{"id":53648,"date":"2026-03-30T09:13:50","date_gmt":"2026-03-30T02:13:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=53648"},"modified":"2026-03-30T09:13:50","modified_gmt":"2026-03-30T02:13:50","slug":"nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-5-khoa-hoc-ve-luan-hoi-va-can-tu-tiet-lo-ban-chat-cua-sinh-menh-phan-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/03\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-5-khoa-hoc-ve-luan-hoi-va-can-tu-tiet-lo-ban-chat-cua-sinh-menh-phan-2.html","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5): Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 c\u1eadn t\u1eed ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh (Ph\u1ea7n 2)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0522.jpeg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-53649\" src=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0522-300x200.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0522-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0522.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><i>Lo&#7841;t b&agrave;i vi&#7871;t &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t c&#7911;a The Epoch Times: Nh&igrave;n th&#7845;u &ldquo;Thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a&rdquo; (&#7842;nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n<p>M&#7909;c l&#7909;c<\/p>\n<p>4. Gi&#7899;i thi&#7879;u v&#7873; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871;<\/p>\n<p>4.1 B&eacute; g&aacute;i 9 tu&#7893;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7844;n &#272;&#7897; nh&#7853;n ra ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n n&#417;i &#273;&#7845;t kh&aacute;ch<\/p>\n<p>4.2 Lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871; b&#7855;t ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng<\/p>\n<p>4.3 Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&ecirc;n phong nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i &#7903; ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y<\/p>\n<p>5. Nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p &#273;&#7847;u thai &#273;i&#7875;n h&igrave;nh<\/p>\n<p>5.1 Cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng qu&aacute; kh&#7913; v&agrave; hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a phi c&ocirc;ng qu&acirc;n s&#7921; ng&#432;&#7901;i M&#7929; trong &#272;&#7879; nh&#7883; Th&#7871; chi&#7871;n<\/p>\n<p>5.2 T&iacute;n &#273;&#7891; C&#417; &#272;&#7889;c &#7903; Sri Lanka t&aacute;i sinh th&agrave;nh Ph&#7853;t t&#7917;<\/p>\n<p>5.3 Hai ch&#7883; em ng&#432;&#7901;i Anh qua &#273;&#7901;i c&ugrave;ng ng&agrave;y chuy&#7875;n sinh th&agrave;nh c&#7863;p song sinh<\/p>\n<p>5.4 Hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng &ldquo;ng&#432;&#7901;i t&aacute;i sinh&rdquo; &#7903; H&#7891; Nam<\/p>\n<p>6. S&aacute;u b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng ch&iacute;nh ch&#7913;ng minh s&#7921; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871;<\/p>\n<p>6.1 H&#7847;u h&#7871;t c&aacute;c nh&acirc;n v&#7853;t trong &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; th&#7875; x&aacute;c minh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c<\/p>\n<p>6.2 V&#7871;t b&#7899;t t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng v&#7899;i v&#7871;t th&#432;&#417;ng &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c<\/p>\n<p>6.3 D&#7883; t&#7853;t b&#7849;m sinh t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng v&#7899;i t&#7893;n th&#432;&#417;ng &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c<\/p>\n<p>6.4 T&iacute;nh c&aacute;ch v&agrave; h&agrave;nh vi gi&#7889;ng v&#7899;i &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c<\/p>\n<p>6.5 N&#7895;i s&#7907; h&atilde;i t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng v&#7899;i t&#7893;n th&#432;&#417;ng &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c<\/p>\n<p>6.6 Hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng t&aacute;i sinh tr&#7843;i r&#7897;ng tr&ecirc;n c&aacute;c n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a d&acirc;n t&#7897;c<\/p>\n<p>7. Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i th&ocirc;ng qua th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n h&#7891;i quy<\/p>\n<p>7.1 Cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng qu&aacute; kh&#7913;-hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss v&agrave; c&aacute;c b&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng<\/p>\n<p>7.2 Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u th&#7889;ng k&ecirc; c&#7911;a Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Wambach<\/p>\n<p>7.3 Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&#7911;a Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Newton v&#7873; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i t&acirc;m linh<\/p>\n<p>8. Khoa h&#7885;c v&#7873; c&#7853;n t&#7917; h&eacute; l&#7897; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh v&agrave; ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a<\/p>\n<p>8.1 Kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t d&#432; lu&#7853;n v&#7873; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7853;n t&#7917; v&agrave; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i<\/p>\n<p>8.2 Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; c&#7853;n t&#7917; v&agrave; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i ti&#7871;t l&#7897; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh v&agrave; b&aacute;c b&#7887; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a<\/p>\n<p>8.3 Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; c&#7853;n t&#7917; v&agrave; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i m&#7897;t l&#7847;n n&#7919;a b&aacute;c b&#7887; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a<\/p>\n<p><i><b>Ti&#7871;p theo: <\/b><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/03\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-5-khoa-hoc-ve-luan-hoi-va-can-tu-tiet-lo-ban-chat-cua-sinh-menh-phan-1.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Nh&igrave;n th&#7845;u &ldquo;Thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a&rdquo; (Ch&#432;&#417;ng 5): Khoa h&#7885;c v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i v&agrave; c&#7853;n t&#7917; ti&#7871;t l&#7897; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh (Ph&#7847;n 1)<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>4. Gi&#7899;i thi&#7879;u v&#7873; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871;<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c kh&ocirc;ng? Sinh m&#7879;nh c&oacute; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i hay kh&ocirc;ng? C&acirc;u h&#7887;i n&agrave;y &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng Ph&#7853;t, &#272;&#7841;o truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng &#7903; ph&#432;&#417;ng &#272;&ocirc;ng th&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng kh&oacute; &#273;&#7875; tr&#7843; l&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>R&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&atilde; t&#7915;ng tr&#7843;i qua c&#7843;m gi&aacute;c nh&#432; th&#7871; n&agrave;y, khi g&#7863;p ng&#432;&#7901;i m&agrave; ch&uacute;ng ta ch&#432;a t&#7915;ng g&#7863;p l&#7847;n n&agrave;o, &#273;&ocirc;i khi ch&uacute;ng ta c&oacute; c&#7843;m gi&aacute;c &#273;&atilde; t&#7915;ng g&#7863;p h&#7885; &#7903; &#273;&acirc;u &#273;&oacute; r&#7891;i. R&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i t&igrave;m th&#7845;y n&#7917;a kia c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; v&igrave; &ldquo;y&ecirc;u t&#7915; c&aacute;i nh&igrave;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n.&rdquo; Nh&#7919;ng hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng n&agrave;y r&#7845;t d&#7877; l&yacute; gi&#7843;i n&#7871;u nh&igrave;n t&#7915; g&oacute;c &#273;&#7897; duy&ecirc;n ph&#7853;n &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c.<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;Ch&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7901;i con c&ugrave;ng m&#7897;t m&#7865;, m&#7895;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7873;u kh&aacute;c nhau.&rdquo; M&#7895;i m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; t&iacute;nh c&aacute;ch, s&#7903; th&iacute;ch v&agrave; t&agrave;i n&#259;ng b&#7849;m sinh ri&ecirc;ng, ngay c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng c&#7863;p song sinh c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; kh&ocirc;ng gi&#7889;ng nhau. Nh&#7919;ng hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng n&agrave;y r&#7845;t kh&oacute; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch b&#7857;ng l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t di truy&#7873;n c&#7911;a sinh v&#7853;t h&#7885;c, nh&#432;ng kh&ocirc;ng kh&oacute; &#273;&#7875; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch r&otilde; n&#7871;u con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; k&yacute; &#7913;c v&#7873; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#7919;ng hi&#7875;u bi&#7871;t v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871; trong v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng &#272;&ocirc;ng ph&#7847;n nhi&#7873;u ch&#7881; gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n trong vi&#7879;c truy&#7873;n mi&#7879;ng ho&#7863;c c&aacute;c ghi ch&eacute;p trong s&aacute;ch c&#7893;. M&#7863;c d&ugrave; tr&ecirc;n c&aacute;c t&#7901; b&aacute;o v&agrave; t&#7841;p ch&iacute; n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i c&oacute; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u b&agrave;i b&aacute;o v&#7873; c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&agrave;y, nh&#432;ng m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#361;ng ch&#7881; xem ch&uacute;ng nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n x&#432;a &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7885;c, c&oacute; r&#7845;t &iacute;t b&agrave;i b&aacute;o &#273;&#432;&#7907;c n&acirc;ng l&ecirc;n t&#7847;m khoa h&#7885;c &#273;&#7875; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch nghi&ecirc;m t&uacute;c.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;i&#7873;u b&#7845;t ng&#7901; l&agrave; trong g&#7847;n m&#7897;t th&#7871; k&#7927; v&#7915;a qua, &#7903; ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y, n&#417;i kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; kh&aacute;i ni&#7879;m lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i, &#273;&atilde; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n m&#7897;t s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n c&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c v&#7899;i tinh th&#7847;n t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m ch&acirc;n l&yacute; &#273;&aacute;ng qu&yacute;. &#272;&#7875; t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m ch&acirc;n t&#432;&#7899;ng c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh, h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7841;i kh&oacute; kh&#259;n v&agrave; th&#7917; th&aacute;ch &#273;&#7875; b&#432;&#7899;c &#273;i tr&ecirc;n con &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&ecirc;n phong. Nh&#7919;ng k&#7871;t qu&#7843; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u t&#432;&#7901;ng t&#7853;n m&agrave; h&#7885; t&#7893;ng k&#7871;t &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7863;t n&#7873;n m&oacute;ng v&#7919;ng ch&#7855;c cho vi&#7879;c nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871;, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i ti&#7871;t l&#7897; nh&#7919;ng s&#7921; th&#7853;t b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t h&#417;n li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n sinh m&#7879;nh c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>Trong s&#7889; &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; c&aacute;c b&aacute;c s&#297; t&acirc;m th&#7847;n n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng nh&#432; Gi&aacute;o s&#432; Ian Stevenson v&agrave; Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Brian Weiss v.v. Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Weiss t&#7915;ng n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;H&atilde;y gi&#7919; m&#7897;t t&acirc;m tr&iacute; c&#7903;i m&#7903;,&rdquo; &ldquo;Khoa h&#7885;c ch&acirc;n ch&iacute;nh b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u b&#7857;ng vi&#7879;c quan s&aacute;t&rdquo; [449]. &#272;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n, ch&uacute;ng ta h&atilde;y c&ugrave;ng xem c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n v&#7873; m&#7897;t c&ocirc; b&eacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7844;n &#272;&#7897;.<\/p>\n<p><b>4.1 B&eacute; g&aacute;i 9 tu&#7893;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7844;n &#272;&#7897; nh&#7853;n ra ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n n&#417;i &#273;&#7845;t kh&aacute;ch<\/b><\/p>\n<p>V&agrave;o m&#7897;t ng&agrave;y n&#259;m 1935, t&#7841;i Muttra, m&#7897;t th&agrave;nh ph&#7889; thu&#7897;c bang Uttar Pradesh, &#7844;n &#272;&#7897;, th&#432;&#417;ng nh&acirc;n Kedar &#273;&atilde; nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7897;t l&aacute; th&#432; t&#7915; Delhi, c&aacute;ch ch&#7895; anh &#7903; kho&#7843;ng 145km. &#272;i k&egrave;m v&#7899;i l&aacute; th&#432; l&agrave; h&igrave;nh &#7843;nh c&#7911;a m&#7897;t c&ocirc; b&eacute; m&agrave; anh kh&ocirc;ng h&#7873; nh&#7853;n ra. &#272;&#7885;c xong l&aacute; th&#432;, anh qu&#7843; th&#7853;t c&#7843;m th&#7845;y cho&aacute;ng v&aacute;ng.<\/p>\n<p>B&#7913;c th&#432; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c vi&#7871;t b&#7903;i Babu, m&#7897;t gi&aacute;o vi&ecirc;n trung h&#7885;c &#7903; Delhi. B&#7913;c th&#432; vi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng m&#7897;t b&eacute; g&aacute;i 9 tu&#7893;i t&ecirc;n Shanti &#7903; Delhi t&#7921; nh&#7853;n l&agrave; Lugdi, ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7907; c&#361; c&#7911;a Kedar v&agrave; t&#7915;ng c&oacute; m&#7897;t c&#7853;u con trai v&#7899;i anh. Trong th&#432; c&oacute; vi&#7871;t c&aacute;c chi ti&#7871;t c&aacute; nh&acirc;n, gia &#273;&igrave;nh v&agrave; c&ocirc;ng vi&#7879;c kinh doanh c&#7911;a Kedar m&agrave; Shanti m&ocirc; t&#7843;. [450]<\/p>\n<p>Kedar vi&#7871;t th&#432; tr&#7843; l&#7901;i r&#7857;ng th&ocirc;ng tin v&#7873; anh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p trong th&#432; l&agrave; &#273;&uacute;ng s&#7921; th&#7853;t. Anh t&#7915;ng c&oacute; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7907; t&ecirc;n Lugdi nh&#432;ng sau khi sinh ra c&#7853;u con trai 10 ng&agrave;y, c&ocirc; &#7845;y &#273;&atilde; qua &#273;&#7901;i v&igrave; b&#7879;nh, &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; chuy&#7879;n c&aacute;ch &#273;&acirc;y 9 n&#259;m.<\/p>\n<p>C&ocirc; b&eacute; Shanti Devi &#7903; Delhi, &#7844;n &#272;&#7897;, sinh v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1926. T&#7915; kho&#7843;ng 3 tu&#7893;i, c&ocirc; b&eacute; &#273;&atilde; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u nh&#7899; ra v&agrave; k&#7875; l&#7841;i chuy&#7879;n ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh. C&ocirc; b&eacute; n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng t&ecirc;n trong &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh l&agrave; Lugdi, sinh n&#259;m 1902 v&agrave; sau n&agrave;y k&#7871;t h&ocirc;n v&#7899;i Kedar Nath Chaubey, m&#7897;t th&#432;&#417;ng nh&acirc;n bu&ocirc;n v&#7843;i &#7903; Muttra.<\/p>\n<p>Ban &#273;&#7847;u, cha m&#7865; c&ocirc; b&eacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&oacute; ch&#7881; l&agrave; l&#7901;i n&oacute;i v&#7849;n v&#417; c&#7911;a tr&#7867; nh&#7887; n&ecirc;n kh&ocirc;ng quan t&acirc;m. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, khi Shanti l&#7863;p &#273;i l&#7863;p l&#7841;i c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh v&agrave; th&#7853;m ch&iacute; th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&ecirc;n xin cha m&#7865; &#273;&#432;a &#273;&#7871;n th&#259;m ch&#7891;ng &#7903; Muttra, cha m&#7865; c&ocirc; b&eacute; m&#7899;i b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u xem tr&#7885;ng v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873;.<\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 1935, khi Shanti 9 tu&#7893;i, gia &#273;&igrave;nh c&ocirc; b&eacute; cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng &#273;&atilde; vi&#7871;t th&#432; &#273;&#7875; h&#7887;i li&#7879;u c&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&#432; Kedar hay kh&ocirc;ng. Sau khi Kedar vi&#7871;t th&#432; x&aacute;c nh&#7853;n, anh &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7875; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#7885; h&agrave;ng &#273;&#7871;n nh&agrave; Shanti, sau &#273;&oacute; t&#7921; m&igrave;nh &#273;&#7871;n nh&agrave; Shanti m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng b&aacute;o tr&#432;&#7899;c. Shanti &#273;&atilde; nh&#7853;n ra chu&#7849;n x&aacute;c hai ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#7885; ngay t&#7841;i nh&agrave;.<\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 1936, sau khi nghe c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n c&#7911;a Shanti, &ocirc;ng Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948), v&#7883; anh h&ugrave;ng d&acirc;n t&#7897;c c&#7911;a &#7844;n &#272;&#7897;, &#273;&atilde; &#273;&iacute;ch th&acirc;n ch&#7881; &#273;&#7883;nh m&#7897;t &#7910;y ban chuy&ecirc;n gia g&#7891;m 15 th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u tra v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; n&agrave;y [451]. Sau khi x&aacute;c nh&#7853;n r&#7857;ng Shanti ch&#432;a bao gi&#7901; r&#7901;i Delhi, &#7911;y ban chuy&ecirc;n gia &#273;&atilde; &#273;i c&ugrave;ng Shanti trong chuy&#7871;n th&#259;m &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n c&#7911;a c&ocirc; b&eacute; t&#7899;i Muttra &#273;&#7875; ch&#7913;ng ki&#7871;n &#8203;&#8203;vi&#7879;c c&ocirc; b&eacute; nh&#7853;n d&#7841;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n v&agrave; khu v&#7921;c &#7903; &#273;&oacute;.<\/p>\n<p>T&#7841;i ga xe l&#7917;a &#7903; Muttra, Shanti &#273;&atilde; nh&#7853;n ra &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#7885; h&agrave;ng kh&aacute;c c&#7911;a Kedar trong &#273;&aacute;m &#273;&ocirc;ng. Sau &#273;&oacute;, c&ocirc; b&eacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#432;a l&ecirc;n m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c xe h&#417;i, ng&#432;&#7901;i l&aacute;i xe ch&#7841;y theo ch&#7881; d&#7851;n c&#7911;a c&ocirc; b&eacute; v&agrave; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&agrave; c&#7911;a Kedar. D&ugrave; ng&ocirc;i nh&agrave; n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#417;n l&#7841;i m&agrave;u kh&aacute;c nh&#432;ng c&ocirc; b&eacute; v&#7851;n nh&#7853;n ra. C&oacute; m&#7897;t &ocirc;ng l&atilde;o xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n g&#7847;n ng&ocirc;i nh&agrave;, c&ocirc; b&eacute; &#273;&atilde; nh&#7853;n ra chu&#7849;n x&aacute;c &ocirc;ng &#7845;y l&agrave; cha c&#7911;a Kedar (b&#7889; ch&#7891;ng c&ocirc; &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c). C&ocirc; b&eacute; &#273;&#7873;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c c&aacute;c c&acirc;u h&#7887;i nh&#432; c&aacute;ch s&#7855;p x&#7871;p b&#7889; tr&iacute; c&aacute;c c&#259;n ph&ograve;ng v&agrave; t&#7911; qu&#7847;n &aacute;o nh&#432; th&#7871; n&agrave;o.<\/p>\n<p>Shanti c&ograve;n nh&#7899; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c b&#7843;n th&acirc;n &#273;&atilde; c&#7845;t gi&#7919; m&#7897;t s&#7889; ti&#7873;n trong nh&agrave; Kedar. C&ocirc; b&eacute; ch&#7881; v&agrave;o m&#7897;t g&oacute;c ph&ograve;ng trong nh&agrave; v&agrave; n&oacute;i &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; n&#417;i m&igrave;nh ch&ocirc;n ti&#7873;n. Khi m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&agrave;o m&#7897;t c&aacute;i h&#7889;, c&aacute;c nh&acirc;n ch&#7913;ng &#273;&atilde; nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y m&#7897;t v&#7853;t d&#7909;ng d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; c&#7845;t gi&#7919; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7891; v&#7853;t c&oacute; gi&aacute; tr&#7883;, n&oacute; tr&#7889;ng r&#7895;ng nh&#432;ng Shanti kh&#7859;ng &#273;&#7883;nh c&ocirc; b&eacute; t&#7915;ng &#273;&#7875; l&#7841;i m&#7897;t &iacute;t ti&#7873;n trong &#273;&oacute;. Cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng Kedar th&#7915;a nh&#7853;n r&#7857;ng anh &#273;&atilde; t&igrave;m ra n&#417;i n&agrave;y v&agrave; l&#7845;y &#273;i s&#7889; ti&#7873;n &#273;&oacute; sau khi v&#7907; m&igrave;nh qua &#273;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>V&#7873; sau, c&ocirc; b&eacute; c&ograve;n v&#7873; nh&agrave; cha m&#7865; &#273;&#7867; &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh v&agrave; nh&#7853;n di&#7879;n ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c hai ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#7885; trong &#273;&aacute;m &#273;&ocirc;ng h&#417;n 50 ng&#432;&#7901;i, h&#417;n n&#7919;a c&ograve;n g&#7885;i ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c t&ecirc;n c&#7911;a h&#7885;.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&oacute;m chuy&ecirc;n gia c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng Gandhi k&#7871;t lu&#7853;n r&#7857;ng c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n v&#7873; linh h&#7891;n chuy&#7875;n th&#7871; c&#7911;a Shanti l&agrave; c&oacute; th&#7853;t, kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i b&#7883;a &#273;&#7863;t. Sau khi &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#259;ng t&#7843;i tr&ecirc;n c&aacute;c k&ecirc;nh truy&#7873;n th&ocirc;ng, tin t&#7913;c n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; thu h&uacute;t s&#7921; ch&uacute; &yacute; tr&ecirc;n to&agrave;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i.<\/p>\n<p>V&iacute; d&#7909;, t&#7901; American Weekly s&#7889; ra ng&agrave;y 12\/12\/1937 &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#259;ng m&#7897;t b&agrave;i b&aacute;o v&#7873; tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p chuy&#7875;n sinh c&#7911;a Shanti v&#7899;i ti&ecirc;u &#273;&#7873;: &ldquo;C&ocirc; &#7845;y t&aacute;i sinh m&#7897;t n&#259;m sau khi ch&#7871;t. C&aacute;c b&aacute;o c&aacute;o ch&iacute;nh th&#7913;c &#273;&#432;a tin r&#7857;ng Shanti Devi, 11 tu&#7893;i, &lsquo;nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c&rsquo; ng&ocirc;i nh&agrave; &#7903; m&#7897;t th&agrave;nh ph&#7889; xa x&ocirc;i n&#417;i c&ocirc; b&eacute; qua &#273;&#7901;i khi sinh con, nh&#7853;n ra &lsquo;con trai&rsquo; c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh v&agrave; thuy&#7871;t ph&#7909;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &lsquo;ch&#7891;ng&rsquo; v&#7873; danh t&iacute;nh c&#7911;a c&ocirc; b&eacute; b&#7857;ng c&aacute;ch cung c&#7845;p cho anh &#7845;y nh&#7919;ng th&ocirc;ng tin b&iacute; m&#7853;t m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng ai ngo&agrave;i v&#7907; anh c&oacute; th&#7875; bi&#7871;t&rdquo; (Born Again the Year After She Died. Official Report Upon 11-Year-Old Shanti Devi, Who &ldquo;Remembered&rdquo; the Home in a Distant City From Which She Was Taken to Die In Childbirth, Recognized Her &ldquo;Son&rdquo; and convinced Her &ldquo;Husband&rdquo; of Her Identity by Giving Him Intimate Details None But His Wife Could Have Known). [452]<\/p>\n<p>M&#7897;t &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; 9 tu&#7893;i c&oacute; th&#7875; ch&#7911; &#273;&#7897;ng t&igrave;m l&#7841;i nh&agrave; c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c v&agrave; nh&#7853;n ra c&aacute;c th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n trong gia &#273;&igrave;nh, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch h&#7907;p l&yacute; b&#7857;ng tr&iacute; nh&#7899;, h&agrave;nh vi v&agrave; nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c th&ocirc;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7911;a tr&#7867; con. Tr&#432;&#7899;c khi Shanti &#273;&#7871;n Muttra, c&ocirc; b&eacute; &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; th&#7875; n&oacute;i ra nh&#7919;ng t&#7915; m&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n &#7903; Muttra quen d&ugrave;ng v&agrave; c&ograve;n n&oacute;i chuy&#7879;n v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n &#273;&#7883;a ph&#432;&#417;ng b&#7857;ng ti&#7871;ng Maratha. Kh&#7843; n&#259;ng s&#7917; d&#7909;ng ng&ocirc;n ng&#7919; n&agrave;y c&#7911;a c&ocirc; b&eacute; l&agrave; m&#7897;t b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng &#7845;n t&#432;&#7907;ng kh&aacute;c.<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Ian Stevenson (1918-2007), b&aacute;c s&#297; t&acirc;m th&#7847;n t&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Virginia &#7903; Hoa K&#7923;, &#273;&atilde; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n m&#7897;t chuy&#7871;n &#273;i &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t &#273;&#7871;n &#7844;n &#272;&#7897; v&agrave;o nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m 1960 &#273;&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u tra v&agrave; x&aacute;c minh t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; s&#7921; v&#7853;t m&agrave; Shanti &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n. B&aacute;o c&aacute;o nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng Stevenson cho th&#7845;y, c&oacute; &iacute;t nh&#7845;t 24 c&acirc;u n&oacute;i v&#7873; k&yacute; &#7913;c ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c m&agrave; Shanti m&ocirc; t&#7843; chi ti&#7871;t &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &ocirc;ng Stevenson x&aacute;c nh&#7853;n l&agrave; ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i s&#7921; th&#7853;t. &Ocirc;ng c&#361;ng cung c&#7845;p nh&#7919;ng chi ti&#7871;t th&#7921;c t&#7871; n&agrave;y trong b&aacute;o c&aacute;o c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, v&agrave; tuy&ecirc;n b&#7889; r&#7857;ng Shanti kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;a ra b&#7845;t k&#7923; tuy&ecirc;n b&#7889; sai n&agrave;o v&#7873; k&yacute; &#7913;c ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a c&ocirc; b&eacute;. &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n ch&#7913;ng minh r&#7857;ng k&yacute; &#7913;c ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a Shanti kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i b&#7883;a &#273;&#7863;t, m&agrave; l&agrave; s&#7921; th&#7853;t.<\/p>\n<p><b>4.2 Lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871; b&#7855;t ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p c&#7911;a Shanti cho th&#7845;y con ng&#432;&#7901;i sau khi ch&#7871;t c&oacute; th&#7875; ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c chuy&#7875;n sinh th&agrave;nh con ng&#432;&#7901;i. K&#7923; th&#7921;c, nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p nh&#432; v&#7853;y lu&ocirc;n t&#7891;n t&#7841;i t&#7915; c&#7893; ch&iacute; kim, c&oacute; th&#7875; n&oacute;i l&agrave; &#7903; kh&#7855;p m&#7885;i n&#417;i.<\/p>\n<p>Trong c&aacute;c n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng l&acirc;u &#273;&#7901;i t&#7841;i c&aacute;c qu&#7889;c gia tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i &#273;&#7873;u n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng khi nh&#7909;c th&acirc;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7917; vong, th&igrave; linh h&#7891;n kh&ocirc;ng nh&#7919;ng kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7871;t m&agrave; c&ograve;n c&oacute; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871;.<\/p>\n<p>B&aacute;ch khoa to&agrave;n th&#432; Britannica &#273;&#7883;nh ngh&#297;a &ldquo;lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i&rdquo; (t&aacute;i sinh, chuy&#7875;n sinh, &#273;&#7847;u thai) l&agrave; s&#7921; t&aacute;i sinh c&#7911;a m&#7897;t c&aacute; th&#7875; tinh th&#7847;n, n&oacute; ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c t&#7891;n t&#7841;i sau khi th&acirc;n th&#7875; t&#7917; vong. C&aacute; th&#7875; tinh th&#7847;n bao g&#7891;m &yacute; th&#7913;c, t&acirc;m tr&iacute;, linh h&#7891;n, v.v. N&oacute; c&oacute; th&#7875; ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c t&#7891;n t&#7841;i d&#432;&#7899;i m&#7897;t ho&#7863;c nhi&#7873;u d&#7841;ng th&#7921;c th&#7875; v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t ho&#7863;c tinh th&#7847;n k&#7871; ti&#7871;p nhau. Nh&#7919;ng th&#7921;c th&#7875; n&agrave;y c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave; con ng&#432;&#7901;i, &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7853;t, th&#7921;c v&#7853;t ho&#7863;c Th&#7847;n linh. [453]<\/p>\n<p>Lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i trong Ph&#7853;t gi&aacute;o l&agrave; ch&#7881; sinh m&#7879;nh kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i &#273;&#417;n l&#7867; m&agrave; l&agrave; m&#7897;t chu k&#7923; tu&#7847;n ho&agrave;n. C&aacute;i ch&#7871;t l&agrave; s&#7921; k&#7871;t th&uacute;c m&#7897;t &#273;o&#7841;n &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i l&agrave; s&#7921; kh&#7903;i &#273;&#7847;u c&#7911;a m&#7897;t &#273;o&#7841;n &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng kh&aacute;c. [454]<\/p>\n<p>Lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i c&ograve;n g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;t&aacute;i sinh&rdquo; (rebirth), gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; c&#417; th&#7875; v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng ta m&#7863;c qu&#7847;n &aacute;o, linh h&#7891;n c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; &ldquo;m&#7863;c&rdquo; m&#7897;t s&#7889; d&#7841;ng c&#417; th&#7875; nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; qu&#7847;n &aacute;o v&#7853;y. Khi qu&#7847;n &aacute;o tr&#7903; n&ecirc;n c&#361; v&agrave; v&ocirc; d&#7909;ng, ch&uacute;ng ta s&#7869; v&#7913;t ch&uacute;ng &#273;i v&agrave; mua qu&#7847;n &aacute;o m&#7899;i &#273;&#7875; m&#7863;c. Khi nh&#7909;c th&acirc;n ch&uacute;ng ta ch&#7871;t &#273;i, linh h&#7891;n ch&uacute;ng ta s&#7869; t&igrave;m m&#7897;t &ldquo;th&acirc;n th&#7875;&rdquo; m&#7899;i &#273;&#7875; &ldquo;m&#7863;c v&agrave;o,&rdquo; &#273;&acirc;y ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; s&#7921; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871;. [455]<\/p>\n<p>Nh&agrave; tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c Hy L&#7841;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i Plato c&#361;ng t&#7915;ng th&#7843;o lu&#7853;n v&#7873; ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; t&aacute;i sinh v&agrave; s&#7921; b&#7845;t t&#7917; c&#7911;a linh h&#7891;n trong cu&#7889;n &ldquo;Phaedrus&rdquo; [456].<\/p>\n<p>Trang T&#7917; c&#7911;a tr&#432;&#7901;ng ph&aacute;i &#272;&#7841;o gia &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c c&#361;ng cho r&#7857;ng sinh m&#7879;nh c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; tu&#7847;n ho&agrave;n l&#7863;p &#273;i l&#7863;p l&#7841;i, gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i c&#7911;a c&aacute;c m&ugrave;a trong t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n. Trong c&aacute;c t&agrave;i li&#7879;u l&#7883;ch s&#7917; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c c&#361;ng c&oacute; ghi l&#7841;i m&#7897;t s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n c&aacute;c c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n l&#7883;ch s&#7917; v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i.<\/p>\n<p><b>4.3 Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&ecirc;n phong nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i &#7903; ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Gi&aacute;o s&#432; t&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c ng&#432;&#7901;i Th&#7909;y S&#297; Th&eacute;odore Flournoy (1854-1920) l&agrave; m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng khoa h&#7885;c gia &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n &#7903; ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u k&yacute; &#7913;c ti&#7873;n ki&#7871;p. &Ocirc;ng Flournoy l&agrave; Ch&#7911; t&#7883;ch &#272;&#7841;i h&#7897;i T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c Qu&#7889;c t&#7871; l&#7847;n th&#7913; s&aacute;u, v&agrave; c&#361;ng l&agrave; Gi&aacute;m &#273;&#7889;c Khoa T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c Th&#7921;c nghi&#7879;m t&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Geneva. &Ocirc;ng t&#7915;ng ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u chuy&ecirc;n s&acirc;u v&#7873; tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p c&#7911;a m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i t&ecirc;n l&agrave; H&eacute;l&egrave;ne Smith. C&ocirc; Smith c&oacute; c&ocirc;ng vi&#7879;c &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh, th&acirc;n th&#7875; kh&#7887;e m&#7841;nh, tinh th&#7847;n t&#7889;t, l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i trung th&#7921;c. C&ocirc; c&oacute; th&#7875; giao ti&#7871;p v&#7899;i c&aacute;c linh h&#7891;n v&agrave; cung c&#7845;p th&ocirc;ng tin v&#7873; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c cho ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c [457]. V&agrave;o n&#259;m 1900, &ocirc;ng Flournoy &#273;&atilde; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n cu&#7889;n &ldquo;T&#7915; &#7844;n &#272;&#7897; &#273;&#7871;n h&agrave;nh tinh sao H&#7887;a&rdquo; (From India to the Planet Mars), trong &#273;&oacute; ghi l&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng quan s&aacute;t v&agrave; ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng v&#7873; c&ocirc; Smith.<\/p>\n<p>V&igrave; ch&#7883;u s&#7921; ch&#7881; d&#7851;n sai l&#7847;m c&#7911;a Thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a, khi nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n v&#7873; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n, th&igrave; ch&uacute;ng t&#7915;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c xem l&agrave; l&#297;nh v&#7921;c b&#7883; c&#7845;m trong gi&#7899;i khoa h&#7885;c ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y. Ch&iacute;nh v&agrave;o th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m n&agrave;y, &ocirc;ng Ian Stevenson (1918-2007), B&aacute;c s&#297; t&acirc;m th&#7847;n t&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Virginia &#7903; Charlottesville, Hoa K&#7923;, &#273;&atilde; &#273;i&#7873;u tra v&#7899;i th&aacute;i &#273;&#7897; nghi&ecirc;m t&uacute;c h&agrave;ng ng&agrave;n tr&#7867; em c&oacute; k&yacute; &#7913;c v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i, l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&#417;i d&ograve;ng cho nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871;. [458]<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Virginia l&agrave; m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c c&ocirc;ng l&#7853;p t&#7889;t nh&#7845;t M&#7929; qu&#7889;c, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&agrave;nh l&#7853;p b&#7903;i T&#7893;ng th&#7889;ng Jefferson, ng&#432;&#7901;i s&aacute;ng l&#7853;p n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929; v&agrave; l&agrave; t&aacute;c gi&#7843; c&#7911;a Tuy&ecirc;n ng&ocirc;n &#272;&#7897;c l&#7853;p.<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Ian Stevenson sinh ra &#7903; Ottawa, Canada, l&agrave; con trai c&#7911;a m&#7897;t lu&#7853;t s&#432;. &Ocirc;ng nh&#7853;n b&#7857;ng B&aacute;c s&#297; Y khoa t&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c McGill v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1943 v&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&agrave;o t&#7841;o v&#7873; ph&acirc;n t&acirc;m h&#7885;c v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1951. &Ocirc;ng t&#7889;t nghi&#7879;p H&#7885;c vi&#7879;n Ph&acirc;n t&acirc;m h&#7885;c Washington n&#259;m 1958 v&agrave; sau &#273;&oacute; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh B&aacute;c s&#297; t&acirc;m th&#7847;n tr&#7867; em t&#7841;i B&#7879;nh vi&#7879;n &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Virginia. [459]<\/p>\n<p>Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&#7911;a Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Stevenson trong l&#297;nh v&#7921;c t&acirc;m th&#7847;n h&#7885;c truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&aacute;c &#273;&#7891;ng nghi&#7879;p trong l&#297;nh v&#7921;c n&agrave;y ca ng&#7907;i l&agrave; m&#7897;t h&igrave;nh m&#7851;u v&#7873; t&#432; duy logic v&agrave; l&#7889;i vi&#7871;t r&otilde; r&agrave;ng. V&iacute; d&#7909;, b&aacute;c s&#297; t&acirc;m th&#7847;n Harold Lief &#273;&atilde; ch&#7913;ng ki&#7871;n t&#7853;n m&#7855;t &#8203;&#8203;s&#7921; t&#7881; m&#7881; c&#7849;n th&#7853;n c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng Stevenson trong vi&#7879;c thu th&#7853;p d&#7919; li&#7879;u khi h&#7907;p t&aacute;c nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7899;i &ocirc;ng v&#7873; h&agrave;nh vi h&#7885;c. &Ocirc;ng c&#361;ng r&#7845;t &#7845;n t&#432;&#7907;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c s&#7921; r&otilde; r&agrave;ng v&agrave; ch&#7863;t ch&#7869; trong t&#432; duy c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng Stevenson, v&#7853;y n&ecirc;n r&#7845;t ng&#432;&#7905;ng m&#7897; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i &ocirc;ng Stevenson. [460]<\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 1957, &#7903; tu&#7893;i 39, &ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7893; nhi&#7879;m l&agrave;m Gi&aacute;o s&#432; ki&ecirc;m Ch&#7911; nhi&#7879;m Khoa T&acirc;m th&#7847;n h&#7885;c t&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Virginia. T&iacute;nh &#273;&#7871;n th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m &#273;&oacute;, &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n kho&#7843;ng 60 lu&#7853;n v&#259;n nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u y h&#7885;c tr&ecirc;n c&aacute;c t&#7841;p ch&iacute; ch&#7911; l&#432;u v&#7873; t&acirc;m th&#7847;n h&#7885;c. &Ocirc;ng Stevenson l&agrave; m&#7897;t Gi&aacute;o s&#432; Ch&#7911; nhi&#7879;m (Chair Professorship), &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; ch&#7913;c danh ph&iacute;a tr&ecirc;n &ldquo;Full Professorship,&rdquo; c&aacute;c h&#7885;c gi&#7843; nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c danh hi&#7879;u n&agrave;y l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng Gi&aacute;o s&#432; &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t xu&#7845;t s&#7855;c v&agrave; c&oacute; th&agrave;nh t&#7921;u trong l&#297;nh v&#7921;c t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng c&#7911;a h&#7885;.<\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 1958, &#273;&#7875; t&#432;&#7903;ng nh&#7899; nh&agrave; t&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c v&agrave; tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c ng&#432;&#7901;i M&#7929; William James (1842-1910), Hi&#7879;p h&#7897;i Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u T&acirc;m linh Hoa K&#7923; (ASPR) &#273;&atilde; t&#7893; ch&#7913;c m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c thi &#273;&#7875; t&igrave;m ra lu&#7853;n v&#259;n hay nh&#7845;t v&#7873; &ldquo;Hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng si&ecirc;u t&acirc;m linh v&agrave; s&#7921; li&ecirc;n quan c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng v&#7899;i c&acirc;u h&#7887;i v&#7873; s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a tinh th&#7847;n sau khi nh&#7909;c th&acirc;n t&#7917; vong.&rdquo; &Ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&atilde; ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch y t&#7871; to&agrave;n di&#7879;n v&#7899;i 44 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p c&oacute; k&yacute; &#7913;c ti&#7873;n ki&#7871;p &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#259;ng tr&ecirc;n c&aacute;c b&aacute;o v&agrave; t&#7841;p ch&iacute;. B&aacute;o c&aacute;o nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u m&agrave; &ocirc;ng vi&#7871;t &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c gi&#7843;i th&#432;&#7903;ng trong cu&#7897;c thi [461]. &Ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; ch&iacute;nh th&#7913;c xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n hai lu&#7853;n v&#259;n h&#7885;c thu&#7853;t li&ecirc;n quan v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1960 [462] [463].<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Stevenson r&#7845;t &#7845;n t&#432;&#7907;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c s&#7921; t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7891;ng gi&#7919;a c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871; t&#7841;i c&aacute;c qu&#7889;c gia kh&aacute;c nhau. &Ocirc;ng n&oacute;i: &ldquo;Khi &#273;&#7863;t 44 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&agrave;y l&#7841;i v&#7899;i nhau, t&ocirc;i c&#7843;m th&#7845;y trong &#273;&oacute; ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n ph&#7843;i c&oacute; &#273;i&#7873;u g&igrave; &#273;&oacute;, [&#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u] kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; n&eacute; tr&aacute;nh.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>Sau khi lu&#7853;n v&#259;n c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&#432;&#7907;c xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1960, b&agrave; Eileen Garrett, Gi&aacute;m &#273;&#7889;c Qu&#7929; Si&ecirc;u t&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c &#273;&atilde; hay tin v&#7873; m&#7897;t tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; v&agrave; &#273;&#7873; ngh&#7883; &ocirc;ng Stevenson t&#7899;i &#7844;n &#272;&#7897; &#273;&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u tra. Th&#7871; l&agrave; &ocirc;ng Stevenson t&#7899;i &#7844;n &#272;&#7897; &#273;&#7875; &#273;&iacute;ch th&acirc;n &#273;i&#7873;u tra 25 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p, ti&#7871;p &#273;&oacute; l&#7841;i &#273;i&#7873;u tra 7 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p &#7903; Ceylon (nay l&agrave; Sri Lanka). Sau khi &#273;i&#7873;u tra, &ocirc;ng nh&#7853;n ra r&#7857;ng tr&#7867; em c&oacute; k&yacute; &#7913;c ti&#7873;n ki&#7871;p l&agrave; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n &#7903; v&ugrave;ng n&agrave;y.<\/p>\n<p>Sau khi tr&#7903; v&#7873; t&#7915; &#7844;n &#272;&#7897; v&agrave; Ceylon kh&ocirc;ng l&acirc;u, &ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&atilde; nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tin nh&#7855;n t&#7915; &ocirc;ng J. B. Rhine, Gi&aacute;m &#273;&#7889;c Ph&ograve;ng th&iacute; nghi&#7879;m Si&ecirc;u t&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c t&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Duke. &Ocirc;ng Rhine nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7897;t l&aacute; th&#432; t&#7915; Alaska li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p c&oacute; k&yacute; &#7913;c ti&#7873;n ki&#7871;p, v&agrave; &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; chuy&#7875;n n&oacute; cho &ocirc;ng Stevenson. &Ocirc;ng Stevenson sau &#273;&oacute; &#273;&atilde; &#273;i &#273;&#7871;n Alaska, n&#417;i &ocirc;ng t&igrave;m th&#7845;y nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; &#7903; b&#7897; l&#7841;c Tlingit.<\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 1966, Hi&#7879;p h&#7897;i Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u T&acirc;m linh Hoa K&#7923; &#273;&atilde; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng Stevenson mang t&ecirc;n &ldquo;Hai m&#432;&#417;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p g&#7907;i &yacute; v&#7873; s&#7921; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i&rdquo; (Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation) [464]. Cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch l&agrave; b&#7843;n t&oacute;m t&#7855;t chi ti&#7871;t b&aacute;o c&aacute;o c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng Stevenson sau khi ki&#7875;m ch&#7913;ng c&#7849;n th&#7853;n xem l&#7901;i khai c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng tr&#7867; em c&oacute; ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i th&#7921;c t&#7871; hay kh&ocirc;ng. Trong &#273;&oacute; bao g&#7891;m danh s&aacute;ch t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i m&agrave; &ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&atilde; ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n v&agrave; m&#7897;t danh s&aacute;ch d&agrave;i m&#7885;i ph&aacute;t ng&ocirc;n m&agrave; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; &#273;&#432;a ra v&#7873; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c, ch&uacute;ng &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c v&agrave; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ki&#7875;m ch&#7913;ng l&agrave; ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c. &Ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&atilde; tr&igrave;nh b&agrave;y nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&agrave;y m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch kh&aacute;ch quan v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng thi&ecirc;n v&#7883;.<\/p>\n<p>Sau khi cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n, T&#7841;p ch&iacute; T&acirc;m th&#7847;n h&#7885;c Hoa K&#7923; nh&#7853;n x&eacute;t r&#7857;ng nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ghi ch&eacute;p t&#432;&#7901;ng t&#7853;n n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7911; &#273;&#7875; thuy&#7871;t ph&#7909;c m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7873; s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i h&#7907;p l&yacute; c&#7911;a lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i.<\/p>\n<p>Sau &#273;&oacute;, &ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&atilde; nh&#7853;n ti&#7873;n quy&ecirc;n g&oacute;p t&#7915; &ocirc;ng Chester Carlson, ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&aacute;t minh ra chi&#7871;c m&aacute;y photocopy &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n. &Ocirc;ng Stevenson t&#7915; ch&#7913;c Ch&#7911; nhi&#7879;m Khoa T&acirc;m th&#7847;n h&#7885;c v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1967, v&agrave; th&agrave;nh l&#7853;p m&#7897;t &ldquo;B&#7897; ph&#7853;n Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u Nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c&rdquo; (Division of Perceptual Studies) c&#7905; nh&#7887;. T&#7841;i &#273;&acirc;y, &ocirc;ng b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u to&agrave;n t&acirc;m to&agrave;n &yacute; cho vi&#7879;c nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u tra v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i.<\/p>\n<p>C&#7913; nh&#432; v&#7853;y, &ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&atilde; d&agrave;nh 40 n&#259;m &#273;&#7875; thu th&#7853;p h&#417;n 2,500 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p v&#7873; tr&#7867; em c&oacute; k&yacute; &#7913;c ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c. C&aacute;c n&#417;i tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; d&#7845;u ch&acirc;n c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng, ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; &#7844;n &#272;&#7897;, Sri Lanka, Th&#7893; Nh&#297; K&#7923;, Lebanon, Th&aacute;i Lan, Myanmar c&#361;ng nh&#432; B&#7855;c M&#7929;, ch&acirc;u &Acirc;u v&agrave; Nam M&#7929;. &#272;&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u tra v&agrave; thu th&#7853;p ch&#7913;ng c&#7913;, c&oacute; khi m&#7897;t n&#259;m &ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i di chuy&#7875;n h&#417;n 50,000 d&#7863;m.<\/p>\n<p>T&#7915; n&#259;m 1975 &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m 1983, Nh&agrave; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Virginia &#273;&atilde; l&#7847;n l&#432;&#7907;t xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n lo&#7841;t s&aacute;ch &ldquo;Nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i&rdquo; c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng Stevenson, trong &#273;&oacute; bao g&#7891;m ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch t&#432;&#7901;ng t&#7853;n &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i h&#417;n 40 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p, t&#7893;ng c&#7897;ng c&oacute; b&#7889;n t&#7853;p. [465]<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&atilde; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n &iacute;t nh&#7845;t 10 t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u chuy&ecirc;n ng&agrave;nh v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i, bao g&#7891;m &ldquo;Lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i v&agrave; Sinh v&#7853;t h&#7885;c: Nh&#7919;ng &#273;&oacute;ng g&oacute;p cho nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n c&#7911;a v&#7871;t b&#7899;t v&agrave; d&#7883; t&#7853;t b&#7849;m sinh&rdquo; (hai b&#7897; chuy&ecirc;n kh&#7843;o, t&#7893;ng c&#7897;ng h&#417;n 2,000 trang) [466], &ldquo;Nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p &#7903; ch&acirc;u &Acirc;u v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i&rdquo; [467], &ldquo;Nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7875;m giao thoa gi&#7919;a lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i v&agrave; sinh v&#7853;t h&#7885;c&rdquo; [468], v.v.<\/p>\n<p>Ng&agrave;y 01\/12\/1975, B&aacute;c s&#297; Lester S. King c&#7911;a t&#7853;p san Hi&#7879;p h&#7897;i Y khoa Hoa K&#7923; (JAMA) &#273;&atilde; b&igrave;nh lu&#7853;n v&#7873; t&#7853;p &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n c&#7911;a lo&#7841;t s&aacute;ch &ldquo;Nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i&rdquo; r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;Li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i, &ocirc;ng &#7845;y (&ocirc;ng Stevenson) &#273;&atilde; t&#7853;p h&#7907;p m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch c&#7849;n th&#7853;n v&agrave; kh&aacute;ch quan m&#7897;t lo&#7841;t c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p chi ti&#7871;t t&#7915; &#7844;n &#272;&#7897;, nh&#7919;ng b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng m&agrave; r&#7845;t kh&oacute; c&oacute; th&#7875; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch b&#7857;ng c&aacute;ch kh&aacute;c.&rdquo; B&agrave;i b&igrave;nh c&ograve;n cho bi&#7871;t: &ldquo;&Ocirc;ng &#7845;y (&ocirc;ng Stevenson) &#273;&atilde; ghi l&#7841;i m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n d&#7919; li&#7879;u kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; xem nh&#7865;.&rdquo; [469]<\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 1977, t&#7853;p san &ldquo;Th&#7847;n kinh v&agrave; B&#7879;nh t&acirc;m th&#7847;n&rdquo; &#273;&atilde; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n lu&#7853;n v&#259;n &ldquo;Gi&aacute; tr&#7883; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch c&#7911;a kh&aacute;i ni&#7879;m lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i&rdquo; [470] c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng Stevenson. B&agrave;i lu&#7853;n v&#259;n n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; thu h&uacute;t h&#417;n m&#7897;t ng&agrave;n y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u in l&#7841;i t&#7915; c&aacute;c khoa h&#7885;c gia tr&ecirc;n kh&#7855;p th&#7871; gi&#7899;i. Ch&#7911; b&uacute;t c&#7911;a t&#7853;p san l&uacute;c b&#7845;y gi&#7901; l&agrave; &ocirc;ng Eugene Brody (1921-2010), B&aacute;c s&#297; t&acirc;m th&#7847;n n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i M&#7929;, Ch&#7911; t&#7883;ch Li&ecirc;n &#273;o&agrave;n S&#7913;c kh&#7887;e T&acirc;m th&#7847;n Th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, &ocirc;ng t&#7889;t nghi&#7879;p Tr&#432;&#7901;ng Y Harvard [471].<\/p>\n<p>C&ugrave;ng n&#259;m &#273;&oacute;, &ocirc;ng Brody c&#361;ng xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n m&#7897;t lu&#7853;n v&#259;n kh&aacute;c c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng Stevenson v&#7899;i nhan &#273;&#7873; &ldquo;Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng v&#7873; s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i sau khi ch&#7871;t: m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t ph&ecirc; b&igrave;nh mang t&iacute;nh l&#7883;ch s&#7917; k&egrave;m m&#7897;t b&#7843;n t&oacute;m t&#7855;t nh&#7919;ng di&#7877;n bi&#7871;n g&#7847;n &#273;&acirc;y&rdquo; (Research into the evidence of man&rsquo;s survival after death: a historical and critical survey with a summary of recent developments), c&ugrave;ng v&#7899;i b&igrave;nh lu&#7853;n &#8203;&#8203;c&#7911;a m&#7897;t s&#7889; h&#7885;c gi&#7843; kh&aacute;c. M&#7897;t b&igrave;nh lu&#7853;n trong s&#7889; &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; c&#7911;a B&aacute;c s&#297; t&acirc;m th&#7847;n Harold Lief: &ldquo;Ho&#7863;c l&agrave; &ocirc;ng &#7845;y (&ocirc;ng Stevenson) &#273;&atilde; ph&#7841;m m&#7897;t sai l&#7847;m r&#7845;t l&#7899;n, ho&#7863;c l&agrave; &ocirc;ng &#7845;y s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ca ng&#7907;i l&agrave; &lsquo;Galileo c&#7911;a th&#7871; k&#7927; 20&rsquo;.&rdquo; [473]<\/p>\n<p>M&#7897;t b&agrave;i b&aacute;o tr&ecirc;n T&#7853;p san Y khoa Anh qu&#7889;c (British Medical Journal) v&agrave;o n&#259;m 2007 &#273;&atilde; ghi l&#7841;i b&igrave;nh lu&#7853;n t&#7915; &#273;&#7891;ng nghi&#7879;p l&acirc;u n&#259;m c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng Stevenson, b&aacute;c s&#297; Emily Kelly, r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;&Ocirc;ng &#7845;y (Stevenson) tin r&#7857;ng nh&#7919;ng b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#432;a ra &#273;&#7911; &#273;&#7875; thuy&#7871;t ph&#7909;c m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; l&yacute; tr&iacute; tin v&agrave;o lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i.&rdquo; [474]<\/p>\n<p>Sau khi &ocirc;ng Stevenson qua &#273;&#7901;i, Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Jim Tucker c&#7911;a &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Virginia &#7903; Hoa K&#7923; &#273;&atilde; k&#7871; th&#7915;a s&#7921; nghi&#7879;p c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng v&agrave; ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c ki&ecirc;n tr&igrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u. Cho &#273;&#7871;n hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i, lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i &#273;&atilde; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t nh&aacute;nh quan tr&#7885;ng c&#7911;a t&acirc;m th&#7847;n h&#7885;c v&agrave; si&ecirc;u t&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c &#7903; ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y.<\/p>\n<p><b>5. Nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p &#273;&#7847;u thai &#273;i&#7875;n h&igrave;nh<\/b><\/p>\n<p>M&#7863;c d&ugrave; khoa h&#7885;c th&#7921;c ch&#7913;ng c&#7911;a ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p t&#7889;t nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7875; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871;, nh&#432;ng quy lu&#7853;t &#273;&#7857;ng sau hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871; c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&oacute;m t&#7855;t v&agrave; t&#7893;ng k&#7871;t b&#7857;ng logic c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c th&#7921;c ch&#7913;ng.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#7919;ng tr&#7867; em c&oacute; k&yacute; &#7913;c v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i m&agrave; &ocirc;ng Stevenson nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u th&#432;&#7901;ng c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m r&otilde; r&agrave;ng [475], &#273;i&#7875;n h&igrave;nh nh&#432; sau:<\/p>\n<p>Th&ocirc;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#7915; 2 &#273;&#7871;n 4 tu&#7893;i, nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; n&agrave;y s&#7869; t&#7921; gi&aacute;c k&#7875; l&#7841;i chi ti&#7871;t v&#7873; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, th&#432;&#7901;ng th&igrave; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c l&agrave; gia &#273;&igrave;nh ng&#432;&#7901;i b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7913; kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; ho&agrave;ng t&#7917;, qu&yacute; t&#7897;c hay ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng. M&atilde;i cho &#273;&#7871;n khi 8 tu&#7893;i, nh&#7919;ng c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n v&#7873; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng m&#7899;i ch&#7845;m d&#7913;t.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#7919;ng tr&#7867; em c&oacute; k&yacute; &#7913;c lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i th&#432;&#7901;ng &#7903; tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i tinh th&#7847;n b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng g&#7863;p v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; g&igrave; v&#7873; t&acirc;m l&yacute; x&atilde; h&#7897;i. M&#7863;c d&ugrave; c&ograve;n r&#7845;t nh&#7887; nh&#432;ng c&aacute;c em l&#7841;i bi&#7871;t ho&agrave;n c&#7843;nh c&#7909; th&#7875; c&#7911;a gia &#273;&igrave;nh ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c c&aacute;ch xa h&agrave;ng ng&agrave;n d&#7863;m, c&#361;ng nh&#432; chi ti&#7871;t v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng chuy&#7879;n &#273;&atilde; x&#7843;y ra c&aacute;ch &#273;&acirc;y h&#417;n m&#432;&#7901;i n&#259;m ho&#7863;c th&#7853;m ch&iacute; l&acirc;u h&#417;n, nh&#7919;ng chi ti&#7871;t n&agrave;y th&#432;&#7901;ng ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c &#273;&#7871;n 90%.<\/p>\n<p>Hai ph&#7847;n ba s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; s&#7921; v&#7853;t trong ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c m&agrave; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; n&agrave;y m&ocirc; t&#7843; &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&igrave;m th&#7845;y v&agrave; ki&#7875;m ch&#7913;ng [476]. Khi l&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n g&#7863;p gia &#273;&igrave;nh &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c, c&aacute;c em c&oacute; th&#7875; x&aacute;c &#273;&#7883;nh ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c c&aacute;c th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n trong gia &#273;&igrave;nh m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&#7847;n ai n&oacute;i; c&aacute;c em th&#432;&#7901;ng bi&#7871;t nh&#7919;ng b&iacute; m&#7853;t m&agrave; ch&#7881; nh&#7919;ng th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y trong gia &#273;&igrave;nh m&#7899;i bi&#7871;t; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u tr&#7867; th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&oacute; th&#7875; n&oacute;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ng&ocirc;n ng&#7919; c&#7911;a v&ugrave;ng n&#417;i ch&uacute;ng s&#7889;ng &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c. C&aacute;c th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n trong gia &#273;&igrave;nh &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng b&#7883; thuy&#7871;t ph&#7909;c v&agrave; ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n &#273;&atilde; khu&#7845;t c&#7911;a h&#7885; chuy&#7875;n sinh.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#7919;ng tr&#7867; em n&agrave;y th&#432;&#7901;ng c&oacute; tr&iacute; l&#7921;c ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng. C&aacute;c em c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng s&#7903; th&iacute;ch, th&oacute;i quen v&agrave; &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m h&agrave;nh vi gi&#7889;ng v&#7899;i ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c. V&iacute; d&#7909;, n&#7871;u m&#7897;t &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; nh&#7899; ra ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c l&agrave; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i gi&agrave;u c&oacute; v&#7899;i r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#7847;u, ch&aacute;u s&#7869; c&#7889; g&#7855;ng t&#7915; ch&#7889;i l&agrave;m b&#7845;t k&#7923; c&ocirc;ng vi&#7879;c nh&agrave; ho&#7863;c nh&#7919;ng c&ocirc;ng vi&#7879;c t&#7847;m th&#432;&#7901;ng n&agrave;o kh&aacute;c, b&#7845;t k&#7875; gia &#273;&igrave;nh hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a ch&aacute;u c&oacute; ngh&egrave;o &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&acirc;u.<\/p>\n<p>Trong nhi&#7873;u tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p, nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; n&agrave;y s&#7869; c&oacute; v&#7871;t b&#7899;t ho&#7863;c d&#7883; t&#7853;t b&#7849;m sinh m&agrave; v&#7883; tr&iacute; v&agrave; h&igrave;nh d&aacute;ng t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng v&#7871;t th&#432;&#417;ng ch&iacute; m&#7841;ng tr&ecirc;n c&#417; th&#7875; ch&uacute;ng &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c. C&aacute;c em th&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chi ti&#7871;t v&#7873; qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh t&#7917; vong, &#273;&oacute; th&#432;&#7901;ng l&agrave; do tai n&#7841;n, b&#7841;o l&#7921;c ho&#7863;c l&agrave; &#273;&#7897;t t&#7917;.<\/p>\n<p>D&#432;&#7899;i &#273;&acirc;y, ch&uacute;ng t&ocirc;i s&#7869; t&#7893;ng h&#7907;p c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&aacute;c minh b&#7857;ng c&aacute;c cu&#7897;c &#273;i&#7873;u tra v&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u &#273;&#7897;c l&#7853;p. M&#7897;t s&#7889; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&aacute;i sinh v&agrave;o nh&#7919;ng gia &#273;&igrave;nh kh&aacute;c v&#7899;i ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c, m&#7897;t s&#7889; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&aacute;i sinh v&agrave;o c&ugrave;ng m&#7897;t gia &#273;&igrave;nh nh&#432; &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c, m&#7897;t s&#7889; th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&ograve;n ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c l&agrave; &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7853;t, ki&#7871;p n&agrave;y l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p><b>5.1 Cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng qu&aacute; kh&#7913; v&agrave; hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a phi c&ocirc;ng qu&acirc;n s&#7921; ng&#432;&#7901;i M&#7929; trong &#272;&#7879; nh&#7883; Th&#7871; chi&#7871;n<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Bruce Leininger v&agrave; b&agrave; Andrea Leininger l&agrave; m&#7897;t c&#7863;p v&#7907; ch&#7891;ng &#7903; Louisiana, Hoa K&#7923;. Ban &#273;&#7847;u h&#7885; kh&ocirc;ng tin v&agrave;o lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i, tuy nhi&ecirc;n h&agrave;nh vi c&#7911;a con trai h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; khi&#7871;n quan ni&#7879;m c&#7911;a h&#7885; thay &#273;&#7893;i.<\/p>\n<p>Ng&#432;&#7901;i con trai James Leininger c&#7911;a h&#7885; sinh ra &#7903; Louisiana, Hoa K&#7923; v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1999. Ngay t&#7915; khi c&ograve;n nh&#7887;, James &#273;&atilde; t&#7887; ra r&#7845;t h&#7913;ng th&uacute; v&#7899;i phi c&#417;. M&#7897;t l&#7847;n, b&agrave; Andrea mua cho James m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c phi c&#417; &#273;&#7891; ch&#417;i v&agrave; n&oacute;i v&#7899;i c&#7853;u r&#7857;ng b&ecirc;n d&#432;&#7899;i phi c&#417; c&oacute; th&#7913; g&igrave; &#273;&oacute; tr&ocirc;ng gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; m&#7897;t qu&#7843; bom, James nhanh ch&oacute;ng &#273;&iacute;nh ch&iacute;nh v&#7899;i m&#7865; r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;&#272;&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; bom, &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; th&ugrave;ng th&#7843; (Drop tank).&rdquo; Ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#7899;n c&#361;ng r&#7845;t &iacute;t nghe n&oacute;i &#273;&#7871;n th&ugrave;ng th&#7843; ch&#7913; &#273;&#7915;ng n&oacute;i &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; 3 tu&#7893;i.<\/p>\n<p>Trong th&#7901;i gian t&#7915; 2 &#273;&#7871;n 4 tu&#7893;i, James th&#432;&#7901;ng k&#7875; cho cha m&#7865; nghe c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n v&#7873; m&#7897;t c&#7921;u phi c&ocirc;ng chi&#7871;n &#273;&#7845;u, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i m&ocirc; t&#7843; chi ti&#7871;t m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch kinh ng&#7841;c. C&oacute; m&#7897;t l&#7847;n, James n&oacute;i v&#7899;i h&#7885; r&#7857;ng phi c&#417; c&#7911;a c&#7853;u &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; qu&acirc;n Nh&#7853;t b&#7855;n tr&uacute;ng v&agrave; b&#7883; r&#417;i.<\/p>\n<p>James k&#7875; r&#7857;ng &#273;&#7897;ng c&#417; c&#7911;a chi&#7871;c chi&#7871;n &#273;&#7845;u c&#417; Corsair m&agrave; c&#7853;u l&aacute;i &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; ph&aacute;o b&#7855;n tr&uacute;ng &#7903; Iwo Jima, v&#7853;y n&ecirc;n c&#7853;u &#273;&atilde; thi&#7879;t m&#7841;ng, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng nh&#7919;ng chi&#7871;c chi&#7871;n &#273;&#7845;u c&#417; &#273;&oacute; th&#432;&#7901;ng b&#7883; n&#7893; l&#7889;p. C&#7853;u c&ograve;n &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n t&ecirc;n c&#7911;a h&agrave;ng kh&ocirc;ng m&#7851;u h&#7841;m Natoma, n&#417;i phi c&#417; c&#7911;a c&#7853;u c&#7845;t c&aacute;nh v&agrave; h&#7841; c&aacute;nh, c&#361;ng nh&#432; t&ecirc;n c&#7911;a m&#7897;t phi c&ocirc;ng kh&aacute;c &#273;&atilde; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n nhi&#7879;m v&#7909; c&ugrave;ng c&#7853;u l&agrave; Jack Larson.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7875; ki&#7875;m ch&#7913;ng nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; con trai m&igrave;nh n&oacute;i, xem &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; m&#7897;t tr&ograve; &#273;&ugrave;a tr&#7867; con hay l&#7883;ch s&#7917; c&oacute; th&#7853;t, &ocirc;ng Bruce &#273;&atilde; ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh m&#7897;t phen &#273;i&#7873;u tra nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&#7849;n th&#7853;n. &Ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; &#273;&iacute;ch th&acirc;n &#273;&#7871;n nhi&#7873;u n&#417;i &#273;&#7875; ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n m&#7897;t s&#7889; c&#7921;u chi&#7871;n binh v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; li&ecirc;n quan t&#7915;ng ph&#7909;c v&#7909; tr&ecirc;n h&agrave;ng kh&ocirc;ng m&#7851;u h&#7841;m Natoma. &Ocirc;ng ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n m&#7885;i &#273;i&#7873;u con trai n&oacute;i &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&uacute;ng. V&iacute; d&#7909; nh&#432; v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1945, m&#7897;t phi c&ocirc;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i M&#7929; t&ecirc;n l&agrave; James M. Huston Jr. &#273;&atilde; kh&ocirc;ng may b&#7883; b&#7855;n v&agrave; thi&#7879;t m&#7841;ng tr&ecirc;n &#273;&#7843;o Iwo Jima khi &#273;ang th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n nhi&#7879;m v&#7909; &#7903; Th&aacute;i B&igrave;nh D&#432;&#417;ng. Natoma l&agrave; t&ecirc;n m&#7897;t h&agrave;ng kh&ocirc;ng m&#7851;u h&#7841;m do qu&acirc;n &#273;&#7897;i M&#7929; v&#7853;n h&agrave;nh &#7903; Th&aacute;i B&igrave;nh D&#432;&#417;ng v&agrave;o th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m &#273;&oacute;, v&agrave; c&#361;ng x&aacute;c th&#7921;c c&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i t&ecirc;n Jack Larson t&#7891;n t&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Bruce c&ograve;n t&igrave;m th&#7845;y m&#7897;t c&#7921;u chi&#7871;n binh t&ecirc;n l&agrave; Ralph Clarbour. Theo k&yacute; &#7913;c c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i n&agrave;y, trong cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7897;t k&iacute;ch &#273;&#7843;o Iwo Jima v&agrave;o ng&agrave;y 03\/03\/1945, chi&#7871;n &#273;&#7845;u c&#417; c&#7911;a James Huston &#273;&atilde; k&#7873; vai s&aacute;t c&aacute;nh v&#7899;i phi c&#417; c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng. &Ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; t&#7853;n m&#7855;t ch&#7913;ng ki&#7871;n &#8203;&#8203;m&#7897;t qu&#7843; &#273;&#7841;n ph&ograve;ng kh&ocirc;ng b&#7855;n th&#7859;ng v&agrave;o &#273;&#7897;ng c&#417; c&#7911;a James Houston.<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Bruce c&#361;ng t&igrave;m c&aacute;ch li&ecirc;n l&#7841;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n duy nh&#7845;t c&ograve;n l&#7841;i c&#7911;a James Houston. &#272;&oacute; l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&#7883; Anne Barron 84 tu&#7893;i, nh&#7901; &#273;&oacute; ch&#7883; em xa c&aacute;ch &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;o&agrave;n t&#7909;. B&agrave; Anne n&oacute;i: &ldquo;Th&#7853;t ng&#7841;c nhi&ecirc;n l&agrave; c&#7853;u b&eacute; c&oacute; th&#7875; nh&#7899; l&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7911;a James l&uacute;c c&ograve;n s&#7889;ng, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i m&ocirc; t&#7843; ch&uacute;ng m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch chi ti&#7871;t v&agrave; s&#7889;ng &#273;&#7897;ng nh&#432; v&#7853;y, qu&#7843; th&#7921;c khi&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i ta kinh ng&#7841;c, kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; tin &#273;&#432;&#7907;c!&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>C&#7853;u b&eacute; James &#273;&#7901;i n&agrave;y ch&#432;a t&#7915;ng ti&#7871;p x&uacute;c v&#7899;i b&#7845;t k&#7923; tin t&#7913;c n&agrave;o li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n &#272;&#7879; nh&#7883; Th&#7871; chi&#7871;n, h&#417;n n&#7919;a c&ograve;n th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&ecirc;n g&#7863;p &aacute;c m&#7897;ng li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n phi c&#417;. M&#7865; c&#7911;a b&agrave; Andrea t&#7915;ng &#273;&#7873; ngh&#7883; b&agrave; t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m s&#7921; gi&uacute;p &#273;&#7905; t&#7915; b&aacute;c s&#297; tr&#7883; li&#7879;u Carol Bowman. B&agrave; Bowman l&agrave; chuy&ecirc;n gia nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i.<\/p>\n<p>V&#7899;i s&#7921; gi&uacute;p &#273;&#7905; c&#7911;a b&agrave; Bowman, c&#7853;u b&eacute; James b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u chia s&#7867; ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng nhi&#7873;u k&yacute; &#7913;c ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c. &#272;i&#7873;u th&uacute; v&#7883; l&agrave; trong c&#7843; hai ki&#7871;p s&#7889;ng, c&#7853;u &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7863;t t&ecirc;n l&agrave; James. &#272;i&#7873;u b&#7845;t ng&#7901; l&agrave;, nh&#7919;ng c&#417;n &aacute;c m&#7897;ng c&#7911;a c&#7853;u c&#361;ng b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u gi&#7843;m &#273;i &#273;&aacute;ng k&#7875;.<\/p>\n<p>C&#7843; &ocirc;ng Bruce v&agrave; b&agrave; Andrea &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; tr&igrave;nh &#273;&#7897; h&#7885;c v&#7845;n cao &#273;&#7859;ng. Gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i, c&#7863;p v&#7907; ch&#7891;ng tr&#7867; ch&#432;a t&#7915;ng nghe n&oacute;i v&agrave; c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng tin v&agrave;o chuy&#7879;n lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i. Nh&#432;ng t&#7915; c&#7853;u con trai James, h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; ch&#7913;ng ki&#7871;n &#8203;&#8203;h&agrave;ng lo&#7841;t s&#7921; vi&#7879;c m&agrave; tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y h&#7885; t&#7915;ng cho l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; tin n&#7893;i. H&#7885; v&ocirc; c&ugrave;ng b&agrave;ng ho&agrave;ng, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; thay &#273;&#7893;i ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y c&#7911;a h&#7885;. Gi&#7901; &#273;&acirc;y, h&#7885; kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n nghi ng&#7901; g&igrave; v&#7873; s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i.<\/p>\n<p>C&#7863;p v&#7907; ch&#7891;ng Leininger &#273;&atilde; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n m&#7897;t cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7911;a con trai h&#7885; v&#7899;i t&#7921;a &#273;&#7873; &ldquo;Linh h&#7891;n may m&#7855;n s&#7889;ng s&oacute;t: S&#7921; t&aacute;i sinh c&#7911;a m&#7897;t phi c&ocirc;ng chi&#7871;n &#273;&#7845;u trong &#272;&#7879; nh&#7883; Th&#7871; chi&#7871;n&rdquo; (Soul Survivor: The Reincarnation of A World War II Fighter Pilot). Cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch tr&igrave;nh b&agrave;y chi ti&#7871;t nh&#7919;ng n&#7895; l&#7921;c c&#7911;a h&#7885; trong nhi&#7873;u n&#259;m, tr&#7843;i qua x&aacute;c minh t&#7915;ng b&#432;&#7899;c, cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng h&#7885; x&aacute;c nh&#7853;n r&#7857;ng con trai c&#7911;a h&#7885; &ndash; James Leininger &ndash; ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; phi c&ocirc;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i M&#7929; James M. Huston Jr. &#273;&atilde; m&#7845;t trong &#272;&#7879; nh&#7883; Th&#7871; chi&#7871;n. Cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; thu h&uacute;t s&#7921; ch&uacute; &yacute; c&#7911;a nhi&#7873;u k&ecirc;nh truy&#7873;n th&ocirc;ng &#7903; Hoa K&#7923; nh&#432; CNN v.v. C&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n v&#7873; s&#7921; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i c&#7911;a James c&#361;ng nh&#7901; v&#7853;y m&agrave; t&#7915;ng tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; n&oacute;ng h&#7893;i &#7903; Hoa K&#7923;. [477]<\/p>\n<p>L&agrave;m sao m&#7897;t c&#7853;u b&eacute; 3 tu&#7893;i c&oacute; th&#7875; bi&#7871;t v&#7873; th&ugrave;ng th&#7843; v&agrave; nhi&#7873;u chi ti&#7871;t v&#7873; phi c&#417;, s&#7921; ki&#7879;n l&#7883;ch s&#7917; v&agrave; nh&acirc;n v&#7853;t trong &#272;&#7879; nh&#7883; Th&#7871; chi&#7871;n nh&#432; v&#7853;y? &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y r&otilde; r&agrave;ng v&#432;&#7907;t qu&aacute; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng hi&#7875;u bi&#7871;t v&agrave; nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c c&#7911;a m&#7897;t &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; v&#7873; l&#7883;ch s&#7917; v&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c. Ch&#7881; c&oacute; m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch h&#7907;p l&yacute; nh&#7845;t, &#273;&oacute; ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; k&yacute; &#7913;c ch&acirc;n th&#7921;c c&#7911;a James &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; &#273;&atilde; tr&#7843;i qua &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c.<\/p>\n<p>Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Jim Tucker b&igrave;nh lu&#7853;n v&#7873; tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&agrave;y r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;&#272;&acirc;y l&agrave; m&#7897;t v&iacute; d&#7909; n&#7893;i b&#7853;t v&#7873; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng tr&#7867; em nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c &hellip; Ch&uacute;ng ta th&#7853;t may m&#7855;n khi c&oacute; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#432;&#7899;ng d&#7851;n trong c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n n&agrave;y, &ocirc;ng Bruce, cha c&#7911;a James, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n t&igrave;nh hu&#7889;ng v&#7899;i m&#7897;t th&aacute;i &#273;&#7897; nghi&ecirc;m t&uacute;c. &Ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; ki&ecirc;n tr&igrave; nghi ng&#7901; m&#7885;i th&ocirc;ng tin cho &#273;&#7871;n khi ch&uacute;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&aacute;c minh &#273;&#7875; &#273;i &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t k&#7871;t lu&#7853;n cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng r&#7857;ng, James th&#7921;c s&#7921; &#273;&atilde; nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#7873; cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i phi c&ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; m&#7845;t trong &#272;&#7879; nh&#7883; Th&#7871; chi&#7871;n. B&#7845;t c&#7913; ai quan t&acirc;m &#273;&#7871;n kh&#7843; n&#259;ng t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a k&yacute; &#7913;c ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c, ho&#7863;c cho r&#7857;ng ch&uacute;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; d&#7877; d&agrave;ng b&#7883; lo&#7841;i b&#7887;, &#273;&#7873;u c&#7847;n &#273;&#7885;c cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch n&agrave;y.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p><b>5.2 T&iacute;n &#273;&#7891; C&#417; &#272;&#7889;c &#7903; Sri Lanka t&aacute;i sinh th&agrave;nh Ph&#7853;t t&#7917;<\/b><\/p>\n<p>V&agrave;o th&aacute;ng 11 n&#259;m 1962 t&#7841;i Colombo, th&#7911; &#273;&ocirc; c&#7911;a Sri Lanka, m&#7897;t c&#7853;u b&eacute; t&ecirc;n l&agrave; Gamini Jayasena &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c sinh ra trong m&#7897;t gia &#273;&igrave;nh Ph&#7853;t gi&aacute;o. Khi Gamini &#273;&#432;&#7907;c kho&#7843;ng 2, 3 tu&#7893;i, c&#7853;u b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng m&igrave;nh c&oacute; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i m&ocirc; t&#7843; ho&agrave;n c&#7843;nh &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh. C&#7853;u k&#7875; r&#7857;ng m&#7865; c&#7853;u &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c cao h&#417;n ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7865; hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i v&agrave; c&oacute; m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c m&aacute;y kh&acirc;u. C&#7853;u &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c t&#7915;ng b&#7883; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#7855;n, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&oacute; c&#361;ng t&#7915;ng b&#7883; ch&oacute; c&#7855;n. C&#7853;u nh&#7899; r&#7857;ng c&#7853;u c&oacute; m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c c&#7863;p, b&ecirc;n trong &#273;&#7921;ng s&aacute;ch v&agrave; m&#7897;t con voi &#273;&#7891; ch&#417;i, c&#7853;u th&#432;&#7901;ng t&#7855;m cho con voi &#273;&#7891; ch&#417;i &#273;&oacute;.<\/p>\n<p>Khi &#273;&#432;&#7907;c kho&#7843;ng 2, 3 tu&#7893;i, Gamini Jayasena b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u b&#7897;c l&#7897; n&#7895;i nh&#7899; v&#7873; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c v&agrave; mong &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tr&#7903; v&#7873; qu&ecirc; h&#432;&#417;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y. C&#7853;u c&#361;ng th&#7875; hi&#7879;n ki&#7871;n &#8203;&#8203;th&#7913;c v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; nh&#432; &#273;&egrave;n &#273;i&#7879;n, m&#7863;c d&ugrave; trong nh&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; n&agrave;y. C&#7853;u c&ograve;n th&#7875; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7913;c tin v&agrave; th&oacute;i quen c&#7911;a m&#7897;t t&iacute;n &#273;&#7891; C&#417; &#272;&#7889;c, ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; c&#7847;u nguy&#7879;n tr&#432;&#7899;c Th&aacute;nh gi&aacute; v&agrave; th&iacute;ch l&#7877; Gi&aacute;ng Sinh v.v.<\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 1965, khi Gamini &#273;&#432;&#7907;c 3 tu&#7893;i, gia &#273;&igrave;nh c&#7853;u &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;a c&#7853;u &#273;&#7871;n Nittambuwa, m&#7897;t th&agrave;nh ph&#7889; c&aacute;ch Colombo 35km v&#7873; ph&iacute;a &#273;&ocirc;ng b&#7855;c. Khi ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n th&iacute;ch c&#7911;a c&#7853;u &#273;i xe h&#417;i &#273;&#7871;n n&#417;i, c&#7853;u &#273;&atilde; ch&#7881; v&agrave;o con h&#7867;m n&#417;i m&igrave;nh t&#7915;ng &#7903; v&agrave; y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u xe d&#7915;ng l&#7841;i. C&#7853;u b&#432;&#7899;c v&agrave;o con h&#7867;m v&agrave; ch&#7881; ra ng&ocirc;i nh&agrave; n&#417;i m&igrave;nh t&#7915;ng s&#7889;ng &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c, c&#7853;u c&ograve;n &#273;i theo m&#7897;t con &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng kh&aacute;c d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n nh&agrave; ch&uacute; Charlie.<\/p>\n<p>L&uacute;c n&agrave;y tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#259;n nh&agrave; &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; m&#7897;t nh&oacute;m l&#7899;n h&#7885; h&agrave;ng b&egrave; b&#7841;n. &#272;&#7875; ki&#7875;m tra xem Gamini c&oacute; th&#7921;c s&#7921; nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c hay kh&ocirc;ng, ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n c&#7911;a c&#7853;u &#273;&atilde; y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u c&#7853;u t&#7863;ng m&#7897;t m&oacute;n qu&agrave; cho ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7865; &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c. K&#7871;t qu&#7843;, c&#7853;u d&#7877; d&agrave;ng nh&#7853;n ra b&agrave; &#7845;y, v&agrave; c&ograve;n nh&#7853;n ra hai ng&#432;&#7901;i anh trai c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c gi&#7919;a &#273;&aacute;m &#273;&ocirc;ng.<\/p>\n<p>Ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a Gamini l&agrave; Palitha Senewiratne, sinh n&#259;m 1952, l&agrave; m&#7897;t t&iacute;n &#273;&#7891; C&#417; &#272;&#7889;c gi&aacute;o, r&#7845;t th&acirc;n thi&#7871;t v&#7899;i m&#7865; v&agrave; th&iacute;ch may v&aacute;, nh&#432;ng l&#7841;i kh&ocirc;ng th&acirc;n v&#7899;i cha. C&#7853;u qua &#273;&#7901;i v&igrave; b&#7879;nh t&#7853;t v&agrave;o ng&agrave;y 28\/07\/1960, khi m&#7899;i 8 tu&#7893;i.<\/p>\n<p>Khi Gamini &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#432;a v&#7873; nh&agrave; Palitha Senewiratne &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c, c&#7853;u &#273;&atilde; bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n t&igrave;nh c&#7843;m th&acirc;n thi&#7871;t v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7865; &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh v&agrave; r&#7845;t vui khi &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#7903; b&ecirc;n b&agrave;. Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, khi ng&#432;&#7901;i cha ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7889; g&#7855;ng n&#7855;m tay Gamini, c&#7853;u &#273;&atilde; kh&oacute;c v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng mu&#7889;n &#7903; g&#7847;n &ocirc;ng &#7845;y.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&acirc;y l&agrave; tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p t&aacute;i sinh chi ti&#7871;t nh&#7845;t m&agrave; &ocirc;ng Stevenson t&#7915;ng nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u, v&agrave; c&#361;ng l&agrave; tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p m&agrave; &ocirc;ng d&agrave;nh nhi&#7873;u th&#7901;i gian ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n nh&#7845;t. Gi&#7919;a Palitha Senewiratne v&agrave; gia &#273;&igrave;nh c&#7911;a Gamini Jayasena kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i quen n&agrave;o c&#7843;, c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; b&#7841;n chung n&agrave;o tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y.<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Stevenson k&#7871;t lu&#7853;n r&#7857;ng c&oacute; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u &#273;i&#7875;m t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7891;ng v&#7873; t&iacute;nh c&aacute;ch v&agrave; h&agrave;nh vi gi&#7919;a Palitha v&agrave; Gamini. Palitha v&agrave; Gamini &#273;&#7873;u m&ecirc; voi, th&iacute;ch tr&#7891;ng c&acirc;y trong v&#432;&#7901;n, th&iacute;ch &#259;n th&#7883;t gia c&#7847;m v&agrave; c&agrave; ri, nh&#432;ng kh&ocirc;ng th&iacute;ch &#259;n th&#7883;t b&ograve;, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng c&#7853;u b&eacute; r&#7845;t n&#259;ng &#273;&#7897;ng v&agrave; ho&#7841;t b&aacute;t. V&#7873; m&#7863;t trang ph&#7909;c c&#361;ng c&oacute; s&#7921; t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7891;ng. H&#7847;u h&#7871;t con trai &#7903; Sri Lanka &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#7875; &aacute;o s&#417; mi l&#7897; ra b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i qu&#7847;n, nh&#432;ng Palitha v&agrave; Gamini th&iacute;ch nh&eacute;t &aacute;o s&#417; mi v&agrave;o trong h&#417;n. &Ocirc;ng Stevenson cho bi&#7871;t t&#7841;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng m&agrave; Palitha theo h&#7885;c, c&aacute;c nam sinh ph&#7843;i nh&eacute;t &aacute;o s&#417; mi v&agrave;o trong qu&#7847;n, &#273;&acirc;y r&#7845;t c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave; n&#417;i m&agrave; Palitha v&agrave; Gamini &#273;&atilde; h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh th&oacute;i quen n&agrave;y. Ngo&agrave;i ra, ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng c&#7911;a Gamini &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i c&aacute;c th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n trong gia &#273;&igrave;nh &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#361;ng ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i c&#7843;m nh&#7853;n c&#7911;a c&#7853;u &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&oacute;.<\/p>\n<p>S&#7921; vi&#7879;c n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; ch&uacute; &yacute; c&#7911;a c&aacute;c gia &#273;&igrave;nh theo &#273;&#7841;o C&#417; &#272;&#7889;c &#7903; Sri Lanka, b&#7903;i v&igrave; n&oacute; th&aacute;ch th&#7913;c ni&#7873;m tin t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng t&iacute;n &#273;&#7891; C&#417; &#272;&#7889;c. M&#7863;c d&ugrave; cha c&#7911;a Palitha v&agrave; ch&uacute; Charlie &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; t&iacute;n &#273;&#7891; C&#417; &#272;&#7889;c, trong t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng c&#7911;a h&#7885; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; kh&aacute;i ni&#7879;m lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i nh&#432; Ph&#7853;t gi&aacute;o, nh&#432;ng cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng h&#7885; &#273;&#7873;u tin r&#7857;ng Gamini ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; Palitha &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c. Cha c&#7911;a Palitha n&oacute;i: &ldquo;L&agrave; nh&#7919;ng t&iacute;n &#273;&#7891; C&#417; &#273;&#7889;c, ch&uacute;ng t&ocirc;i kh&ocirc;ng n&ecirc;n tin v&agrave;o nh&#7919;ng tuy&ecirc;n b&#7889; n&agrave;y, nh&#432;ng th&#7857;ng b&eacute; (Gamini) &#273;&atilde; nh&#7853;n ra t&#7845;t c&#7843; ch&uacute;ng t&ocirc;i. T&ocirc;i tin r&#7857;ng th&#7857;ng b&eacute; ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n l&agrave; &#273;&#7913;a con trai t&aacute;i sinh c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng t&ocirc;i.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>Tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&agrave;y c&oacute; &yacute; ngh&#297;a quan tr&#7885;ng trong vi&#7879;c nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i. N&oacute; cho th&#7845;y hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i c&oacute; th&#7875; v&#432;&#7907;t qua t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng li&ecirc;n quan g&igrave; &#273;&#7871;n t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng v&#7889;n c&oacute; c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i. N&oacute; c&#361;ng gi&aacute;n ti&#7871;p cho th&#7845;y hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i t&#7891;n t&#7841;i m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch kh&aacute;ch quan v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng b&#7883; gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n b&#7903;i t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o.<\/p>\n<p>Tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p t&aacute;i sinh n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ghi l&#7841;i trong t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u mang t&ecirc;n &ldquo;C&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p thu&#7897;c lo&#7841;i t&aacute;i sinh: T&#7853;p 2: M&#432;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p &#7903; Sri Lanka. Charlottesville, VA: Nh&agrave; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Virginia (1980)&rdquo; [Cases of the Reincarnation Type: Vol. 2:. Ten Cases in Sri Lanka. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia (1980)] c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng Stevenson. &Ocirc;ng Walter Semkiw, m&#7897;t b&aacute;c s&#297; &#7903; California, Hoa K&#7923;, &#273;&atilde; chia s&#7867; tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&agrave;y tr&ecirc;n trang web &ldquo;Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; Lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i&rdquo; v&#7899;i nhan &#273;&#7873; &ldquo;Lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i v&agrave; s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o: C&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n v&#7873; m&#7897;t c&#7921;u C&#417; &#273;&#7889;c nh&acirc;n, Palitha Senewiratne, &#273;&atilde; t&aacute;i sinh th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t Ph&#7853;t t&#7917; d&#432;&#7899;i c&aacute;i t&ecirc;n Gamini Jayasena&rdquo; [478].<\/p>\n<p><b>5.3 Hai ch&#7883; em ng&#432;&#7901;i Anh qua &#273;&#7901;i c&ugrave;ng ng&agrave;y chuy&#7875;n sinh th&agrave;nh c&#7863;p song sinh<\/b><\/p>\n<p>M&#7897;t c&#7863;p ch&#7883; em c&ograve;n tr&#7867; &#7903; Anh &#273;&atilde; chuy&#7875;n sinh th&agrave;nh c&#7863;p song sinh c&#7911;a cha m&#7865; ru&#7897;t sau khi h&#7885; qua &#273;&#7901;i, n&#7889;i ti&#7871;p m&#7889;i ti&#7873;n duy&ecirc;n c&#7911;a h&#7885;. Hai ch&#7883; em song sinh kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7915;ng m&#7843;nh k&yacute; &#7913;c &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c m&agrave; v&#7871;t b&#7899;t c&#7911;a m&#7897;t trong hai ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#361;ng ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c. [479]<\/p>\n<p>C&#7863;p v&#7907; ch&#7891;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i Anh, &ocirc;ng John Pollock v&agrave; b&agrave; Florence Pollock &#273;&#7873;u gia nh&#7853;p Gi&aacute;o h&#7897;i C&ocirc;ng gi&aacute;o La M&atilde; v&agrave; c&oacute; hai c&ocirc; con g&aacute;i: Joanna (sinh ng&agrave;y 25\/03\/1946) v&agrave; Jacqueline (sinh ng&agrave;y 13\/04\/1951). M&#7889;i quan h&#7879; gi&#7919;a hai ch&#7883; em r&#7845;t th&acirc;n thi&#7871;t. Joanna r&#7845;t quan t&acirc;m &#273;&#7871;n em g&aacute;i Jacqueline, ng&#432;&#7901;i k&eacute;m c&ocirc; b&eacute; 5 tu&#7893;i.<\/p>\n<p>Khi Jacqueline l&ecirc;n 3 tu&#7893;i, c&ocirc; b&eacute; &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; ng&atilde; v&agrave; &#273;&#7853;p tr&aacute;n v&agrave;o m&#7897;t c&aacute;i x&ocirc;, &#273;&#7875; l&#7841;i v&#7871;t s&#7865;o tr&ecirc;n tr&aacute;n ph&#7843;i g&#7847;n g&#7889;c m&#361;i. Khi tr&#7901;i tr&#7903; l&#7841;nh, v&#7871;t s&#7865;o n&agrave;y c&agrave;ng r&otilde; r&agrave;ng h&#417;n.<\/p>\n<p>Ng&agrave;y 05\/05\/1957, khi hai ch&#7883; em &#273;ang &#273;i b&#7897; t&#7915; nh&agrave; &#273;&#7871;n nh&agrave; th&#7901; th&igrave; b&#7883; m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c xe h&#417;i &#273;i tr&ecirc;n v&#7881;a h&egrave; t&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i, khi&#7871;n hai ch&#7883; em t&#7917; vong t&#7841;i ch&#7895;. L&uacute;c &#273;&oacute; Joanna 11 tu&#7893;i v&agrave; Jacqueline 6 tu&#7893;i.<\/p>\n<p>Ng&agrave;y 04\/10\/1958, m&#7897;t n&#259;m r&#432;&#7905;i sau &#273;&oacute;, b&agrave; Florence &#273;&atilde; sinh h&#7841; hai c&ocirc; b&eacute; song sinh gi&#7889;ng h&#7879;t nhau, &#273;&#7863;t t&ecirc;n l&agrave; Gilliam v&agrave; Jennifer.<\/p>\n<p>Jennifer c&oacute; m&#7897;t v&#7871;t b&#7899;t tr&ecirc;n tr&aacute;n ph&#7843;i g&#7847;n g&#7889;c m&#361;i gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; v&#7871;t s&#7865;o c&#7911;a Jacqueline, c&ograve;n Gilliam th&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; v&#7871;t s&#7865;o n&agrave;o tr&ecirc;n &#273;&#7847;u, v&igrave; v&#7853;y, v&#7871;t b&#7899;t c&#7911;a Jennifer kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7915; g&oacute;c &#273;&#7897; di truy&#7873;n. Khi Gilliam &#273;&#432;&#7907;c kho&#7843;ng 3 tu&#7893;i, c&ocirc; b&eacute; ch&#7881; v&agrave;o v&#7871;t b&#7899;t tr&ecirc;n tr&aacute;n Jennifer v&agrave; n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;&#272;&acirc;y l&agrave; v&#7871;t b&#7899;t l&#432;u l&#7841;i sau khi Jennifer &#273;&#7909;ng ph&#7843;i c&aacute;i x&ocirc;.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>Khi c&#7863;p song sinh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7847;m 3, 4 tu&#7893;i, ch&uacute;ng th&#7875; hi&#7879;n nh&#7919;ng h&agrave;nh vi t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; c&#7911;a hai ch&#7883; em Joanna v&agrave; Jacqueline, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i k&#7875; l&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; Joanna v&agrave; Jacqueline &#273;&atilde; tr&#7843;i qua. &Ocirc;ng b&agrave; Pollock &#273;&atilde; l&#7845;y &#273;&#7891; ch&#417;i c&#7911;a hai c&ocirc; con g&aacute;i qu&aacute; c&#7889; ra. Gilliam &#273;&atilde; ch&#7885;n con b&uacute;p b&ecirc; v&agrave; m&aacute;y xay th&#7883;t &#273;&#7891; ch&#417;i c&#7911;a Joanna, c&ograve;n Jennifer l&#7845;y con b&uacute;p b&ecirc; c&#7911;a Jacqueline. Hai b&eacute; c&ograve;n cho bi&#7871;t nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7891; ch&#417;i n&agrave;y l&agrave; c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng gi&agrave; Noel. Tr&ecirc;n th&#7921;c t&#7871;, &#273;&acirc;y ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng m&oacute;n qu&agrave; Gi&aacute;ng Sinh m&agrave; &ocirc;ng b&agrave; Pollock &#273;&atilde; t&#7863;ng cho Joanna v&agrave; Jacqueline n&#259;m &#273;&oacute;.<\/p>\n<p>C&#7863;p song sinh c&#361;ng nh&#7899; v&agrave; m&ocirc; t&#7843; l&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng chi&#7871;c x&iacute;ch &#273;u &#7903; C&ocirc;ng vi&ecirc;n Hexham v&agrave; v&#7909; tai n&#7841;n ch&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&oacute;. Jennifer c&ograve;n nh&#7853;n ra chi&#7871;c &aacute;o s&#417; mi m&agrave; b&agrave; Florence &#273;&atilde; m&#7863;c khi b&agrave; s&#7889;ng c&ugrave;ng hai c&ocirc; con g&aacute;i tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y.<\/p>\n<p>Gilliam th&igrave; gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; Joanna, th&iacute;ch vi&#7871;t v&agrave; ch&#417;i c&aacute;c tr&ograve; ch&#417;i nh&#7853;p vai d&agrave;nh cho tr&#7867; em v&#7899;i trang ph&#7909;c v&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o c&#7909;, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i quan t&acirc;m s&acirc;u s&#7855;c &#273;&#7871;n Jennifer nh&#432; Joanna &#273;&atilde; &#273;&agrave;nh cho Jacqueline.<\/p>\n<p>C&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i c&#7911;a Joanna v&agrave; Jacqueline &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#259;ng l&ecirc;n b&aacute;o v&agrave; g&acirc;y ra nhi&#7873;u tranh lu&#7853;n, cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng gia &#273;&igrave;nh Pollock &#273;&atilde; r&#7901;i b&#7887; Gi&aacute;o h&#7897;i C&ocirc;ng gi&aacute;o. M&#7863;c d&ugrave; ban &#273;&#7847;u b&agrave; Florence kh&ocirc;ng tin v&agrave;o lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i, nh&#432;ng th&ocirc;ng qua quan s&aacute;t h&agrave;nh vi c&#7911;a hai c&ocirc; con g&aacute;i, b&agrave; tin r&#7857;ng hai ch&#7883; em &#273;&atilde; khu&#7845;t &#273;&atilde; chuy&#7875;n sinh th&agrave;nh hai c&ocirc; con g&aacute;i song sinh hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh.<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&atilde; bi&ecirc;n so&#7841;n nhi&#7873;u tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p song sinh t&aacute;i sinh, &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; c&#7863;p song sinh c&oacute; b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng r&otilde; r&agrave;ng v&#7873; m&#7889;i li&ecirc;n h&#7879; v&#7899;i ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a h&#7885;, bao g&#7891;m v&#7871;t b&#7899;t, t&agrave;i n&#259;ng, s&#7903; th&iacute;ch v&agrave; k&yacute; &#7913;c &#273;&#7883;a l&yacute; t&#7915; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c, v.v.<\/p>\n<p>Tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&agrave;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tr&iacute;ch t&#7915; cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch &ldquo;Lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i v&agrave; Sinh h&#7885;c: Nh&#7919;ng &#273;&oacute;ng g&oacute;p cho nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n c&#7911;a v&#7871;t b&#7899;t v&agrave; d&#7883; t&#7853;t b&#7849;m sinh&rdquo; (Reincarnation and Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects) c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng Stevenson [480]. &Ocirc;ng Walter Semkiw &#273;&atilde; chia s&#7867; tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i n&agrave;y tr&ecirc;n trang web &ldquo;Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i,&rdquo; cho th&#7845;y c&aacute;c linh h&#7891;n c&oacute; th&#7875; l&ecirc;n k&#7871; ho&#7841;ch cho &#273;&#7901;i sau c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh &#273;&#7875; &#273;o&agrave;n t&#7909; l&#7841;i l&#7847;n n&#7919;a.<\/p>\n<p><b>5.4 Hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng &ldquo;ng&#432;&#7901;i t&aacute;i sinh&rdquo; &#7903; H&#7891; Nam<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&#272;i&#7873;u &#273;&aacute;ng ti&#7871;c l&agrave; c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &ocirc;ng Stevenson ghi ch&eacute;p v&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u. T&#7841;i l&agrave;ng B&igrave;nh D&#432;&#417;ng, huy&#7879;n t&#7921; tr&#7883; Th&ocirc;ng &#272;&#7841;o, th&agrave;nh ph&#7889; Ho&agrave;i H&oacute;a, t&#7881;nh H&#7891; Nam, Trung Qu&#7889;c, c&oacute; m&#7897;t nh&oacute;m ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7897;c &#272;&#7897;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; nh&#7899; r&otilde; r&agrave;ng tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i g&#7885;i l&agrave; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng &ldquo;ng&#432;&#7901;i t&aacute;i sinh.&rdquo; S&#7921; vi&#7879;c n&agrave;y c&oacute; s&#7921; t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7891;ng &#273;&aacute;ng kinh ng&#7841;c v&#7899;i c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p t&aacute;i sinh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &ocirc;ng Stevenson nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u. [481]<\/p>\n<p>Ng&agrave;y 29\/12\/2014, trang web Ph&#432;&#7907;ng Ho&agrave;ng (Ifeng.com) &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;a tin v&#7873; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng &ldquo;ng&#432;&#7901;i t&aacute;i sinh&rdquo; &#7903; l&agrave;ng B&igrave;nh D&#432;&#417;ng d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n t&#432; li&#7879;u ch&#432;&#417;ng tr&igrave;nh &ldquo;&#272;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t truy&#7879;n ch&acirc;n&rdquo; c&#7911;a &#272;&agrave;i Truy&#7873;n h&igrave;nh Gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c Th&#432;&#7907;ng H&#7843;i. B&agrave;i tin &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t do Tr&#7841;m v&#259;n h&oacute;a l&agrave;ng B&igrave;nh D&#432;&#417;ng th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n, nh&acirc;n kh&#7849;u c&#7911;a l&agrave;ng B&igrave;nh D&#432;&#417;ng l&agrave; 7,800 ng&#432;&#7901;i, trong &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; h&#417;n 100 ng&#432;&#7901;i t&aacute;i sinh &#273;ang s&#7889;ng.<\/p>\n<p>Ng&agrave;y 19\/06\/2015, &ldquo;B&#7855;c Kinh b&aacute;o&rdquo; c&#361;ng &#273;&#259;ng m&#7897;t b&agrave;i vi&#7871;t tr&iacute;ch d&#7851;n s&#7889; li&#7879;u th&#7889;ng k&ecirc; t&#7915; Tr&#7841;m v&#259;n h&oacute;a l&agrave;ng B&igrave;nh D&#432;&#417;ng, cho r&#7857;ng &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; &ldquo;nh&oacute;m t&aacute;i sinh l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t v&agrave; t&#7853;p trung nh&#7845;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c bi&#7871;t &#273;&#7871;n tr&ecirc;n ph&#7841;m vi th&#7871; gi&#7899;i.&rdquo; [482]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0523.webp\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-53650\" src=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0523-300x170.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"170\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0523-300x170.webp 300w, https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0523-1024x581.webp 1024w, https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0523-768x436.webp 768w, https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0523.webp 1228w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><i>V&agrave;o ng&agrave;y 19\/06\/2015, &ldquo;B&#7855;c Kinh b&aacute;o&rdquo; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#259;ng b&#7843;n tin &ldquo;Cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng qu&aacute; kh&#7913; v&agrave; hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a &lsquo;Ng&#432;&#7901;i t&aacute;i sinh&rsquo; &#7903; Th&ocirc;ng &#272;&#7841;o, H&#7891; Nam.&rdquo; (&#7842;nh ch&#7909;p m&agrave;n h&igrave;nh m&#7841;ng)<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Sau khi &#273;&#432;&#7907;c sinh ra, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i t&aacute;i sinh c&oacute; th&#7875; m&ocirc; t&#7843; chi ti&#7871;t h&#7885; t&ecirc;n, n&#417;i &#7903;, kinh nghi&#7879;m, ho&agrave;n c&#7843;nh s&#7889;ng ch&#7871;t v&agrave; th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&#7843; ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n, h&agrave;ng x&oacute;m &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, v.v. M&#7897;t s&#7889; th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&oacute; th&#7875; t&igrave;m th&#7845;y n&#417;i &#7903; ho&#7863;c n&#417;i an t&aacute;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y c&#7911;a h&#7885;, l&#7847;n n&#7919;a n&#7889;i duy&ecirc;n v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i t&aacute;i sinh &#7903; l&agrave;ng B&igrave;nh D&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m chung, ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c m&agrave; h&#7885; k&#7875; l&#7841;i &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng c&aacute;i ch&#7871;t b&#7845;t th&#432;&#7901;ng, khi&#7871;n gia &#273;&igrave;nh h&#7885; v&ocirc; c&ugrave;ng &#273;au bu&#7891;n, h&#417;n n&#7919;a &#273;a s&#7889; &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#7847;u thai v&agrave;o ch&iacute;nh gia t&#7897;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh. L&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n nh&#7919;ng &ldquo;ng&#432;&#7901;i t&aacute;i sinh&rdquo; k&#7875; l&#7841;i chuy&#7879;n &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng l&agrave; khi m&#7899;i t&#7853;p n&oacute;i, t&#7913;c l&agrave; khi kho&#7843;ng 2 tu&#7893;i th&igrave; k&#7875; l&#7841;i cho ng&#432;&#7901;i trong gia t&#7897;c, c&ograve;n ng&#432;&#7901;i ngo&agrave;i th&igrave; bi&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&ocirc;ng qua ng&#432;&#7901;i trong gia t&#7897;c k&#7875; l&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 2011, c&aacute;c quan ch&#7913;c &#7903; huy&#7879;n Th&ocirc;ng &#272;&#7841;o v&agrave; c&aacute;c chuy&ecirc;n gia li&ecirc;n quan c&#7911;a Vi&#7879;n Khoa h&#7885;c X&atilde; h&#7897;i Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&atilde; ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t v&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i t&aacute;i sinh &#7903; l&agrave;ng B&igrave;nh D&#432;&#417;ng, bao g&#7891;m c&#7843; vi&#7879;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng m&aacute;y d&ograve; n&oacute;i d&#7889;i. Cu&#7897;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t cho th&#7845;y nh&#7919;ng &ldquo;ng&#432;&#7901;i t&aacute;i sinh&rdquo; kh&ocirc;ng n&oacute;i d&#7889;i, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i lo&#7841;i tr&#7915; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng c&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;i&#7879;u gi&#7843; t&#7841;o, k&#7871;t lu&#7853;n &ldquo;kh&#7859;ng &#273;&#7883;nh c&oacute; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i t&aacute;i sinh.&rdquo; C&aacute;c chuy&ecirc;n gia cho r&#7857;ng hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng &ldquo;ng&#432;&#7901;i t&aacute;i sinh&rdquo; r&#7845;t c&oacute; gi&aacute; tr&#7883; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&agrave; &#273;&atilde; th&agrave;nh l&#7853;p &ldquo;Tr&#7841;m quan s&aacute;t ng&#432;&#7901;i t&aacute;i sinh &#7903; Th&ocirc;ng &#272;&#7841;o.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p><b>5.4.1 Hai ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7841;n th&acirc;n &#7903; B&igrave;nh D&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7847;u thai th&agrave;nh c&#7863;p song sinh sau khi t&#7921; t&#7917; v&agrave;o c&ugrave;ng m&#7897;t ng&agrave;y<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&#7902; tr&ecirc;n ch&uacute;ng t&ocirc;i &#273;&atilde; thu&#7853;t l&#7841;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p hai ch&#7883; em ng&#432;&#7901;i Anh &#273;&#7847;u thai th&agrave;nh c&#7863;p song sinh v&agrave; n&#7889;i ti&#7871;p m&#7889;i ti&#7873;n duy&ecirc;n c&#7911;a h&#7885;. &#7902; l&agrave;ng B&igrave;nh D&#432;&#417;ng c&#361;ng c&oacute; b&aacute;o c&aacute;o v&#7873; tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p hai c&ocirc; g&aacute;i c&oacute; t&igrave;nh c&#7843;m s&acirc;u s&#7855;c &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7847;u thai th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t c&#7863;p song sinh.<\/p>\n<p>V&agrave;o n&#259;m 1992, &#7903; &#272;&ocirc; L&#361;y, th&ocirc;n B&igrave;nh D&#432;&#417;ng c&oacute; m&#7897;t &#273;&ocirc;i b&#7841;n th&acirc;n t&igrave;nh nh&#432; ch&#7883; em, m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i trong s&#7889; h&#7885; do m&acirc;u thu&#7851;n gia &#273;&igrave;nh m&agrave; &#273;&atilde; n&#7843;y sinh &yacute; &#273;&#7883;nh t&#7921; t&#7917;. Sau khi ng&#432;&#7901;i kia bi&#7871;t &#273;u&#7907;c, kh&ocirc;ng mu&#7889;n s&#7889;ng m&#7897;t m&igrave;nh n&ecirc;n hai ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; g&oacute;p ti&#7873;n mua thu&#7889;c tr&#7915; s&acirc;u, r&#7891;i c&#7843; hai u&#7889;ng v&agrave;o t&#7921; t&#7917; trong c&ugrave;ng m&#7897;t ng&agrave;y. V&#7873; sau, h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; t&aacute;i sinh th&agrave;nh c&#7863;p ch&#7883; em song sinh t&#7841;i nh&agrave; c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng b&agrave; Ng&ocirc; C&#7909;c Th&ocirc;ng (Wu Jicong) &#7903; th&ocirc;n T&acirc;n Tr&#7841;i. [483]<\/p>\n<p>C&ocirc; em Ng&ocirc; S&#432; Th&aacute;i (Wu Shicai) &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c t&ecirc;n l&agrave; Th&#7841;ch B&#7897;i Th&#7883;nh (Shi Beisheng), c&ocirc; ch&#7883; Ng&ocirc; S&#432; H&agrave;ng (Wu Shihang) &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c t&ecirc;n l&agrave; Di&ecirc;u B&#7897;i La (Yao Beiluo). Tr&#432;&#7899;c khi sinh con, b&agrave; Ng&ocirc; C&#7909;c Th&ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; c&#7843;m th&#7845;y c&oacute; hai c&ocirc; g&aacute;i tr&#7867; theo b&agrave; v&agrave;o nh&agrave;. Khi hai ch&#7883; em l&#7899;n l&ecirc;n, h&#7885; kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7915;ng k&#7875; v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, bao g&#7891;m u&#7889;ng thu&#7889;c tr&#7915; s&acirc;u, ng&atilde; xu&#7889;ng &#273;&#7845;t v&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c mai t&aacute;ng.<\/p>\n<p>Khi cha m&#7865; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a h&#7885; &#7903; &#272;&ocirc; L&#361;y bi&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chuy&#7879;n n&agrave;y v&agrave; &#273;&#7871;n th&#259;m, hai ch&#7883; em &#273;&atilde; vui m&#7915;ng lao v&agrave;o v&ograve;ng tay h&#7885;. Hai ch&#7883; em &#273;&#7873;u tr&acirc;n qu&yacute; nh&#7919;ng k&#7927; ni&#7879;m qu&yacute; gi&aacute; trong qu&aacute; kh&#7913;, cha m&#7865; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a c&#7863;p song sinh c&#361;ng th&#7915;a nh&#7853;n r&#7857;ng ch&uacute;ng l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a con g&aacute;i &#273;&atilde; khu&#7845;t chuy&#7875;n sinh, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i b&#7843;o tr&igrave; m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; th&acirc;n c&#7853;n v&#7899;i c&#7843; hai. Ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n &#7903; &#272;&ocirc; L&#361;y c&#361;ng tin c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n n&agrave;y, v&igrave; v&#7853;y hai ch&#7883; em th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&ecirc;n tr&#7903; v&#7873; &#272;&ocirc; L&#361;y &#273;&#7875; b&#7847;u b&#7841;n c&ugrave;ng cha m&#7865; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0524.webp\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-53652\" src=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0524-300x235.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0524-300x235.webp 300w, https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0524-768x603.webp 768w, https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0524.webp 888w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><i>Trang Ph&#432;&#7907;ng Ho&agrave;ng &#273;&#432;a tin v&agrave;o ng&agrave;y 29\/12\/2014, &ldquo;Ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n h&#417;n 100 &lsquo;ng&#432;&#7901;i t&aacute;i sinh&rsquo; &#7903; H&#7891; Nam g&acirc;y ch&#7845;n &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7843; n&#432;&#7899;c.&rdquo; (&#7842;nh ch&#7909;p m&agrave;n h&igrave;nh m&#7841;ng)<\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>5.4.2 Em g&aacute;i ch&#7871;t &#273;u&#7889;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&aacute;i sinh, n&#7889;i l&#7841;i ti&#7873;n duy&ecirc;n<\/b><\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 2015, ph&oacute;ng vi&ecirc;n c&#7911;a &ldquo;B&#7855;c Kinh b&aacute;o&rdquo; &#273;&atilde; ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n gia &#273;&igrave;nh h&#7885; H&agrave;, trong nh&agrave; h&#7885; c&oacute; m&#7897;t c&ocirc; g&aacute;i t&ecirc;n l&agrave; H&agrave; T&#432; Na (He Zina), sinh n&#259;m 1989. Khi ph&oacute;ng vi&ecirc;n g&#7863;p H&agrave; T&#432; Na, c&ocirc; &#7845;y 26 tu&#7893;i, c&oacute; khu&ocirc;n m&#7863;t thanh t&uacute;. [484]<\/p>\n<p>Cha c&#7911;a H&agrave; T&#432; Na t&ecirc;n l&agrave; H&agrave; B&acirc;n (He Bin), tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y &ocirc;ng c&oacute; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i em g&aacute;i t&ecirc;n l&agrave; H&agrave; C&#7847;n (He Qin, b&iacute; danh). V&agrave;o m&#7897;t ng&agrave;y gi&#7919;a m&ugrave;a h&egrave; n&#259;m 1986, H&agrave; C&#7847;n &#273;i &#273;&#7889;n c&#7911;i v&#7873;, khi &#273;ang b&#417;i &#7903; s&ocirc;ng &#272;&ocirc; L&#361;y th&igrave; b&#7883; ch&#7871;t &#273;u&#7889;i.<\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 1991, l&uacute;c &#273;&oacute; H&agrave; T&#432; Na 2 tu&#7893;i, v&#7915;a m&#7899;i t&#7853;p n&oacute;i, c&ocirc; b&eacute; &#273;&atilde; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u k&#7875; v&#7873; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh l&agrave; H&agrave; C&#7847;n. H&agrave; T&#432; Na c&oacute; th&#7875; nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&ocirc;ng b&aacute;o nh&#7853;p h&#7885;c c&#7911;a H&agrave; C&#7847;n &#273;&#7863;t &#7903; &#273;&acirc;u, ho&agrave;n c&#7843;nh khi c&ocirc; qua &#273;&#7901;i v&agrave; v&#7883; tr&iacute; thi th&#7875; c&#7911;a c&ocirc; tr&ecirc;n b&#7901; khi c&ocirc; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#7913;u. Nh&#7919;ng chi ti&#7871;t n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&aacute;c nh&#7853;n l&agrave; ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c. &Ocirc;ng H&agrave; B&acirc;n c&#361;ng x&aacute;c nh&#7853;n ng&#432;&#7901;i em g&aacute;i qu&aacute; c&#7889; c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh c&oacute; t&iacute;nh c&aacute;ch r&#7845;t gi&#7889;ng H&agrave; T&#432; Na, nhi&#7879;t t&igrave;nh, tinh ngh&#7883;ch v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng s&#7907; ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#7841;. H&agrave; T&#432; Na t&#7915;ng h&#7887;i &ocirc;ng r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;Con n&ecirc;n g&#7885;i cha l&agrave; anh hay l&agrave; cha?&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>C&aacute;c lo&#7841;i b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng kh&aacute;c nhau &#273;&atilde; thuy&#7871;t ph&#7909;c &ocirc;ng H&agrave; B&acirc;n r&#7857;ng ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a H&agrave; T&#432; Na ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; c&ocirc; em g&aacute;i H&agrave; C&#7847;n c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; ch&#7871;t &#273;u&#7889;i 29 n&#259;m tr&#432;&#7899;c.<\/p>\n<p><b>5.4.3 Heo tr&#7855;ng &#273;&#7847;u thai th&agrave;nh ng&#432;&#7901;i, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7891; t&#7875; r&#7917;a tay g&aacute;c ki&#7871;m<\/b><\/p>\n<p>T&#7841;i tr&#7841;i Ph&#7893; &#272;&#7847;u thu&#7897;c l&agrave;ng B&igrave;nh D&#432;&#417;ng c&oacute; m&#7897;t c&#7853;u b&eacute; h&#7885; Ng&ocirc;, m&#7865; c&#7853;u t&ecirc;n l&agrave; L&#7909;c C&#432; &#272;&agrave;o (Lu Jutao). T&#7915; khi h&#417;n 1 tu&#7893;i, c&#7853;u b&eacute; &#273;&atilde; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a c&#7853;u l&agrave; m&#7897;t con heo tr&#7855;ng. C&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n v&#7873; &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7853;t &#273;&#7847;u thai th&agrave;nh ng&#432;&#7901;i n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; g&acirc;y ch&#7845;n &#273;&#7897;ng r&#7845;t l&#7899;n &#7903; &#273;&#7883;a ph&#432;&#417;ng. [485]<\/p>\n<p>Khi c&#7853;u b&eacute; n&agrave;y m&#7899;i h&#417;n 1 tu&#7893;i, gia &#273;&igrave;nh &#273;&#432;a c&#7853;u v&#7873; l&agrave;ng, m&#7895;i l&#7847;n g&#7863;p m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7891; t&#7875; h&#7885; Dung, c&#7853;u b&eacute; l&#7841;i b&#7845;t ch&#7907;t kh&oacute;c l&oacute;c, gi&atilde;y gi&#7909;a m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch tuy&#7879;t v&#7885;ng, nh&#432; th&#7875; c&#7853;u r&#7845;t s&#7907; &ocirc;ng &#7845;y v&#7853;y. Khi c&#7853;u kho&#7843;ng 2, 3 tu&#7893;i, h&agrave;nh vi n&agrave;y c&agrave;ng tr&#7903; n&ecirc;n r&otilde; r&agrave;ng h&#417;n. M&#7895;i khi nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y c&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i thu ho&#7841;ch rau khoai ngo&agrave;i &#273;&#7891;ng, c&#7853;u b&eacute; s&#7869; n&oacute;i cho h&#7885; bi&#7871;t lo&#7841;i rau n&agrave;o qu&aacute; &#273;&#7855;ng ho&#7863;c qu&aacute; cay.<\/p>\n<p>Khi m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#7887;i duy&ecirc;n c&#7899;, c&#7853;u b&eacute; n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7853;u l&agrave; m&#7897;t con heo tr&#7855;ng to l&#7899;n trong nh&agrave; &ocirc;ng ngo&#7841;i. C&#7853;u k&#7875; l&#7841;i tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh r&#7857;ng: M&#7897;t ng&agrave;y n&#7885;, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7891; t&#7875; h&#7885; Dung kia d&#7851;n m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c &#273;i mua heo, &ldquo;c&#7853;u b&eacute;&rdquo; l&uacute;c &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; &ldquo;con heo tr&#7855;ng l&#7899;n&rdquo; &#273;&atilde; c&#7889; g&#7855;ng ch&#7841;y tr&#7889;n, nh&#432;ng cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng v&#7851;n b&#7883; b&#7855;t l&#7841;i, b&#7883; gi&#7871;t th&#7883;t v&agrave; &#273;em b&aacute;n.<\/p>\n<p>Ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7891; t&#7875; h&#7885; Dung x&aacute;c nh&#7853;n qu&#7843; th&#7921;c c&oacute; chuy&#7879;n m&#7897;t con heo tr&#7855;ng c&#7889; g&#7855;ng tr&#7889;n tho&aacute;t. T&#7915; &#273;&oacute;, &ocirc;ng tin v&agrave;o lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i v&agrave; ph&aacute;t th&#7879; s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng s&aacute;t sinh n&#7919;a. C&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n v&#7873; c&#7853;u b&eacute; n&agrave;y nhanh ch&oacute;ng lan truy&#7873;n trong l&agrave;ng, v&#7873; sau m&#7895;i khi nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y c&#7853;u b&eacute;, d&acirc;n l&agrave;ng kh&ocirc;ng g&#7885;i c&#7853;u b&#7857;ng t&ecirc;n n&#7919;a m&agrave; g&#7885;i c&#7853;u l&agrave; &ldquo;heo tr&#7855;ng nh&#7887;.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>Tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&agrave;y cho th&#7845;y chuy&#7879;n lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; x&#7843;y ra gi&#7919;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7899;i nhau, m&agrave; c&ograve;n c&oacute; th&#7875; x&#7843;y ra gi&#7919;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7853;t.<\/p>\n<p>C&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; x&#7843;y ra &#7903; H&#7891; Nam m&agrave; c&ograve;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&aacute;o c&aacute;o &#7903; c&aacute;c khu v&#7921;c kh&aacute;c. V&agrave;o n&#259;m 2014, trong Kho d&#7919; li&#7879;u V&#7841;n Ph&#432;&#417;ng Trung Qu&#7889;c, ch&uacute;ng t&ocirc;i &#273;&atilde; t&igrave;m th&#7845;y m&#7897;t b&agrave;i lu&#7853;n v&#259;n nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c c&#7911;a &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c S&#432; ph&#7841;m Qu&#7843;ng T&acirc;y. B&agrave;i lu&#7853;n v&#259;n c&oacute; nhan &#273;&#7873; l&agrave; &ldquo;Sinh m&#7879;nh lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i trong hai c&otilde;i &acirc;m d&#432;&#417;ng &ndash; &#272;i&#7873;u tra nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n v&#7873; &lsquo;ng&#432;&#7901;i t&aacute;i sinh&rsquo; &#7903; d&acirc;n t&#7897;c &#272;&#7897;ng, l&agrave;ng Thu&#7853;t &#272;&#7897;ng, huy&#7879;n L&ecirc; B&igrave;nh, t&#7881;nh Qu&yacute; Ch&acirc;u,&rdquo; &#273;&#259;ng tr&ecirc;n &ldquo;T&#7841;p ch&iacute; &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Khoa h&#7885;c v&agrave; Ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t Tr&ugrave;ng Kh&aacute;nh (&#7844;n b&#7843;n Khoa h&#7885;c X&atilde; h&#7897;i).&rdquo; Ph&#7847;n t&oacute;m t&#7855;t c&#7911;a lu&#7853;n v&#259;n n&agrave;y c&oacute; &#273;o&#7841;n: &ldquo;C&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i t&aacute;i sinh nghe c&oacute; v&#7867; v&ocirc; l&yacute;, nh&#432;ng l&#7841;i c&oacute; ch&#7913;ng c&#7913; trong &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng th&#7921;c.&rdquo; [486]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0525.webp\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-53653\" src=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0525-300x148.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"148\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0525-300x148.webp 300w, https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0525-1024x504.webp 1024w, https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0525-768x378.webp 768w, https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0525.webp 1091w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><i>Trong Kho d&#7919; li&#7879;u V&#7841;n Ph&#432;&#417;ng Trung Qu&#7889;c c&oacute; m&#7897;t lu&#7853;n v&#259;n v&#7899;i t&#7921;a &#273;&#7873; &ldquo;Sinh m&#7879;nh lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i trong hai c&otilde;i &acirc;m d&#432;&#417;ng &ndash; &#272;i&#7873;u tra nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n v&#7873; &lsquo;ng&#432;&#7901;i t&aacute;i sinh&rsquo; &#7903; d&acirc;n t&#7897;c &#272;&#7897;ng, l&agrave;ng Thu&#7853;t &#272;&#7897;ng, huy&#7879;n L&ecirc; B&igrave;nh, t&#7881;nh Qu&yacute; Ch&acirc;u&rdquo;. (&#7842;nh ch&#7909;p m&agrave;n h&igrave;nh m&#7841;ng)<\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>6. S&aacute;u b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng ch&iacute;nh ch&#7913;ng minh s&#7921; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871;<\/b><\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 1979, k&#7871;t qu&#7843; c&#7911;a m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t c&oacute; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng &#7903; mi&#7873;n b&#7855;c &#7844;n &#272;&#7897; do b&agrave; Satwant K. Pasricha, Ch&#7911; nhi&#7879;m Khoa T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c l&acirc;m s&agrave;ng t&#7841;i Vi&#7879;n S&#7913;c kh&#7887;e T&acirc;m th&#7847;n v&agrave; Khoa h&#7885;c Th&#7847;n kinh Qu&#7889;c gia (NIMHANS) &#7903; &#7844;n &#272;&#7897; c&ugrave;ng &ocirc;ng David Read Barker, ng&#432;&#7901;i s&aacute;ng l&#7853;p Public Policy Communications, Inc., Washington, D.C. c&ocirc;ng b&#7889; &#273;&atilde; cho th&#7845;y, c&oacute; kho&#7843;ng 2.2% trong s&#7889; 1,000 ng&#432;&#7901;i cho bi&#7871;t h&#7885; nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c [487].<\/p>\n<p>K&#7871;t lu&#7853;n c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u b&#7857;ng s&#7921; quan s&aacute;t. &Ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&atilde; &#273;i&#7873;u tra h&#417;n 2,500 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p tr&#7867; em c&oacute; k&yacute; &#7913;c ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c, sau khi &ocirc;ng x&aacute;c nh&#7853;n t&iacute;nh x&aacute;c th&#7921;c c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&agrave;y th&igrave; m&#7899;i c&ocirc;ng khai ch&uacute;ng, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i l&#432;u gi&#7919; d&#7919; li&#7879;u g&#7889;c c&#7911;a c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p. Vi&#7879;c c&aacute;c h&#7885;c gi&#7843; c&oacute; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p nghi&ecirc;m ng&#7863;t &#273;&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u tra v&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p hay kh&ocirc;ng l&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n c&#417; b&#7843;n &#273;&#7875; &#273;o l&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7897; tin c&#7853;y c&#7911;a k&#7871;t qu&#7843; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u.<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&atilde; &aacute;p d&#7909;ng th&aacute;i &#273;&#7897; nghi&ecirc;m kh&#7855;c v&agrave; th&#7853;n tr&#7885;ng trong to&agrave;n b&#7897; qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh &#273;i&#7873;u tra, thu th&#7853;p v&agrave; ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch th&ocirc;ng tin g&#7889;c v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&agrave;y. Ngo&agrave;i t&iacute;nh logic v&agrave; &#273;&#7897; chu&#7849;n x&aacute;c c&#7911;a c&aacute;c chi ti&#7871;t, c&ograve;n c&oacute; v&agrave;i kh&iacute;a c&#7841;nh nh&#432; &#7903; d&#432;&#7899;i &#273;&acirc;y, ch&uacute;ng &#273;&atilde; b&#7843;o &#273;&#7843;m t&iacute;nh ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c v&agrave; &#273;&#7897; tin c&#7853;y c&#7911;a c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7875; x&aacute;c nh&#7853;n t&iacute;nh x&aacute;c th&#7921;c c&#7911;a c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i, &ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&atilde; thi&#7871;t k&#7871; m&#7897;t ph&#432;&#417;ng &aacute;n &#273;&#7875; thu th&#7853;p v&agrave; &#273;&aacute;nh gi&aacute; nghi&ecirc;m ng&#7863;t c&aacute;c b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng. &Ocirc;ng s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p m&agrave; c&aacute;c lu&#7853;t s&#432; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7875; d&#7921;ng l&#7841;i t&#7897;i &aacute;c &ndash; ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n v&agrave; ki&#7875;m tra ch&eacute;o nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i cung c&#7845;p th&ocirc;ng tin &#273;&#7875; t&igrave;m hi&#7875;u t&igrave;nh h&igrave;nh tr&#432;&#7899;c khi &#273;&#7871;n hi&#7879;n tr&#432;&#7901;ng. [488]<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Stevenson s&#7869; xem x&eacute;t, ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch v&agrave; suy lu&#7853;n t&#7915;ng l&#7901;i gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch kh&#7843; d&#297; cho t&#7915;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i c&#7889; g&#7855;ng lo&#7841;i b&#7887; t&#7915;ng l&#7901;i gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch &#273;&oacute;, th&#7859;ng cho &#273;&#7871;n khi ch&#7881; c&ograve;n l&#7841;i m&#7897;t l&#7901;i gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch c&oacute; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng x&#7843;y ra nh&#7845;t. Sau &#273;&oacute;, &ocirc;ng s&#7917; d&#7909;ng nh&#7919;ng quan s&aacute;t s&acirc;u h&#417;n &#273;&#7875; x&aacute;c nh&#7853;n ho&#7863;c ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n nh&#7919;ng l&#7901;i gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch c&oacute; th&#7875; c&oacute; cho xu h&#432;&#7899;ng ban &#273;&#7847;u, v&agrave; t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m l&#7901;i gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch h&#7907;p l&yacute; nh&#7845;t c&oacute; th&#7875; cho s&#7921; ki&#7879;n. &#272;&acirc;y l&agrave; m&#7897;t ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch logic r&#7845;t ch&#7863;t ch&#7869;.<\/p>\n<p>Ngo&agrave;i ra, &ocirc;ng c&ograve;n t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m l&#7863;p &#273;i l&#7863;p l&#7841;i trong m&#7897;t lo&#7841;t c&aacute;c hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng c&oacute; v&#7867; gi&#7889;ng nhau, &#273;&#7875; t&igrave;m ra manh m&#7889;i v&#7873; nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n v&agrave; qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh x&#7843;y ra c&#7911;a c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p.<\/p>\n<p>Ngo&agrave;i vi&#7879;c thu th&#7853;p th&ocirc;ng tin m&ocirc; t&#7843;, &ocirc;ng Stevenson c&ograve;n th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&ecirc;n quan s&aacute;t xem ng&ocirc;n h&agrave;nh c&#7911;a &#273;&#7889;i t&#432;&#7907;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;i&#7873;u tra c&oacute; &#273;&aacute;ng tin c&#7853;y hay kh&ocirc;ng, l&#7901;i n&oacute;i c&#361;ng nh&#432; ng&ocirc;n h&agrave;nh c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&agrave; c&#7911;a h&#7885; &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i n&agrave;y v&agrave; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&oacute; &#273;&aacute;ng tin c&#7853;y hay kh&ocirc;ng. Nh&#7919;ng c&acirc;n nh&#7855;c n&agrave;y c&#361;ng l&agrave;m t&#259;ng th&ecirc;m &#273;&#7897; tin c&#7853;y cho c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p. [489]<\/p>\n<p>V&agrave;o n&#259;m 1963, khi &ocirc;ng Stevenson chu&#7849;n b&#7883; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n v&#7873; c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i m&agrave; &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; &#273;i&#7873;u tra mang t&ecirc;n &ldquo;Hai m&#432;&#417;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p g&#7907;i &yacute; v&#7873; s&#7921; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i&rdquo; (Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation), c&oacute; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&agrave;n &ocirc;ng t&#7915;ng l&agrave;m th&ocirc;ng d&#7883;ch vi&ecirc;n cho &ocirc;ng trong hai ho&#7863;c ba tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p &#7903; &#7844;n &#272;&#7897; &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; c&aacute;o bu&#7897;c r&#7857;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&atilde; d&#7889;i tr&aacute; trong c&aacute;c c&ocirc;ng vi&#7879;c kh&aacute;c. Th&#7871; l&agrave; &ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&atilde; ho&atilde;n xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch v&agrave; quay tr&#7903; l&#7841;i &#7844;n &#272;&#7897; &#273;&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u tra l&#7841;i c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&agrave;y v&#7899;i m&#7897;t th&ocirc;ng d&#7883;ch vi&ecirc;n kh&aacute;c, ch&#7881; sau khi x&aacute;c nh&#7853;n r&#7857;ng c&aacute;c cu&#7897;c ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n trong c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c phi&ecirc;n d&#7883;ch ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c, hai ho&#7863;c ba tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&agrave;y m&#7899;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c gi&#7919; l&#7841;i trong cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch. &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; ph&#7843;n &aacute;nh th&aacute;i &#273;&#7897; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u nghi&ecirc;m t&uacute;c v&agrave; c&#7847;u th&#7921;c c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng Stevenson.<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Stevenson v&#7889;n l&agrave; m&#7897;t Gi&aacute;o s&#432; n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng trong l&#297;nh v&#7921;c t&acirc;m th&#7847;n h&#7885;c. &Ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n m&#7897;t lu&#7853;n v&#259;n nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u kh&ocirc;ng ch&iacute;nh th&#7889;ng v&agrave;o th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m &#273;&oacute; &#273;&#7875; ch&#7913;ng minh cho s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i, v&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y kh&ocirc;ng gi&uacute;p &iacute;ch g&igrave; cho s&#7921; nghi&#7879;p c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng. Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&ugrave;ng th&#7901;i v&#7899;i &ocirc;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng kh&ocirc;ng mu&#7889;n tham gia v&agrave;o nh&#7919;ng nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u nh&#432; v&#7853;y v&igrave; s&#7907; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng ti&ecirc;u c&#7921;c &#273;&#7871;n ti&#7873;n &#273;&#7891; c&#7911;a h&#7885;.<\/p>\n<p>Ch&uacute;ng t&ocirc;i &#273;&atilde; t&oacute;m t&#7855;t nh&#7919;ng b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng ch&#7911; y&#7871;u ch&#7913;ng minh cho s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i nh&#432; sau:<\/p>\n<p><b>6.1 H&#7847;u h&#7871;t c&aacute;c nh&acirc;n v&#7853;t trong &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; th&#7875; x&aacute;c minh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&atilde; ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i 2,500 tr&#7867; em t&#7915; 4 &#273;&#7871;n 10 tu&#7893;i, nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; n&agrave;y th&#432;&#7901;ng c&oacute; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng nh&#7899; l&#7841;i ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c v&agrave; chi ti&#7871;t nh&#7919;ng th&ocirc;ng tin li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng v&agrave; ngh&#7873; nghi&#7879;p &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#361;ng nh&#432; ho&agrave;n c&#7843;nh khi qua &#273;&#7901;i. Nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u ch&uacute;ng n&oacute;i th&#432;&#7901;ng l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u m&agrave; ngay c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#7899;n m&agrave; ch&uacute;ng ti&#7871;p x&uacute;c c&#361;ng ch&#432;a bao gi&#7901; nghe th&#7845;y.<\/p>\n<p>T&#7841;i m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t v&#7899;i 856 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p, trong 67% s&#7889; tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p, &ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&atilde; t&igrave;m th&#7845;y nh&#7919;ng nh&acirc;n v&#7853;t &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m m&agrave; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; &#273;&atilde; n&ecirc;u. Nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&agrave;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c xem l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p &ldquo;&#272;&atilde; gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t,&rdquo; trong khi 33% c&ograve;n l&#7841;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&acirc;n lo&#7841;i l&agrave; tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p &ldquo;Ch&#432;a gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t,&rdquo; b&#7903;i kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; x&aacute;c minh c&aacute;c nh&acirc;n v&#7853;t trong &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&oacute; v&igrave; nhi&#7873;u l&yacute; do. [490]<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7889;i t&#432;&#7907;ng nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; tr&#7867; em v&igrave; hai l&yacute; do: th&#7913; nh&#7845;t, tr&#7867; nh&#7887; &iacute;t c&oacute; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng b&#7883;a &#273;&#7863;t v&#7873; k&yacute; &#7913;c &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c; th&#7913; hai, tr&#7867; nh&#7887; &iacute;t c&oacute; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng ti&#7871;p x&uacute;c v&#7899;i th&ocirc;ng tin chi ti&#7871;t v&#7873; cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n sinh.<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Stevenson nh&#7853;n th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng nh&#7919;ng l&#7901;i khai c&#7911;a tr&#7867; em trong nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&agrave;y r&#7845;t kh&#7899;p v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n cung c&#7845;p trong cu&#7897;c ki&#7875;m tra ch&eacute;o, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y l&agrave;m t&#259;ng s&#7921; tin t&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng v&agrave;o &#273;&#7897; tin c&#7853;y c&#7911;a th&ocirc;ng tin &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c m&agrave; c&aacute;c em cung c&#7845;p.<\/p>\n<p>Trong nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&agrave;y, nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; c&oacute; k&yacute; &#7913;c v&#7873; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c th&#432;&#7901;ng k&#7875; v&#7873; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh v&#7899;i c&#7843;m x&uacute;c m&#7841;nh m&#7869;, v&agrave; &#273;&ocirc;i khi ch&uacute;ng h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng nh&#432; th&#7875; m&igrave;nh v&#7851;n &#273;ang s&#7889;ng &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i &#273;&oacute;. Nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; m&#7899;i v&agrave;i tu&#7893;i r&#7845;t &iacute;t c&oacute; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng gi&#7843; t&#7841;o c&#7843;m x&uacute;c v&agrave; h&agrave;nh vi, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y c&#361;ng l&agrave;m t&#259;ng th&ecirc;m &#273;&#7897; tin c&#7853;y cho c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p.<\/p>\n<p><b>6.2 V&#7871;t b&#7899;t t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng v&#7899;i v&#7871;t th&#432;&#417;ng &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&atilde; xem x&eacute;t 895 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p tr&#7867; nh&#7887; &#7903; 9 qu&#7889;c gia v&agrave; n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a kh&aacute;c nhau nh&#7899; l&#7841;i &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh. &Ocirc;ng ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n c&oacute; 35% (309) tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p l&agrave; tr&#7867; c&oacute; v&#7871;t b&#7899;t ho&#7863;c d&#7883; t&#7853;t b&#7849;m sinh.<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&atilde; ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh &#273;i&#7873;u tra s&acirc;u h&#417;n 210 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p c&oacute; th&ocirc;ng tin chi ti&#7871;t v&agrave; ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n, nh&#7919;ng v&#7871;t b&#7899;t ho&#7863;c d&#7883; t&#7853;t b&#7849;m sinh n&agrave;y th&#432;&#7901;ng li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng v&#7871;t s&#7865;o ho&#7863;c c&aacute;c &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m kh&aacute;c c&#7911;a c&#417; th&#7875; &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c. C&aacute;c v&#7871;t b&#7899;t th&#432;&#7901;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; l&ocirc;ng, c&oacute; n&#7871;p g&#7845;p tr&ecirc;n da v&agrave; m&agrave;u s&#7855;c n&ocirc;ng s&acirc;u kh&aacute;c nhau. Th&ocirc;ng qua b&aacute;o c&aacute;o kh&aacute;m nghi&#7879;m t&#7917; thi, m&#7889;i t&#432;&#417;ng quan gi&#7919;a v&#7871;t b&#7899;t v&agrave; v&#7871;t th&#432;&#417;ng tr&ecirc;n th&acirc;n th&#7875; &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a 43 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p trong &#273;&oacute; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&aacute;c minh. [491]<\/p>\n<p>Trong 18 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p t&#7917; vong do &#273;&#7841;n b&#7855;n &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, tr&ecirc;n ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; &#273;&#7847;u thai c&oacute; hai v&#7871;t b&#7899;t xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n, t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng v&#7899;i v&#7883; tr&iacute; v&#7871;t &#273;&#7841;n v&agrave;o v&agrave; ra.<\/p>\n<p>Trong 14 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p c&oacute; v&#7871;t b&#7899;t &#273;&ocirc;i, c&oacute; m&#7897;t v&#7871;t b&#7899;t l&#7899;n h&#417;n &#273;&aacute;ng k&#7875; so v&#7899;i v&#7871;t b&#7899;t kia. Trong &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; 9 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p c&ograve;n nh&igrave;n r&otilde; v&#7871;t b&#7899;t nh&#7887; h&#417;n th&#432;&#7901;ng l&agrave; h&igrave;nh tr&ograve;n, t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng v&#7899;i &#273;i&#7875;m v&agrave;o c&#7911;a vi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7841;n; c&aacute;c v&#7871;t b&#7899;t l&#7899;n h&#417;n th&#432;&#7901;ng c&oacute; h&igrave;nh d&#7841;ng b&#7845;t quy t&#7855;c, t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng v&#7899;i ch&#7895; &#273;&#7841;n &#273;i ra. Nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7875;m n&agrave;y &#273;&#7873;u ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a v&#7871;t th&#432;&#417;ng do &#273;&#7841;n b&#7855;n.<\/p>\n<p>Ngo&agrave;i ra, trong 20 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#432;a tang (th&#432;&#7901;ng l&agrave; th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n trong gia &#273;&igrave;nh) &#273;&atilde; &#273;&aacute;nh d&#7845;u thi th&#7875; c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#7845;p h&#7889;i ho&#7863;c ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7899;i qua &#273;&#7901;i b&#7857;ng tro thu&#7889;c ho&#7863;c c&aacute;c ch&#7845;t c&oacute; m&agrave;u kh&aacute;c. Nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; sau n&agrave;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&aacute;i sinh &#273;&atilde; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n v&#7871;t b&#7899;t t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng v&#7883; tr&iacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&aacute;nh d&#7845;u &#273;&oacute;.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&agrave; t&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7844;n &#272;&#7897; Satwant Pasricha c&#361;ng b&aacute;o c&aacute;o 10 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p &#273;&#7847;u thai, trong &#273;&oacute; 8 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p c&oacute; v&#7871;t b&#7899;t v&agrave; 2 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p c&oacute; d&#7883; t&#7853;t b&#7849;m sinh [492].<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#7919;ng ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n n&agrave;y ch&#7913;ng minh r&#7857;ng, c&oacute; m&#7897;t m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; &#273;&#7889;i &#7913;ng gi&#7919;a v&#7871;t th&#432;&#417;ng ho&#7863;c k&yacute; hi&#7879;u &#273;&aacute;nh d&#7845;u tr&ecirc;n c&#417; th&#7875; &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c v&#7899;i v&#7871;t b&#7899;t c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c. &#272;&acirc;y l&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7857;ng c&aacute;c l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t y sinh hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i v&agrave; c&aacute;c gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a.<\/p>\n<p><b>6.3 D&#7883; t&#7853;t b&#7849;m sinh t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng v&#7899;i t&#7893;n th&#432;&#417;ng &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c<\/b><\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 1967, m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t y t&#7871; c&#7911;a &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Edinburgh &#7903; Anh cho th&#7845;y c&oacute; kho&#7843;ng 2% tr&#7867; s&#417; sinh sinh ra b&#7883; d&#7883; t&#7853;t th&#7875; ch&#7845;t [493]. D&#7883; t&#7853;t b&#7849;m sinh c&oacute; th&#7875; do nhi&#7873;u lo&#7841;i nh&acirc;n t&#7889; g&acirc;y ra, bao g&#7891;m thu&#7889;c, nhi&#7877;m virus, r&#432;&#7907;u, &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n gene, v.v. M&#7897;t nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u kh&aacute;c v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1989 &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&ocirc;ng b&#7889; tr&ecirc;n T&#7841;p ch&iacute; Y h&#7885;c New England th&igrave; cho th&#7845;y c&oacute; &iacute;t nh&#7845;t 43% d&#7883; t&#7853;t b&#7849;m sinh l&agrave; &ldquo;kh&ocirc;ng r&otilde; nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n&rdquo; [494].<\/p>\n<p>Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng Stevenson cho th&#7845;y d&#7883; t&#7853;t b&#7849;m sinh &#7903; nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p c&oacute; k&yacute; &#7913;c ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c c&oacute; th&#7875; li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng t&#7893;n th&#432;&#417;ng th&#7875; x&aacute;c trong &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c. Nh&#7919;ng d&#7883; t&#7853;t b&#7849;m sinh n&agrave;y bao g&#7891;m d&#7883; t&#7853;t n&#7917;a ng&#432;&#7901;i, t&#7853;t microtia, bi&#7871;n d&#7841;ng c&#7893; tay m&#7897;t b&ecirc;n v&agrave; d&#432;&#417;ng v&#7853;t nh&#7887; v.v. Nh&#7919;ng khi&#7871;m khuy&#7871;t n&agrave;y th&#432;&#7901;ng kh&ocirc;ng ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i m&ocirc; th&#7913;c c&#7911;a c&aacute;c ki&#7875;u d&#7883; t&#7853;t th&ocirc;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng, nh&#432;ng ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng v&#7871;t th&#432;&#417;ng do ki&#7871;m, &#273;&#7841;n b&#7855;n ho&#7863;c c&aacute;c h&igrave;nh th&#7913;c t&#7917; vong kh&aacute;c. [495]<\/p>\n<p>V&iacute; d&#7909;, m&#7897;t c&#7853;u b&eacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i Th&#7893; Nh&#297; K&#7923; c&oacute; tai b&ecirc;n ph&#7843;i b&#7883; teo v&agrave; bi&#7871;n d&#7841;ng (microtia m&#7897;t b&ecirc;n), n&#7917;a &#273;&#7847;u b&ecirc;n ph&#7843;i k&eacute;m ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n, n&#7917;a b&ecirc;n ph&#7843;i khu&ocirc;n m&#7863;t b&#7883; nh&#7887;. C&#7853;u b&eacute; nh&#7899; m&igrave;nh &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; b&#7855;n &#7903; c&#7921; ly g&#7847;n b&#7903;i m&#7897;t kh&#7849;u s&uacute;ng hoa c&#7843;i &#7903; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c, sau &#273;&oacute; 6 ng&agrave;y th&igrave; t&#7917; vong do ch&#7845;n th&#432;&#417;ng s&#7885; n&atilde;o b&#7903;i m&#7897;t ph&aacute;t &#273;&#7841;n xuy&ecirc;n qua b&ecirc;n ph&#7843;i h&#7897;p s&#7885;. &Ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&atilde; x&aacute;c nh&#7853;n th&ocirc;ng tin n&agrave;y sau khi t&igrave;m th&#7845;y h&#7891; s&#417; b&#7879;nh vi&#7879;n &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a c&#7853;u b&eacute;.<\/p>\n<p>&#7902; &#7844;n &#272;&#7897; c&oacute; m&#7897;t c&#7853;u b&eacute; sinh ra v&#7899;i h&#7847;u nh&#432; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; ng&oacute;n tay tr&ecirc;n m&#7897;t b&agrave;n tay (brachydactyly m&#7897;t b&ecirc;n). C&#7853;u b&eacute; nh&#7899; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&atilde; t&#7915;ng &#273;&uacute;t tay ph&#7843;i v&agrave;o l&#432;&#7905;i dao c&#7855;t c&#7887; v&agrave; b&#7883; m&#7845;t ng&oacute;n tay. B&#7879;nh brachydactyly m&#7897;t b&ecirc;n l&agrave; b&#7879;nh v&ocirc; c&ugrave;ng hi&#7871;m g&#7863;p, trong h&#7847;u h&#7871;t c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p, b&#7879;nh brachydactyly ch&#7881; li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c r&uacute;t ng&#7855;n x&#432;&#417;ng kh&#7899;p gi&#7919;a, c&ograve;n c&#7853;u b&eacute; n&agrave;y kh&ocirc;ng h&#7873; c&oacute; &#273;o&#7841;n x&#432;&#417;ng kh&#7899;p n&agrave;o, c&aacute;c ng&oacute;n tay ch&#7881; bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n d&#432;&#7899;i d&#7841;ng c&#7909;t ng&#7911;n.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p d&#7883; t&#7853;t b&#7849;m sinh hi&#7871;m g&#7863;p n&agrave;y c&oacute; s&#7921; li&ecirc;n quan v&#7899;i c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng th&#7913;c t&#7917; vong ho&#7863;c ch&#7845;n th&#432;&#417;ng &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, gi&uacute;p ch&#7913;ng minh cho kh&#7843; n&#259;ng c&oacute; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c t&#7891;n t&#7841;i. C&#7843; l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t y sinh hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i l&#7851;n c&aacute;c gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a &#273;&#7873;u kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7919;ng d&#7883; t&#7853;t b&#7849;m sinh n&agrave;y.<\/p>\n<p><b>6.4 T&iacute;nh c&aacute;ch v&agrave; h&agrave;nh vi gi&#7889;ng v&#7899;i &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c<\/b><\/p>\n<p>T&#7909;c ng&#7919; c&oacute; c&acirc;u: &ldquo;Ch&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7901;i c&ugrave;ng m&#7897;t m&#7865;, m&#7895;i ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7897;t kh&aacute;c.&rdquo; M&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; t&iacute;nh c&aacute;ch, s&#7903; th&iacute;ch v&agrave; t&agrave;i n&#259;ng b&#7849;m sinh ri&ecirc;ng, ngay c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng c&#7863;p song sinh c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; r&#7845;t kh&aacute;c nhau. Nh&#7919;ng hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng n&agrave;y r&#7845;t kh&oacute; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch b&#7857;ng l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t y sinh, nh&#432;ng kh&ocirc;ng kh&oacute; &#273;&#7875; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch r&otilde; r&agrave;ng n&#7871;u con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; k&yacute; &#7913;c v&#7873; ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#361;ng bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n ra t&iacute;nh kh&iacute; t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c. V&iacute; d&#7909; nh&#432; c&oacute; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng hi&#7871;u &#273;&#7897;ng, t&iacute;nh t&igrave;nh n&oacute;ng n&#7843;y. [496]<\/p>\n<p>S&#7903; th&iacute;ch c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng c&#361;ng gi&#7889;ng nhau. V&iacute; d&#7909;, c&oacute; th&#7875; c&oacute; c&#7843;m gi&aacute;c th&egrave;m &#259;n c&ugrave;ng m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i &#273;&#7891; u&#7889;ng ho&#7863;c &#273;&#7891; &#259;n m&agrave; &#273;&atilde; t&#7915;ng th&#432;&#7903;ng th&#7913;c &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c. M&#7897;t s&#7889; tr&#7867; nh&#7899; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c t&#7915;ng nghi&#7879;n r&#432;&#7907;u th&igrave; khi c&ograve;n nh&#7887; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&ograve;i u&#7889;ng r&#432;&#7907;u, th&#7853;m ch&iacute; l&eacute;n l&uacute;t u&#7889;ng r&#432;&#7907;u. C&oacute; m&#7897;t s&#7889; &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; th&igrave; th&#7917; h&uacute;t thu&#7889;c, ho&#7863;c gi&#7843; v&#7901; h&uacute;t thu&#7889;c, ch&uacute;ng nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c vi&#7879;c h&uacute;t thu&#7889;c trong &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c.<\/p>\n<p>Trong s&#7889; 278 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p, c&oacute; 66 (24%) tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n ra c&aacute;c h&agrave;nh vi b&#7845;t th&#432;&#7901;ng trong khi ch&#417;i tr&ograve; ch&#417;i, nh&#7919;ng h&agrave;nh vi n&agrave;y th&#432;&#7901;ng li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n ngh&#7873; nghi&#7879;p c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n v&#7853;t &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c. V&iacute; d&#7909;, &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; nh&#7899; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c l&agrave; m&#7897;t phi c&ocirc;ng trong &#272;&#7879; nh&#7883; Th&#7871; chi&#7871;n n&oacute;i tr&ecirc;n t&#7887; ra y&ecirc;u th&iacute;ch phi c&#417;, &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; nh&#7899; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c m&igrave;nh t&#7915;ng l&agrave; phu xe th&igrave; s&#7869; ch&#417;i tr&ograve; ch&#417;i ng&#7891;i tr&ecirc;n ph&iacute;a sau xe ng&#7921;a; &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; nh&#7899; m&igrave;nh l&agrave; b&aacute;c s&#297; s&#7869; gi&#7843; l&agrave;m b&aacute;c s&#297;, l&#7855;c c&acirc;y g&#7853;y nh&#432; th&#7875; &#273;ang &#273;o nhi&#7879;t &#273;&#7897; v.v. M&#7897;t s&#7889; tr&#7867; th&igrave; &#273;&#7863;t t&ecirc;n cho b&uacute;p b&ecirc; ho&#7863;c &#273;&#7891; ch&#417;i v&#7853;t d&#7909;ng theo t&ecirc;n nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, c&ograve;n c&oacute; tr&#7867; b&#7855;t ch&#432;&#7899;c c&#7843;nh t&#7917; vong &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c trong tr&ograve; ch&#417;i c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng.<\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 1999, &ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#259;ng b&agrave;i ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng k&yacute; &#7913;c &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c &#7903; c&aacute;c c&#7863;p song sinh gi&#7889;ng h&#7879;t nhau l&ecirc;n t&#7841;p ch&iacute; The Lancet. [497]<\/p>\n<p>V&iacute; d&#7909;, m&#7897;t c&#7863;p song sinh gi&#7889;ng h&#7879;t nhau &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; Sri Lanka t&#7915; khi c&ograve;n nh&#7887; &#273;&atilde; th&#7875; hi&#7879;n ra nh&#7919;ng t&iacute;nh c&aacute;ch v&agrave; &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m h&agrave;nh vi ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n kh&aacute;c nhau. Ng&#432;&#7901;i anh th&ocirc;ng minh, tr&iacute; nh&#7899; t&#7889;t, ham h&#7885;c, th&agrave;nh t&iacute;ch gi&#7887;i; ng&#432;&#7901;i em kh&ocirc;ng th&iacute;ch &#273;&#7871;n tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&agrave; th&agrave;nh t&iacute;ch k&eacute;m. Ng&#432;&#7901;i anh t&iacute;nh c&aacute;ch &#273;i&#7873;m t&#297;nh, hi&#7873;n l&agrave;nh v&agrave; c&oacute; ph&#7847;n xa c&aacute;ch v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n, ng&#432;&#7901;i em th&igrave; &ldquo;c&#7913;ng r&#7855;n&rdquo; h&#417;n v&agrave; h&#7871;t l&ograve;ng v&igrave; h&#7885; h&agrave;ng. Ng&#432;&#7901;i anh s&#7907; xe c&#7897; v&agrave; th&iacute;ch &#259;n &#7899;t, ng&#432;&#7901;i em kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m n&agrave;y. Ngo&agrave;i ra, c&#417; th&#7875; v&agrave; ngo&#7841;i h&igrave;nh c&#7911;a hai ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#361;ng r&#7845;t kh&aacute;c nhau.<\/p>\n<p>Khi &#273;&#432;&#7907;c kho&#7843;ng 3 tu&#7893;i, hai anh em &#273;&atilde; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u k&#7875; v&#7873; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c m&agrave; ch&uacute;ng nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c. Ng&#432;&#7901;i anh &#273;&atilde; k&#7875; l&#7841;i chi ti&#7871;t v&#7873; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh khi c&ograve;n &#273;i h&#7885;c &#7903; m&#7897;t th&#7883; tr&#7845;n xa x&ocirc;i. Chi ti&#7871;t c&#7853;u cung c&#7845;p &#273;&#7911; &#273;&#7875; gia &#273;&igrave;nh c&oacute; th&#7875; x&aacute;c &#273;&#7883;nh ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c &#273;&#7883;a ch&#7881; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a c&#7853;u b&eacute; v&agrave; t&igrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&aacute;c th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n trong gia &#273;&igrave;nh c&#7853;u &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c. Cha m&#7865; c&#7911;a c&#7863;p song sinh nh&#7901; v&#7853;y m&agrave; bi&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c r&#7857;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; khu&#7845;t &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; t&iacute;nh c&aacute;ch v&agrave; &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m h&agrave;nh vi t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; con trai c&#7843; c&#7911;a h&#7885;.<\/p>\n<p>Ng&#432;&#7901;i em cho bi&#7871;t &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7853;u b&eacute; &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; c&#7843;nh s&aacute;t b&#7855;n ch&#7871;t. Sau khi nghe &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y, gia &#273;&igrave;nh &#273;&atilde; c&#432;&#7901;i nh&#7841;o c&#7853;u b&eacute;, n&ecirc;n c&#7853;u li&#7873;n kh&ocirc;ng n&oacute;i v&#7873; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c n&#7919;a.<\/p>\n<p>Cha m&#7865; c&#7911;a c&#7863;p song sinh tin r&#7857;ng c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c m&agrave; h&#7885; &aacute;p d&#7909;ng kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; kh&aacute;c bi&#7879;t trong h&agrave;nh vi c&#7911;a hai anh em, h&#7885; nghi&ecirc;ng v&#7873; cho r&#7857;ng l&agrave; do c&#7863;p song sinh c&oacute; s&#7921; kh&aacute;c nhau &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c.<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Stevenson v&agrave; c&aacute;c &#273;&#7891;ng nghi&#7879;p &#273;&atilde; ki&#7875;m tra 42 c&#7863;p song sinh m&agrave; m&#7897;t ho&#7863;c c&#7843; hai tr&#7867; &#273;&#7873;u nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c. Nh&igrave;n chung, nh&#7919;ng c&#7863;p song sinh n&agrave;y &#273;&#7873;u cho th&#7845;y s&#7921; kh&aacute;c bi&#7879;t tr&ecirc;n th&acirc;n th&#7875;, bao g&#7891;m c&#7843; v&#7871;t b&#7899;t, ch&uacute;ng t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng kh&aacute;c bi&#7879;t trong &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c m&agrave; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c. Nh&#7845;t l&agrave; c&aacute;c c&#7863;p song sinh c&ugrave;ng tr&#7913;ng gi&#7889;ng h&#7879;t nhau v&#7873; m&#7863;t di truy&#7873;n. Di truy&#7873;n h&#7885;c v&agrave; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng sau khi sinh kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng kh&aacute;c bi&#7879;t n&agrave;y, ch&#7881; c&oacute; k&yacute; &#7913;c t&#7915; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; cung c&#7845;p l&#7901;i gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch h&#7907;p l&yacute;. T&#7927; l&#7879; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng c&aacute;c c&#7863;p song sinh c&ugrave;ng tr&#7913;ng c&oacute; t&iacute;nh c&aacute;ch v&agrave; h&agrave;nh vi kh&aacute;c nhau l&agrave; 5% &#273;&#7871;n 18%.<\/p>\n<p>Do &#273;&oacute;, &ocirc;ng Stevenson ch&#7881; ra r&#7857;ng v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; s&#7921; d&#7841;y b&#7843;o r&otilde; r&agrave;ng c&#7911;a gia &#273;&igrave;nh khi c&ograve;n nh&#7887;, &#273;&ocirc;i khi s&#7903; th&iacute;ch v&agrave; m&#7909;c ti&ecirc;u c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&ograve;n g&#7863;p ph&#7843;i s&#7921; ph&#7843;n &#273;&#7889;i c&#7911;a gia &#273;&igrave;nh. Kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; l&yacute; do n&agrave;o thuy&#7871;t ph&#7909;c h&#417;n &#273;&#7875; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch nh&#7919;ng hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng n&agrave;y, r&#7845;t c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; do &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c.<\/p>\n<p>S&#7921; nh&#7845;t qu&aacute;n gi&#7919;a s&#7903; th&iacute;ch, t&iacute;nh c&aacute;ch v&agrave; &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m h&agrave;nh vi trong &#273;&#7901;i n&agrave;y v&agrave; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&oacute;m t&#7855;t &#7903; tr&ecirc;n l&agrave; m&#7897;t l&#297;nh v&#7921;c m&agrave; gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a ch&#432;a &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n, v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7857;ng c&aacute;c l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t sinh h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p>Ngay t&#7915; th&#7871; k&#7927; tr&#432;&#7899;c, nh&agrave; ph&acirc;n t&acirc;m h&#7885;c ng&#432;&#7901;i Th&#7909;y S&#297; Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) &#273;&atilde; tin r&#7857;ng s&#7921; &#273;&#7847;u thai l&agrave; c&oacute; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i. &Ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; n&oacute;i trong t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m t&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c &ldquo;B&#7889;n nguy&ecirc;n m&#7851;u&rdquo; (Four Archetypes) c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh nh&#432; sau [499]:<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;Kh&aacute;i ni&#7879;m t&aacute;i sinh n&agrave;y ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n h&agrave;m &yacute; t&iacute;nh li&ecirc;n t&#7909;c c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n c&aacute;ch. &#7902; &#273;&acirc;y, nh&acirc;n c&aacute;ch con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c coi l&agrave; li&ecirc;n t&#7909;c v&agrave; d&#7877; ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n v&#7899;i k&yacute; &#7913;c, do &#273;&oacute;, khi m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7847;u thai ho&#7863;c sinh ra, &iacute;t nh&#7845;t l&agrave; c&oacute; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng r&#7857;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; th&#7875; nh&#7899; m&igrave;nh &#273;&atilde; s&#7889;ng qua nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, v&agrave; r&#7857;ng nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7901;i n&agrave;y l&agrave; c&#7911;a ri&ecirc;ng m&igrave;nh, t&#7913;c l&agrave;, h&#7885; c&oacute; h&igrave;nh d&#7841;ng b&#7843;n ng&atilde; gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i. Theo quy lu&#7853;t, &#273;&#7847;u thai c&oacute; ngh&#297;a l&agrave; t&aacute;i sinh trong m&#7897;t c&#417; th&#7875; con ng&#432;&#7901;i.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p><b>6.5 N&#7895;i s&#7907; h&atilde;i t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng v&#7899;i t&#7893;n th&#432;&#417;ng &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Kho&#7843;ng 66% c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p tr&#7867; em m&agrave; &ocirc;ng Stevenson nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u l&agrave; c&oacute; li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n b&#7841;o l&#7921;c ho&#7863;c t&#7917; vong s&#7899;m &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c. Theo t&iacute;nh to&aacute;n, trong s&#7889; nh&#7919;ng tr&#7867; nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&aacute;i ch&#7871;t do b&#7841;o l&#7921;c &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, c&oacute; 35% m&#7855;c ch&#7913;ng &aacute;m &#7843;nh li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n t&#7917; vong. [500]<\/p>\n<p>Trong s&#7889; 387 tr&#7867; nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, c&oacute; 141 tr&#7867; (36%) xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n c&aacute;c tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng s&#7907; h&atilde;i. Nh&#7919;ng tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng s&#7907; h&atilde;i n&agrave;y h&#7847;u nh&#432; lu&ocirc;n kh&#7899;p v&#7899;i c&aacute;ch ch&uacute;ng m&ocirc; t&#7843; c&aacute;i ch&#7871;t &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c. V&iacute; d&#7909;, tr&#7867; nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c b&#7883; ch&#7871;t &#273;u&#7889;i s&#7869; s&#7907; ng&acirc;m m&igrave;nh trong n&#432;&#7899;c; tr&#7867; nh&#7899; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c ch&#7871;t do &#273;&#7841;n b&#7855;n s&#7869; c&#7843;m th&#7845;y s&#7907; h&atilde;i s&uacute;ng &#273;&#7841;n. H&#7847;u h&#7871;t c&aacute;c tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng s&#7907; h&atilde;i l&agrave; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n trong nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n c&aacute;i ch&#7871;t do b&#7841;o l&#7921;c, nh&#432;ng c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n trong nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p t&#7917; vong t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n. [501]<\/p>\n<p>Nh&agrave; t&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c Ross G. Menzies t&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Sydney v&agrave; nh&agrave; t&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c J. Christopher Clarke t&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c New South Wales &#273;&atilde; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u 50 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p m&#7855;c ch&#7913;ng s&#7907; n&#432;&#7899;c &#7903; tr&#7867; em &Uacute;c. H&#7885; h&#7887;i ph&#7909; huynh c&#7911;a tr&#7867; v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&oacute; th&#7875; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n ch&#7913;ng s&#7907; n&#432;&#7899;c. Trong 56% tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p, ph&#7909; huynh cho bi&#7871;t ngay khi l&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&#7871;p x&uacute;c v&#7899;i n&#432;&#7899;c, con c&#7911;a h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; t&#7887; ra s&#7907; n&#432;&#7899;c [502].<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Stevenson cho r&#7857;ng ngay c&#7843; khi nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; n&agrave;y ch&#432;a &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, n&#7895;i s&#7907; n&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave; &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m ch&#7871;t &#273;u&#7889;i &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c.<\/p>\n<p>Trong m&#7897;t s&#7889; tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p, th&ocirc;ng qua ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p h&#7891;i quy ti&#7873;n ki&#7871;p, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&agrave; h&#7891;i quy c&#7853;n t&#7917;, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n n&#7895;i s&#7907; h&atilde;i ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n c&aacute;i ch&#7871;t &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c. K&yacute; &#7913;c c&#7911;a m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7873; ch&#7845;n th&#432;&#417;ng trong &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&oacute; th&#7875; gi&uacute;p h&#7885; tho&aacute;t kh&#7887;i n&#7895;i &aacute;m &#7843;nh ho&#7863;c n&#7895;i &#273;au dai d&#7859;ng &#7903; ki&#7871;p n&agrave;y. Ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; b&#7879;nh t&acirc;m th&#7847;n, c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p li&ecirc;n quan s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&ocirc; t&#7843; chi ti&#7871;t d&#432;&#7899;i &#273;&acirc;y.<\/p>\n<p>Trong s&#7889; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &ocirc;ng Stevenson v&agrave; c&aacute;c &#273;&#7891;ng nghi&#7879;p nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u, c&oacute; 10 tr&#7867; nh&#7899; r&#7857;ng m&igrave;nh t&#7915;ng l&agrave; th&#7893; ph&#7881; ho&#7863;c k&#7867; c&#432;&#7899;p trong &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c. Nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; b&#7897;c l&#7897; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng b&#7841;o l&#7921;c ho&#7863;c tr&#7897;m c&#7855;p ngay t&#7915; khi c&ograve;n r&#7845;t nh&#7887;.<\/p>\n<p>Trong m&#7897;t s&#7889; tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p, c&aacute;c em nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t ngoan &#273;&#7841;o, h&agrave;o ph&oacute;ng v&agrave; t&#7889;t b&#7909;ng &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c. T&#7915; r&#7845;t s&#7899;m, nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; th&#7875; hi&#7879;n nh&#7919;ng h&agrave;nh vi t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; h&agrave;o ph&oacute;ng h&#417;n v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#259;n xin, tham gia c&aacute;c ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o nhi&#7879;t t&igrave;nh h&#417;n v&agrave; &#273;&#7871;n th&#259;m c&aacute;c ki&#7871;n tr&uacute;c t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&ecirc;n h&#417;n c&aacute;c th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n kh&aacute;c trong gia &#273;&igrave;nh.<\/p>\n<p><b>6.6 Hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng t&aacute;i sinh tr&#7843;i r&#7897;ng tr&ecirc;n c&aacute;c n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a d&acirc;n t&#7897;c<\/b><\/p>\n<p>C&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p t&aacute;i sinh c&oacute; th&#7875; x&#7843;y ra c&#7843; &#7903; nh&#7919;ng n&#417;i th&#432;&#7901;ng tin v&agrave;o lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng gia &#273;&igrave;nh theo t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o kh&ocirc;ng tin v&agrave;o lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i. T&igrave;nh hu&#7889;ng tr&#7867; nh&#7887; nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; l&agrave; m&#7897;t hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng v&#259;n h&oacute;a m&agrave; c&ograve;n x&#7843;y ra &#7903; c&aacute;c qu&#7889;c gia ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y, n&#417;i t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n ch&#432;a s&#7861;n s&agrave;ng ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n kh&aacute;i ni&#7879;m lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n c&#7843; &#7903; nh&#7919;ng gia &#273;&igrave;nh kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; ni&#7873;m tin nh&#432; v&#7853;y.<\/p>\n<p>Tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&oacute;i tr&ecirc;n v&#7873; m&#7897;t c&#7863;p ch&#7883; em tr&#7867; ng&#432;&#7901;i Anh sau khi qua &#273;&#7901;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&aacute;i sinh th&agrave;nh hai ng&#432;&#7901;i con g&aacute;i song sinh c&#7911;a cha m&#7865; ban &#273;&#7847;u l&agrave; x&#7843;y ra trong m&#7897;t gia &#273;&igrave;nh m&agrave; t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng c&#7911;a h&#7885; kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i. Tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p c&#7911;a Palitha, &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; trong m&#7897;t gia &#273;&igrave;nh theo &#273;&#7841;o C&#417; &#272;&#7889;c &#7903; Sri Lanka t&aacute;i sinh th&agrave;nh Gamini l&agrave; &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; s&#7889;ng trong m&#7897;t gia &#273;&igrave;nh theo &#273;&#7841;o Ph&#7853;t, c&#361;ng l&agrave; m&#7897;t tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p t&aacute;i sinh v&#432;&#7907;t qua t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o.<\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 1983, &ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#259;ng m&#7897;t b&agrave;i lu&#7853;n v&#259;n tr&ecirc;n T&#7841;p ch&iacute; B&#7879;nh th&#7847;n kinh v&agrave; T&acirc;m th&#7847;n (The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease) v&#7873; 79 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i &#7903; Hoa K&#7923;. &Ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; so s&aacute;nh nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&agrave;y v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p &#7903; &#7844;n &#272;&#7897; v&agrave; nh&#7853;n th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng ch&uacute;ng gi&#7889;ng v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p &#7903; &#7844;n &#272;&#7897; t&#7841;i r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ph&#432;&#417;ng di&#7879;n, bao g&#7891;m &#273;&#7897; tu&#7893;i m&agrave; tr&#7867; em l&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n k&#7875; v&#7873; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7875;m t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7891;ng v&#7873; t&iacute;nh c&aacute;ch v&agrave; h&agrave;nh vi c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng v&#7899;i &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, v.v. [503]<\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 2003, &ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&atilde; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n cu&#7889;n &ldquo;C&aacute;c lo&#7841;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i &#7903; ch&acirc;u &Acirc;u,&rdquo; &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; m&#7897;t c&ocirc;ng tr&igrave;nh nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u ghi l&#7841;i v&agrave; ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i &#7903; ch&acirc;u &Acirc;u. Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng cho th&#7845;y m&#7863;c d&ugrave; &iacute;t ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n ch&acirc;u &Acirc;u tin v&agrave;o lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i h&#417;n so v&#7899;i ch&acirc;u &Aacute;, nh&#432;ng &#273;&#7863;c tr&#432;ng c&#417; b&#7843;n c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p t&aacute;i sinh &#7903; ch&acirc;u &Acirc;u n&agrave;y t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&igrave;m th&#7845;y t&#7841;i c&aacute;c b&#7897; l&#7841;c b&#7843;n &#273;&#7883;a &#7903; ch&acirc;u &Aacute;, ch&acirc;u Phi v&agrave; t&acirc;y b&#7855;c B&#7855;c M&#7929;. [504]<\/p>\n<p>Hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871; tr&#7843;i r&#7897;ng kh&#7855;p c&aacute;c t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng d&acirc;n t&#7897;c v&agrave; v&#259;n h&oacute;a khu v&#7921;c, cho th&#7845;y &#273;&acirc;y r&#7845;t c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave; m&#7897;t hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng v&agrave; quy lu&#7853;t ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n c&#7911;a to&agrave;n nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p>N&oacute;i t&oacute;m l&#7841;i, c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng y t&#7871; do &ocirc;ng Stevenson &#273;&#7841;i di&#7879;n &#273;&atilde; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i b&#7857;ng c&aacute;ch thu th&#7853;p v&agrave; x&aacute;c minh c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p tr&#7867; em c&oacute; k&yacute; &#7913;c &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng k&#7871;t lu&#7853;n m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch thuy&#7871;t ph&#7909;c r&#7857;ng lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; m&ecirc; t&iacute;n, m&agrave; l&agrave; m&#7897;t h&igrave;nh th&#7913;c t&#7891;n t&#7841;i &#7903; c&aacute;c giai &#273;o&#7841;n kh&aacute;c nhau c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh con ng&#432;&#7901;i trong m&#7897;t qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh l&acirc;u d&agrave;i.<\/p>\n<p><b>7. Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i th&ocirc;ng qua th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n h&#7891;i quy<\/b><\/p>\n<p>M&#7897;t s&#7889; b&#7879;nh t&acirc;m th&#7847;n c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; b&#7857;ng c&aacute;c li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p t&acirc;m l&yacute; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng nh&#432; n&oacute;i chuy&#7879;n, th&#7893; l&#7897;, v.v., nh&#432;ng c&aacute;c b&aacute;c s&#297; t&acirc;m th&#7847;n &#273;&atilde; ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n ra r&#7857;ng c&oacute; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u b&#7879;nh t&acirc;m th&#7847;n m&agrave; c&aacute;c li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p n&agrave;y kh&ocirc;ng hi&#7879;u qu&#7843;. V&igrave; v&#7853;y, m&#7897;t s&#7889; b&aacute;c s&#297; &#273;&atilde; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u th&#7917; li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n v&agrave; c&oacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7919;ng kh&aacute;m ph&aacute; m&#7899;i &#273;&#7847;y b&#7845;t ng&#7901;.<\/p>\n<p>Trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n (hypnosis), k&#7923; th&#7921;c con ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng h&#7873; ng&#7911;, s&oacute;ng n&atilde;o l&uacute;c n&agrave;y c&#361;ng kh&aacute;c v&#7899;i khi ch&igrave;m v&agrave;o gi&#7845;c ng&#7911;. &Yacute; th&#7913;c c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7883; th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n &#7903; m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t, kh&ocirc;ng ph&ecirc; ph&aacute;n, v&agrave; t&#7921; &#273;&#7897;ng ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng v&#7899;i ch&#7881; l&#7879;nh c&#7911;a nh&agrave; th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n. N&oacute; t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; khi ch&uacute;ng ta &#273;&#7875; n&atilde;o th&#432; gi&atilde;n ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n, cho ph&eacute;p &yacute; th&#7913;c s&acirc;u h&#417;n &ndash; m&#7897;t tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; ti&#7873;m &yacute; th&#7913;c v&agrave; h&#7841; &yacute; th&#7913;c t&#7853;p trung kh&#7903;i t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng. [505]<\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 1892, thu&#7853;t th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&aacute;c t&#7893; ch&#7913;c nh&#432; Hi&#7879;p h&#7897;i Y khoa Anh ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n. Nh&agrave; th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n ng&#432;&#7901;i Ph&aacute;p Emile Cou&eacute; &#273;&atilde; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng thu&#7853;t th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7875; gi&uacute;p b&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n nh&#7899; l&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng s&#7921; ki&#7879;n &#273;&atilde; qu&ecirc;n, t&#7915; &#273;&oacute; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; b&#7879;nh t&acirc;m th&#7847;n, li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p n&agrave;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;li&#7879;u &#8203;&#8203;ph&aacute;p th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n&rdquo; (hypnotherapy).<\/p>\n<p>V&agrave;o nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m 20 c&#7911;a th&#7871; k&#7927; 20, nh&agrave; t&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c Clark Hull &#273;&atilde; ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh m&#7897;t nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n quy m&ocirc; l&#7899;n t&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Wisconsin, Hoa K&#7923;, v&agrave; ch&#7913;ng th&#7921;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n l&agrave; m&#7897;t tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i kh&aacute;c v&#7899;i gi&#7845;c ng&#7911; b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng, n&oacute; c&oacute; t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng gi&#7843;m &#273;au v&agrave; kh&#417;i g&#7907;i tr&iacute; nh&#7899;. [506]<\/p>\n<p>Trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh &aacute;p d&#7909;ng thu&#7853;t th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta nh&#7853;n th&#7845;y th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n c&oacute; th&#7875; kh&#417;i g&#7907;i k&yacute; &#7913;c v&#7873; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c. M&#7897;t nh&oacute;m b&aacute;c s&#297; t&acirc;m th&#7847;n &#273;&atilde; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n h&#7891;i quy &#273;&#7875; khi&#7871;n b&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n nh&#7899; l&#7841;i &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c v&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; b&#7879;nh t&acirc;m th&#7847;n khi b&#7883; th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n, t&#7915; &#273;&oacute; tri&#7875;n khai nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i.<\/p>\n<p><b>7.1 Cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng qu&aacute; kh&#7913;-hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss v&agrave; c&aacute;c b&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng<\/b><\/p>\n<p>B&aacute;c s&#297; t&acirc;m th&#7847;n ng&#432;&#7901;i M&#7929; Brian Weiss l&agrave; b&aacute;c s&#297; y khoa t&#7841;i Tr&#432;&#7901;ng Y &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Yale, &ocirc;ng hi&#7879;n l&agrave; Ch&#7911; t&#7883;ch danh d&#7921; c&#7911;a Khoa t&acirc;m th&#7847;n h&#7885;c t&#7841;i Trung t&acirc;m Y t&#7871; Mount Sinai &#7903; Miami. [507]<\/p>\n<p>Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Weiss &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&ocirc;ng nh&#7853;n &#7903; c&#7845;p b&#7853;c qu&#7889;c gia v&igrave; nh&#7919;ng th&agrave;nh t&#7921;u xu&#7845;t s&#7855;c trong l&#297;nh v&#7921;c t&acirc;m th&#7847;n h&#7885;c. Sau b&#7889;n n&#259;m &#7903; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c, &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#259;ng ch&#7913;c Ph&oacute; gi&aacute;o s&#432;, &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&#7847;u nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m 1980, &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n 37 lu&#7853;n v&#259;n khoa h&#7885;c v&agrave; t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m chuy&ecirc;n ng&agrave;nh. V&agrave;o th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m &#273;&oacute;, Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Weiss, v&#7899;i t&#432; c&aacute;ch l&agrave; m&#7897;t b&aacute;c s&#297; t&acirc;m th&#7847;n c&oacute; tr&igrave;nh &#273;&#7897; h&#7885;c v&#7845;n y khoa ch&iacute;nh quy, &#273;&atilde; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7915;a nh&#7853;n c&aacute;c nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u si&ecirc;u t&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c kh&ocirc;ng ch&iacute;nh th&#7889;ng. [508]<\/p>\n<p><b>7.1.1 N&#7895;i &aacute;m &#7843;nh v&agrave; lo l&#7855;ng c&#7911;a c&ocirc; Catherine<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Ch&iacute;nh v&agrave;o l&uacute;c n&agrave;y, b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss &#273;&atilde; g&#7863;p m&#7897;t b&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n t&ecirc;n Catherine, c&ocirc; &#7845;y g&#7847;n 30 tu&#7893;i, th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&ecirc;n g&#7863;p &aacute;c m&#7897;ng v&agrave; lo &acirc;u. B&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss &#273;&atilde; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; cho c&ocirc; b&#7857;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; t&acirc;m th&#7847;n truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng trong m&#7897;t n&#259;m r&#432;&#7905;i, nh&#432;ng t&igrave;nh tr&#7841;ng c&#7911;a c&ocirc; v&#7851;n nh&#432; c&#361;. V&igrave; v&#7853;y, b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u th&#7917; li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n cho c&ocirc; &#7845;y.<\/p>\n<p>Trong m&#7897;t l&#7847;n tr&#7883; li&#7879;u, b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss n&oacute;i v&#7899;i c&ocirc; Catherine, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;ang trong tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;H&atilde;y quay l&#7841;i th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m c&aacute;c tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng c&#7911;a c&ocirc; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n.&rdquo; Th&#7871; l&agrave;, m&#7897;t &#273;i&#7873;u khi&#7871;n &ocirc;ng b&#7845;t ng&#7901; &#273;&atilde; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n:<\/p>\n<p>C&ocirc; Catherine n&oacute;i: &ldquo;T&ocirc;i nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y m&#7897;t s&#7889; b&#7853;c thang m&agrave;u tr&#7855;ng d&#7851;n l&ecirc;n m&#7897;t ki&#7871;n tr&uacute;c, &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; m&#7897;t t&ograve;a nh&agrave; l&#7899;n m&agrave;u tr&#7855;ng c&oacute; c&#7897;t. M&#7863;t tr&#432;&#7899;c tr&#7889;ng tr&#7843;i, kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; m&aacute;i hi&ecirc;n. T&ocirc;i &#273;ang m&#7863;c m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c &#273;&#7847;m d&agrave;i &ndash; m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i &aacute;o cho&agrave;ng l&agrave;m b&#7857;ng v&#7843;i th&ocirc;. T&ocirc;i &#273;ang ch&#7843;i t&oacute;c, m&#7897;t m&aacute;i t&oacute;c d&agrave;i m&agrave;u v&agrave;ng.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>B&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss c&#7843;m th&#7845;y r&#7845;t kh&oacute; hi&#7875;u, li&#7873;n h&#7887;i c&ocirc; &#7845;y n&#259;m &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; n&#259;m n&agrave;o v&agrave; t&ecirc;n c&ocirc; &#7845;y l&uacute;c &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; g&igrave;. C&ocirc; n&oacute;i: &ldquo;Aranda, n&#259;m &#273;&oacute; t&ocirc;i 18 tu&#7893;i. T&ocirc;i nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y ph&iacute;a tr&#432;&#7899;c t&ograve;a nh&agrave; &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; m&#7897;t khu ch&#7907;. T&ocirc;i nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y c&oacute; c&aacute;i th&uacute;ng, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta v&aacute;c l&ecirc;n vai. Ch&uacute;ng t&ocirc;i s&#7889;ng trong m&#7897;t thung l&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; n&#432;&#7899;c. &#272;&oacute; l&agrave; n&#259;m 1863 tr&#432;&#7899;c C&ocirc;ng nguy&ecirc;n, v&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7845;t n&agrave;y c&#7857;n c&#7895;i, n&oacute;ng b&#7913;c v&agrave; &#273;&acirc;u &#273;&acirc;u c&#361;ng l&agrave; c&aacute;t. C&oacute; gi&#7871;ng nh&#432;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; s&ocirc;ng. N&#432;&#7899;c ch&#7843;y t&#7915; tr&ecirc;n n&uacute;i xu&#7889;ng thung l&#361;ng.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>C&ocirc; Catherine &#273;&atilde; tr&#7903; l&#7841;i th&#7901;i c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i kho&#7843;ng b&#7889;n ng&agrave;n n&#259;m v&#7873; tr&#432;&#7899;c, v&#7899;i khu&ocirc;n m&#7863;t, y ph&#7909;c, c&#417; th&#7875;, m&aacute;i t&oacute;c v&agrave; t&ecirc;n g&#7885;i &#273;&#7873;u kh&aacute;c v&#7899;i hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i. C&ocirc; nh&#7899; chi ti&#7871;t v&#7873; &#273;&#7883;a h&igrave;nh, y ph&#7909;c, cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng h&agrave;ng ng&agrave;y, ngo&agrave;i ra c&ograve;n c&oacute; c&#417;n l&#361; &#273;&atilde; cu&#7889;n tr&ocirc;i &#273;&#7913;a con kh&#7887;i v&ograve;ng tay c&ocirc; v&agrave; d&igrave;m ch&#7871;t c&ocirc; trong l&#361;. Sau khi ch&#7871;t, linh h&#7891;n c&#7911;a c&ocirc; r&#7901;i kh&#7887;i c&#417; th&#7875; v&agrave; bay l&ecirc;n m&acirc;y. &#7902; &#273;&oacute;, c&ocirc; nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y con trai v&agrave; anh trai m&igrave;nh, c&#361;ng nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&ugrave;ng l&agrave;ng v&#7899;i c&ocirc;.<\/p>\n<p>B&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng c&ocirc; Catherine kh&ocirc;ng m&#7855;c ch&#7913;ng &#7843;o t&#432;&#7903;ng, &#273;a nh&acirc;n c&aacute;ch hay c&oacute; ti&#7873;n s&#7917; l&#7841;m d&#7909;ng ma t&uacute;y, &#273;&acirc;y c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng hay gi&#7845;c m&#417;. Sau khi lo&#7841;i tr&#7915; m&#7885;i kh&#7843; n&#259;ng kh&aacute;c, &ocirc;ng kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7915;a nh&#7853;n r&#7857;ng c&ocirc; Catherine &#273;&atilde; &ldquo;nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y&rdquo; nh&#7919;ng c&#7843;nh t&#432;&#7907;ng t&#7915; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a c&ocirc;.<\/p>\n<p>Sau &#273;&oacute;, trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh tr&#7883; li&#7879;u h&#7891;i quy ti&#7873;n ki&#7871;p b&#7857;ng th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n, c&ocirc; Catherine &#273;&atilde; l&#7847;n l&#432;&#7907;t nh&#7899; l&#7841;i h&#417;n m&#7845;y ch&#7909;c &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, v&agrave; th&#432;&#7901;ng ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i m&agrave; c&ocirc; quen thu&#7897;c &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i n&agrave;y &#273;&#7873;u xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n trong &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a c&ocirc;, h&#7885; &#273;&oacute;ng nh&#7919;ng vai tr&ograve; kh&aacute;c nhau. B&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss t&#7915;ng l&agrave; gi&aacute;o vi&ecirc;n c&#7911;a c&ocirc;, c&ograve;n ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7841;n trai c&#7911;a c&ocirc; l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; s&aacute;t h&#7841;i c&ocirc; trong m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c chi&#7871;n gi&#7919;a c&aacute;c b&#7897; t&#7897;c c&aacute;ch &#273;&acirc;y r&#7845;t l&acirc;u khi c&ocirc; c&ograve;n l&agrave; m&#7897;t c&#7853;u b&eacute;, m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; c&#7911;a hai ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i n&agrave;y c&#361;ng r&#7845;t kh&ocirc;ng h&ograve;a h&#7907;p.<\/p>\n<p>Sau l&#7847;n tr&#7883; li&#7879;u h&#7891;i quy ti&#7873;n ki&#7871;p b&#7857;ng th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n, tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng s&#7907; h&atilde;i c&#7911;a c&ocirc; Catherine &#273;&atilde; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u gi&#7843;m b&#7899;t, c&ocirc; kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n g&#7863;p &aacute;c m&#7897;ng n&#7919;a.<\/p>\n<p>Sau &#273;&oacute;, trong tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n (hypnotic trance), c&ocirc; Catherine &#273;&atilde; l&#7847;n n&#7919;a tr&#7843;i qua nh&#7919;ng nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n l&acirc;u &#273;&#7901;i khi&#7871;n c&ocirc; lo l&#7855;ng v&agrave; s&#7907; h&atilde;i trong cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i n&agrave;y. Sau khi c&ocirc; nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y r&otilde; ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a n&#7895;i &#273;au v&agrave; s&#7907; h&atilde;i trong cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i n&agrave;y, c&aacute;c tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng c&#7911;a c&ocirc; &#273;&atilde; r&#7845;t nhanh ch&oacute;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#7843;i thi&#7879;n v&agrave; d&#7847;n kh&#7887;i b&#7879;nh.<\/p>\n<p>Trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883;, b&#7843;n th&acirc;n c&ocirc; Catherine c&#361;ng ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#cong_nang\" 28724 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">c&ocirc;ng n&#259;ng<\/a> &#273;&#7863;c d&#7883;. C&ocirc; c&oacute; tr&#7921;c gi&aacute;c t&#7889;t h&#417;n &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; s&#7921; vi&#7879;c, ch&uacute;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7913;ng minh l&agrave; &#273;&uacute;ng. C&ocirc; c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;o&aacute;n tr&#432;&#7899;c nh&#7919;ng c&acirc;u h&#7887;i c&#7911;a b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss tr&#432;&#7899;c khi &ocirc;ng &#7845;y h&#7887;i trong khi th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n. Trong m&#7897;t l&#7847;n &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;ua, c&ocirc; &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; th&#7875; ch&#7885;n tr&#432;&#7899;c ng&#432;&#7901;i chi&#7871;n th&#7855;ng trong m&#7895;i cu&#7897;c &#273;ua. B&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss tin r&#7857;ng &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t m&agrave; c&ocirc; &#273;&atilde; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c sau khi tr&#7843;i qua th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n.<\/p>\n<p>M&#7895;i l&#7847;n c&ocirc; Catherine r&#417;i v&agrave;o tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n, c&ocirc; cho bi&#7871;t c&ocirc; th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i t&acirc;m linh, n&#417;i c&ocirc; s&#7869; g&#7863;p nh&#7919;ng sinh m&#7879;nh cao c&#7845;p (Master Spirits), v&agrave; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng l&yacute; gi&#7843;i &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i s&#7921; v&#7853;t c&#7911;a c&ocirc; th&#432;&#7901;ng v&#432;&#7907;t xa m&#7913;c b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i. C&ocirc; Catherine &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7919;ng sinh m&#7879;nh cao c&#7845;p h&#432;&#7899;ng d&#7851;n v&agrave; h&#7885;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7897;t s&#7889; &#273;i&#7873;u nh&#432;: &ldquo;Ch&uacute;ng ta bi&#7871;t r&#7845;t &iacute;t&rdquo; (We know so little), &ldquo;B&#7857;ng ki&#7871;n &#8203;&#8203;th&#7913;c, ch&uacute;ng ta ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c Ch&uacute;a&rdquo; (By knowledge we approach God).<\/p>\n<p>Trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh n&agrave;y, s&#7921; nghi ng&#7901; c&#7911;a b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss v&#7873; vi&#7879;c con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&atilde; d&#7847;n d&#7847;n gi&#7843;m &#273;i. Nh&#7845;t l&agrave; trong m&#7897;t bu&#7893;i tr&#7883; li&#7879;u, c&ocirc; Catherine &#7903; trong tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n &#273;&atilde; n&oacute;i v&#7899;i b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss r&#7857;ng c&ocirc; nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y cha v&agrave; con c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng &#7845;y. C&ocirc; n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng cha c&#7911;a b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss qua &#273;&#7901;i v&igrave; m&#7897;t c&#417;n &#273;au tim, t&ecirc;n c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng &#7845;y l&agrave; Avrom. C&ocirc; c&ograve;n cho bi&#7871;t tr&aacute;i tim c&#7911;a con trai b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss c&oacute; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; v&#7873; k&#7871;t c&#7845;u b&#7849;m sinh, v&igrave; t&igrave;nh y&ecirc;u v&#7899;i b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss, c&#7853;u &#7845;y &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;a ra m&#7897;t l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n hy sinh r&#7845;t l&#7899;n, c&#7853;u d&ugrave;ng c&aacute;i ch&#7871;t c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh &#273;&#7875; tr&#7843; n&#7907; t&#7897;i nghi&#7879;p cho cha m&#7865;. C&#7845;p b&#7853;c sinh m&#7879;nh c&#7911;a c&#7853;u &#7845;y r&#7845;t cao. C&#7853;u &#7845;y mu&#7889;n b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng y h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i ch&#7881; c&oacute; th&#7875; ti&#7871;n xa &#273;&#7871;n b&#432;&#7899;c n&agrave;y, ph&#7841;m vi m&agrave; y h&#7885;c c&oacute; th&#7875; kh&aacute;m ph&aacute; l&agrave; r&#7845;t h&#7841;n ch&#7871;.<\/p>\n<p>B&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss vi&#7871;t trong cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh r&#7857;ng, khi nghe th&#7845;y &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y, &ocirc;ng &#7845;y g&#7847;n nh&#432; cho&aacute;ng v&aacute;ng v&agrave; n&#7893;i da g&agrave; kh&#7855;p ng&#432;&#7901;i. &Ocirc;ng h&#7887;i c&ocirc; Catherine r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;Ai &#273;ang &#7903; &#273;&oacute;? Ai &#273;&atilde; n&oacute;i v&#7899;i c&ocirc; nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y?&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;L&agrave; nh&#7919;ng sinh m&#7879;nh cao c&#7845;p &#273;&oacute;,&rdquo; c&ocirc; &#7845;y n&oacute;i nh&#7865; nh&agrave;ng, &ldquo;nh&#7919;ng sinh m&#7879;nh cao c&#7845;p &#273;&oacute; &#273;&atilde; n&oacute;i (v&#7899;i t&ocirc;i). H&#7885; c&ograve;n n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng t&ocirc;i &#273;&atilde; chuy&#7875;n sinh 86 l&#7847;n tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i n&agrave;y.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>N&#7895;i &#273;au bu&#7891;n l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t trong cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; s&#7921; ra &#273;i c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i con trai &#273;&#7847;u l&ograve;ng, &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7849;n &#273;o&aacute;n m&#7855;c b&#7879;nh tim b&#7849;m sinh ch&#7881; 10 ng&agrave;y sau khi ch&agrave;o &#273;&#7901;i, &ldquo;B&#7845;t th&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7891;i l&#432;u t&#297;nh m&#7841;ch ph&#7893;i to&agrave;n ph&#7847;n k&egrave;m theo th&ocirc;ng li&ecirc;n nh&#297;&rdquo; (Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage with an atrial septal defect). C&aacute;c t&#297;nh m&#7841;ch ph&#7893;i trong lo&#7841;i b&#7879;nh n&agrave;y &#273;&#7873;u b&#7883; n&#7889;i sai v&#7883; tr&iacute;, k&#7871;t qu&#7843; l&agrave; d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; tr&aacute;i tim b&#7883; &#273;&#7843;o ng&#432;&#7907;c, t&#7927; l&#7879; m&#7855;c b&#7879;nh n&agrave;y l&agrave; r&#7845;t hi&#7871;m, ch&#7881; m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n m&#432;&#7901;i tri&#7879;u. Ngay c&#7843; l&agrave;m ph&#7851;u thu&#7853;t m&#7903; tim c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; c&#7913;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c, c&#7853;u b&eacute; &#273;&atilde; m&#7845;t sau khi sinh 23 ng&agrave;y.<\/p>\n<p>Cha c&#7911;a b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss m&#7845;t v&igrave; nh&#7891;i m&aacute;u c&#417; tim, t&ecirc;n Do Th&aacute;i c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng l&agrave; Avrom. Tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&oacute;, c&ocirc; Catherine kh&ocirc;ng h&#7873; quen bi&#7871;t b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss, c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t g&igrave; v&#7873; gia &#273;&igrave;nh &ocirc;ng.<\/p>\n<p>L&uacute;c n&agrave;y, m&#7897;t lo&#7841;t c&acirc;u h&#7887;i hi&#7879;n l&ecirc;n trong &#273;&#7847;u b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss: Li&#7879;u c&ocirc; &#7845;y th&#7921;c s&#7921; c&oacute; 86 &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c hay kh&ocirc;ng? C&oacute; ph&#7843;i sinh m&#7879;nh c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng ta th&#7921;c s&#7921; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#432;&#7899;ng d&#7851;n b&#7903;i nh&#7919;ng linh h&#7891;n kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; nh&#7909;c th&acirc;n nh&#432;ng d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; s&#7903; h&#7919;u r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ki&#7871;n &#8203;&#8203;th&#7913;c? C&oacute; c&#7847;u thang d&#7851;n t&#7899;i Ch&uacute;a kh&ocirc;ng? Xem x&eacute;t nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; c&ocirc; Catherine v&#7915;a ti&#7871;t l&#7897;, b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss kh&oacute; c&oacute; th&#7875; nghi ng&#7901; nh&#432;ng v&#7851;n kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; tin &#273;&#432;&#7907;c. Trong th&acirc;m t&acirc;m c&#7911;a b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss, &ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t c&ocirc; &#7845;y &#273;&uacute;ng.<\/p>\n<p>N&#7871;u l&agrave; nh&#432; v&#7853;y th&igrave; &#7903; m&#7897;t kh&iacute;a c&#7841;nh n&agrave;o &#273;&oacute;, cha v&agrave; con c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng v&#7851;n c&ograve;n s&#7889;ng, linh h&#7891;n tr&#432;&#7899;c nay ch&#432;a t&#7915;ng th&#7921;c s&#7921; ch&#7871;t, &#273;&#7913;a con trai c&ograve;n kh&#7843;i th&#7883; cho &ocirc;ng suy ngh&#297; v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng h&#7841;n ch&#7871; c&#7911;a y h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y khi&#7871;n b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss r&#7845;t vui m&#7915;ng. B&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss c&#361;ng c&oacute; m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i c&#7843;m gi&aacute;c m&#7841;nh m&#7869; v&#7873; s&#7921; k&#7871;t n&#7889;i gi&#7919;a tr&#7901;i v&agrave; &#273;&#7845;t (connnection with heavens and the earth) c&ugrave;ng s&#7921; th&#7889;ng nh&#7845;t (oneness).<\/p>\n<p>Sau khi ch&#7919;a kh&#7887;i b&#7879;nh cho c&ocirc; Catherine, b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss v&#7851;n vi&#7871;t lu&#7853;n v&#259;n khoa h&#7885;c, tham d&#7921; c&aacute;c h&#7897;i ngh&#7883; chuy&ecirc;n m&ocirc;n v&agrave; qu&#7843;n l&yacute; khoa t&acirc;m th&#7847;n h&#7885;c, nh&#432;ng gi&#7901; &#273;&acirc;y, quan ni&#7879;m c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng v&#7873; k&#7871;t c&#7845;u c&#417; th&#7875; ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p t&acirc;m th&#7847;n &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i r&#7845;t l&#7899;n.<\/p>\n<p>B&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss tin r&#7857;ng b&#7843;n th&acirc;n &#273;ang &#7903; gi&#7919;a hai th&#7871; gi&#7899;i: m&#7897;t l&agrave; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i th&#7921;c c&oacute; th&#7875; c&#7843;m nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7857;ng m&#7855;t, tai, m&#361;i, l&#432;&#7905;i v&agrave; c&#417; th&#7875;, &#273;&#7841;i bi&#7875;u cho nhu c&#7847;u th&#7875; ch&#7845;t v&agrave; sinh l&yacute; c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i th&#7913; hai l&agrave; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i c&#7845;p &#273;&#7897; phi v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t r&#7897;ng l&#7899;n h&#417;n, &#273;&#7841;i bi&#7875;u cho linh h&#7891;n v&agrave; tinh th&#7847;n c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i. C&ocirc;ng vi&#7879;c c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng l&agrave; hy v&#7885;ng k&#7871;t n&#7889;i hai th&#7871; gi&#7899;i n&agrave;y, ghi l&#7841;i c&aacute;c m&#7889;i li&ecirc;n h&#7879; c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch c&#7849;n th&#7853;n v&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c. [509]<\/p>\n<p>B&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c v&agrave; linh h&#7891;n c&oacute; th&#7875; chuy&#7875;n sinh nhi&#7873;u l&#7847;n sau khi th&#7875; x&aacute;c t&#7917; vong. Nh&#7919;ng b&#7879;nh t&#7853;t v&#7873; th&#7875; ch&#7845;t v&agrave; tinh th&#7847;n (bao g&#7891;m c&#7843; s&#7907; h&atilde;i v&agrave; tr&#7847;m c&#7843;m) m&agrave; con ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7855;c ph&#7843;i trong cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng n&agrave;y r&#7845;t c&oacute; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng b&#7855;t ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; qu&aacute; kh&#7913; xa x&ocirc;i. Linh h&#7891;n c&oacute; tr&iacute; nh&#7899;, do &#273;&oacute; cho ph&eacute;p b&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n b&#432;&#7899;c v&agrave;o th&#7871; gi&#7899;i t&acirc;m linh c&#7911;a h&#7885; d&#432;&#7899;i s&#7921; th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n, vi&#7879;c tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m l&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n v&agrave; s&#7921; ki&#7879;n &#273;&atilde; g&acirc;y ra n&#7895;i &#273;au trong qu&aacute; kh&#7913; v&agrave; th&#7921;c s&#7921; tha th&#7913; cho nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i li&ecirc;n quan t&#7915; t&#7847;ng di&#7879;n linh h&#7891;n c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave; m&#7897;t ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p &#273;&#7875; gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t n&#7895;i &#273;au.<\/p>\n<p>B&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss &#273;&atilde; d&agrave;nh b&#7889;n n&#259;m &#273;&#7875; vi&#7871;t cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh mang t&ecirc;n &ldquo;Many lives, Many masters,&rdquo; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1988. &Ocirc;ng &yacute; th&#7913;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7897;t nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i c&oacute; can &#273;&#7843;m &#273;&#7875; th&#7915;a nh&#7853;n v&agrave; kh&aacute;m ph&aacute; nh&#7919;ng l&#297;nh v&#7921;c ch&#432;a bi&#7871;t, v&#7853;y n&ecirc;n &ocirc;ng c&#7847;n xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n t&agrave;i li&#7879;u nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u phi truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng n&agrave;y.<\/p>\n<p>B&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss tin r&#7857;ng khi nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; t&acirc;m linh, linh h&#7891;n, s&#7921; ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c c&#7911;a ki&#7871;p s&#7889;ng sau khi ch&#7871;t v&agrave; t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i h&agrave;nh vi hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng ta, th&igrave; con ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7869; thu &#273;&#432;&#7907;c r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u l&#7907;i &iacute;ch, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&agrave; trong c&aacute;c l&#297;nh v&#7921;c y h&#7885;c, t&acirc;m th&#7847;n h&#7885;c, th&#7847;n h&#7885;c v&agrave; tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c. &ldquo;Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u khoa h&#7885;c trong l&#297;nh v&#7921;c n&agrave;y v&#7851;n c&ograve;n &#7903; giai &#273;o&#7841;n s&#417; khai. Ng&#432;&#7901;i ta &#273;ang n&#7895; l&#7921;c c&ocirc;ng b&#7889; th&ocirc;ng tin v&#7873; m&#7863;t n&agrave;y, nh&#432;ng qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh n&agrave;y di&#7877;n ra kh&aacute; ch&#7853;m, v&agrave; c&ograve;n v&#7845;p ph&#7843;i s&#7921; ph&#7843;n &#273;&#7889;i c&#7911;a m&#7897;t s&#7889; nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c v&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p><b>7.1.2 Ch&#7913;ng &#273;au kinh ni&ecirc;n v&agrave; s&#7907; &#273;&#7897; cao c&#7911;a c&ocirc; Elaine<\/b><\/p>\n<p>K&#7875; t&#7915; khi ho&agrave;n th&agrave;nh vi&#7879;c &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; cho c&ocirc; Catherine, b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss &#273;&atilde; b&#7855;t tay v&agrave;o m&#7897;t giai &#273;o&#7841;n m&#7899;i trong s&#7921; nghi&#7879;p c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh &ndash; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; cho h&agrave;ng tr&#259;m b&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n thu&#7897;c m&#7885;i t&#7847;ng l&#7899;p x&atilde; h&#7897;i b&#7857;ng li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p h&#7891;i quy ti&#7873;n ki&#7871;p n&agrave;y. Nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ghi l&#7841;i trong m&#7897;t cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch kh&aacute;c c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng mang t&ecirc;n &ldquo;V&#432;&#7907;t qua th&#7901;i gian &#273;&#7875; ch&#7919;a l&agrave;nh&rdquo; (Through Time Into Healing). [510]<\/p>\n<p>C&ocirc; Elaine l&agrave; m&#7897;t nh&agrave; t&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c &#273;&aacute;ng k&iacute;nh &#7903; khu v&#7921;c Miami. C&ocirc; b&#7883; ch&#7913;ng &#273;au kinh ni&ecirc;n d&#7919; d&#7897;i &#7903; c&#7893;, vai v&agrave; l&#432;ng tr&ecirc;n, ngo&agrave;i ra c&ograve;n c&oacute; ch&#7913;ng s&#7907; &#273;&#7897; cao.<\/p>\n<p>C&ocirc; &#273;&atilde; nh&#7899; l&#7841;i &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh b&#7857;ng li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p h&#7891;i quy ti&#7873;n ki&#7871;p v&agrave; nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y trong m&#7897;t &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, c&ocirc; l&agrave; m&#7897;t thanh ni&ecirc;n h&#417;n 20 tu&#7893;i v&agrave; l&agrave; t&ugrave; nh&acirc;n chi&#7871;n tranh. Anh ta b&#7883; k&#7867; th&ugrave; b&#7883;t m&#7855;t, tr&oacute;i hai tay sau l&#432;ng, &#273;i l&ecirc;n &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&#7881;nh m&#7897;t t&ograve;a th&aacute;p cao, sau &#273;&oacute; b&#7883; &#273;&acirc;m v&agrave;o l&#432;ng, r&#417;i xu&#7889;ng v&ugrave;ng n&#432;&#7899;c ph&iacute;a d&#432;&#7899;i th&aacute;p v&agrave; b&#7883; ch&#7871;t &#273;u&#7889;i.<\/p>\n<p>Sau khi qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n k&#7871;t th&uacute;c, khi c&ocirc; Elaine th&#7913;c d&#7853;y v&agrave;o s&aacute;ng h&ocirc;m sau, ch&#7913;ng &#273;au l&#432;ng v&agrave; ch&#7913;ng s&#7907; &#273;&#7897; cao c&#7911;a c&ocirc; &#273;&atilde; bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t.<\/p>\n<p>Trong bu&#7893;i tr&#7883; li&#7879;u ti&#7871;p theo, c&ocirc; Elaine nh&#7899; l&#7841;i tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m m&#7897;t &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh &#7903; n&#432;&#7899;c Ph&aacute;p th&#7901;i trung c&#7893;, khi &#273;&oacute; c&ocirc; l&agrave; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&agrave;n &ocirc;ng ngh&egrave;o v&ocirc; t&#7897;i. &Ocirc;ng &#7845;y b&#7883; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh con d&ecirc; th&#7871; t&#7897;i cho ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c, b&#7883; k&#7871;t &aacute;n t&#7917; h&igrave;nh do nh&#7847;m l&#7851;n v&agrave; b&#7883; treo c&#7893; tr&#432;&#7899;c c&ocirc;ng ch&uacute;ng. Sau khi nh&#7899; l&#7841;i k&yacute; &#7913;c v&#7873; &#273;&#7901;i &#273;&oacute;, c&#417;n &#273;au c&#7893; c&#7911;a c&ocirc; c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t.<\/p>\n<p><b>7.1.3 T&acirc;m t&igrave;nh t&#7913;c gi&#7853;n c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng Dan<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Dan l&agrave; m&#7897;t gi&aacute;m &#273;&#7889;c kinh doanh &#7903; &#273;&#7897; tu&#7893;i g&#7847;n 40 v&agrave; c&oacute; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7841;n g&aacute;i t&ecirc;n l&agrave; Mary Lou. H&#7885; y&ecirc;u nhau s&acirc;u s&#7855;c, tuy nhi&ecirc;n sau khi u&#7889;ng r&#432;&#7907;u, c&ocirc; Mary th&#432;&#7901;ng c&oacute; m&#7897;t s&#7889; c&#7917; &#273;&#7897;ng khi&#7871;m nh&atilde; v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&agrave;n &ocirc;ng kh&aacute;c. &Ocirc;ng Dan r&#7845;t t&#7913;c gi&#7853;n v&#7873; &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y v&agrave; &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; m&#7845;t l&yacute; tr&iacute;. [511]<\/p>\n<p>B&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss &#273;&atilde; th&#7917; c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p t&acirc;m l&yacute; th&ocirc;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng, bao g&#7891;m c&#7843; vi&#7879;c th&ocirc;ng qua n&oacute;i chuy&#7879;n &#273;&#7875; th&#7893; l&#7897; s&#7921; t&#7913;c gi&#7853;n c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng &#7845;y, nh&#432;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng. Th&#7871; l&agrave;, b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss &#273;&#7875; &ocirc;ng Dan nh&#7899; l&#7841;i nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n s&acirc;u xa c&#7911;a v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; trong m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng v&#7899;i c&ocirc; Mary khi b&#7883; th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n. &Ocirc;ng Dan &#273;&atilde; nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y m&#7897;t s&#7889; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a h&#7885;:<\/p>\n<p>C&oacute; m&#7897;t &#273;&#7901;i x&#7843;y ra v&agrave;o kho&#7843;ng th&#7871; k&#7927; th&#7913; 7 v&agrave; th&#7913; 8, l&uacute;c &#273;&oacute; &ocirc;ng &#7845;y l&agrave; m&#7897;t chi&#7871;n binh v&agrave; &#273;&atilde; s&aacute;t h&#7841;i c&ocirc; Mary b&#7857;ng m&#7897;t con dao g&#259;m. &#7902; hai &#273;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c, &ocirc;ng Dan c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; gi&#7871;t c&ocirc; &#7845;y. Trong v&agrave;i &#273;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c, &ocirc;ng &#7845;y &#273;&atilde; b&#7887; r&#417;i c&ocirc; v&agrave;o nh&#7919;ng l&uacute;c r&#7845;t kh&#7889;n kh&#7893;. Tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#7863;p l&#7841;i &iacute;t nh&#7845;t s&aacute;u &#273;&#7901;i. Trong nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c, c&#7843; hai c&#361;ng t&#7915;ng &#273;&oacute;ng nh&#7919;ng vai tr&ograve; kh&aacute;c, ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; gia &#273;&igrave;nh, b&#7841;n b&egrave; v&agrave; k&#7867; th&ugrave;.<\/p>\n<p>Sau khi hi&#7875;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y &#7903; c&aacute;c &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, s&#7921; t&#7913;c gi&#7853;n c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng Dan &#273;&atilde; ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thay th&#7871; b&#7857;ng s&#7921; l&yacute; gi&#7843;i v&agrave; t&igrave;nh y&ecirc;u. Ng&#432;&#7901;i Trung Qu&#7889;c c&oacute; c&acirc;u: &ldquo;B&#7845;t th&#7883; oan gia b&#7845;t t&#7909; &#273;&#7847;u&rdquo; (Kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i oan gia th&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng g&#7863;p g&#7905;), x&aacute;c th&#7921;c l&agrave; c&oacute; &#273;&#7841;o l&yacute;. G&#7863;p &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nhau lu&ocirc;n l&agrave; c&oacute; l&yacute; do.<\/p>\n<p><b>7.1.4 N&#7895;i lo l&#7855;ng v&agrave; s&#7907; h&atilde;i c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng ch&#7911; doanh nghi&#7879;p<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch c&#7911;a b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss c&#361;ng ghi l&#7841;i m&#7897;t tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&aacute;c s&#297; Robert Jarmon &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883;. &#272;&acirc;y l&agrave; m&#7897;t ch&#7911; qu&#7843;n doanh nghi&#7879;p tr&#7867; tu&#7893;i, &#273;i&#7873;u k&#7923; l&#7841; l&agrave; c&#7913; m&#7895;i &#273;&ecirc;m tr&#259;ng tr&ograve;n, anh ta l&#7841;i tr&#7903; n&ecirc;n lo l&#7855;ng v&agrave; s&#7907; h&atilde;i m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch v&ocirc; c&#7899;.<\/p>\n<p>Trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh b&aacute;c s&#297; Jarmon &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; cho v&#7883; doanh nh&acirc;n n&agrave;y b&#7857;ng li&#7879;u ph&aacute;p h&#7891;i quy ti&#7873;n ki&#7871;p, anh ta &#273;&atilde; nh&#7899; l&#7841;i &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c m&igrave;nh l&agrave; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i l&iacute;nh M&#7929; tr&ecirc;n chi&#7871;n tr&#432;&#7901;ng ch&acirc;u &Acirc;u trong &#272;&#7879; nh&#7883; Th&#7871; chi&#7871;n v&agrave; b&#7883; qu&acirc;n &#272;&#7913;c b&#7855;t l&agrave;m t&ugrave; binh. V&agrave;o m&#7897;t &#273;&ecirc;m tr&#259;ng tr&ograve;n, anh &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; qu&acirc;n &#272;&#7913;c b&#7855;n t&#7915; ph&iacute;a sau. [512]<\/p>\n<p>Anh &#273;&atilde; n&oacute;i ra t&ecirc;n c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh trong &#273;&#7901;i &#273;&oacute;, ngo&agrave;i ra c&ograve;n cung c&#7845;p th&#7901;i gian, &#273;&#7883;a &#273;i&#7875;m v&agrave; ph&acirc;n hi&#7879;u c&#7911;a tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c n&#417;i m&igrave;nh t&#7889;t nghi&#7879;p v&agrave;o nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m 1930. V&#7907; c&#7911;a anh sau &#273;&oacute; &#273;&atilde; ki&#7875;m ch&#7913;ng vi&#7879;c n&agrave;y v&agrave; ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n qu&#7843; th&#7921;c c&oacute; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&#432; v&#7853;y &#273;&atilde; t&#7889;t nghi&#7879;p tr&#432;&#7901;ng n&agrave;y, nh&#432;ng th&#7901;i gian ch&ecirc;nh l&#7879;ch l&agrave; m&#7897;t n&#259;m.<\/p>\n<p>Sau l&#7847;n h&#7891;i quy ti&#7873;n ki&#7871;p n&agrave;y, c&#7843;m gi&aacute;c ti&ecirc;u c&#7921;c c&#7911;a anh trong nh&#7919;ng &#273;&ecirc;m tr&#259;ng tr&ograve;n &#273;&atilde; bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t.<\/p>\n<p><b>7.1.5 Kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; cu&#7897;c h&ocirc;n nh&acirc;n n&agrave;o l&agrave; ng&#7851;u nhi&ecirc;n<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch &ldquo;Ch&#7881; c&oacute; t&igrave;nh y&ecirc;u l&agrave; th&#7853;t: C&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7841;n t&acirc;m giao&rdquo; (Only Love Is Real: A Story of Soulmate) c&#7911;a b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss &#273;&atilde; ghi l&#7841;i m&#7897;t tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p nh&#432; sau [513]:<\/p>\n<p>M&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&agrave;n &ocirc;ng v&agrave; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; kh&ocirc;ng h&#7873; quen bi&#7871;t nhau &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7871;n g&#7863;p b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss &#273;&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; c&ugrave;ng l&uacute;c. B&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss nh&#7853;n th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng khi h&#7885; nh&#7899; l&#7841;i &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, h&#7885; c&oacute; th&#7875; n&oacute;i ra nh&#7919;ng t&igrave;nh hu&#7889;ng c&#7909; th&#7875; gi&#7889;ng nhau trong c&ugrave;ng th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i, ch&#7881; l&agrave; th&acirc;n ph&#7853;n c&#7911;a h&#7885; v&agrave;o th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m &#273;&oacute; kh&aacute;c nhau.<\/p>\n<p>Trong m&#7897;t &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&agrave;n &ocirc;ng l&agrave; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i Do Th&aacute;i s&#7889;ng &#7903; Jerusalem, gi&#7887;i l&agrave;m &#273;&#7891; g&#7889;m, &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; l&iacute;nh La M&atilde; k&eacute;o &#273;&#7871;n ch&#7871;t, &ocirc;ng ng&#7915;ng th&#7903; trong v&ograve;ng tay c&#7911;a con g&aacute;i, c&ograve;n ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; th&igrave; nh&#7899; l&#7841;i s&#7921; ki&#7879;n t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; t&#7915; g&oacute;c nh&igrave;n c&#7911;a con g&aacute;i &ocirc;ng &#7845;y. &#7902; m&#7897;t &#273;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c, c&#7843; hai s&#7889;ng &#7903; M&ocirc;ng C&#7893;, h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; k&#7871;t h&ocirc;n v&agrave; tr&#7843;i qua n&#7895;i &#273;au c&#7911;a sinh ly t&#7917; bi&#7879;t.<\/p>\n<p>V&igrave; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c ngh&#7873; nghi&#7879;p, b&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; k&#7875; cho h&#7885; nghe h&#7891;i &#7913;c hay b&#7845;t k&#7923; t&igrave;nh hu&#7889;ng n&agrave;o c&#7911;a h&#7885;, &ocirc;ng ch&#7881; c&#7889; t&igrave;nh s&#7855;p x&#7871;p th&#7901;i gian h&#7865;n kh&aacute;m &#273;&#7875; hai ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#7885; c&oacute; m&#7897;t l&#7847;n g&#7863;p nhau t&#7841;i v&#259;n ph&ograve;ng c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng.<\/p>\n<p>Khi vi&#7879;c &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; cho hai ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#7885; k&#7871;t th&uacute;c, h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; &#273;i ra phi tr&#432;&#7901;ng c&ugrave;ng ng&agrave;y &#273;&#7875; bay &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng n&#417;i kh&aacute;c nhau, nh&#432;ng phi c&#417; c&#7911;a m&#7897;t trong hai ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; c&#7845;t c&aacute;nh v&igrave; l&yacute; do n&agrave;o &#273;&oacute; v&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chuy&#7875;n sang chuy&#7871;n bay m&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i kia &#273;i, th&#7871; l&agrave; hai ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#7885; quen nhau v&agrave; y&ecirc;u nhau.<\/p>\n<p>B&aacute;c s&#297; Weiss vi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;Kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; cu&#7897;c h&ocirc;n nh&acirc;n n&agrave;o l&agrave; ng&#7851;u nhi&ecirc;n.&rdquo; &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y v&#7915;a v&#7863;n &#7913;ng v&#7899;i m&#7897;t c&acirc;u n&oacute;i c&#7893; c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i Trung Qu&#7889;c: &ldquo;Thi&ecirc;n l&yacute; nh&acirc;n duy&ecirc;n nh&#7845;t tuy&#7871;n khi&ecirc;n&rdquo; (Nh&acirc;n duy&ecirc;n ng&agrave;n d&#7863;m bu&#7897;c c&ugrave;ng nhau). Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i k&#7871;t th&agrave;nh phu th&ecirc; &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i n&agrave;y c&oacute; l&#7869; &#273;&atilde; thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7889;i li&ecirc;n k&#7871;t s&acirc;u s&#7855;c trong nhi&#7873;u &#273;&#7901;i lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&oacute;, v&agrave; c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&atilde; h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh n&ecirc;n duy&ecirc;n ph&#7853;n t&#7915; &#273;&#7901;i n&agrave;y sang &#273;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c.<\/p>\n<p><b>7.2 Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u th&#7889;ng k&ecirc; c&#7911;a Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Wambach<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Helen Wambach (1925-1986) ban &#273;&#7847;u l&agrave; m&#7897;t nh&agrave; tr&#7883; li&#7879;u cho nh&#7919;ng c&ocirc; g&aacute;i v&#7883; th&agrave;nh ni&ecirc;n b&#7883; r&#7889;i lo&#7841;n tinh th&#7847;n. Khi v&ocirc; t&igrave;nh ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n m&#7897;t s&#7889; s&#7921; vi&#7879;c trong &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a b&#7843;n th&acirc;n, b&agrave; &#273;&atilde; thay &#273;&#7893;i ph&#432;&#417;ng h&#432;&#7899;ng nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&agrave; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&ecirc;n phong trong nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i. [514]<\/p>\n<p>Trong su&#7889;t m&#432;&#7901;i n&#259;m, Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Wambach &#273;&atilde; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u h&#417;n m&#7897;t ng&agrave;n ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; k&yacute; &#7913;c v&#7873; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c. B&agrave; d&ugrave;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n s&acirc;u &#273;&#7875; khi&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7883; th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n g&#7907;i l&#7841;i r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u k&yacute; &#7913;c s&#7889;ng &#273;&#7897;ng.<\/p>\n<p>D&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n nh&#7919;ng th&ocirc;ng tin h&#7885; nh&#7899; l&#7841;i, Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Wambach &#273;&atilde; ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u chi ti&#7871;t, b&agrave; &#273;&atilde; so s&aacute;nh t&igrave;nh h&igrave;nh kinh t&#7871;, ch&#7911;ng t&#7897;c, n&#417;i sinh, th&#7913;c &#259;n, qu&#7847;n &aacute;o v.v. c&#7911;a h&#7885; &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c. B&agrave; &#273;&atilde; t&oacute;m t&#7855;t k&#7871;t qu&#7843; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh trong cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch &ldquo;H&#7891;i t&#432;&#7903;ng l&#7841;i c&aacute;c &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c &ndash; B&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng d&#432;&#7899;i s&#7921; th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n&rdquo; (Reliving past lives &ndash; The evidence under hypnosis). [515]<\/p>\n<p>Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Wambach &#273;&atilde; thu th&#7853;p t&#7893;ng c&#7897;ng 1,088 b&#7843;ng c&acirc;u h&#7887;i v&agrave; xem x&eacute;t c&#7849;n th&#7853;n th&ocirc;ng tin &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cung c&#7845;p trong phi&#7871;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i. B&agrave; nh&#7853;n th&#7845;y k&yacute; &#7913;c &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#7887;ng v&#7845;n r&#7845;t ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i ni&ecirc;n &#273;&#7841;i l&#7883;ch s&#7917; m&agrave; h&#7885; n&oacute;i ra. V&iacute; d&#7909; nh&#432;:<\/p>\n<p>Th&#7913; nh&#7845;t, t&#7847;ng l&#7899;p x&atilde; h&#7897;i trong &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c: Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Wambach chia h&#7885; th&agrave;nh th&#432;&#7907;ng l&#432;u, trung l&#432;u v&agrave; h&#7841; l&#432;u. B&agrave; ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n c&oacute; 60% &#273;&#7871;n 77% s&#7889; th&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p l&agrave; thu&#7897;c t&#7847;ng l&#7899;p h&#7841; l&#432;u &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, c&ograve;n nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p thu&#7897;c t&#7847;ng l&#7899;p th&#432;&#7907;ng l&#432;u ch&#7881; chi&#7871;m ch&#432;a &#273;&#7871;n 10%. Kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; ai trong s&#7889; h&#7885; t&#7921; nh&#7853;n m&igrave;nh l&agrave; nh&acirc;n v&#7853;t l&#7883;ch s&#7917; n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng.<\/p>\n<p>Th&#7913; hai, s&#7921; ph&acirc;n b&#7889; ch&#7911;ng t&#7897;c trong &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c: Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Wambach chia c&aacute;c ch&#7911;ng t&#7897;c &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p n&agrave;y th&agrave;nh ba lo&#7841;i: Ng&#432;&#7901;i da tr&#7855;ng; ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&acirc;u &Aacute; v&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7844;n &#272;&#7897;; ng&#432;&#7901;i da &#273;en. V&agrave;o th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m n&#259;m 2000 tr&#432;&#7899;c C&ocirc;ng nguy&ecirc;n, c&oacute; 20% tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i da tr&#7855;ng, h&#7885; ch&#7911; y&#7871;u s&#7889;ng &#7903; khu v&#7921;c ph&iacute;a b&#7855;c &#272;&#7883;a Trung H&#7843;i, c&aacute;c khu v&#7921;c mi&#7873;n n&uacute;i v&agrave; ph&iacute;a b&#7855;c Trung &Aacute;. Hai ch&#7911;ng t&#7897;c c&ograve;n l&#7841;i chi&#7871;m kho&#7843;ng 40%. &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i t&#7927; l&#7879; v&agrave; s&#7921; ph&acirc;n b&#7889; c&aacute;c ch&#7911;ng t&#7897;c tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i l&uacute;c b&#7845;y gi&#7901;.<\/p>\n<p>Th&#7913; ba, b&#7897; &#273;&#7891; &#259;n v&agrave; y ph&#7909;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i t&igrave;nh hu&#7889;ng l&#7883;ch s&#7917;. V&iacute; d&#7909;, b&#7897; &#273;&#7891; &#259;n v&agrave;o th&#7901;i c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i l&agrave; l&agrave;m b&#7857;ng g&#7895;, c&ograve;n &#273;&#7891; s&#7855;t v&agrave; s&#7913; th&igrave; ch&#7881; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n trong nh&#7919;ng tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i v&agrave;o th&#7901;i c&#7853;n &#273;&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p>Th&#7913; t&#432;, s&#7889; l&#7847;n lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i trong m&#7897;t th&#7901;i k&#7923; c&#7909; th&#7875; c&oacute; li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n d&acirc;n s&#7889; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i v&agrave;o th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m &#273;&oacute;. Ngo&#7841;i tr&#7915; th&#7901;i k&#7923; &#273;&#7841;i d&#7883;ch, d&acirc;n s&#7889; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i nh&igrave;n chung c&oacute; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng t&#259;ng l&ecirc;n, t&#259;ng g&#7845;p &#273;&ocirc;i t&#7915; n&#259;m 400 &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m 1600 sau C&ocirc;ng nguy&ecirc;n v&agrave; sau &#273;&oacute; l&#7841;i t&#259;ng g&#7845;p &#273;&ocirc;i v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1850. S&#7889; li&#7879;u nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&#7911;a Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Wambach v&#7873; k&yacute; &#7913;c &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; x&aacute;c nh&#7853;n m&ocirc; h&igrave;nh t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng d&acirc;n s&#7889; n&agrave;y.<\/p>\n<p><b>7.3 Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&#7911;a Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Newton v&#7873; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i t&acirc;m linh<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Ti&#7871;n s&#297; T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c Michael Newton (1931-2016) l&agrave; m&#7897;t nh&agrave; tr&#7883; li&#7879;u th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7913;ng nh&#7853;n, &ocirc;ng t&#7915;ng l&agrave; gi&aacute;o vi&ecirc;n t&#7841;i c&aacute;c c&#417; s&#7903; gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c &#7903; Los Angeles, c&#361;ng t&#7915;ng l&agrave; c&#7889; v&#7845;n h&agrave;nh vi v&agrave; gi&aacute;m &#273;&#7889;c &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; t&#7841;i c&aacute;c trung t&acirc;m s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e t&acirc;m th&#7847;n c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng v&agrave; c&aacute;c t&#7893; ch&#7913;c ph&#7909;c h&#7891;i tinh th&#7847;n. [516]<\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 1994, Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Newton &#273;&atilde; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i g&#7847;n 300 trang v&#7899;i nhan &#273;&#7873; &ldquo;H&agrave;nh tr&igrave;nh c&#7911;a c&aacute;c linh h&#7891;n: Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u &#273;i&#7875;n h&igrave;nh v&#7873; cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng gi&#7919;a nh&#7919;ng cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i&rdquo; (Journey of Souls: Case Studies of Life Between Lives). Cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch n&agrave;y ch&#7911; y&#7871;u d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n c&aacute;c ghi ch&eacute;p quan s&aacute;t c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng v&#7873; 29 ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7903; tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i th&ocirc;i mi&ecirc;n trong kho&#7843;ng th&#7901;i gian 10 n&#259;m, t&#7853;p trung m&ocirc; t&#7843; nh&#7919;ng tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7911;a linh h&#7891;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i gi&#7919;a l&uacute;c r&#7901;i kh&#7887;i tr&#7847;n th&#7871;, b&#432;&#7899;c v&agrave;o th&#7871; gi&#7899;i t&acirc;m linh &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7871;n l&#7847;n t&aacute;i sinh ti&#7871;p theo. [517]<\/p>\n<p>T&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7853;n t&#7917; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&ocirc; t&#7843; &#7903; ph&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u Ch&#432;&#417;ng 5, th&#7871; gi&#7899;i t&acirc;m linh m&agrave; &ocirc;ng Newton ghi ch&eacute;p &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&agrave; m&#7897;t kh&ocirc;ng gian r&#7897;ng l&#7899;n v&agrave; k&#7923; di&#7879;u, r&#7921;c r&#7905; v&agrave; ch&oacute;i l&oacute;a. So v&#7899;i &ldquo;th&#7871; gi&#7899;i v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t,&rdquo; &ldquo;th&#7871; gi&#7899;i t&acirc;m linh&rdquo; c&oacute; m&#7913;c n&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng cao h&#417;n, c&aacute;c sinh m&#7879;nh t&acirc;m linh &#7903; &#273;&oacute; c&#7843;m th&#7845;y b&igrave;nh y&ecirc;n v&agrave; gi&#7843;i tho&aacute;t. Linh h&#7891;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&aacute;t ra &aacute;nh s&aacute;ng c&#7911;a tr&iacute; tu&#7879; v&agrave; c&oacute; th&#7875; bi&#7871;n h&oacute;a th&agrave;nh h&igrave;nh &#7843;nh th&#7921;c. Gi&#7919;a c&aacute;c sinh m&#7879;nh t&acirc;m linh c&oacute; th&#7875; ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh truy&#7873;n c&#7843;m t&#432; duy.<\/p>\n<p>Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Newton c&ograve;n m&ocirc; t&#7843; m&#7897;t hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng n&#7919;a. &#7902; kh&ocirc;ng gian kh&aacute;c, linh h&#7891;n c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; c&oacute; m&agrave;u s&#7855;c, c&aacute;c m&agrave;u &#273;&#7887;, cam, v&agrave;ng, l&#7909;c, lam, ch&agrave;m, t&iacute;m t&#432;&#7907;ng tr&#432;ng cho c&aacute;c c&#7845;p b&#7853;c kh&aacute;c nhau.<\/p>\n<p><b>8. Khoa h&#7885;c v&#7873; c&#7853;n t&#7917; h&eacute; l&#7897; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh v&agrave; ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871; lu&ocirc;n &#273;i c&ugrave;ng v&#7899;i l&#7883;ch s&#7917; c&#7911;a v&#259;n minh nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i. Trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917; v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a c&aacute;c qu&#7889;c gia tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i &#273;&atilde; ghi nh&#7853;n nhi&#7873;u lo&#7841;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i, ch&#7881; l&agrave; t&#7915; khi b&#432;&#7899;c v&agrave;o th&#7901;i c&#7853;n &#273;&#7841;i, do t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng t&#432;&#417;ng h&#7895; gi&#7919;a cu&#7897;c c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng c&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p v&agrave; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a, con ng&#432;&#7901;i ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng xa r&#7901;i truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng, r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; th&#7901; &#417; v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng t&acirc;m linh.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, trong nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m g&#7847;n &#273;&acirc;y, nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&#7911;a ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i v&agrave; tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7853;n t&#7917; &#273;&atilde; v&#432;&#7907;t qua ki&#7871;n &#8203;&#8203;th&#7913;c c&#7911;a c&aacute;c m&ocirc;n h&#7885;c truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng nh&#432; y h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i, t&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c v&agrave; t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o v.v., v&agrave; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t ng&agrave;nh m&#7899;i n&#7893;i trong khoa h&#7885;c &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng &ndash; m&#7897;t nh&aacute;nh c&#7911;a si&ecirc;u t&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; linh h&#7891;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p><b>8.1 Kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t d&#432; lu&#7853;n v&#7873; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7853;n t&#7917; v&agrave; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i<\/b><\/p>\n<p>D&ugrave; &#7903; ph&#432;&#417;ng &#272;&ocirc;ng hay ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y, &#273;a s&#7889; m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&atilde; tr&#7843;i qua c&#7843;m gi&aacute;c [c&#7843;m gi&aacute;c m&agrave; trong &#273;&oacute;, m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#7843;m th&#7845;y nh&#432; &#273;&atilde; tr&#7843;i qua t&igrave;nh hu&#7889;ng hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y] khi g&#7863;p m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i m&agrave; m&igrave;nh ch&#432;a t&#7915;ng g&#7863;p l&#7847;n n&agrave;o. R&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; t&igrave;m th&#7845;y n&#7917;a kia c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh th&ocirc;ng qua &ldquo;c&aacute;i nh&igrave;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n.&rdquo; Nh&#7919;ng hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng n&agrave;y &#273;&#7873;u kh&ocirc;ng c&aacute;ch n&agrave;o gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch b&#7857;ng c&aacute;c l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t sinh h&#7885;c, nh&#432;ng ch&uacute;ng l&#7841;i r&#7845;t d&#7877; hi&#7875;u n&#7871;u x&eacute;t t&#7915; g&oacute;c &#273;&#7897; gi&#7919;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7899;i nhau &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c l&agrave; c&oacute; &ldquo;duy&ecirc;n ph&#7853;n.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>M&#7863;c d&ugrave; h&#7847;u h&#7871;t m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, nh&#432;ng v&#7871;t t&iacute;ch c&#7911;a &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c s&#7869; v&#7851;n l&#432;u l&#7841;i trong k&yacute; &#7913;c c&#7911;a h&#7885;, trong l&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n ti&#7871;p x&uacute;c v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; v&#7853;t, nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; &#273;&atilde; tr&#7843;i qua &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c s&#7869; th&#7875; hi&#7879;n ra ho&#7863;c nhi&#7873;u ho&#7863;c &iacute;t.<\/p>\n<p>Cho &#273;&#7871;n hi&#7879;n nay, v&ocirc; s&#7889; tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p c&oacute; th&#7853;t v&#7873; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i v&agrave; m&#7897;t s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n s&#7921; th&#7853;t khoa h&#7885;c kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; b&#7887; qua &#273;&atilde; khi&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i ta &#273;&#7891;ng t&igrave;nh v&#7899;i c&aacute;ch n&oacute;i lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871;, tin t&#432;&#7903;ng r&#7857;ng &yacute; th&#7913;c c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i sau khi ch&#7871;t v&#7851;n c&ograve;n, v&agrave; linh h&#7891;n l&agrave; b&#7845;t di&#7879;t.<\/p>\n<p>M&#7897;t b&agrave;i lu&#7853;n v&#259;n &#273;&#259;ng tr&ecirc;n t&#7841;p ch&iacute; T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c B&#7855;c &Acirc;u (Nordic Psychology) v&agrave;o n&#259;m 2013 v&#7899;i nhan &#273;&#7873; &ldquo;T&acirc;m l&yacute; h&#7885;c &#273;&#7841;i ch&uacute;ng, c&aacute;ch nh&igrave;n c&#7911;a B&#7855;c &Acirc;u, T&acirc;y &Acirc;u v&agrave; &#272;&ocirc;ng &Acirc;u v&#7873; cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng sau khi ch&#7871;t v&agrave; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871;&rdquo; &#273;&atilde; ghi l&#7841;i k&#7871;t qu&#7843; c&#7911;a &ldquo;Cu&#7897;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t gi&aacute; tr&#7883; quan &#7903; ch&acirc;u &Acirc;u&rdquo; (European Values Survey). Cu&#7897;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t &#273;&atilde; tr&igrave;nh b&agrave;y m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; c&ocirc;ng nh&#7853;n c&#7911;a c&ocirc;ng ch&uacute;ng v&#7873; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i. [518]<\/p>\n<p>Cu&#7897;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t &#273;&#7897;c &#273;&aacute;o n&agrave;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n t&#7915; n&#259;m 1980 &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m 1983 t&#7841;i 14 qu&#7889;c gia T&acirc;y &Acirc;u, Canada v&agrave; Hoa K&#7923;. T&#7915; n&#259;m 1990 &#273;&#7871;n 1993, n&oacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7903; r&#7897;ng th&agrave;nh &ldquo;Cu&#7897;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t gi&aacute; tr&#7883; quan tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i&rdquo; (World Values Survey) v&#7899;i h&#417;n 43 qu&#7889;c gia, v&agrave; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng sang 81 qu&#7889;c gia t&#7915; n&#259;m 1999 &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m 2002. C&aacute;c qu&#7889;c gia n&agrave;y &#273;&#7841;i di&#7879;n cho kho&#7843;ng 85% d&acirc;n s&#7889; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i.<\/p>\n<p>Trong cu&#7897;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t &#7903; ch&acirc;u &Acirc;u t&#7915; n&#259;m 1999 &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m 2002, s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i trung b&igrave;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#259;m d&ograve; &yacute; ki&#7871;n &#8203;&#8203;&#7903; m&#7895;i qu&#7889;c gia l&agrave; 1,140. S&#7889; li&#7879;u cho th&#7845;y t&#7841;i 5 qu&#7889;c gia B&#7855;c &Acirc;u (&#272;an M&#7841;ch, Ph&#7847;n Lan, Iceland, Na Uy v&agrave; Th&#7909;y &#272;i&#7875;n), trung b&igrave;nh c&oacute; 52.8% ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n tin r&#7857;ng c&oacute; cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng sau khi ch&#7871;t, v&agrave; 22.6% s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#7887;i tin v&agrave;o lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i. Trong s&#7889; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i tin r&#7857;ng c&oacute; cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng sau khi ch&#7871;t, c&oacute; 42% tin v&agrave;o lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i.<\/p>\n<p>T&#7841;i 15 qu&#7889;c gia T&acirc;y &Acirc;u (&Aacute;o, B&#7881;, Anh, Ph&aacute;p, T&acirc;y &#272;&#7913;c, Luxembourg, H&agrave; Lan, Ireland, B&#7855;c Ireland, Th&#7909;y S&#297;, Hy L&#7841;p, &Yacute;, Malta, B&#7891; &#272;&agrave;o Nha v&agrave; T&acirc;y Ban Nha), trung b&igrave;nh c&oacute; 58.9% ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n tin r&#7857;ng c&oacute; cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng sau khi ch&#7871;t, v&agrave; 22.2% s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#7887;i tin v&agrave;o lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i; trong s&#7889; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i tin v&agrave;o c&oacute; cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng sau khi ch&#7871;t, c&oacute; 36.7% tin v&agrave;o lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i.<\/p>\n<p>&#7902; c&aacute;c qu&#7889;c gia &#272;&ocirc;ng &Acirc;u, trung b&igrave;nh c&oacute; 47.6% ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n tin r&#7857;ng c&oacute; cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng sau khi ch&#7871;t, v&agrave; 27% s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#7887;i tin v&agrave;o lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i; trong s&#7889; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i tin v&agrave;o c&oacute; cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng sau khi ch&#7871;t, c&oacute; 54% tin v&agrave;o lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i.<\/p>\n<p>C&#7909; th&#7875;, t&#7927; l&#7879; ng&#432;&#7901;i tin v&agrave;o lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i l&agrave; 44% &#7903; Litva, 41% &#7903; Iceland, 36% &#7903; Th&#7909;y S&#297; v&agrave; th&#7845;p nh&#7845;t l&agrave; 12% &#7903; &#272;&ocirc;ng &#272;&#7913;c c&#361;. &#7902; Litva, c&oacute; h&#417;n 77% ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n c&oacute; t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng C&#417; &#272;&#7889;c gi&aacute;o v&agrave; 6% kh&ocirc;ng theo t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o n&agrave;o [519]. &#7902; Iceland, c&oacute; 71% ng&#432;&#7901;i t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng C&#417; &#272;&#7889;c gi&aacute;o v&agrave; 6% kh&ocirc;ng theo t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o n&agrave;o [520]. Th&#7909;y S&#297; c&#361;ng l&agrave; m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia c&oacute; t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng C&#417; &#272;&#7889;c gi&aacute;o, v&#7899;i 2\/3 d&acirc;n s&#7889; c&oacute; t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng Thi&ecirc;n Ch&uacute;a gi&aacute;o ho&#7863;c T&acirc;n gi&aacute;o. [521].<\/p>\n<p>Theo m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t c&#7911;a Gallup &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&aacute;o c&aacute;o v&agrave;o n&#259;m 2005, c&oacute; 20% ng&#432;&#7901;i M&#7929; tin v&agrave;o hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i. [522]<\/p>\n<p><b>8.2 Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; c&#7853;n t&#7917; v&agrave; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i ti&#7871;t l&#7897; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh v&agrave; b&aacute;c b&#7887; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a<\/b><\/p>\n<p>S&#7921; n&#7893;i l&ecirc;n c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c v&#7873; c&#7853;n t&#7917; v&agrave; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i l&agrave; c&#7897;t m&#7889;c &#273;&aacute;nh d&#7845;u r&#7857;ng ch&uacute;ng ta kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&aacute;c hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng ch&#7881; t&#7915; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t, m&agrave; l&agrave; t&#7915; hai g&oacute;c &#273;&#7897; v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t v&agrave; tinh th&#7847;n. S&#7921; chuy&#7875;n bi&#7871;n n&agrave;y c&oacute; vai tr&ograve; mang t&iacute;nh b&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#7863;t trong vi&#7879;c h&#432;&#7899;ng d&#7851;n khoa h&#7885;c &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i b&#432;&#7899;c &#273;i &#273;&uacute;ng h&#432;&#7899;ng. Khi n&oacute;i &#273;&#7871;n ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c sinh m&#7879;nh c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i, ngo&agrave;i ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a nh&#7909;c th&acirc;n, ch&uacute;ng ta c&#361;ng n&ecirc;n ch&uacute; &yacute; h&#417;n &#273;&#7871;n v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c v&agrave; &#273;&iacute;ch &#273;&#7871;n c&#7911;a linh h&#7891;n.<\/p>\n<p>V&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i &#273;&atilde; ghi ch&eacute;p l&#7841;i hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7853;n t&#7917; v&agrave; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871;. &#7902; th&#7901;i c&#7853;n &#273;&#7841;i, m&#7897;t nh&oacute;m chuy&ecirc;n gia y t&#7871; &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; c&aacute;c qu&#7889;c gia ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y &#273;&atilde; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng logic c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c th&#7921;c nghi&#7879;m v&agrave; c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p khoa h&#7885;c ch&#7863;t ch&#7869; &#273;&#7875; kh&#7859;ng &#273;&#7883;nh r&#7857;ng tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7853;n t&#7917; v&agrave; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng t&aacute;i sinh th&#7921;c s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i, c&#361;ng nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng m&ocirc; t&#7843; c&#7911;a v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng v&#7873; m&#7897;t s&#7889; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng l&agrave; c&oacute; c&#259;n c&#7913;.<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Jeffrey Long, m&#7897;t b&aacute;c s&#297; chuy&ecirc;n khoa ung th&#432; x&#7841; tr&#7883; ng&#432;&#7901;i M&#7929; &#273;&atilde; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u h&#417;n 5,000 tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7853;n t&#7917; v&agrave; c&ocirc;ng b&#7889; m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n r&#7857;ng linh h&#7891;n kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7871;t sau khi c&#417; th&#7875; con ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7917; vong. [523]<\/p>\n<p>B&#7857;ng c&aacute;ch t&#7893;ng k&#7871;t h&#417;n 2,500 tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i, b&aacute;c s&#297; t&acirc;m th&#7847;n ng&#432;&#7901;i M&#7929; Ian Stevenson &#273;&atilde; ch&#7913;ng minh m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; ch&#7889;i c&atilde;i r&#7857;ng linh h&#7891;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; th&#7875; chuy&#7875;n sinh nhi&#7873;u l&#7847;n th&agrave;nh ng&#432;&#7901;i. Nh&#7919;ng th&ocirc;ng tin &#273;&#432;&#7907;c linh h&#7891;n b&#7845;t di&#7879;t mang theo trong m&#7895;i &#273;&#7901;i, bao g&#7891;m th&oacute;i quen sinh ho&#7841;t, s&#7903; th&iacute;ch, k&yacute; &#7913;c, m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c, v.v., th&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c &#7903; ki&#7871;p sau.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871; th&#432;&#7901;ng ph&#7843;n &aacute;nh nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n qu&#7843; b&aacute;o &#7913;ng. Duy&ecirc;n ph&#7853;n v&agrave; m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; gi&#7919;a ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i n&agrave;y th&#432;&#7901;ng li&ecirc;n quan tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p &#273;&#7871;n h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a h&#7885; &#7903; &#273;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7899;c. Duy&ecirc;n ph&#7853;n bao g&#7891;m duy&ecirc;n cha m&#7865;, duy&ecirc;n v&#7907; ch&#7891;ng, duy&ecirc;n b&#7841;n b&egrave;, v.v. R&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i &#7903; ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y &#273;&atilde; ch&#7913;ng minh r&#7857;ng, nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u t&#7889;t hay x&#7845;u m&agrave; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; l&agrave;m v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c trong m&#7897;t &#273;&#7901;i n&agrave;o &#273;&oacute; nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh s&#7869; &#273;&#7863;t c&#417; s&#7903; cho m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; gi&#7919;a ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&oacute; v&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7909; &iacute;ch ho&#7863;c n&#7841;n nh&acirc;n &#7903; c&aacute;c &#273;&#7901;i sau.<\/p>\n<p>Trong v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c c&oacute; c&acirc;u: &ldquo;B&aacute;ch ni&ecirc;n tu &#273;&#7855;c &#273;&#7891;ng thuy&#7873;n &#273;&#7897;, thi&ecirc;n ni&ecirc;n tu &#273;&#7855;c c&#7897;ng ch&#7849;m mi&ecirc;n&rdquo; (tu m&#432;&#7901;i n&#259;m m&#7899;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chung thuy&#7873;n, tu tr&#259;m n&#259;m m&#7899;i n&ecirc;n duy&ecirc;n v&#7907; ch&#7891;ng). T&#7927; l&#7879; ly h&ocirc;n trong x&atilde; h&#7897;i hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i &#273;ang ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng t&#259;ng, r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng tr&acirc;n tr&#7885;ng duy&ecirc;n v&#7907; ch&#7891;ng, khi m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; kh&ocirc;ng su&ocirc;n s&#7867; th&igrave; li&#7873;n ly h&ocirc;n, d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; h&#7885; cho r&#7857;ng m&#7897;t khi ly h&ocirc;n th&igrave; m&#7885;i chuy&#7879;n s&#7869; k&#7871;t th&uacute;c, m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng d&ugrave; &#273;&#7901;i n&agrave;y ly h&ocirc;n th&igrave; c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; ngh&#297;a l&agrave; m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; nh&acirc;n duy&ecirc;n gi&#7919;a h&#7885; c&oacute; th&#7875; b&#7883; c&#7855;t &#273;&#7913;t. N&#7871;u gi&#7919;a h&#7885; c&oacute; m&oacute;n n&#7907;, &#273;&#7901;i n&agrave;y kh&ocirc;ng gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&igrave; &#273;&#7901;i sau h&#7885; c&oacute; th&#7875; s&#7869; c&ograve;n g&#7863;p l&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p>V&#7873; m&#7863;t nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i, v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng v&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&atilde; &#273;i &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7891;ng m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch &#273;&aacute;ng kinh ng&#7841;c.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, khi c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c th&#7921;c ch&#7913;ng &#273;i &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng k&#7871;t lu&#7853;n v&#432;&#7907;t xa nh&#7853;n &#8203;&#8203;th&#7913;c hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta l&#7841;i th&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#7855;m m&#7855;t l&agrave;m ng&#417;, c&#7889; th&#7911; t&#7853;p qu&aacute;n v&agrave; v&#7851;n kh&ocirc;ng nguy&#7879;n &yacute; thay &#273;&#7893;i quan ni&#7879;m c&#361;. Tr&ecirc;n th&#7921;c t&#7871;, m&#7885;i quan ni&#7879;m c&#361; &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; ch&#432;&#7899;ng ng&#7841;i khi&#7871;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&acirc;n l&yacute;. Ch&#7881; v&#7899;i m&#7897;t t&acirc;m tr&iacute; c&#7903;i m&#7903; v&agrave; ti&#7871;p nh&#7853;n nh&#7919;ng l&#7889;i suy ngh&#297; kh&aacute;c nhau, con ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; ti&#7871;n g&#7847;n h&#417;n &#273;&#7871;n c&acirc;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i v&#7873; ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh.<\/p>\n<p>Ch&iacute;nh nh&#432; Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), ng&#432;&#7901;i vi&#7871;t Tuy&ecirc;n ng&ocirc;n &#272;&#7897;c l&#7853;p v&agrave; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh t&#7893;ng th&#7889;ng th&#7913; hai c&#7911;a Hoa K&#7923;, &#273;&atilde; vi&#7871;t khi &ocirc;ng th&agrave;nh l&#7853;p &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Virginia r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;T&#7893; ch&#7913;c n&agrave;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ki&#7871;n l&#7853;p d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n s&#7921; t&#7921; do v&ocirc; h&#7841;n c&#7911;a t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i. &#7902; &#273;&acirc;y, ch&uacute;ng t&ocirc;i kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7841;i &#273;i theo s&#7921; th&#7853;t d&ugrave; n&oacute; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&acirc;u.&rdquo; [525]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0526.webp\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-53654\" src=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0526-188x300.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"188\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0526-188x300.webp 188w, https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0526.webp 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 188px) 100vw, 188px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><i>Sinh m&#7879;nh c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; m&#7897;t v&ograve;ng tu&#7847;n ho&agrave;n l&#7863;p l&#7841;i. (&#7842;nh: Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>8.3 Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; c&#7853;n t&#7917; v&agrave; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i m&#7897;t l&#7847;n n&#7919;a b&aacute;c b&#7887; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t v&#7873; s&#7921; ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i do Darwin &#273;&#7873; ra ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n linh h&#7891;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i, c&agrave;ng kh&ocirc;ng n&oacute;i &#273;&#7871;n ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a linh h&#7891;n. K&#7871;t qu&#7843; c&#7911;a c&aacute;c nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; c&#7853;n t&#7917; v&agrave; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i &#273;&atilde; cho th&#7845;y b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; linh h&#7891;n, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7911; &#273;&#7875; b&aacute;c b&#7887; gi&#7843; thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a.<\/p>\n<p>Sau khi chi&#7871;c phi c&#417; c&#7911;a phi c&ocirc;ng James b&#7883; r&#417;i trong &#272;&#7879; nh&#7883; Th&#7871; chi&#7871;n, anh &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chuy&#7875;n sinh v&agrave; sinh ra &#7903; Louisiana, Hoa K&#7923; v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1999. Sau khi chuy&#7875;n sinh, khi &#273;ang ch&#417;i &#273;&#7891; ch&#417;i, c&#7853;u b&eacute; James t&#7915;ng n&oacute;i v&#7899;i cha m&#7865; m&igrave;nh r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;Cha m&#7865; l&agrave; m&#7897;t c&#7863;p ph&#7909; huynh r&#7845;t t&#7889;t, l&uacute;c &#273;&oacute; con bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng m&igrave;nh &#273;&atilde; &#273;&uacute;ng khi ch&#7885;n cha m&#7865;.&rdquo; C&#7853;u b&eacute; James k&#7875; r&#7857;ng l&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n c&#7853;u g&#7863;p cha m&#7865; m&igrave;nh l&agrave; t&#7841;i m&#7897;t kh&aacute;ch s&#7841;n m&agrave;u h&#7891;ng &#7903; Hawaii, v&igrave; r&#7845;t th&iacute;ch h&#7885; n&ecirc;n c&#7853;u m&#7899;i ch&#7885;n h&#7885; l&agrave;m cha m&#7865; c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh. &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y khi&#7871;n cha m&#7865; c&#7911;a James kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; tin &#273;&#432;&#7907;c, v&igrave; qu&#7843; th&#7921;c h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; &#273;i ngh&#7881; t&#7841;i m&#7897;t kh&aacute;ch s&#7841;n m&agrave;u h&#7891;ng &#7903; Hawaii, v&agrave; sau &#273;&oacute; &#273;&atilde; sinh ra James.<\/p>\n<p>C&#7853;u b&eacute; James kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; nh&#7899; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ki&#7871;p tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh m&agrave; c&ograve;n nh&#7899; qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh linh h&#7891;n m&igrave;nh l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n nh&#7909;c th&#7875; &#273;&#7875; chuy&#7875;n sinh tr&#432;&#7899;c khi sinh ra nh&#432; th&#7871; n&agrave;o, &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u m&agrave; c&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; tr&iacute; nh&#7899; tr&#432;&#7899;c khi sinh (prenatal memory) [526] hay tr&iacute; nh&#7899; chu sinh (perinatal memory). [527].<\/p>\n<p>B&aacute;c s&#297; khoa s&#7843;n ph&#7909; ng&#432;&#7901;i Nh&#7853;t Akira Ikegawa l&agrave; nh&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u ti&ecirc;n phong trong l&#297;nh v&#7921;c n&agrave;y. &Ocirc;ng t&#7889;t nghi&#7879;p Tr&#432;&#7901;ng Y &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Teikyo v&agrave; t&#7915;ng gi&#7919; ch&#7913;c v&#7909; Ch&#7911; nhi&#7879;m Khoa s&#7843;n ph&#7909; t&#7841;i B&#7879;nh vi&#7879;n &#272;a khoa Trung &#432;&#417;ng Ageo. V&agrave;o n&#259;m 1989, &ocirc;ng m&#7903; Ph&ograve;ng kh&aacute;m Ikegawa t&#7841;i Th&agrave;nh ph&#7889; Yokohama, t&#7881;nh Kanagawa. [528]<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Akira Ikegawa t&#7915;ng th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n hai cu&#7897;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t: Cu&#7897;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n l&agrave; v&#7899;i 79 b&agrave; m&#7865; &#273;ang &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; t&#7841;i Ph&ograve;ng kh&aacute;m Ikegawa. C&acirc;u h&#7887;i &#273;&#7863;t ra l&agrave;: &ldquo;Con b&#7841;n c&oacute; c&ograve;n nh&#7899; nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; &#273;&atilde; x&#7843;y ra khi c&ograve;n trong b&#7909;ng m&#7865; ho&#7863;c khi sinh ra kh&ocirc;ng?&rdquo; K&#7871;t qu&#7843; cho th&#7845;y c&oacute; 53% tr&#7867; c&oacute; tr&iacute; nh&#7899; chu sinh v&agrave; 41% c&oacute; tr&iacute; nh&#7899; tr&#432;&#7899;c khi sinh. [529]<\/p>\n<p>Trong n&#259;m 2002 v&agrave; 2003, &ocirc;ng Ikegawa &#273;&atilde; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n cu&#7897;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t v&#7899;i 3,061 c&#7863;p cha m&#7865; v&agrave; con c&aacute;i t&#7841;i c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng m&#7851;u gi&aacute;o &#7903; Th&agrave;nh ph&#7889; Suwa v&agrave; Th&agrave;nh ph&#7889; Shiojiri, t&#7881;nh Nagano. &Ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#7843;n h&#7891;i t&#7915; 1,620 tr&#7867; v&#7899;i &#273;&#7897; tu&#7893;i trung b&igrave;nh v&agrave;o kho&#7843;ng 4 tu&#7893;i, k&#7871;t qu&#7843; kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t l&agrave;: 33% tr&#7867; c&oacute; tr&iacute; nh&#7899; chu sinh v&agrave; 21% tr&#7867; c&oacute; th&#7875; nh&#7899; l&#7841;i qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh sinh ra.<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng Akira Ikegawa hi&#7879;n l&agrave; c&#7889; v&#7845;n cho Hi&#7879;p h&#7897;i T&acirc;m l&yacute; v&agrave; S&#7913;c kh&#7887;e Ti&#7873;n s&#7843;n v&agrave; Chu sinh (Association for Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health, APPPAH) t&#7841;i Nh&#7853;t B&#7843;n. &Ocirc;ng l&agrave; t&aacute;c gi&#7843; c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch nh&#432; &ldquo;Cha m&#7865; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c con c&aacute;i ch&#7885;n&rdquo; [530], &ldquo;Khi con nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y m&#7865; tr&ecirc;n m&acirc;y&rdquo; v&agrave; &ldquo;M&#7865; &#417;i, con &#273;&#7871;n v&igrave; m&#7865;&rdquo; v.v.<\/p>\n<p>Ngo&agrave;i vi&#7879;c ghi l&#7841;i tr&iacute; nh&#7899; chu sinh c&#7911;a tr&#7867;, nh&#7919;ng cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch n&agrave;y c&ograve;n ghi l&#7841;i m&#7897;t s&#7889; m&ocirc; t&#7843; r&#7845;t th&uacute; v&#7883; v&#7873; Thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng ho&#7863;c c&aacute;c kh&ocirc;ng gian kh&aacute;c. R&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; &#273;&#7873;u k&#7875; ra nh&#7919;ng c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921;, r&#7857;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c khi ch&agrave;o &#273;&#7901;i, ch&uacute;ng &#273;&atilde; &#7903; tr&ecirc;n m&acirc;y v&agrave; s&#7889;ng v&#7899;i c&aacute;c Thi&ecirc;n th&#7847;n, ti&ecirc;n n&#7919;. Ch&uacute;ng t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m m&#7865; c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng kh&#7855;p n&#417;i tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, v&agrave; khi t&igrave;m th&#7845;y, ch&uacute;ng r&#7901;i kh&#7887;i m&acirc;y tr&ecirc;n tr&#7901;i v&agrave; bay v&agrave;o b&#7909;ng m&#7865;.<\/p>\n<p>Trong tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m c&#7853;n t&#7917;, linh h&#7891;n c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; khu&#7845;t nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y Ch&uacute;a v&agrave; Thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng. K&yacute; &#7913;c chu sinh th&igrave; cho th&#7845;y tr&#432;&#7899;c khi &#273;&#7847;u thai l&agrave;m ng&#432;&#7901;i, linh h&#7891;n &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; tr&ecirc;n c&aacute;c &#273;&aacute;m m&acirc;y (kh&ocirc;ng gian v&#361; tr&#7909; cao t&#7847;ng h&#417;n), n&oacute; ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n gi&#7889;ng v&#7899;i &ldquo;th&#7871; gi&#7899;i tinh th&#7847;n&rdquo; gi&#7919;a s&#7921; lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i c&#7911;a c&aacute;c linh h&#7891;n m&agrave; c&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n. Nh&#7919;ng nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u g&#7907;i &yacute; r&#7857;ng linh h&#7891;n c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c t&#7915; Thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng ho&#7863;c kh&ocirc;ng gian v&#361; tr&#7909; cao t&#7847;ng h&#417;n.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#7919;ng b&iacute; &#7849;n c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh l&agrave; v&ocirc; t&#7853;n, cho &#273;&#7871;n nay v&#7851;n c&ograve;n r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u s&#7921; th&#7853;t m&agrave; con ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&#432;a nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c. N&#7871;u ch&uacute;ng ta b&#7843;o tr&igrave; t&acirc;m tr&iacute; c&#7903;i m&#7903; v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7915;ng ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c kh&aacute;m ph&aacute;, th&igrave; ch&uacute;ng ta s&#7869; ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng ti&#7871;n g&#7847;n h&#417;n &#273;&#7871;n c&acirc;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i th&#7921;c s&#7921; v&#7873; ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a nh&#7909;c th&#7875; v&agrave; linh h&#7891;n c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh.<\/p>\n<p>D&#432;&#7899;i s&#7921; d&#7851;n d&#7855;t sai l&#7847;m c&#7911;a thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a, khoa h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&atilde; &#273;i ch&#7879;ch kh&#7887;i nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c v&#7873; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a sinh m&#7879;nh v&agrave; linh h&#7891;n, l&#7879;ch kh&#7887;i truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng v&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c &ndash; v&#7889;n l&agrave; c&#259;n b&#7843;n c&#7911;a linh h&#7891;n. V&igrave; v&#7853;y &#273;&atilde; t&#7841;o th&agrave;nh ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng nhi&#7873;u m&#7889;i nguy &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng sinh th&aacute;i. &#7902; Ch&#432;&#417;ng 6, Ch&uacute;ng t&ocirc;i s&#7869; ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c th&#7843;o lu&#7853;n v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; n&agrave;y.<\/p>\n<p><b>T&agrave;i li&#7879;u tham kh&#7843;o:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i>449. Weiss, B. L. (1988). Many Lives, Many Masters: The True Story of a Prominent Psychiatrist, His Young Patient, and the Past-Life Therapy That Changed Both Their Lives. Touchstone.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/libgen.fun\/get.php?md5=E8DFB33BAC7C1FE0EC652294191ED695&token=550d8ac61cd9d9c9\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/libgen.fun\/get.php?md5=E8DFB33BAC7C1FE0EC652294191ED695&token=550d8ac61cd9d9c9<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>450. Stevenson, I. (1960a). The evidence for survival from claimed memories of former incarnations. Part I. Review of the data. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 54, 51&ndash;71.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/med.virginia.edu\/perceptual-studies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2016\/12\/STE1.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/med.virginia.edu\/perceptual-studies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2016\/12\/STE1.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>451. Shanti Devi &mdash; The Unbelievable Reincarnation that shocked even Mahatma Gandhi!.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/annecollette.medium.com\/shanti-devi-the-unbelievable-reincarnation-that-shocked-even-mahatma-gandhi-b3c84dfd3742\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/annecollette.medium.com\/shanti-devi-the-unbelievable-reincarnation-that-shocked-even-mahatma-gandhi-b3c84dfd3742<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>452. John H. Manas. Metempsychosis. Solution of the riddle of life. Pythagorean society, 152 West 12nd Street. New York City, 1941. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ia803105.us.archive.org\/20\/items\/metempsychosis_201912\/Metempsychosis_text.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/ia803105.us.archive.org\/20\/items\/metempsychosis_201912\/Metempsychosis_text.pdf<\/a> Page 157.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>453. Reincarnation&#65292;religious belief. Also known as: metempsychosis, transmigration.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/reincarnation\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/reincarnation<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>454. Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (2011). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. SAGE Publications. pp. 271&ndash;272. ISBN 978-1-4522-6656-5. Archived from the original on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2016-09-25. Link<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>455. &ldquo;Heart of Hinduism: Reincarnation and Samsara&rdquo;. Hinduism.iskcon.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110419232238\/http:\/\/hinduism.iskcon.com\/concepts\/102.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110419232238\/http:\/\/hinduism.iskcon.com\/concepts\/102.htm<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>456. Plato. Phaedrus (Edition).<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/libgen.fun\/book\/index.php?md5=9355329BCA5A0296B3AED1B46F53A406\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/libgen.fun\/book\/index.php?md5=9355329BCA5A0296B3AED1B46F53A406<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>457. WITZIG, J. S. (1982). Theodore Flournoy. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 27(2), 131-148.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1465-5922.1982.00131.x\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1465-5922.1982.00131.x<\/a>; <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1465-5922.1982.00131.x\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1465-5922.1982.00131.x<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>458. Tanne, J. H. (2007). Ian Pretyman Stevenson. BMJ&nbsp;: British Medical Journal, 334(7595), 700.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1839221\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1839221\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>459. REMI J. CADORET, M.D., Iowa City, Iowa. &ldquo;European Cases of the Reincarnation Type.&rdquo; 2005. American Journal of Psychiatry; 162(4): 823-824.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ajp.psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.4.823\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/ajp.psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.4.823<\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>460. Lief, H. I. (1977). Commentary on Dr. Ian Stevenson&rsquo;s &ldquo;Research into the evidence of man&rsquo;s survival after death.&rdquo; Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 165, 171&ndash;173.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005053-197709000-00003\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005053-197709000-00003<\/a>; <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005053-197709000-00003\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005053-197709000-00003<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>461. Tucker, Jim B. (2010). Ian Stevenson and Cases of the Reincarnation Type. Journal of Scientific Exploration 22 (1).<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/med.virginia.edu\/perceptual-studies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2016\/12\/REI36Tucker-1.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/med.virginia.edu\/perceptual-studies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2016\/12\/REI36Tucker-1.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>462. Stevenson, I. (1960a). The evidence for survival from claimed memories of former incarnations. Part I. Review of the data. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 54, 51&ndash;71.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/med.virginia.edu\/perceptual-studies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2016\/12\/STE1.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/med.virginia.edu\/perceptual-studies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2016\/12\/STE1.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>463. Stevenson, I. (1960b). The evidence for survival from claimed memories of former incarnations. Part II. Analysis of the data and suggestions for further investigations. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 54, 95&ndash;117.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>464. Stevenson, I. (1966). Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation (2nd rev ed.). Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. (Original work published 1966 in Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research, 1&ndash;362.)<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/s3.us-west-1.wasabisys.com\/luminist\/EB\/S\/Stevenson%20-%2020%20Cases%20Suggestive%20of%20Reincarnation.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/s3.us-west-1.wasabisys.com\/luminist\/EB\/S\/Stevenson%20-%2020%20Cases%20Suggestive%20of%20Reincarnation.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>465. STEVENSON, IAN. (1975). Cases of the Reincarnation Type: Vol. 1: Ten Cases in India. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia.(1977). Cases of the Reincarnation Type: Vol. 2:. Ten Cases in Sri Lanka. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia (1980). Cases of the Reincarnation Type: Vol. 3: Twelve Cases in Lebanon and Turkey. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia.(1983). Cases of the Reincarnation Type: Vol. 4: Twelve Cases in Thailand and Burma. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Cases-Reincarnation-Type-Vol-India\/dp\/0813906024\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Cases-Reincarnation-Type-Vol-India\/dp\/0813906024<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>466. Reincarnation and Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects, Volumes I and II.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/med.virginia.edu\/perceptual-studies\/book\/reincarnation-and-biology-a-contribution-to-the-etiology-of-birthmarks-and-birth-defects\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/med.virginia.edu\/perceptual-studies\/book\/reincarnation-and-biology-a-contribution-to-the-etiology-of-birthmarks-and-birth-defects\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>467. Ian Stevenson, European Cases of the Reincarnation Type, McFarland and Company, 2003. 270 pp. ISBN 0-7864-1458-8.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.ch\/books?id=lZgPBE5q2TAC&q=European+Cases+of+the+Reincarnation+Type+google+book&redir_esc=y\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/books.google.ch\/books?id=lZgPBE5q2TAC&q=European+Cases+of+the+Reincarnation+Type+google+book&redir_esc=y<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>468. Ian Stevenson, (1997). Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect. Praeger Publishers (a short, non-technical version of Reincarnation and Biology).<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/libgen.fun\/get.php?md5=F16B9D3D143DC29CDD672D2888116906&token=08ff7ebe6a9ebc6e\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/libgen.fun\/get.php?md5=F16B9D3D143DC29CDD672D2888116906&token=08ff7ebe6a9ebc6e<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>469. King LS. Cases of the Reincarnation Type, vol 1: Ten Cases in India. JAMA. 1975;234(9):978. doi:10.1001\/jama.1975.03260220082033; <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/10.1001\/jama.1975.03260220082033\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/10.1001\/jama.1975.03260220082033<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>470. STEVENSON, IAN M.D.. THE EXPLANATORY VALUE OF THE IDEA OF REINCARNATION. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 164(5):p 305-326, May 1977. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097%2F00005053-197705000-00002\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097%2F00005053-197705000-00002<\/a>; <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/10.1097\/00005053-197705000-00002\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/10.1097\/00005053-197705000-00002<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>471. &ldquo;In Memoriam Eugene Brody, MD, BS Med &rsquo;<span dir=\"ltr\">43 1921&ndash;2010<\/span>&rdquo;. University of Missouri. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Accessed on September 4, 2023.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130513184400\/http:\/\/medicine.missouri.edu\/news\/00-memorial2.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130513184400\/http:\/\/medicine.missouri.edu\/news\/00-memorial2.php<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>472. Stevenson I. (1977). Research into the evidence of man&rsquo;s survival after death: a historical and critical survey with a summary of recent developments. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 165(3), 152&ndash;170.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005053-197709000-00002\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005053-197709000-00002<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>473. Lief, H. I. (1977). Commentary on Dr. Ian Stevenson&rsquo;s &ldquo;Research into the evidence of man&rsquo;s survival after death.&rdquo; Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 165, 171&ndash;173.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005053-197709000-00003\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005053-197709000-00003<\/a>; <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005053-197709000-00003\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005053-197709000-00003<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>474. Tanne, J. H. (2007). Ian Pretyman Stevenson. BMJ&nbsp;: British Medical Journal, 334(7595), 700.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1839221\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1839221\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>475. STEVENSON, IAN M.D.. THE EXPLANATORY VALUE OF THE IDEA OF REINCARNATION. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 164(5):p 305-326, May 1977.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097%2F00005053-197705000-00002\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097%2F00005053-197705000-00002<\/a>; <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/10.1097\/00005053-197705000-00002\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/10.1097\/00005053-197705000-00002<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>476. Stevenson, I. (2000). The phenomenon of claimed memories of previous lives: Possible interpretations and importance. Medical Hypotheses, 54(4), 652-659.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920<\/a>; <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>477. Soul Survivor: The Reincarnation of a World War II Fighter Pilot. Authors: Bruce Leininger, Andrea Leininger, Ken Gross. Publisher: Grand Central Publishing 2010.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/soulsurvivorrein0000lein\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/soulsurvivorrein0000lein<\/a>; <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/transcripts.cnn.com\/show\/lkl\/date\/2009-12-22\/segment\/01;https:\/\/libgen.fun\/get.php?md5=B57182766F2C171A629CAEDE3BBE4249&token=f0808093488d169d\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/transcripts.cnn.com\/show\/lkl\/date\/2009-12-22\/segment\/01;https:\/\/libgen.fun\/get.php?md5=B57182766F2C171A629CAEDE3BBE4249&token=f0808093488d169d<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>478. Reincarnation with Religion Change: A Christian is Born Again as a Buddhist &ndash; Past Life Story of Palitha Senewiratne | Gamini Jayasena. Researched by: Ian Stevenson, MD and Francis Story. Cases of the Reincarnation Type, Volume II: Ten Cases in Sri Lanka, by Ian Stevenson, MD. Article by: Walter Semkiw, MDhttps:\/\/www.reincarnationresearch.com\/religion-change-a-christian-born-again-as-a-buddhist-past-life-story-of-palitha-senewiratne-gamini-jayasena\/<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>479. SAME FAMILY REINCARNATION CASES OF SISTERS WHO WERE REBORN AS TWINS: THE PAST LIFE CASES OF JOANNA POLLOCK | GILLIAN POLLOCK AND JACQUELINE POLLACK | JENNIFER POLLACK. How Derived: Past Life Memories in Childhood. Researcher: Ian Stevenson, MD. From: Reincarnation and Biology, by Ian Stevenson, MD, pages 2041-2058. Article by: Walter Semkiw, MD.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reincarnationresearch.com\/same-family-reincarnation-cases-of-sisters-who-were-reborn-as-twins-the-past-life-cases-of-joanna-pollock-gillian-pollock-and-jacqueline-pollack-jennifer-pollack\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.reincarnationresearch.com\/same-family-reincarnation-cases-of-sisters-who-were-reborn-as-twins-the-past-life-cases-of-joanna-pollock-gillian-pollock-and-jacqueline-pollack-jennifer-pollack\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>480. Ian Stevenson. Reincarnation and Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects Volume 1: Birthmarks. Publisher: Praeger. Publication date: April 9, 1997. ISBN-10: <span dir=\"ltr\">0275952835<\/span>. ISBN-13: 978-0275952839.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Reincarnation-Biology-Contribution-Etiology-Birthmarks\/dp\/0275952835\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Reincarnation-Biology-Contribution-Etiology-Birthmarks\/dp\/0275952835<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>481. &#28246;&#21335;&#21457;&#29616;&#19968;&#30334;&#22810;&ldquo;&#20877;&#29983;&#20154;&rdquo;&#36718;&#22238;&#36716;&#19990;&#38663;&#24778;&#20840;&#22269;&#12290;&#20964;&#20976;&#32593;&#12290;2014&#24180;12&#26376;29&#26085;07:14. &#26469;&#28304;&#65306;&#19978;&#28023;&#25945;&#32946;&#30005;&#35270;&#21488;&#12298;&#29305;&#21035;&#20256;&#30495;&#12299;<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/fo.ifeng.com\/news\/detail_2014_08\/28\/38546181_0.shtml\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/fo.ifeng.com\/news\/detail_2014_08\/28\/38546181_0.shtml<\/a>&#35775;&#38382;&#26085;&#26399;2023&#24180;08&#26376;20&#26085;<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>482. &#28246;&#21335;&#36890;&#36947;&ldquo;&#20877;&#29983;&#20154;&rdquo;&#30340;&#21069;&#19990;&#20170;&#29983;&#12290;2015&#24180;06&#26376;19&#26085;&#26143;&#26399;&#20116;&#26032;&#20140;&#25253;&#12290;&#31532;A16&#65306;&#26680;&#24515;&#25253;&#23548;http:\/\/epaper.bjnews.com.cn\/html\/2015-06\/19\/content_583155.htm &#35775;&#38382;&#26085;&#26399;2023&#24180;08&#26376;31&#26085;<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>483. &#28246;&#21335;&#21457;&#29616;&#19968;&#30334;&#22810;&ldquo;&#20877;&#29983;&#20154;&rdquo;&#36718;&#22238;&#36716;&#19990;&#38663;&#24778;&#20840;&#22269;&#12290;&#20964;&#20976;&#32593;&#12290;2014&#24180;12&#26376;29&#26085;07:14. &#26469;&#28304;&#65306;&#19978;&#28023;&#25945;&#32946;&#30005;&#35270;&#21488;&#12298;&#29305;&#21035;&#20256;&#30495;&#12299;<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/fo.ifeng.com\/news\/detail_2014_08\/28\/38546181_0.shtml\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/fo.ifeng.com\/news\/detail_2014_08\/28\/38546181_0.shtml<\/a>&#35775;&#38382;&#26085;&#26399;2023&#24180;08&#26376;20&#26085;<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>484. &#28246;&#21335;&#36890;&#36947;&ldquo;&#20877;&#29983;&#20154;&rdquo;&#30340;&#21069;&#19990;&#20170;&#29983;&#12290;2015&#24180;06&#26376;19&#26085;&#26143;&#26399;&#20116;&#26032;&#20140;&#25253;&#12290;&#31532;A16&#65306;&#26680;&#24515;&#25253;&#23548;http:\/\/epaper.bjnews.com.cn\/html\/2015-06\/19\/content_583155.htm &#35775;&#38382;&#26085;&#26399;2023&#24180;08&#26376;31&#26085;<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>485. &#28246;&#21335;&#21457;&#29616;&#19968;&#30334;&#22810;&ldquo;&#20877;&#29983;&#20154;&rdquo;&#36718;&#22238;&#36716;&#19990;&#38663;&#24778;&#20840;&#22269;&#12290;&#20964;&#20976;&#32593;&#12290;2014&#24180;12&#26376;29&#26085;07:14. &#26469;&#28304;&#65306;&#19978;&#28023;&#25945;&#32946;&#30005;&#35270;&#21488;&#12298;&#29305;&#21035;&#20256;&#30495;&#12299;<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/fo.ifeng.com\/news\/detail_2014_08\/28\/38546181_0.shtml\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/fo.ifeng.com\/news\/detail_2014_08\/28\/38546181_0.shtml<\/a>&#35775;&#38382;&#26085;&#26399;2023&#24180;08&#26376;20&#26085;<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>486. &#29579;&#28085;&#12290;&#38452;&#38451;&#20004;&#30028;&#30340;&#29983;&#21629;&#36718;&#22238;&#9472;&#9472;&#36149;&#24030;&#40654;&#24179;&#21439;&#36848;&#27934;&#26449;&#20375;&#26063;&ldquo;&#20877;&#29983;&#20154;&rdquo;&#25925;&#20107;&#35843;&#26597;&#30740;&#31350;&#12290;&#12298;&#37325;&#24198;&#25991;&#29702;&#23398;&#38498;&#23398;&#25253;&#65288;&#31038;&#20250;&#31185;&#23398;&#29256;&#65289;&#12299;&#22312;2014&#24180;3&#26399;&#12290;&#22312;&#32447;&#20986;&#29256;&#26085;&#26399;&#65306;2014-05-28 &#65288;&#19975;&#26041;&#24179;&#21488;&#39318;&#27425;&#19978;&#32593;&#26085;&#26399;&#65289;<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/d.wanfangdata.com.cn\/periodical\/yxxyxb-shkxb201403003\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/d.wanfangdata.com.cn\/periodical\/yxxyxb-shkxb201403003<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>487. Barker D. R., Pasricha S.K. Reincarnation cases in Fatehabad: a systematic survey in North India. J Asian and African Studies 1979; XIV(3&ndash;4): 231&ndash;240.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/156852179X00042\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/156852179X00042<\/a>; <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/156852179X00042\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/156852179X00042<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>488. Stevenson I: Some of My Journeys in Medicine: A Lecture About Science and Reincarnation: The Flora Levy Lecture in the Humanities. Lafayette, University of Southwestern Louisiana, 1989https:\/\/med.virginia.edu\/perceptual-studies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2015\/11\/some-of-my-journeys-in-medicine.pdf<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>489. Stevenson, I. (1974). Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation (2nd rev ed.). Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. (Original work published 1966 in Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research, 1&ndash;362.)<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/s3.us-west-1.wasabisys.com\/luminist\/EB\/S\/Stevenson%20-%2020%20Cases%20Suggestive%20of%20Reincarnation.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/s3.us-west-1.wasabisys.com\/luminist\/EB\/S\/Stevenson%20-%2020%20Cases%20Suggestive%20of%20Reincarnation.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>490. Stevenson, I. (2000). The phenomenon of claimed memories of previous lives: Possible interpretations and importance. Medical Hypotheses, 54(4), 652-659.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920<\/a>; <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>491. Stevenson, I. (1993). Birthmarks and Birth Defects Corresponding to Wounds on Deceased Persons. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 7, 403&ndash;416.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/med.virginia.edu\/perceptual-studies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2016\/12\/STE39stevenson-1.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/med.virginia.edu\/perceptual-studies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2016\/12\/STE39stevenson-1.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>492. Pasricha S. K. Cases of the reincarnation type in northern India with birthmarks and birth defects. J Sci Expl 1998; 12(2): 259&ndash;293.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Cases-of-the-Reincarnation-Type-in-Northern-India-Pasricha-Pasricha\/7c36c6ed7e807d8ccc825cd8c465dd9759916a60\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Cases-of-the-Reincarnation-Type-in-Northern-India-Pasricha-Pasricha\/7c36c6ed7e807d8ccc825cd8c465dd9759916a60<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>493. Kennedy W.P. Epidemiological aspects of the problem of congenital malformations. Birth Defects Original Article Series 1967; 3: 1&ndash;18.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-94-011-6621-8_4\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-94-011-6621-8_4<\/a>; <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/library.lol\/main\/17242FA15F61F22EE770A6197644CCAE\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/library.lol\/main\/17242FA15F61F22EE770A6197644CCAE<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>494. Nelson K., Holmes L. B. Malformations due to presumed spontaneous mutations in newborn infants. New Engl J Med 1989; 320: 19&ndash;23.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/2909875\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/2909875\/<\/a>; <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/10.1056\/NEJM198901053200104\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/10.1056\/NEJM198901053200104<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>495. Stevenson, I. (1993). Birthmarks and Birth Defects Corresponding to Wounds on Deceased Persons. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 7, 403&ndash;416.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/med.virginia.edu\/perceptual-studies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2016\/12\/STE39stevenson-1.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/med.virginia.edu\/perceptual-studies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2016\/12\/STE39stevenson-1.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>496. Stevenson, I. (2000). The phenomenon of claimed memories of previous lives: Possible interpretations and importance. Medical Hypotheses, 54(4), 652-659. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920<\/a>; <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>497. Stevenson, I. (Apr 1999). &ldquo;Past lives of twins&rdquo;. Lancet. 353 (9161): 1359&ndash;1360.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736(05)74353-1\/fulltext\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736(05)74353-1\/fulltext<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>498. Carl Jung. Also known as: Carl Gustav Jung.Swiss psychologist. Written by Frieda Fordham, Michael S.M. Fordham, Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Last Updated: Jul 22, 2023.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Carl-Jung\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Carl-Jung<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>499. Four Archetypes.By C.G. Jung. Copyright 2003. 3rd Edition. ISBN 9780415304412. 216 Pages. Published January 9, 2003 by Routledge.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/libgen.fun\/get.php?md5=57411A0425DD73AB793A72B85833A624&token=0abfabc2036416f799c7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/libgen.fun\/get.php?md5=57411A0425DD73AB793A72B85833A624&token=0abfabc2036416f799c7<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>500. REINCARNATION RESEARCH OF IAN STEVENSON AT THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA & CHILDREN&rsquo;S PAST LIFE MEMORIES. Article by Walter Semkiw, MD.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>501. Stevenson I. Phobias in children who claim to remember previous lives. J Sci Expl 1990; 4(2): 243&ndash;254.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/med.virginia.edu\/perceptual-studies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2016\/12\/STE34Stevenson-1.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/med.virginia.edu\/perceptual-studies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2016\/12\/STE34Stevenson-1.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>502. Menzies R. G., Clarke J. C. The etiology of childhood water phobia. Behav Res Ther 1993; 31(5): 499&ndash;501. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(93)90131-d\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(93)90131-d<\/a>; <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(93)90131-d\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(93)90131-d<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>503. Stevenson, I. (1983). American Children Who Claim to Remember Previous Lives. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 171, 742&ndash;748. doi:10.1097\/00005053-198312000-00006.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/10.1097\/00005053-198312000-00006\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/10.1097\/00005053-198312000-00006<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>504. Stevenson, I. (2003). European Cases of the Reincarnation Type. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN: 0786414588, 9780786414581, <span dir=\"ltr\">0786442492<\/span>, 9780786442492.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/libgen.fun\/book\/index.php?md5=1FD8B96AEE1779C0648E9B874BD6225C\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/libgen.fun\/book\/index.php?md5=1FD8B96AEE1779C0648E9B874BD6225C<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>505. Hypnosis psychology. Written by A Gordon Hammer, Martin T. Orne etc. Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Last Updated: Aug 4, 2023.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/hypnosis\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/hypnosis<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>506. Hypnosis Motivation Institute. Nationally Accredited College of Hypnotherapy. 2012 &ndash; Hypnosis in History. 1920 &ndash; Hypnosis in the Modern Era.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/hypnosis.edu\/history\/hypnosis-in-the-modern-era\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/hypnosis.edu\/history\/hypnosis-in-the-modern-era<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>507. Brian Weiss. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brianweiss.com\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.brianweiss.com\/<\/a> Accessed on September 1, 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>508. Weiss, B. L. (1988). Many Lives, Many Masters: The True Story of a Prominent Psychiatrist, His Young Patient, and the Past-Life Therapy That Changed Both Their Lives. Touchstone.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/libgen.fun\/get.php?md5=E8DFB33BAC7C1FE0EC652294191ED695&token=550d8ac61cd9d9c9\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/libgen.fun\/get.php?md5=E8DFB33BAC7C1FE0EC652294191ED695&token=550d8ac61cd9d9c9<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>509. Weiss, B. L. (1988). Many Lives, Many Masters: The True Story of a Prominent Psychiatrist, His Young Patient, and the Past-Life Therapy That Changed Both Their Lives. Touchstone. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/libgen.fun\/get.php?md5=E8DFB33BAC7C1FE0EC652294191ED695&token=550d8ac61cd9d9c9\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/libgen.fun\/get.php?md5=E8DFB33BAC7C1FE0EC652294191ED695&token=550d8ac61cd9d9c9<\/a> Page 351-352.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>510. Weiss, B. L. (1993). Through Time Into Healing: Discovering the Power of Regression Therapy to Erase Trauma and Transform Mind, Body, and Relationships (Reprint Edition). Touchstone. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/libgen.fun\/book\/index.php?md5=3478A1713BFF3F70B53C43A4C9E42A36\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/libgen.fun\/book\/index.php?md5=3478A1713BFF3F70B53C43A4C9E42A36<\/a> Page<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>511. Weiss, B. L. (1993). Through Time Into Healing: Discovering the Power of Regression Therapy to Erase Trauma and Transform Mind, Body, and Relationships (Reprint Edition). Touchstone. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/libgen.fun\/book\/index.php?md5=3478A1713BFF3F70B53C43A4C9E42A36\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/libgen.fun\/book\/index.php?md5=3478A1713BFF3F70B53C43A4C9E42A36<\/a> Page<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>512. Weiss, B. L. (1993). Through Time Into Healing: Discovering the Power of Regression Therapy to Erase Trauma and Transform Mind, Body, and Relationships (Reprint Edition). Touchstone. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/libgen.fun\/book\/index.php?md5=3478A1713BFF3F70B53C43A4C9E42A36\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/libgen.fun\/book\/index.php?md5=3478A1713BFF3F70B53C43A4C9E42A36<\/a> Page 402-404<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>513. Brian Weiss (Author). Only Love is Real: The Story of Soulmates Reunited.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/libgen.fun\/book\/index.php?md5=FC090FDFDBE07CA6BD3290A4CF6A2400\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/libgen.fun\/book\/index.php?md5=FC090FDFDBE07CA6BD3290A4CF6A2400<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>514. Helen Wambach.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/regressionjournal.org\/jrt_author\/helen-wambach-1925-1986\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/regressionjournal.org\/jrt_author\/helen-wambach-1925-1986\/<\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>515. Helen Wambach&#65292;Ph.D.&#65292;Reliving past lives &ndash; The evidence under hypnosis. ISBN&#65306; 0760719853. Publisher&#65306; Barnes & Noble Books. Pub. Date&#65306; March 2000.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Reliving-Past-Lives-Evidence-Hypnosis\/dp\/0760719853\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Reliving-Past-Lives-Evidence-Hypnosis\/dp\/0760719853<\/a>; <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/zlibrary-africa.se\/book\/17205990\/89c63e\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/zlibrary-africa.se\/book\/17205990\/89c63e<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>516. Dr. Michael Newton. Michael Newton Institute.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newtoninstitute.org\/dr-michael-newton\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.newtoninstitute.org\/dr-michael-newton\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>517. Newton, M. (1994). Journey of Souls: Case Studies of Life Between Lives (1st ed.). Llewellyn Publications.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/libgen.fun\/book\/index.php?md5=29A80445CDB5F7D39F78EF85BEAB51BE\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/libgen.fun\/book\/index.php?md5=29A80445CDB5F7D39F78EF85BEAB51BE<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p>&lsquo;518. ERLENDUR HARALDSSON (2006) Popular psychology, belief in life after death and reincarnation in the Nordic countries, Western and Eastern Europe, Nordic. Psychology, 58:2, 171-180, DOI: 10.1027\/1901-2276.58.2.171.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1901-2276.58.2.171\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1901-2276.58.2.171<\/a><\/p>\n<p><i>519. Lithuania. Population: demographic situation, languages and religions. Eurydice. European Commission. Link.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>520. Iceland Religions.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.indexmundi.com\/iceland\/religions.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.indexmundi.com\/iceland\/religions.html<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>521. Religion. About Switzerland. The Federal Council. FDFA. Link.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>522. Three in Four Americans Believe in Paranormal. Little change from similar results in 2001. BY DAVID W. MOORE.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/16915\/three-four-americans-believe-paranormal.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/16915\/three-four-americans-believe-paranormal.aspx<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>523. Kelly Burch. I&rsquo;ve studied more than 5,000 near death experiences. My research has convinced me without a doubt that there&rsquo;s life after death. Aug 28, 2023, 3:36 PM CEST. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.insider.com\/near-death-experiences-research-doctor-life-after-death-afterlife-2023-8\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.insider.com\/near-death-experiences-research-doctor-life-after-death-afterlife-2023-8<\/a> Accessed on September 4, 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>524. Ellis, Joseph J.. &ldquo;Thomas Jefferson&rdquo;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 Aug. 2023, <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Thomas-Jefferson\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Thomas-Jefferson<\/a>. Accessed 5 September 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>525. Tanne, J. H. (2007). Ian Pretyman Stevenson. BMJ&nbsp;: British Medical Journal, 334(7595), 700.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1839221\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1839221\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>526. Akira Ikegawa, Yuko Igarashi, and Yuko Tsuchihashi. Prenatal Memory: How to Accept Love from Our Children Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health 36(1), Spring 2022. Page 45-75https:\/\/birthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/journal\/published_paper\/volume-36\/issue-1\/0Wa2oC6O.pdf<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>527. Prenatal and Perinatal Memories in Preverbal Children: Clinical Observations Using Videotape Examination Tara Maria A. Blasco Jauregui November 2006.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/tarablasco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Library\/DISSERTATION_Tara_Blasco_.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/tarablasco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Library\/DISSERTATION_Tara_Blasco_.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>528. Prenatal Memory Network&nbsp;&raquo; Akira Ikegawa (Representative).<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/prenatalmemory.net\/en\/profile\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/prenatalmemory.net\/en\/profile<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>529. Surveys on prenatal memory.<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/prenatalmemory.net\/en\/prenatal-memory\/research\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/prenatalmemory.net\/en\/prenatal-memory\/research<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>530. &#29238;&#27597;&#26159;&#23401;&#23376;&#36873;&#25321;&#30340;&#65306;&#32946;&#20799;&#20174;&#23401;&#23376;&#20986;&#29983;&#21069;&#24320;&#22987;&#12290;&#27744;&#24029;&#26126;&#30528;&#12290;&#21346;&#20339;&#22899;&#35793;&#12290;&#20013;&#22269;&#21451;&#35850;&#20986;&#29256;&#20844;&#21496; 2010&#24180;10&#26376;&#12290;ISBN978-7-5057-2811-0&#12290;<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/zlibrary-africa.se\/s\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/zlibrary-africa.se\/s\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Nh&oacute;m bi&ecirc;n so&#7841;n &ldquo;Nh&igrave;n th&#7845;u Thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p><i>(The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n<p>(B&#7843;n d&#7883;ch c&#7911;a <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.epochtimesviet.com\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-5-khoa-hoc-ve-luan-hoi-va-can-tu-tiet-lo-ban-chat-cua-sinh-menh-p-2_454745.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Epoch Times Ti&#7871;ng Vi&#7879;t<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>D&#7883;ch t&#7915;: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/285523\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/285523<\/a><\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[ChanhKien.org] Lo&#7841;t b&agrave;i vi&#7871;t &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t c&#7911;a The Epoch Times: Nh&igrave;n th&#7845;u &ldquo;Thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a&rdquo; (&#7842;nh: The Epoch Times) M&#7909;c l&#7909;c 4. Gi&#7899;i thi&#7879;u v&#7873; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871; 4.1 B&eacute; g&aacute;i 9 tu&#7893;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7844;n &#272;&#7897; nh&#7853;n ra ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n n&#417;i &#273;&#7845;t kh&aacute;ch 4.2 Lu&acirc;n h&#7891;i chuy&#7875;n th&#7871; b&#7855;t ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; v&#259;n [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[97],"tags":[627],"class_list":["post-53648","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-phan-tich-binh-luan","tag-nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5): Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 c\u1eadn t\u1eed ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh (Ph\u1ea7n 2) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/03\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-5-khoa-hoc-ve-luan-hoi-va-can-tu-tiet-lo-ban-chat-cua-sinh-menh-phan-2.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5): Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 c\u1eadn t\u1eed ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh (Ph\u1ea7n 2) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[ChanhKien.org] Lo&#7841;t b&agrave;i vi&#7871;t &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t c&#7911;a The Epoch Times: Nh&igrave;n th&#7845;u &ldquo;Thuy&#7871;t ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a&rdquo; (&#7842;nh: The Epoch Times) M&#7909;c l&#7909;c 4. 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