m&#7897;t s&#7889; vi khu&#7849;n t&#7909; c&#7847;u v&agrave;ng &#273;&atilde; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n kh&#7843; n&#259;ng kh&aacute;ng thu&#7889;c (c&ograve;n g&#7885;i l&agrave; t&iacute;nh kh&aacute;ng thu&#7889;c). Gene kh&aacute;ng thu&#7889;c n&agrave;y (gene beta-lactamase) c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c lan truy&#7873;n nhanh ch&oacute;ng gi&#7919;a c&aacute;c vi khu&#7849;n.<\/p>\n<p>Trong g&#7847;n 80 n&#259;m, m&#7863;c d&ugrave; c&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c lu&ocirc;n c&#7889; g&#7855;ng nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u ra lo&#7841;i kh&aacute;ng sinh m&#7899;i, bao g&#7891;m h&agrave;ng tr&#259;m lo&#7841;i kh&aacute;ng sinh &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n v&agrave; &#273;&#432;a ra th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; cephalosporin, monomycin v&agrave; c&aacute;c carbapenem, nh&#432;ng t&igrave;nh tr&#7841;ng kh&aacute;ng thu&#7889;c c&#7911;a vi khu&#7849;n &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i kh&aacute;ng sinh m&#7899;i v&#7851;n ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c t&aacute;i di&#7877;n, &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c t&#7909; c&#7847;u v&agrave;ng &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng kh&aacute;ng h&#7847;u h&#7871;t c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i kh&aacute;ng sinh &#273;&oacute;, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n c&#7911;a ch&#7911;ng t&#7909; c&#7847;u v&agrave;ng kh&aacute;ng Methicillin (MRSA) &ldquo;kh&eacute;t ti&#7871;ng&rdquo; trong c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng y t&#7871;. &#8309;&#8313;&#8311;<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&acirc;y l&agrave; m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c chi&#7871;n tr&#432;&#7901;ng k&#7923; do con ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh ch&#7889;ng l&#7841;i vi khu&#7849;n. Thu&#7889;c kh&aacute;ng sinh m&#7899;i v&#7915;a xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n, kh&ocirc;ng l&acirc;u sau &#273;&oacute; &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; c&aacute;c ch&#7911;ng vi khu&#7849;n kh&aacute;ng thu&#7889;c m&#7899;i. Do vi khu&#7849;n tr&#7903; n&ecirc;n kh&aacute;ng thu&#7889;c h&#417;n, con ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#7841;i ph&aacute;t minh ra c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i kh&aacute;ng sinh m&#7841;nh h&#417;n, sau &#273;&oacute; t&iacute;nh kh&aacute;ng thu&#7889;c c&#7911;a vi khu&#7849;n l&#7841;i &ldquo;cao h&#417;n m&#7897;t b&#7853;c&rdquo;, th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&ograve;n xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n &ldquo;si&ecirc;u vi khu&#7849;n&rdquo; (Superbug). Cho &#273;&#7871;n nay, con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &iacute;t nh&#7845;t 5 th&#7871; h&#7879; kh&aacute;ng sinh, nh&#432;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7851;n ch&#432;a chi&#7871;n th&#7855;ng.<\/p>\n<p>B&ecirc;n c&#7841;nh hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n c&aacute;c ch&#7911;ng kh&aacute;ng thu&#7889;c v&#7899;i s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n khi&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i ta &#273;au &#273;&#7847;u, hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng &ldquo;l&#7841;m s&aacute;t v&ocirc; t&#7897;i&rdquo; c&#361;ng r&#7845;t &#273;&aacute;ng lo ng&#7841;i. Vi&#7879;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng l&acirc;u d&agrave;i l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n kh&aacute;ng sinh trong c&#417; th&#7875; th&#432;&#7901;ng l&agrave;m m&#7845;t &#273;i h&#7879; vi khu&#7849;n c&#7897;ng sinh b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng trong c&#417; th&#7875; con ng&#432;&#7901;i, d&#7845;n &#273;&#7871;n t&igrave;nh tr&#7841;ng &ldquo;r&#7889;i lo&#7841;n h&#7879; vi sinh ru&#7897;t&rdquo; (Dysbiosis), c&oacute; th&#7875; g&acirc;y ra b&#7879;nh vi&ecirc;m ru&#7897;t m&#7841;n t&iacute;nh (Inflammatory bowel disease, IBD, IBD), h&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng ru&#7897;t k&iacute;ch th&iacute;ch (Irritable bowel syndrome, IBS), ti&#7875;u &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng, b&eacute;o ph&igrave;, b&#7879;nh tim m&#7841;ch, b&#7879;nh h&#7879; th&#7847;n kinh trung &#432;&#417;ng ho&#7863;c ung th&#432;, v.v. &#8309;&#8313;&#8312;<\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 2016, s&#7889; li&#7879;u c&#7911;a Trung t&acirc;m Ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t v&agrave; Ph&ograve;ng ng&#7915;a D&#7883;ch b&#7879;nh (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC) &#7903; Hoa K&#7923; cho th&#7845;y, m&#7895;i n&#259;m c&oacute; h&#417;n 2 tri&#7879;u ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7883; nhi&#7877;m vi khu&#7849;n kh&aacute;ng kh&aacute;ng sinh v&agrave; h&#417;n 23,000 ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7917; vong v&igrave; nh&#7919;ng b&#7879;nh nhi&#7877;m tr&ugrave;ng n&agrave;y &#8309;&#8313;&#8313;.<\/p>\n<p>B&agrave;i vi&#7871;t &ldquo;C&aacute;c m&#7889;i &#273;e d&#7885;a kh&aacute;ng thu&#7889;c kh&aacute;ng sinh &#7903; Hoa K&#7923;&rdquo; (Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States) do CDC c&ocirc;ng b&#7889; v&agrave;o n&#259;m 2019 &#273;&atilde; nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh m&#7889;i &#273;e d&#7885;a li&ecirc;n t&#7909;c v&#7873; t&igrave;nh tr&#7841;ng kh&aacute;ng kh&aacute;ng sinh &#7903; Hoa K&#7923;, n&#417;i x&#7843;y ra h&#417;n 2.8 tri&#7879;u ca nhi&#7877;m vi khu&#7849;n kh&aacute;ng kh&aacute;ng sinh m&#7895;i n&#259;m v&agrave; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n h&#417;n 35,000 ca t&#7917; vong &#8310;&#8304;&#8304;.<\/p>\n<p>M&#7897;t lu&#7853;n v&#259;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c The Lancet xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n n&#259;m 2022 &#273;&atilde; ch&#7881; ra r&#7857;ng, v&agrave;o n&#259;m 2019 c&oacute; &iacute;t nh&#7845;t 1.27 tri&#7879;u ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7917; vong v&igrave; vi khu&#7849;n kh&aacute;ng kh&aacute;ng sinh tr&ecirc;n to&agrave;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i n&oacute; c&#361;ng li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n 4.95 tri&#7879;u ca t&#7917; vong. Kh&aacute;ng kh&aacute;ng sinh l&agrave; m&#7889;i &#273;e d&#7885;a kh&#7849;n c&#7845;p &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng to&agrave;n c&#7847;u. &#8310;&#8304;&sup1;<\/p>\n<p>T&#7893; ch&#7913;c Y t&#7871; Th&#7871; gi&#7899;i (World Health Organization, WHO) &#273;&atilde; tuy&ecirc;n b&#7889; r&#7857;ng t&igrave;nh tr&#7841;ng kh&aacute;ng kh&aacute;ng sinh l&agrave; m&#7897;t trong m&#432;&#7901;i m&#7889;i &#273;e d&#7885;a s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng to&agrave;n c&#7847;u h&agrave;ng &#273;&#7847;u m&agrave; nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7889;i m&#7863;t. &#8310;&#8304;&sup2;<\/p>\n<p>B&aacute;o c&aacute;o n&#259;m 2019 c&#7911;a Hi&#7879;p h&#7897;i c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng Cao &#273;&#7859;ng Y t&#7871; Hoa K&#7923; (Association of American Medical Colleges, AAMC) cho bi&#7871;t, nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i &#273;ang th&#7845;t b&#7841;i trong cu&#7897;c chi&#7871;n s&#7917; d&#7909;ng kh&aacute;ng sinh ch&#7889;ng l&#7841;i vi khu&#7849;n. &#8310;&#8304;&sup3;<\/p>\n<p>C&oacute; nhi&#7873;u lo&#7841;i y&#7871;u t&#7889; &#273;&#7849;y nhanh qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh kh&aacute;ng kh&aacute;ng sinh &#8310;&#8304;&#8308;:<\/p>\n<p>1. T&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; vi khu&#7849;n kh&aacute;ng thu&#7889;c kh&aacute;ng sinh nhanh h&#417;n t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i thu&#7889;c m&#7899;i.<\/p>\n<p>2. R&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i d&ugrave;ng thu&#7889;c kh&aacute;ng sinh m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch kh&ocirc;ng c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t. V&iacute; d&#7909;, h&#7847;u h&#7871;t c&aacute;c b&#7879;nh nhi&#7877;m tr&ugrave;ng &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng h&ocirc; h&#7845;p tr&ecirc;n &#273;&#7873;u do virus g&acirc;y ra, b&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t ph&#7843;i d&ugrave;ng kh&aacute;ng sinh, ch&uacute; &yacute; ngh&#7881; ng&#417;i v&agrave; t&#259;ng c&#432;&#7901;ng kh&#7843; n&#259;ng mi&#7877;n d&#7883;ch l&agrave; s&#7869; kh&#7887;i b&#7879;nh. Nh&#432;ng r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7871;n b&#7879;nh vi&#7879;n v&igrave; c&#7843;m m&#7841;o, b&aacute;c s&#297; li&#7873;n &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; b&#7857;ng thu&#7889;c kh&aacute;ng sinh.<\/p>\n<p>3. V&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; l&#7841;m d&#7909;ng kh&aacute;ng sinh th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&ograve;n &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n ng&agrave;nh th&#7921;c ph&#7849;m c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i. Ng&agrave;y nay, kh&aacute;ng sinh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng r&#7897;ng r&atilde;i nh&#7845;t &#7903; c&aacute;c trang tr&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p>Trong ch&#259;n nu&ocirc;i ho&#7863;c nu&ocirc;i tr&#7891;ng th&#7911;y s&#7843;n, &#273;&#7875; t&#259;ng s&#7843;n l&#432;&#7907;ng v&#7853;t nu&ocirc;i (heo, b&ograve;, c&#7915;u, g&agrave;, v&#7883;t, c&aacute; v.v.), ng&#432;&#7901;i ta th&#432;&#7901;ng b&#7893; sung m&#7897;t s&#7889; lo&#7841;i kh&aacute;ng sinh v&agrave;o th&#7913;c &#259;n. Thu&#7889;c kh&aacute;ng sinh c&oacute; th&#7875; d&ugrave;ng l&agrave;m thu&#7889;c ch&#7919;a b&#7879;nh cho v&#7853;t nu&ocirc;i, tuy nhi&ecirc;n vi&#7879;c b&#7893; sung kh&aacute;ng sinh v&agrave;o th&#7913;c &#259;n kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i nh&#7857;m m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch ch&#7919;a b&#7879;nh m&agrave; v&igrave; &#273;&#7875; c&oacute; th&#7875; khi&#7871;n v&#7853;t nu&ocirc;i ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n ra nhi&#7873;u th&#7883;t h&#417;n, v&#7853;y n&ecirc;n th&#432;&#7901;ng b&#7883; l&#7841;m d&#7909;ng qu&aacute; m&#7913;c. Vi&#7879;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i kh&aacute;ng sinh n&agrave;y s&#7869; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i vi khu&#7849;n kh&aacute;ng thu&#7889;c, g&acirc;y h&#7841;i cho v&#7853;t nu&ocirc;i v&agrave; con ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>Vi&#7879;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng ph&#7909; gia kh&aacute;ng sinh trong th&#7901;i gian d&agrave;i &#7903; v&#7853;t nu&ocirc;i s&#7869; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; gia t&#259;ng s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng vi khu&#7849;n kh&aacute;ng thu&#7889;c trong v&#7853;t nu&ocirc;i. N&#7871;u v&#7853;t nu&ocirc;i b&#7883; b&#7879;nh, li&#7873;u kh&aacute;ng sinh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; c&agrave;ng l&#7899;n th&igrave; c&agrave;ng c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u kh&aacute;ng sinh l&#432;u l&#7841;i trong c&#417; th&#7875; con v&#7853;t.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#7919;ng vi khu&#7849;n kh&aacute;ng thu&#7889;c n&agrave;y l&acirc;y lan sang m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7889;ng c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&#7911; y&#7871;u qua m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng nu&ocirc;i &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7853;t, &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n trong c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng th&ocirc;ng qua ti&#7871;p x&uacute;c tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p ho&#7863;c gi&aacute;n ti&#7871;p, ho&#7863;c th&#7853;m ch&iacute; b&#7883; l&acirc;y nhi&#7877;m b&#7903;i c&ocirc;ng nh&acirc;n ng&agrave;nh ch&#259;n nu&ocirc;i. N&#7871;u nh&#7919;ng vi khu&#7849;n kh&aacute;ng thu&#7889;c n&agrave;y truy&#7873;n sang ng&#432;&#7901;i th&igrave; khi con ng&#432;&#7901;i nhi&#7877;m b&#7879;nh, b&aacute;c s&#297; s&#7869; ph&#7843;i s&#7917; d&#7909;ng li&#7873;u kh&aacute;ng sinh ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng l&#7899;n h&#417;n, b&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n c&#361;ng s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng d&#7877; kh&#7887;i b&#7879;nh.<\/p>\n<p>Ngo&agrave;i ra, n&#7871;u qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh n&#7845;u n&#432;&#7899;ng kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; ti&ecirc;u di&#7879;t ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n vi khu&#7849;n (ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; b&iacute;t t&#7871;t ch&iacute;n t&aacute;i ho&#7863;c sashimi, v.v.), th&igrave; m&#7897;t s&#7889; vi khu&#7849;n kh&aacute;ng thu&#7889;c c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c truy&#7873;n sang ng&#432;&#7901;i. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, do h&#7847;u h&#7871;t c&aacute;c s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7853;t &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ti&#7879;t tr&ugrave;ng v&agrave; n&#7845;u ch&iacute;n ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n n&ecirc;n ki&#7875;u l&acirc;y truy&#7873;n n&agrave;y &iacute;t ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n h&#417;n, do &#273;&oacute; m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh c&#7847;n &#259;n th&#7913;c &#259;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c n&#7845;u ch&iacute;n k&#7929;.<\/p>\n<p>Cu&#7897;c kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng kh&aacute;ng thu&#7889;c kh&aacute;ng sinh ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng &#273;&atilde; l&agrave;m n&#7893;i b&#7853;t &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng ti&ecirc;u c&#7921;c c&#7911;a t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7889;i kh&aacute;ng c&#7911;a gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; t&#7893;ng th&#7875; c&#7911;a T&acirc;y y. C&ograve;n y h&#7885;c c&#7893; truy&#7873;n th&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng b&#7883; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng b&#7903;i gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a. Y h&#7885;c c&#7893; truy&#7873;n ch&uacute; tr&#7885;ng &ldquo;tr&#7883; b&#7879;nh t&#7845;t ph&#7843;i t&igrave;m g&#7889;c r&#7877;,&rdquo; v&#7853;y n&ecirc;n th&#432;&#7901;ng kh&ocirc;ng g&#7863;p ph&#7843;i v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; kh&aacute;ng kh&aacute;ng sinh. Y h&#7885;c c&#7893; truy&#7873;n gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t t&#7853;n g&#7889;c nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n g&acirc;y b&#7879;nh, gi&uacute;p c&#417; th&#7875; tr&#7903; l&#7841;i ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng v&agrave; kh&#7887;e m&#7841;nh.<\/p>\n<p>R&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u l&#7889;i s&#7889;ng, th&oacute;i quen &#259;n u&#7889;ng v&agrave; chu&#7849;n m&#7921;c &#7913;ng x&#7917; m&agrave; v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng l&#432;u l&#7841;i &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p t&#7889;t &#273;&#7875; ch&uacute;ng ta ch&#259;m s&oacute;c b&#7843;n th&acirc;n v&agrave; c&#417; th&#7875;. Th&#7853;t kh&ocirc;ng may, h&#7847;u h&#7871;t nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; thay th&#7871; b&#7903;i c&aacute;c kh&aacute;i ni&#7879;m v&agrave; h&agrave;nh vi hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i v&#7889;n ch&#7883;u &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p><b>4.3 S&#7913;c kh&#7887;e tinh th&#7847;n v&agrave; b&#7879;nh tinh th&#7847;n b&#7883; xem nh&#7865;<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Ng&#432;&#7901;i ta th&#432;&#7901;ng n&oacute;i &ldquo;b&#7843;y ph&#7847;n tinh th&#7847;n ba ph&#7847;n b&#7879;nh.&rdquo; Tinh th&#7847;n c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t, bao tr&ugrave;m r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u kh&iacute;a c&#7841;nh nh&#432; t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng, c&#7843;m x&uacute;c, t&igrave;nh c&#7843;m, t&iacute;nh c&aacute;ch, &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c, v.v. V&ocirc; s&#7889; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u khoa h&#7885;c &#273;&atilde; ch&#7913;ng minh m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch m&#7841;nh m&#7869; r&#7857;ng, tinh th&#7847;n c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i m&agrave; c&ograve;n th&#7901;i kh&#7855;c &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e th&#7875; ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>M&#7897;t s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n c&aacute;c nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u y h&#7885;c cho th&#7845;y &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m t&iacute;nh c&aacute;ch, suy ngh&#297; v&agrave; h&agrave;nh vi c&#7911;a m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#432;&#7901;ng l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng y&#7871;u t&#7889; ch&iacute;nh &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; b&#7883; b&#7879;nh hay kh&ocirc;ng. N&#7871;u m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i lu&ocirc;n c&oacute; th&#7875; c&oacute; th&aacute;i &#273;&#7897; thi&#7879;n l&#432;&#417;ng, trung th&#7921;c v&agrave; bao dung, s&#7869; t&#259;ng c&#432;&#7901;ng kh&#7843; n&#259;ng mi&#7877;n d&#7883;ch c&#7911;a c&#417; th&#7875; v&agrave; t&#259;ng c&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e th&#7875; ch&#7845;t. N&#7871;u qu&yacute; v&#7883; c&oacute; th&#7875; th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&ecirc;n c&acirc;n nh&#7855;c v&#7873; &yacute; ngh&#297;a th&#7921;c s&#7921; c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n sinh v&agrave; thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p c&aacute;c m&#7909;c ti&ecirc;u s&#7889;ng t&iacute;ch c&#7921;c ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i c&aacute;c gi&aacute; tr&#7883; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng, th&igrave; qu&yacute; v&#7883; c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; n&acirc;ng cao kh&#7843; n&#259;ng mi&#7877;n d&#7883;ch c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, gi&#7843;m t&#7927; l&#7879; m&#7855;c v&agrave; t&#7917; vong do c&aacute;c b&#7879;nh tim m&#7841;ch, gi&uacute;p qu&yacute; v&#7883; s&#7889;ng l&acirc;u h&#417;n (Xem Ch&#432;&#417;ng 4 &#273;&#7875; bi&#7871;t chi ti&#7871;t).<\/p>\n<p>Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a khi&#7871;n nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u y h&#7885;c xem nh&#7865; tinh th&#7847;n c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i, cho r&#7857;ng c&aacute;c hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng s&#7889;ng ch&#7881; l&agrave; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t thu&#7847;n t&uacute;y, th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&ograve;n c&#7909; th&#7875; h&oacute;a suy ngh&#297;, c&#7843;m x&uacute;c, tr&iacute; nh&#7899; v&agrave; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng t&acirc;m l&yacute; c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i th&agrave;nh ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng ph&oacute;ng &#273;i&#7879;n c&#7911;a t&#7871; b&agrave;o th&#7847;n kinh ho&#7863;c ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng gi&#7919;a c&aacute;c ch&#7845;t h&oacute;a h&#7885;c, s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&aacute;c ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng v&#7853;t l&yacute; v&agrave; h&oacute;a h&#7885;c n&agrave;y &#273;&#7875; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch tr&iacute; nh&#7899;, c&#7843;m x&uacute;c v&agrave; suy ngh&#297;.<\/p>\n<p>S&#7921; hi&#7875;u bi&#7871;t m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch m&aacute;y m&oacute;c v&agrave; v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t h&oacute;a v&#7873; tinh th&#7847;n n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; khi&#7871;n y h&#7885;c coi nh&#7865; s&#7921; ch&#7881; d&#7851;n &#273;&uacute;ng &#273;&#7855;n c&#7911;a tinh th&#7847;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i trong vi&#7879;c &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; b&#7879;nh t&#7853;t. Y sinh hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i d&#432;&#7899;i &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a Darwin kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t c&aacute;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; t&acirc;m l&yacute; v&agrave; b&#7879;nh t&acirc;m th&#7847;n c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i, bao g&#7891;m t&acirc;m th&#7847;n ph&acirc;n li&#7879;t, tr&#7847;m c&#7843;m, lo l&#7855;ng, v.v., ch&uacute;ng &#273;&#7873;u kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; ch&#7919;a kh&#7887;i b&#7857;ng thu&#7889;c.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#432; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#7903; Ch&#432;&#417;ng 5, m&#7897;t s&#7889; tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p r&#7889;i lo&#7841;n lo &acirc;u k&eacute;o d&agrave;i, &aacute;m &#7843;nh s&#7907; h&atilde;i v&agrave; c&aacute;c b&#7879;nh t&acirc;m th&#7847;n kh&aacute;c, v&iacute; d&#7909; nh&#432; n&#7895;i &aacute;m &#7843;nh v&agrave; lo l&#7855;ng c&#7911;a c&ocirc; Catherine, n&#7895;i s&#7907; &#273;&#7897; cao v&agrave; c&#417;n &#273;au m&#7841;n t&iacute;nh nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng c&#7911;a c&ocirc; Elaine, s&#7921; t&#7913;c gi&#7853;n c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng Dan, t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y &#273;&#7873;u kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; ch&#7919;a kh&#7887;i b&#7857;ng T&acirc;y y, ch&#7881; khi tinh th&#7847;n &#7903; trong tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i nh&igrave;n l&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c th&igrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i ta m&#7899;i t&igrave;m ra nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n g&acirc;y b&#7879;nh v&agrave; m&#7899;i c&#417; b&#7843;n ch&#7919;a kh&#7887;i c&#259;n b&#7879;nh &#273;&oacute;.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y l&agrave; do nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n g&#7889;c r&#7877; c&aacute;c tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng c&#7911;a h&#7885; kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i n&agrave;y m&agrave; l&agrave; t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c. Th&#7917; h&#7887;i, li&#7879;u gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Darwin c&oacute; th&#7875; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n g&acirc;y ra c&#259;n b&#7879;nh v&#432;&#7907;t th&#7901;i gian v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng gian nh&#432; v&#7853;y kh&ocirc;ng? Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a kh&ocirc;ng th&#7915;a nh&#7853;n r&#7857;ng linh h&#7891;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; th&#7875; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871;. V&igrave; v&#7853;y, kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; g&igrave; &#273;&aacute;ng ng&#7841;c nhi&ecirc;n khi T&acirc;y y hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i g&#7847;n nh&#432; v&ocirc; k&#7871; kh&#7843; thi trong vi&#7879;c &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; nh&#7919;ng c&#259;n b&#7879;nh n&agrave;y.<\/p>\n<p>C&aacute;c nh&agrave; t&acirc;m th&#7847;n h&#7885;c nh&#432; Gi&aacute;o s&#432; Stevenson v&agrave; Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Weiss &#273;&atilde; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng nh&#7919;ng lu&#7853;n ch&#7913;ng khoa h&#7885;c ch&#7863;t ch&#7869; &#273;&#7875; cung c&#7845;p b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng v&#7873; linh h&#7891;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; s&#7921; t&aacute;i sinh. Gi&aacute;o s&#432; Stevenson &#273;&atilde; cung c&#7845;p h&#417;n h&agrave;ng ngh&igrave;n tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p tr&#7867; em c&oacute; k&yacute; &#7913;c ti&#7873;n ki&#7871;p, cho ph&eacute;p b&#7845;t c&#7913; ai c&oacute; l&#7921;c ph&aacute;n &#273;o&aacute;n th&ocirc;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng v&agrave; ni&#7873;m tin v&agrave;o s&#7921; th&#7853;t kh&aacute;ch quan &#273;&#7873;u ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n s&#7921; th&#7853;t r&#7857;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7891;n t&#7841;i trong lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i. L&agrave; m&#7897;t hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng kh&aacute;ch quan, tinh th&#7847;n v&agrave; linh h&#7891;n c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#361;ng c&oacute; m&#7897;t s&#7889; quy lu&#7853;t &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t, &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p &#273;&#7871;n s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e v&agrave; b&#7879;nh t&#7853;t c&#7911;a c&#417; th&#7875; con ng&#432;&#7901;i, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y c&#7847;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c T&acirc;y y hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i t&igrave;m hi&#7875;u v&agrave; nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c r&otilde; h&#417;n.<\/p>\n<p>T&oacute;m l&#7841;i, nh&#7919;ng v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; m&agrave; nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7889;i m&#7863;t trong c&aacute;c l&#297;nh v&#7921;c khoa h&#7885;c kh&aacute;c nhau c&oacute; th&#7875; truy &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; ch&#7881; d&#7851;n k&eacute;m c&#7887;i c&#7911;a gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i khoa h&#7885;c. Darwin gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; &#273;&atilde; m&#7903; m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c h&#7897;p ma thu&#7853;t, gi&#7843;i ph&oacute;ng ra gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a, khi&#7871;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#7847;n xa r&#7901;i truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng, &#273;&aacute;nh m&#7845;t t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng, coi nh&#7865; linh h&#7891;n v&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c con ng&#432;&#7901;i, t&#7853;p trung qu&aacute; nhi&#7873;u v&agrave;o l&#7907;i &iacute;ch v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t v&agrave; ti&#7871;n b&#7897; c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879;, d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng bi&#7871;n d&#7883; v&#7873; c&#417; th&#7875; v&agrave; t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i, t&#7841;o ra v&ocirc; v&agrave;n th&#7843;m h&#7885;a cho m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&agrave; nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p><i>(C&ograve;n ti&#7871;p)<\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>T&agrave;i li&#7879;u tham kh&#7843;o:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i>532. Clone Maybe Baby Goes Home. December 31, 2002.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2002\/12\/clone-maybe-baby-goes-home\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2002\/12\/clone-maybe-baby-goes-home\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>533. Kristen Philipkoski. First Baby of 2003 to Be a Clone? Science Nov 28, 2002.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2002\/11\/first-baby-of-2003-to-be-a-clone\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2002\/11\/first-baby-of-2003-to-be-a-clone\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>534. Julian Borger in Washington. Sat 28 Dec 2002 10.52 GMT. Cult scientists claim first human cloning. Calls for worldwide ban as anger at &lsquo;mavericks&rsquo; grows.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2002\/dec\/28\/genetics.science\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2002\/dec\/28\/genetics.science<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>535. Clone genetics. Also known as: clon. Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Last updated: Aug 1, 2023.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/clone-genetics\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/clone-genetics<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>536. Matoba, S., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Reprogramming: Mechanisms and Applications. Cell Stem Cell, 23(4), 471-485.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stem.2018.06.018\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stem.2018.06.018<\/a>, <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.282.5396.2095\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.282.5396.2095<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>537. Wilmut, I., Schnieke, A. E., McWhir, J., Kind, A. J., & Campbell, K. H. (1997). Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature, 385(6619), 810-813.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/385810a0\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/385810a0<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>538. Kato Y, Tani T, Sotomaru Y, Kurokawa K, Kato J, Doguchi H, Yasue H, Tsunoda Y. Eight calves cloned from somatic cells of a single adult. Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):2095-8. doi: 10.1126\/science.282.5396.2095.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>539. Polejaeva IA, Chen SH, Vaught TD, Page RL, Mullins J, Ball S, Dai Y, Boone J, Walker S, Ayares DL, Colman A, Campbell KH. Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. Nature. 2000 Sep 7;407(6800):86-90. doi: 10.1038\/35024082.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>540. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. &ldquo;science&rdquo;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Sep. 2023, <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/science\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/science<\/a>. Accessed 16 September 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>541. Feigl, Herbert. &ldquo;positivism&rdquo;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 15 Sep. 2023, <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/positivism\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/positivism<\/a>. Accessed 21 September 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>542. Kenneth Ring and Sharon W. Cooper. Near-Death and Out-of-Body Experiences in the Blind: A Study of Apparent Eyeless Vision. Journal of Near-Death Studies 1997; 16: 101-147.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:39039808\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:39039808<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>543. NDEs Reflect Biblical Accounts of Heaven: Pastor | Mysteries of Life (S1, E2). By NTD Original. Mysteries of Life. April 1, 2023. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ntd.com\/ndes-reflect-biblical-accounts-of-heaven-pastor-mysteries-of-life-s1e2_909992.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.ntd.com\/ndes-reflect-biblical-accounts-of-heaven-pastor-mysteries-of-life-s1e2_909992.html<\/a> From 3&rsquo;15 to 3&rsquo;55.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>544. Long J, Perry P. Evidence of the Afterlife: The Science of Near-Death Experiences. New York, NY: HarperCollins; 2010. pp. 74&ndash;78.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.difa3iat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/Jeffrey_Long_Paul_Perry_Evidence_of_the_AfterliBookZZ.org_.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.difa3iat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/Jeffrey_Long_Paul_Perry_Evidence_of_the_AfterliBookZZ.org_.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>545. Alexander, Eben. Proof of heaven&nbsp;: a neurosurgeon&rsquo;s journey into the afterlife. 2013. Waterville, Maine&nbsp;: Thorndike Press, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning. ISBN: 9781410458803.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/libgen.fun\/book\/index.php?md5=C3BEC4A7B9F86001202724A2A9099219\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/libgen.fun\/book\/index.php?md5=C3BEC4A7B9F86001202724A2A9099219<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>546. Jeffrey Long, Paul Perry. God and the Afterlife: The Groundbreaking New Evidence for God and Near-Death Experience. First edition. | New York, NY: HarperOne, 2016.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.breathebook.info\/d\/201102\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.breathebook.info\/d\/201102<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>547. Weiss, B. L. (1988). Many Lives, Many Masters: The True Story of a Prominent Psychiatrist, His Young Patient, and the Past-Life Therapy That Changed Both Their Lives. Touchstone. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/libgen.fun\/get.php?md5=E8DFB33BAC7C1FE0EC652294191ED695&token=550d8ac61cd9d9c9\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/libgen.fun\/get.php?md5=E8DFB33BAC7C1FE0EC652294191ED695&token=550d8ac61cd9d9c9<\/a> Page 351-352.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>548. &#29238;&#27597;&#26159;&#23401;&#23376;&#36873;&#25321;&#30340;&#65306;&#32946;&#20799;&#20174;&#23401;&#23376;&#20986;&#29983;&#21069;&#24320;&#22987;&#12290;&#27744;&#24029;&#26126;&#33879;&#12290;&#21346;&#20339;&#22899;&#35793;&#12290;&#20013;&#22269;&#21451;&#35850;&#20986;&#29256;&#20844;&#21496; 2010&#24180;10&#26376;&#12290;ISBN978-7-5057-2811-0&#12290;<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/zlibrary-africa.se\/s\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/zlibrary-africa.se\/s\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>549. Secularity and Science: What Scientists Around the World Really Think About Religion. by Elaine Howard Ecklund (Author), David R. Johnson (Author), Brandon Vaidyanathan (Author), Kirstin R.W. Matthews (Author), Steven W. Lewis (Author), Robert A. Thomson Jr. (Author), Di Di (Author). ISBN-13: <span dir=\"ltr\">978-019092675<\/span>. Publisher: Oxford University Press. Publication date: June 4,2019.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Secularity-Science-Scientists-Around-Religion-ebook\/dp\/B07RT6SR9Q\/ref=tmm_kin_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr=\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Secularity-Science-Scientists-Around-Religion-ebook\/dp\/B07RT6SR9Q\/ref=tmm_kin_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr=<\/a>, <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.ch\/books?id=z86aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/books.google.ch\/books?id=z86aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a>, <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/communications.catholic.edu\/news\/2018\/11\/god-science.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/communications.catholic.edu\/news\/2018\/11\/god-science.html<\/a>, <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=pHEVH8zmqws&t=135s\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=pHEVH8zmqws&t=135s<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>550. Newton, Isaac. English physicist and mathematician.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Isaac-Newton\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Isaac-Newton<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>551. 33 Best Sir Isaac Newton Quotes (EDUCATION). GRACIOUS QUOTES.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/graciousquotes.com\/isaac-newton\/#:~:text=God%20is%20the%20same%20God,virtue%20cannot%20subsist%20without%20substance\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/graciousquotes.com\/isaac-newton\/#:~:text=God%20is%20the%20same%20God,virtue%20cannot%20subsist%20without%20substance<\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>552. Margenau, H and R.A. Varghese, Cosmos, bios, theos: scientists reflect on science, God, and the origins of the universe, life, and homo sapiens. Chicago: Open Court, 1992.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Cosmos-Bios-Theos-Scientists-Universe\/dp\/0812691865?language=zh_TW\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Cosmos-Bios-Theos-Scientists-Universe\/dp\/0812691865?language=zh_TW<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>553. What is Ethics in Research & Why is it Important? by David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D. December 23, 2020.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.niehs.nih.gov\/research\/resources\/bioethics\/whatis\/index.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.niehs.nih.gov\/research\/resources\/bioethics\/whatis\/index.cfm<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>554. International Bioethics Committee (IBC)<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/ethics-science-technology\/ibc#:~:text=The%20International%20Bioethics%20Committee%20\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/ethics-science-technology\/ibc#:~:text=The%20International%20Bioethics%20Committee%20<\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>555. &#31181;&#26063;&#20027;&#20041;&#9472;&#9472;&#36827;&#21270;&#35770;&#23548;&#33268;&#30340;&#24694;&#26524;&#65311; &#20316;&#32773;&#65306;&#22958;&#36798;&#65294;&#39640;&#22763;&#23068;&#65288;Lita Sanders&#65289;&#12289;&#21152;&#37324;&#65294;&#36125;&#33576;&#65288;Gary Bates&#65289;&#12290;&#32763;&#35793;&#65306;&#20013;&#22269;&#21019;&#36896;&#35770;&#22242;&#22865;&#65288;chinesecreationscience.org&#65289;&#65292;&#26657;&#23545;&#65306;&#40644;&#36920;&#24658;&#21338;&#22763;&#65288;Dr. Felix Wong&#65289;&#12290;&#21457;&#34920;&#26102;&#38388;&#65306;2011&#24180;4&#26376;7&#26085;https:\/\/creation.com\/%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9-%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E5%B0%8E%E8%87%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%83%A1%E6%9E%9C<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>556. David Matas and David Kilgour. Bloody harvest&nbsp;: the killing of Falun Gong for their organs \/ ISBN 978-0-9808879-7-6. Published in 2009 by Seraphim Editions 54 Bay Street Woodstock, ON Canada N4S 3K9.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/endtransplantabuse.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/BloodyHarvest.WEB_.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/endtransplantabuse.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/BloodyHarvest.WEB_.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>557. BBC&#35760;&#32773;&#20048;&#23433;. BBC&#19987;&#35775;&#65306;&#21152;&#25343;&#22823;&#21069;&#35758;&#21592;&#25140;&#32500;&#65106;&#20052;&#39640;.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/chinese\/trad\/hi\/newsid_5190000\/newsid_5196100\/5196148.stm\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/chinese\/trad\/hi\/newsid_5190000\/newsid_5196100\/5196148.stm<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>558. BY DAVID KILGOUR | ETHAN GUTMANN | DAVID MATAS. BLOODY HARVEST\/THE SLAUGHTERA. Update 1. Revised April 30, 2017. JUNE 22, 2016.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/endtransplantabuse.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-2016-Update-V3-and-Addendum-20170430.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/endtransplantabuse.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-2016-Update-V3-and-Addendum-20170430.pdf<\/a>, <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/world\/report-alleges-china-killing-thousands-of-prisoners-to-harvest-organs\/article30559415\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/world\/report-alleges-china-killing-thousands-of-prisoners-to-harvest-organs\/article30559415\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>559. Chinatribunal. SHORT FORM CONCLUSION & SUMMARY JUDGMENT &ndash; JUNE, 2019. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/chinatribunal.com\/final-judgment\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/chinatribunal.com\/final-judgment\/<\/a> &#29420;&#31435;&#20154;&#27665;&#27861;&#24237;&#35009;&#23450;&#65306;&#20013;&#20849;&#24378;&#25688;&#22120;&#23448;&#35777;&#25454;&#30830;&#20991; &#21453;&#20154;&#31867;&#32618;&#21517;&#25104;&#31435;https:\/\/zh.bitterwinter.org\/china-tribunal-the-verdict-is-guilty\/<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>560. &#20013;&#22269;&#65306;&#32852;&#21512;&#22269;&#20154;&#26435;&#19987;&#23478;&#23545;&ldquo;&#25688;&#21462;&#22120;&#23448;&rdquo;&#25351;&#31216;&#24863;&#21040;&#38663;&#24778;&#12290;2021&#24180;6&#26376;14&#26085; &#20154;&#26435;&#12290;<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/news.un.org\/zh\/story\/2021\/06\/1085962\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/news.un.org\/zh\/story\/2021\/06\/1085962<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>561. European Parliament resolution of 5 May 2022 on the reports of continued organ harvesting in China [2022\/2657(RSP)]<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-9-2022-0200_EN.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-9-2022-0200_EN.html<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>562. &#36861;&#26597;&#22269;&#38469;&#12298;&#38081;&#35777;&#22914;&#23665;&#12299;<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.zhuichaguoji.org\/node\/135000\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.zhuichaguoji.org\/node\/135000<\/a>, <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.upholdjustice.org\/node\/534%E3%80%8A%E9%93%81%E8%AF%81%E5%A6%82%E5%B1%B1\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.upholdjustice.org\/node\/534&#12298;&#38081;&#35777;&#22914;&#23665;<\/a> &#12299;&#31532;&#19968;&#37096;&#65288;&#30005;&#23376;&#20070;&#65289;<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.zhuichaguoji.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-12\/Ironclad%20Irrefutable%20evidence%20Book-1-Chinese.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.zhuichaguoji.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-12\/Ironclad%20Irrefutable%20evidence%20Book-1-Chinese.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>563. &#20154;&#20307;&#22120;&#23448;&ldquo;&#40657;&#20316;&#22346;&rdquo;&#30340;&#32972;&#21518;&#65306;&#22280;&#20859;&#20379;&#20307;&#20599;&#31363;&#23608;&#20307;&#65292;&#22320;&#19979;&#40657;&#35786;&#25152;&#20570;&#25163;&#26415;https:\/\/www.163.com\/dy\/article\/HJLIBB4A0553KPO8.html<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>564. The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond. Jan 14, 2016. Klaus Schwab. Founder, Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2016\/01\/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2016\/01\/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>565. Lehrman, S. Virus treatment questioned after gene therapy death.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/43977\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/43977<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>566. Meir Rinde. The Death of Jesse Gelsinger, 20 Years Later. Gene editing promises to revolutionize medicine. But how safe is safe enough for the patients testing these therapies?<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sciencehistory.org\/stories\/magazine\/the-death-of-jesse-gelsinger-20-years-later\/#:~:text=He%20had%20an%20intense%20inflammatory,and%20taken%20off%20life%20support\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/sciencehistory.org\/stories\/magazine\/the-death-of-jesse-gelsinger-20-years-later\/#:~:text=He%20had%20an%20intense%20inflammatory,and%20taken%20off%20life%20support<\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>567. Sibbald, B. (2001). Death but one unintended consequence of gene-therapy trial. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 164(11), 1612.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC81135\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC81135\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>568. About LUXTURNA&reg;<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/luxturna.com\/about-luxturna\/#about-luxturna\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/luxturna.com\/about-luxturna\/#about-luxturna<\/a>, <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines-blood-biologics\/cellular-gene-therapy-products\/luxturna\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines-blood-biologics\/cellular-gene-therapy-products\/luxturna<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>569. ZOLGENSMAhttps:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines-blood-biologics\/zolgensma, <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/126109\/download?attachment\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/126109\/download?attachment<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>570. Adam Feuerstein Nov. 12, 2019. Solid Biosciences&rsquo; Duchenne gene therapy trial halted after patient suffers serious toxicity.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2019\/11\/12\/solid-biosciences-duchenne-gene-therapy-trial-halted-after-patient-suffers-serious-toxicity\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2019\/11\/12\/solid-biosciences-duchenne-gene-therapy-trial-halted-after-patient-suffers-serious-toxicity\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>571. Philippidis A. (2021). Fourth Boy Dies in Clinical Trial of Astellas&rsquo; AT132. Human gene therapy, 32(19-20), 1008&ndash;1010.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/hum.2021.29182.bfs\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/hum.2021.29182.bfs<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>572. Guo, C., Ma, X., Gao, F., & Guo, Y. (2023). Off-target effects in CRISPR\/Cas9 gene editing. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1143157\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1143157<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>573. University of California. Berkeley Research. Jennifer A. Doudna. Nobel Laureate in Chemistry. Professor.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/vcresearch.berkeley.edu\/faculty\/jennifer-doudna\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/vcresearch.berkeley.edu\/faculty\/jennifer-doudna<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>574. Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens. Prof. Emmanuelle Charpentier, Ph.D.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mpg.de\/9343753\/science-of-pathogens-charpentier\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.mpg.de\/9343753\/science-of-pathogens-charpentier<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>575. Jennifer A. Doudna. Facts. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/chemistry\/2020\/doudna\/facts\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/chemistry\/2020\/doudna\/facts\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>576. &#33286;&#35770;&#22330;&#65306;&#39318;&#20363;&#22522;&#22240;&#32534;&#36753;&#23156;&#20799;&#35806;&#29983; &#30127;&#29378;&#23454;&#39564;&#22914;&#20309;&#25910;&#22330;&#12290;&#22810;&#32500;&#26032;&#38395;&#32593;https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181128030256\/<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/news.dwnews.com\/china\/news\/2018-11-27\/60101148_all.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/news.dwnews.com\/china\/news\/2018-11-27\/60101148_all.html<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>577. Menachery, V. D., Yount, B. L., Debbink, K., Agnihothram, S., Gralinski, L. E., Plante, J. A., Graham, R. L., Scobey, T., Ge, X., Donaldson, E. F., Randell, S. H., Lanzavecchia, A., Marasco, W. A., Shi, Z., & Baric, R. S. (2015). A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence. Nature Medicine, 21(12), 1508-1513.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.3985\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.3985<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>578. Butler, D. (2015). Engineered bat virus stirs debate over risky research.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature.2015.18787\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature.2015.18787<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>579. Da-Yuan Chen, Devin Kenney, Chue Vin Chin, Alexander H. Tavares, Nazimuddin Khan, Hasahn L. Conway, GuanQun Liu, Manish C. Choudhary, Hans P. Gertje, Aoife K. O&rsquo;Connell, Darrell N. Kotton, Alexandra Herrmann, Armin Ensser, John H. Connor, Markus Bosmann, Jonathan Z. Li, Michaela U. Gack, Susan C. Baker, Robert N. Kirchdoerfer, Yachana Kataria, Nicholas A. Crossland, Florian Douam, Mohsan Saeed. Role of spike in the pathogenic and antigenic behavior of SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 Omicron. bioRxiv 2022.10.13.512134; doi: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.10.13.512134\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.10.13.512134<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>580. Critics of risky virus studies launch nonprofit to push for research halt, tighter safety rules. Group says strict laws are needed to prevent a lab-caused pandemic. 6 FEB 202312:00 PM ETBYJOCELYN KAISERhttps:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/article\/critics-risky-virus-studies-launch-nonprofit-push-research-halt-tighter-safety-rules<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>581. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. &ldquo;genetic engineering&rdquo;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 Aug. 2023, <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/genetic-engineering\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/genetic-engineering<\/a>. Accessed 22 September 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>582. &ldquo;Food, genetically modified&rdquo;. www.who.int. Retrieved 15 August 2023.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/questions-and-answers\/item\/food-genetically-modified\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/questions-and-answers\/item\/food-genetically-modified<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>583. Countries that Ban Gmos 2023.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/country-rankings\/countries-that-ban-gmos\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/country-rankings\/countries-that-ban-gmos<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>584. Dona, A., & Arvanitoyannis, I. S. (2009). Health risks of genetically modified foods. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 49(2), 164&ndash;175.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408390701855993\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408390701855993<\/a>, <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408390701855993\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408390701855993<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>585. Snow, A. A. (2002). Transgenic crops&mdash;Why gene flow matters. Nature Biotechnology, 20(6), 542. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nbt0602-542\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nbt0602-542<\/a>. Gene Flow and Coexistence. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/gmo.uconn.edu\/topics\/gene-flow-and-coexistence\/#:~:text=Gene%20flow%20is%20defined%20as,modified%20DNA%20sequences%20(transgenes)\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/gmo.uconn.edu\/topics\/gene-flow-and-coexistence\/#:~:text=Gene%20flow%20is%20defined%20as,modified%20DNA%20sequences%20(transgenes)<\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>586. GM crops created superweed, say scientists. Modified rape crosses with wild plant to create tough pesticide-resistant strain. Paul Brown, environment correspondent. Mon 25 Jul 2005 02.04 CESThttps:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2005\/jul\/25\/gm.food<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>587. Superweeds Spreading At Warp Speed. Linda Wells. February 7, 2013https:\/\/www.panna.org\/news\/superweeds-spreading-warp-speed\/<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>588. Despite Pesticide Reductions, Transgenic Cotton Fails to Improve Biodiversity: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/despite-pesticide-reducti\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/despite-pesticide-reducti\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>589. P.P. Garyaev, 2009, &ldquo;Linguistic-Wave Genome. Theory and practice&rdquo;. Monograph. 218c. Publishing House: Kiev, Institute Of Quantum Genetics. ISBN 978-966-16-48-22-6.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/wavegenetics.org\/en\/knigi-garyaeva\/lingvistiko-volnovoy-genom-teoriya-i-praktika\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/wavegenetics.org\/en\/knigi-garyaeva\/lingvistiko-volnovoy-genom-teoriya-i-praktika\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>590. Sathyanarayana Rao, T. S., Jagannatha Rao, K. S., & Asha, M. R. (2009). Drooping genes v\/s dancing genes. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(3), 167-168.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0019-5545.55080\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0019-5545.55080<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>591. Vargesson, N. (2015). Thalidomide-induced teratogenesis: History and mechanisms. Birth Defects Research Part C: Embryo Today: Reviews, 105(2), 140-156.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bdrc.21096\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bdrc.21096<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>592. Lazarou J, Pomeranz BH, Corey PN. Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Patients: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies. JAMA. 1998;279(15):1200&ndash;1205.doi:10.1001\/jama.279.15.1200, <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/10.1001\/jama.279.15.1200\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/10.1001\/jama.279.15.1200<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>593. ADRs: Prevalence and Incidence. Preventable Adverse Drug Reactions: A Focus on Drug Interactions. US FDA.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-interactions-labeling\/preventable-adverse-drug-reactions-focus-drug-interactions#ADRs:%20Prevalence%20and%20Incidence\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-interactions-labeling\/preventable-adverse-drug-reactions-focus-drug-interactions#ADRs:%20Prevalence%20and%20Incidence<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>594. VAERS COVID Vaccine Adverse Event Reports.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/openvaers.com\/covid-data\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/openvaers.com\/covid-data<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>595. Yasmin, F., Najeeb, H., Naeem, U., Moeed, A., Atif, A. R., Asghar, M. S., Nimri, N., Saleem, M., Bandyopadhyay, D., Krittanawong, C., Fadelallah Eljack, M. M., Tahir, M. J., & Waqar, F. (2023). Adverse events following COVID&#8208;19 mRNA vaccines: A systematic review of cardiovascular complication, thrombosis, and thrombocytopenia. Immunity, Inflammation and Disease, 11(3).<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/iid3.807\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/iid3.807<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>596. Brown, Kevin. &ldquo;Alexander Fleming&rdquo;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 Sep. 2023, <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Alexander-Fleming\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Alexander-Fleming<\/a>. Accessed 26 September 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>597. Vestergaard, M., Frees, D., & Ingmer, H. (2019). Antibiotic Resistance and the MRSA Problem. Microbiology spectrum, 7(2), 10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0057-2018.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0057-2018\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0057-2018<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>598. Beliz&aacute;rio, J. E., & Faintuch, J. (2018). Microbiome and Gut Dysbiosis. Experientia supplementum (2012), 109, 459&ndash;476.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-74932-7_13\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-74932-7_13<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>599. Harvard Health Publishing &ldquo;Superbugs&rdquo; and the very real threat of untreatable infections. July 6, 2016 By Michaela Kane. July 6, 2016. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.health.harvard.edu\/blog\/superbugs-real-rise-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-201607069856\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.health.harvard.edu\/blog\/superbugs-real-rise-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-201607069856<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>600. CDC. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2019. The full 2019 AR Threats Report, including methods and appendices, is available online at www.cdc.gov\/DrugResistance\/Biggest-Threats.html. DOI: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.15620\/cdc:82532\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.15620\/cdc:82532<\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>601 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators (2022). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet (London, England), 399(10325), 629&ndash;655.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>602. World Health Organization. Home\/Newsroom\/Fact sheets\/Detail\/Antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance. 17 November 2021.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobial-resistance\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobial-resistance<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>603. Can we kill superbugs before they kill us? By Peter Jaret. Aug. 27, 2019https:\/\/www.aamc.org\/news\/can-we-kill-superbugs-they-kill-us<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>604. Harvard Health Publishing &ldquo;Superbugs&rdquo; and the very real threat of untreatable infections. July 6, 2016 By Michaela Kane. July 6, 2016.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.health.harvard.edu\/blog\/superbugs-real-rise-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-201607069856\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.health.harvard.edu\/blog\/superbugs-real-rise-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-201607069856<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>Nh&oacute;m bi&ecirc;n so&#7841;n &ldquo;Nh&igrave;n th&#7845;u Thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a&rdquo;<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>(The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n<p>(B&#7843;n d&#7883;ch c&#7911;a <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.epochtimesviet.com\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1\" rel=\"nofollow\">Epoch Times Ti&#7871;ng Vi&#7879;t<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>D&#7883;ch t&#7915;: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/285911\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/285911<\/a><\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[ChanhKien.org] Lo&#7841;t b&agrave;i vi&#7871;t &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t c&#7911;a The Epoch Times: Nh&igrave;n th&#7845;u &ldquo;Thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a&rdquo;. (&#7842;nh: The Epoch Times) Ti&#7871;p theo: Nh&igrave;n th&#7845;u &ldquo;Thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a&rdquo; (Ch&#432;&#417;ng 5): Khoa h&#7885;c v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i v&agrave; c&#7853;n t&#7917; ti&#7871;t l&#7897; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh (Ph&#7847;n 2) M&#7909;c l&#7909;c c&#7911;a Ch&#432;&#417;ng 6: Ch&#432;&#417;ng 6: Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[97],"tags":[627],"class_list":["post-53812","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-phan-tich-binh-luan","tag-nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6): Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a khi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i (Ph\u1ea7n 1) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/04\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6): Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a khi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i (Ph\u1ea7n 1) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[ChanhKien.org] Lo&#7841;t b&agrave;i vi&#7871;t &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t c&#7911;a The Epoch Times: Nh&igrave;n th&#7845;u &ldquo;Thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a&rdquo;. (&#7842;nh: The Epoch Times) Ti&#7871;p theo: Nh&igrave;n th&#7845;u &ldquo;Thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a&rdquo; (Ch&#432;&#417;ng 5): Khoa h&#7885;c v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i v&agrave; c&#7853;n t&#7917; ti&#7871;t l&#7897; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh (Ph&#7847;n 2) M&#7909;c l&#7909;c c&#7911;a Ch&#432;&#417;ng 6: Ch&#432;&#417;ng 6: Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/04\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-04-08T04:16:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_0531.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"400\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"editor_n\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"editor_n\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"92 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"editor_n\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d39853a2b0e6235cdad43189e4cbd085\"},\"headline\":\"Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6): Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a khi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i (Ph\u1ea7n 1)\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-04-08T04:16:01+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html\"},\"wordCount\":31326,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/IMG_0531-300x200.jpeg\",\"keywords\":[\"nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html\",\"name\":\"Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6): Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a khi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i (Ph\u1ea7n 1) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/IMG_0531-300x200.jpeg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-04-08T04:16:01+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d39853a2b0e6235cdad43189e4cbd085\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/IMG_0531.jpeg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/IMG_0531.jpeg\",\"width\":600,\"height\":400},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6): Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a khi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i (Ph\u1ea7n 1)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/\",\"name\":\"Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\",\"description\":\"Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d39853a2b0e6235cdad43189e4cbd085\",\"name\":\"editor_n\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/477cfe79ccaed8cd40df0d7aaa67e353ae2abbab5c5e604c00a2fa48794ede02?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/477cfe79ccaed8cd40df0d7aaa67e353ae2abbab5c5e604c00a2fa48794ede02?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/477cfe79ccaed8cd40df0d7aaa67e353ae2abbab5c5e604c00a2fa48794ede02?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"editor_n\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chanhkien.org\\\/author\\\/editorn\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6): Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a khi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i (Ph\u1ea7n 1) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/04\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6): Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a khi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i (Ph\u1ea7n 1) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net","og_description":"[ChanhKien.org] Lo&#7841;t b&agrave;i vi&#7871;t &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t c&#7911;a The Epoch Times: Nh&igrave;n th&#7845;u &ldquo;Thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a&rdquo;. (&#7842;nh: The Epoch Times) Ti&#7871;p theo: Nh&igrave;n th&#7845;u &ldquo;Thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a&rdquo; (Ch&#432;&#417;ng 5): Khoa h&#7885;c v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i v&agrave; c&#7853;n t&#7917; ti&#7871;t l&#7897; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh (Ph&#7847;n 2) M&#7909;c l&#7909;c c&#7911;a Ch&#432;&#417;ng 6: Ch&#432;&#417;ng 6: Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/04\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html","og_site_name":"Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net","article_published_time":"2026-04-08T04:16:01+00:00","og_image":[{"width":600,"height":400,"url":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_0531.jpeg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"editor_n","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"editor_n","Est. reading time":"92 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/04\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/04\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html"},"author":{"name":"editor_n","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#\/schema\/person\/d39853a2b0e6235cdad43189e4cbd085"},"headline":"Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6): Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a khi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i (Ph\u1ea7n 1)","datePublished":"2026-04-08T04:16:01+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/04\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html"},"wordCount":31326,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/04\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_0531-300x200.jpeg","keywords":["nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1"],"articleSection":["Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/04\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html","url":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/04\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html","name":"Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6): Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a khi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i (Ph\u1ea7n 1) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/04\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/04\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_0531-300x200.jpeg","datePublished":"2026-04-08T04:16:01+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#\/schema\/person\/d39853a2b0e6235cdad43189e4cbd085"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/04\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/04\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/04\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_0531.jpeg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_0531.jpeg","width":600,"height":400},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/04\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-6-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-khien-khoa-hoc-lac-loi-phan-1.html#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6): Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a khi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i (Ph\u1ea7n 1)"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#website","url":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/","name":"Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net","description":"Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#\/schema\/person\/d39853a2b0e6235cdad43189e4cbd085","name":"editor_n","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/477cfe79ccaed8cd40df0d7aaa67e353ae2abbab5c5e604c00a2fa48794ede02?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/477cfe79ccaed8cd40df0d7aaa67e353ae2abbab5c5e604c00a2fa48794ede02?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/477cfe79ccaed8cd40df0d7aaa67e353ae2abbab5c5e604c00a2fa48794ede02?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"editor_n"},"url":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/author\/editorn"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53812","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=53812"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53812\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":53815,"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53812\/revisions\/53815"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=53812"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=53812"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=53812"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}