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<\/a><\/p>\nLo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a The Epoch Times: Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n
M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/p>\n
1. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a b\u1ecf qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n<\/p>\n
1.1 N\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng nh\u00e2n th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y<\/p>\n
1.2 T\u1ebf b\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/p>\n
1.3 K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u vi quan h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/p>\n
1.4 H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/p>\n
1.5 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/p>\n
2. Tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/p>\n
2.1 \u0110i\u1ec7n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh th\u1ea7n<\/p>\n
2.2 Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u201c\u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e2m thu\u1eadt\u201d<\/p>\n
2.3 Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di truy\u1ec1n<\/p>\n
2.4 Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch<\/p>\n
3. Tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o<\/p>\n
3.1 G\u1ee3i \u00fd t\u1eeb \u201cNghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u1eef tu\u201d<\/p>\n
3.2 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u00e3o\u201d<\/p>\n
3.3 \u00dd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u?<\/p>\n
3.4 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel cho r\u1eb1ng: tinh th\u1ea7n hay linh h\u1ed3n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o<\/p>\n
3.5 Tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 huy b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o<\/p>\n
3.6 Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh<\/p>\n
Ti\u1ebfp theo:<\/b> Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u2018Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u2019 (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3): Sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (Ph\u1ea7n 3)<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n V\u00e0o n\u0103m 399 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, v\u00ec b\u1ecb c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i danh nh\u01b0 \u201cb\u1ea5t k\u00ednh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Athens\u201d, \u201cl\u00e0m h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Athens\u201d, v.v. Socrates l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 70 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c. N\u0103m 1787, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean giai tho\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y, h\u1ecda s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Jacques-Louis David (1748~1825) \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ra b\u1ee9c tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u201cC\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Socrates\u201d (ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: La Mort de Socrate).<\/p>\n Trong b\u1ee9c tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u201cC\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Socrates,\u201d Socrates \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n. B\u1ee9c tranh hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Metropolitan, New York. (\u1ea2nh: T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng)<\/i><\/p>\n Trong tranh, khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Socrates tr\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed9 v\u1ebb b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i hay th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m. \u00d4ng tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n. \u0110\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 tay l\u00ean tr\u1eddi cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb dao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi sinh t\u1eed. Trong khi b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh du\u1ed7i c\u00e1nh tay ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u201ct\u1eed vong.\u201d<\/p>\n C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n 2.400 n\u0103m, tri\u1ebft gia Socrates \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng phong th\u00e1i phi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u0129nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda t\u1eed, xem c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft nh\u1eb9 t\u1ef1a l\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng. T\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? B\u1edfi v\u00ec Socrates \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 t\u1eed vong kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh. D\u00f9 nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 t\u1eed vong nh\u01b0ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian m\u00e0 m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 sinh m\u1ec7nh ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u2013 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n. Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 b\u1eafp, x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed1t, ng\u0169 quan, t\u1ee9 chi v.v. C\u00f2n tinh th\u1ea7n th\u00ec bao h\u00e0m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v.v. V\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd r\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi m\u1ed7i kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n Trong ba ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb kh\u1ec9\u201d c\u1ee7a Darwin t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 sinh h\u1ecdc. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecf qua \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 quan trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 do b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t \u0111i tinh th\u1ea7n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201c\u0111ang s\u1ed1ng\u201d n\u1eefa. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt y t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng tinh th\u1ea7n th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c. T\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a t\u1eed vong, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 tinh th\u1ea7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Darwin \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u201ctinh th\u1ea7n\u201d con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn tinh th\u1ea7n, do ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt, \u201cnh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y th\u00ec m\u1edbi tin,\u201d ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u201cv\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.\u201d Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n Tinh th\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. M\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y tinh th\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 khoa h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di truy\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 sau: Ch\u00e1u b\u00e9 16 th\u00e1ng tu\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 Jerry kh\u00f4ng may b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb 7 th\u00e1ng tu\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c, Carter, m\u1eafc m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng t\u1ee9 ch\u1ee9ng Fallot hi\u1ebfm g\u1eb7p (m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh tim b\u1ea9m sinh) v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ed1ng. Tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a Jerry \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p cho Carter. Sau khi Carter ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a Jerry, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Jerry \u1edf b\u00ean Carter, b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 Jerry v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Carter c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y con trai c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n Sau khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 tinh th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u1ebfu tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n theo c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u01b0 n\u00e3o ho\u1eb7c tim c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta?<\/p>\n D\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u201cnghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u1eef tu\u201d (Nun Study) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh Alzheimer. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. N\u1eef tu Mary l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh Alzheimer, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m r\u1ed1i s\u1ee3i th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng amyloid, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m tra nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t cao tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qua \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 101. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y khi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o, b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sinh s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i do c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1ec7nh bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1980, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cScience\u201d \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p y t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh t\u00edch xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc v\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng danh d\u1ef1 h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IQ c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu l\u00e0 126, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu h\u01a1i to h\u01a1n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e9t n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd: M\u00f4 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb co l\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0y 1mm, m\u00e0 m\u00f4 n\u00e3o b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn 4.5cm. Sau khi b\u1ecb n\u00e3o \u00fang th\u1ee7y n\u1eb7ng, n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb teo l\u1ea1i, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00e3o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00e3o.\u201d<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00e3o\u201d n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n. Ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n sinh ra trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. V\u1eady, n\u1ebfu \u00fd th\u1ee9c, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o, th\u00ec \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u?<\/p>\n C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u1ed9 n\u00e3o s\u00e2u\u201d v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cl\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecf.\u201d M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh v\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u201cb\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta.\u201d<\/p>\n Sir John Carew Eccles, nh\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dac \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1963, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u201c\u00fd th\u1ee9c\u201d phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201clinh h\u1ed3n,\u201d v\u00e0 \u201clinh h\u1ed3n\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu v\u00ed b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n, th\u00ec tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ed v\u1edbi \u201cch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n\u201d \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n. Tinh th\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn cho b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1edf m\u00faa r\u1ed1i. Th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u00e0n bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a nh\u1ee5c th\u00e2n tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201ctinh th\u1ea7n\u201d \u0111ang \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n con r\u1ed1i \u1edf sau s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n Tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Khi ng\u00f3n tr\u1ecf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau nhau ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o nhau, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00f3n tay s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tia ch\u1edbp. Khi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb n\u00f3i \u201cAnh y\u00eau em\u201d v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi l\u1ed3ng ng\u1ef1c v\u00e0 bay v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3nh trong phim vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1ea1c rock c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f2n nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tinh th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng \u0111ang m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi m\u1ed7i kh\u1eafc \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, m\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch, quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eed t\u1ebf v\u00e0 trung th\u1ef1c, th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd kh\u00e1 t\u1ed1t. N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, gi\u1ea3m t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1eafc c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh tim m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap qu\u00fd v\u1ecb k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Darwin kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 13 l\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ecf qua m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u201ctinh th\u1ea7n.\u201d \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n 1. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a b\u1ecf qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n<\/b><\/p>\n Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh m\u1ec7nh ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n. C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 b\u1eafp g\u00e2n c\u1ed1t, ng\u0169 quan t\u1ee9 chi; c\u00f2n tinh th\u1ea7n bao h\u00e0m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v.v.<\/p>\n Khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh m\u1ec7nh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cnh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thu\u1eadn theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f2n k\u00e9m xa so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong ba ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v.v.<\/p>\n Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 13 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh: (1) L\u1ea5y c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9; (2) L\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m; (3) Nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i; (4) Vi ph\u1ea1m quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean; (5) Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb kh\u1ec9; (6) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb t\u1eeb\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5\u201d; (7) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cthi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd\u201d; (8) Nh\u00ecn th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201ctho\u00e1i h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac,\u201d th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbn\u201d; (9) Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ea1nh tranh t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ed9ng sinh c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i\u201d; (10) Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o\u201d; (11) S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d; (12) gene \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d; (13) \u201cC\u00e2y ph\u00e1t sinh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf.<\/p>\n Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecf qua \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i dung n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n 1.1 N\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng nh\u00e2n th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y<\/b><\/p>\n V\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00e2m k\u00ednh s\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi [270], \u0111em c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, linh h\u1ed3n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau, kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 quan trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 do b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t. C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 ho\u1eb7c linh h\u1ed3n, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 sinh m\u1ec7nh ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u201cm\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i th\u1ecbt\u201d theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n V\u00e0o n\u0103m 300 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, b\u00e1c s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Alexandrian Herophilus [271], \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu m\u1ed9t thi th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, b\u00e1c s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p Galenus \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, h\u1ecda s\u0129 ki\u00eam khoa h\u1ecdc gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) [272] \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu v\u00e0 v\u1ebd r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ec9 Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) [273].<\/p>\n T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cDe Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem\u201d (V\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua b\u1ea3y cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch) c\u1ee7a Andreas Vesalius l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda [274]. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 kh\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u01a1, m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u, d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cDe Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem\u201d c\u1ee7a Vesalius. (\u1ea2nh: T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng)<\/i><\/p>\n 1.2 T\u1ebf b\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/b><\/p>\n V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t minh ra k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. Nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t k\u00ednh H\u00e0 Lan Zacharias Janssen sinh n\u0103m 1585 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1600, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 l\u00ean g\u1ea5p 20 ho\u1eb7c 30 l\u1ea7n k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. [275]<\/p>\n V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, c\u00e1c th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng b\u1eb1ng tay ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 200 l\u1ea7n. Khoa h\u1ecdc gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t, h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y kh\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u201ct\u1ebf b\u00e0o\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng bao g\u1ed3m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt. [276]<\/p>\n K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1830 tr\u1edf \u0111i, thu\u1eadn theo s\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi, \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1838-1839, nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804-1881) [277] v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) [278] \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn ra t\u1ebf b\u00e0o [279] l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1839 c\u1ee7a Schwann \u201cNghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt\u201d (ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c: Mikroskopische Untersuchungen \u00fcber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachsthum der Thiere und Pflanzen) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho ng\u00e0nh sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. [280]<\/p>\n Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ec7nh h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt l\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u00e0 m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4, m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u201ccha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.\u201d [281]<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf th\u1eddi Darwin nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c vi quan \u2013 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u2013 c\u0169ng v\u1eeba m\u1edbi m\u1edf ra, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi quan h\u01a1n th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t \u00edt.<\/p>\n M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e0ng vi m\u00f4, c\u00e0ng chi ti\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec c\u00e0ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu m\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m mang \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Theodor Schwann (\u1ea2nh: T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng)<\/i><\/p>\n 1.3 K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u vi quan h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/b><\/p>\n Thu\u1eadn theo vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, th\u00ec nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng vi m\u00f4.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u00edch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 do nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh [282], bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 protein, acid nucleic, v.v. c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc, mu\u1ed1i v\u00f4 c\u01a1, v.v.<\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ph\u00e2n t\u1eed protein [283] l\u00e0 do 20 lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed acid amin t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh, m\u1ed7i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed acid amin \u0111\u1ec1u do m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c amin (-NH2) li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c cacboxyl (-COOH) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00e1c. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a acid nucleic l\u00e0 nucleotide [284]. M\u1ed7i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed nucleotide bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103m carbon, m\u1ed9t nucleobase v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ed1c phosphat.<\/p>\n V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1808, nh\u00e0 kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh John Dalton (1766-1844) [285], ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1n \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi\u201d (New System of Chemical Philosophy). Trong \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia (nguy\u00ean t\u1eed) t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, do h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan, Dalton kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. M\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ra \u0111\u1eddi, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1811, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro (1776-1856) [286] cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Dalton, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean thuy\u1ebft \u201cnguy\u00ean t\u1eed-ph\u00e2n t\u1eed\u201d gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o vi quan c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u201c\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Avogadro,\u201d cho r\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 t\u00edch kh\u00ed b\u1eb1ng nhau ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng nhau.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1869, khoa h\u1ecdc gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga Mendeleev (1834-1907) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 [287], trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 118 lo\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed protein hay ph\u00e2n t\u1eed acid nucleic, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u01b0 carbon (C), hydro (H), oxy (O), nito (N) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00e1c t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3. N\u0103m 1897, Joseph Thomson (1856-1940) [288] \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 do h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 electron t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh [289]. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed bao g\u1ed3m neutron [290] v\u00e0 proton [291]. V\u1ec1 sau, l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1t vi quan h\u01a1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 quark [292], neutrino [293], v.v. M\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1t vi m\u00f4 b\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 g\u00ec.<\/p>\n V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, n\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n 1.4 H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/b><\/p>\n Chi\u1ec3u theo t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t bao nhi\u00eau n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi? H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t n\u00fat c\u1ed5 chai v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t vi quan h\u01a1n. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang d\u00f9i v\u00e0o trong s\u1eebng b\u00f2, \u0111i v\u00e0o trong ng\u00f5 c\u1ee5t v\u1eady. C\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i suy ng\u1eabm l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n 1.4.1 Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1edbi tin<\/b><\/p>\n Khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u201cnh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1edbi tin,\u201d n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ho\u1eb7c \u201cph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n\u201d b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi, k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c th\u00ec m\u1edbi \u0111i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103m d\u00f2 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 trong ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5. N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o m\u00e9t c\u00f3 thang \u0111o t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t milimet, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t micromet ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nanomet.<\/p>\n V\u00ec v\u1eady, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh hay th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch quan b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1ch quan \u201cth\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 khoa h\u1ecdc gia n\u00e0o c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n 1.4.2 M\u1ea5t t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3<\/b><\/p>\n \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u201cCh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a r\u00fat g\u1ecdn\u201d (Reductionism) trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc . N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 tri th\u1ee9c, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a r\u00fat g\u1ecdn c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh h\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. [294]<\/p>\n K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00fat g\u1ecdn trong sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a r\u00fat g\u1ecdn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u0103m d\u00f2 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u1eafm v\u1eefng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng xu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef b\u1edfi s\u1ee9c c\u0103ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1y; m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u1ed3ng xu b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng. C\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ee9c c\u0103ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (surface tension), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i b\u1ecb k\u00e9o c\u0103ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ee9c c\u0103ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc. S\u1ee9c c\u0103ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0129 m\u00f4 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng (emergent behavior). [295]<\/p>\n C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 Stuart Kauffman \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p s\u1edf h\u1eefu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh m\u1edbi, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh m\u1edbi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ri\u00eang l\u1ebb.<\/p>\n Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Aristotle t\u1eebng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201ct\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1ed5ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn.\u201d Sau \u0111\u00f3, Smuts \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201ct\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn\u201d (ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, Holism) \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb \u201cxu h\u01b0\u1edbng trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.\u201d<\/p>\n \u201cT\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn\u201d \u0111\u00e3 mang t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a \u201cy h\u1ecdc t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3\u201d (Holistic Medicine), gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n \u201cSinh h\u1ecdc h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d (Systemic Biology) l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi sinh h\u1ecdc quy gi\u1ea3n. N\u00f3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i b\u1ee9c tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed (DNA\u2192mRNA\u2192protein) s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng (DNA \u2192 mRNA \u2192 protein \u2192 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c protein \u2192 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u2192 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u2192 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u2192 m\u00f4 \u2192 sinh v\u1eadt \u2192 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u2192 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i). [296]<\/p>\n Tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt t\u1eeb vi m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0129 m\u00f4, t\u1eeb c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, t\u1eeb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn tinh th\u1ea7n v.v. \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n 1.5 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/b><\/p>\n S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa ph\u1ea1m vi m\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh, y h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng \u0111ang d\u1ea7n b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 ra nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u khoa h\u1ecdc gia ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 quan nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khai s\u00e1ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u201cl\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh.\u201d \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Y h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf (Complementary and Alternative Medicine).<\/p>\n Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n trong tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00ecm b\u00ean trong, minh t\u01b0\u1edfng, ng\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n, nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, m\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o sinh m\u1ec7nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n 1.5.1 T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng sinh c\u1ee7a ng\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n<\/b><\/p>\n Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1ee1ng sinh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn v\u0103n c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cNh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra s\u00f3ng gamma \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tu luy\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n\u201d (Long-term meditor self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u do \u00f4ng Richard Davidson, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Wisconsin, Hoa K\u1ef3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u. Lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean \u201cK\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Hoa K\u1ef3\u201d (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences) h\u1ed3i th\u00e1ng 11\/2004. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh s\u00f3ng n\u00e3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau khi thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n l\u00e2u n\u0103m. T\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 15-40 tu\u1ed5i, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 10.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 50.000 gi\u1edd. Nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng g\u1ed3m 10 h\u1ecdc sinh ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ng\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n. \u0110i\u1ec7n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ed3 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 s\u00f3ng gamma bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 cao (s\u00f3ng \u03b3) kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 trong khi thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng. [297]<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng qua r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m mang t\u00ednh b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc, cho th\u1ea5y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ra d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng s\u00f3ng n\u00e3o.<\/p>\n Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng Richard Davidson \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Trung t\u00e2m Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 Kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh (Center for Healthy Minds) v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c mang t\u00ean S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o T\u00e2m tr\u00ed L\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh (Healthy Minds Innovations), l\u1ea5y \u201cm\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eed t\u1ebf h\u01a1n, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m h\u01a1n\u201d l\u00e0m t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn, v\u00e0 \u201cnu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt \u0111au kh\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng qua hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m tr\u00ed\u201d l\u00e0m s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady ng\u00e0n c\u01a1n s\u00f3ng. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Davidson \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng trong gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. N\u0103m 2006, \u00f4ng Davidson \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cTime\u201d c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 vinh danh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Hi\u1ec7n nay, thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho gi\u1edbi nh\u00e2n s\u0129 ch\u1ee7 l\u01b0u \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n Trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 gene quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c ng\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a 220 gene li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gene li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ee9ng k\u00edch oxy h\u00f3a (oxidative stress) v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a chu k\u1ef3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i virus, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n nhi\u1ec5m COVID-19. [298]<\/p>\n Th\u00e1ng 05\/2023, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u201cNghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Khoa h\u1ecdc T\u00e2m tr\u00ed\u201d (InnerScience Research) \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 cam k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 10 tri\u1ec7u USD trong v\u00f2ng 5 n\u0103m cho \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California San Diego (UCSD) \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kinh ni\u00ean. [299]<\/p>\n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y do Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Hemal Patel c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California San Diego d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u. T\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ef9 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Khoa h\u1ecdc T\u00e2m tr\u00ed l\u00e0 gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe th\u00f4ng qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi hy v\u1ecdng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n 1.5.2 B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1ch quan v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a kinh l\u1ea1c<\/b><\/p>\n Ngay t\u1eeb 2.500 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, cu\u1ed1n \u201cHo\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf N\u1ed9i Kinh\u201d \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a kinh l\u1ea1c trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft kinh l\u1ea1c v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o Trung y th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00e2m c\u1ee9u l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y T\u00e2y y th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn Trung y v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a kinh l\u1ea1c \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1ch quan v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a kinh l\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n Th\u00e1ng 04\/2021, t\u1eadp san y khoa \u201cY h\u1ecdc thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng\u201d (Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn v\u0103n v\u1edbi nhan \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cTh\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a kinh l\u1ea1c t\u00e2m b\u00e0o trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m hu\u1ef3nh quang\u201d (In Vivo Visualization of the Pericardium Meridian with Fluorescent Dyes). Trong lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard, S\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ch\u00e2m c\u1ee9u thu\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc Trung y Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea1ch hu\u1ef3nh quang li\u00ean t\u1ee5c di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecdc theo kinh l\u1ea1c huy\u1ec7t v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a kinh l\u1ea1c trong Trung y. [300]<\/p>\n Nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tia laser \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch fluorescein v\u00e0 ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh, thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t hu\u1ef3nh quang n\u00e0y trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7t v\u1ecb l\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a kinh t\u00e2m b\u00e0o, t\u1eeb huy\u1ec7t N\u1ed9i Quan \u0111\u1ebfn huy\u1ec7t Gian S\u1eed, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn huy\u1ec7t Kh\u00fac Tr\u1ea1ch, tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a kinh t\u00e2m b\u00e0o, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kinh l\u1ea1c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn 15 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m 19 l\u1ea7n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u00edch fluorescein t\u1ea1i huy\u1ec7t PC6 (N\u1ed9i Quan), trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 15 l\u1ea7n (79%) huy\u1ec7t Kh\u00fac Tr\u00ec khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n ch\u1eadm d\u1ecdc theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kinh l\u1ea1c kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi kinh t\u00e2m b\u00e0o.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong h\u00ecnh b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi: Trong h\u00ecnh a, fluorescein di chuy\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng, quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ngay sau 10 ph\u00fat, \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i sau 60 ph\u00fat v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 y\u1ebfu d\u1ea7n. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 di chuy\u1ec3n trong h\u00ecnh b th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eadm. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 trong h\u00ecnh b, ch\u1ea5t hu\u1ef3nh quang t\u1ea1i PC3 (huy\u1ec7t Kh\u00fac Tr\u1ea1ch) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh gi\u1eefa PC3 v\u00e0 PC4 (huy\u1ec7t Kh\u00edch M\u00f4n), cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a fluorescein t\u1ea1i huy\u1ec7t Kh\u00fac Tr\u1ea1ch. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a huy\u1ec7t Kh\u00fac Tr\u1ea1ch trong Trung y.<\/p>\n H\u00ecnh a: Fluorescein di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecdc theo kinh l\u1ea1c huy\u1ec7t v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Fluorescein di chuy\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng, quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ngay sau 10 ph\u00fat, \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i sau 60 ph\u00fat v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 y\u1ebfu d\u1ea7n. (\u1ea2nh: Li, et al. eCAM 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/5581227<\/a>)<\/i><\/p>\n H\u00ecnh b: Fluorescein di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecdc theo kinh l\u1ea1c huy\u1ec7t v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ea5t hu\u1ef3nh quang t\u1ea1i PC3 (Kh\u00fac Tr\u1ea1ch) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh gi\u1eefa PC3 v\u00e0 PC4 (Kh\u00edch M\u00f4n), cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a fluorescein t\u1ea1i huy\u1ec7t Kh\u00fac Tr\u1ea1ch. (\u1ea2nh: Li, et al. eCAM 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/5581227<\/a>)<\/i><\/p>\n Huy\u1ec7t Kh\u00fac Tr\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ch\u1ee3p huy\u1ec7t\u201d thu\u1ed9c Th\u1ee7 Quy\u1ebft \u00c2m T\u00e2m B\u00e0o. Theo \u201cHo\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf N\u1ed9i Kinh,\u201d \u201ch\u1ee3p huy\u1ec7t\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1edf nh\u1eadp vi h\u1ee3p,\u201d t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a kinh m\u1ea1ch gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn. [301]<\/p>\n B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch so s\u00e1nh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh si\u00eau \u00e2m v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea1ch hu\u1ef3nh quang ch\u1ea3y d\u1ecdc theo m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, trong \u0111\u00f3 fluorescein v\u00e0 indocyanine green (m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea3n quang ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee5p m\u1ea1ch b\u1ea1ch huy\u1ebft) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00edch v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea1ch hu\u1ef3nh quang l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch b\u1ea1ch huy\u1ebft c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p truy t\u00ecm ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o kinh l\u1ea1c trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n 2. Tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/b><\/p>\n N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn tinh th\u1ea7n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y th\u00ec m\u1edbi tin, th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u201cv\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.\u201d Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn ra thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, cho r\u1eb1ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb t\u1ea1o cho \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t th\u00ec sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bc\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd t\u1ed1t hay kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y sau khi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i. N\u1ebfu tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong v\u00e0i gi\u00e2y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 x\u00f3a \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady?<\/p>\n T\u1ee5c ng\u1eef c\u00f3 c\u00e2u, \u201cgiang s\u01a1n d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh kh\u00f3 d\u1eddi.\u201d T\u00ednh c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u00ednh c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen t\u01b0 duy \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. N\u1ebfu tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1i sao t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady?<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ngoan l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1edfng. Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i \u00fd t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch tr\u1ebb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1eed t\u1ebf, tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tin h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb lu\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i tr\u1ebb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ef1 ti, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu c\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn. K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c, c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con tr\u1ebb c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111i v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb.<\/p>\n Th\u1ef1c ra, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m, bao g\u1ed3m ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, electron, proton, quark, neutrino v.v. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t? H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 vi m\u00f4 m\u00e0 m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tinh th\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng; tinh th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn DNA c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di truy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n 2.1 \u0110i\u1ec7n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh th\u1ea7n<\/b><\/p>\n C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ghi l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1929, nh\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Hans Berger (1873-1941) l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ghi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean s\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh trong b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ghi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00f3ng n\u00e3o. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan. B\u1ed9 n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 100 t\u1ef7 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 100 t\u1ef7 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec7n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ed3 (EEG) c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng s\u00f3ng kh\u00e1c nhau, khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00ec s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea1ng s\u00f3ng EEG \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1, d\u1ea1ng s\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 5 d\u1ea1ng s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ed3 sinh l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, bao g\u1ed3m s\u00f3ng Delta (\u03b4), s\u00f3ng Theta (\u03b8), s\u00f3ng Alpha (\u03b1), s\u00f3ng Beta (\u03b2) v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao (HFO). [302]<\/p>\n 1. S\u00f3ng Delta l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng n\u00e3o c\u00f3 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t (0.5Hz~4Hz) v\u00e0 bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. S\u00f3ng Delta th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 s\u00e2u.<\/p>\n 2. T\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng Theta l\u00e0 4Hz~7Hz, \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u01b0 th\u00e1i cao \u0111\u1ed9 khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 khi t\u1eafm, c\u1ea1o r\u00e2u ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7 v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7.<\/p>\n 3. T\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng Alpha th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 8Hz~12Hz, d\u1ec5 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o, nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o th\u1ea5y l\u00fac m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i gi\u1eefa cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp, ho\u1eb7c khi \u0111i d\u1ea1o trong v\u01b0\u1eddn, suy ng\u1eabm ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n 4. T\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng Beta l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 13Hz~30Hz. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u00f3ng Beta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n v\u0103n, d\u1eabn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean gi\u1ea3ng b\u00e0i.<\/p>\n 5. S\u00f3ng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 30Hz, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i s\u00f3ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gamma (30Hz~80Hz), t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i hi\u1ebfm g\u1eb7p \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o th\u1ea5y khi tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea3 t\u1ecda thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n N\u0103m d\u1ea1ng s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2004, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Davidson c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Wisconsin, Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn v\u0103n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y, s\u00f3ng n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u00f3ng gamma r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong khi thi\u1ec1n m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng, khoan dung v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh h\u00f2a trong t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. [303]<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p l\u00fac b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111i v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1eeb bi, t\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f2a. Vi\u1ec7c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ed3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng s\u00f3ng n\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 tu luy\u1ec7n, thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1o tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu luy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u.<\/p>\n Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u00f4n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i c\u00f3 bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f3ng gamma cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng. [304]<\/p>\n Bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng gamma t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec9nh-ch\u1ea9m t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u1edf ba nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t (PSD) c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng gamma EEG, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb PSD \u1edf m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n trong n\u00e3o \u1edf d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 microvolt b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean hertz (\u03bcV^2\/Hz), m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m. [Braboszcz, C. et al. (2016). Increased Gamma Brainwave Amplitude Compared to Control in Three Different Meditation Traditions. PLoS ONE, 12(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0170647<\/a> ]. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times\uff09<\/i><\/p>\n 2.2 Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u201c\u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e2m thu\u1eadt\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ed3 (EEG), c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee5p c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (fMRI) v.v. c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ghi l\u1ea1i m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 y h\u1ecdc, t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh, v.v.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ee5p c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n. N\u0103m 2016, t\u1eadp san sinh h\u1ecdc PLOS \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Duke. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e3o, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau trong n\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi, bao g\u1ed3m h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng, vui m\u1eebng, b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3, trung l\u1eadp, v.v. [305]<\/p>\n Ch\u1ee5p MRI ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e3o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. [Kragel PA et al (2016) Decoding Spontaneous Emotional States in the Human Brain. PLoS Biol 14(9): e2000106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.2000106<\/a>]. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n 2.3 Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di truy\u1ec1n<\/b><\/p>\n B\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. N\u0103m 2014, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u do t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cNature.\u201d C\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 108 gene li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch so s\u00e1nh gene c\u1ee7a g\u1ea7n 40.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t v\u1edbi gene c\u1ee7a 110.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t. [306]<\/p>\n B\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m di truy\u1ec1n r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng: h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng c\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n th\u00ec m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e0ng cao; th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n b\u1eadc 1 c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t cao nh\u1ea5t, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n b\u1eadc 2; h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng c\u00e0ng xa th\u00ec m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n Do \u0111\u00f3, tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 di truy\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y sang th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n 2.4 Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch<\/b><\/p>\n Trong y h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb: khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p tim t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1edf th\u00edch, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, t\u00ednh kh\u00ed, tr\u00ed nh\u1edb v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng sang c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f9ng xem m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p y h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c sinh m\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta suy ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n 2.4.1 Jerry \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 qua \u0111\u1eddi ch\u01b0a?<\/b><\/p>\n Jerry l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e9 trai 16 th\u00e1ng tu\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng may ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i trong b\u1ed3n t\u1eafm. M\u1ed9t ch\u00e1u b\u00e9 7 th\u00e1ng tu\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c t\u00ean Carter b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng t\u1ee9 ch\u1ee9ng Fallot hi\u1ebfm g\u1eb7p, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ecb t\u1eadt tim b\u1ea9m sinh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ed1ng. Carter \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a Jerry. [307]<\/p>\n M\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Jerry l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129. V\u1ec1 sau, c\u00f4 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cCarter \u0111\u00e3 6 tu\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00e1u v\u1eabn n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb tr\u1ebb con m\u00e0 Jerry n\u00f3i, v\u00e0 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00f9a c\u00f9ng t\u00f4i. N\u00f3 d\u1ee5i m\u0169i v\u00e0o t\u00f4i gi\u1ed1ng \u00fd nh\u01b0 Jerry. \u0110\u00eam \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd (gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Carter). N\u1eeda \u0111\u00eam, Carter \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i ng\u1ee7 v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng t\u00f4i. Th\u1eb1ng b\u00e9 r\u00fac v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 Jerry t\u1eebng l\u00e0m, t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f3c. Carter b\u1ea3o ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1eebng kh\u00f3c, c\u1eadu b\u00e9 n\u00f3i v\u00ec Jerry b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u \u1ed5n. Ch\u1ed3ng t\u00f4i v\u00e0 t\u00f4i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cha m\u1eb9 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft Jerry \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a con trai ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ee9a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u, v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u1eadp trong l\u1ed3ng ng\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Carter. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, con trai ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng.\u201d<\/p>\n Sau khi Carter ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a Jerry, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Jerry \u1edf b\u00ean Carter, c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng Jerry v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn c\u00f4 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00f4 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Carter c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 gi\u1eefa Carter v\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Jerry. M\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Carter ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cKhi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, Carter ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng g\u1eb7p cha c\u1ee7a Jerry. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ec5, v\u00e0 cha c\u1ee7a Jerry \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Carter bu\u00f4ng tay t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y th\u1eb3ng t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1eb1ng b\u00e9 leo l\u00ean \u0111\u00f9i c\u1ee7a cha Jerry, \u00f4m l\u1ea5y anh \u1ea5y v\u00e0 h\u00e9t l\u00ean, \u2018B\u1ed1.\u2019 Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1eb7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u00e1u bi\u1ebft anh \u1ea5y? T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00e1u l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi anh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 b\u1ed1? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00e1u ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, khi \u1edf trong nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, ch\u00e1u ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd bu\u00f4ng tay t\u00f4i, ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea1y theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1. Khi t\u00f4i h\u1ecfi th\u1eb1ng b\u00e9 t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00e1u n\u00f3i ch\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m th\u1ebf. Ch\u00e1u n\u00f3i Jerry \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i, v\u00e0 ch\u00e1u c\u0169ng \u0111i theo.\u201d<\/p>\n M\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Carter c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft: \u201cT\u00f4i th\u1ea5y Carter b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n c\u00f4 \u1ea5y (m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Jerry). Th\u1eb1ng b\u00e9 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Th\u1eb1ng b\u00e9 v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t nh\u00fat nh\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n c\u00f4 \u1ea5y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf v\u1eady. Khi ch\u00e1u th\u1ea5p gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i \u2018kh\u00f4ng sao \u0111\u00e2u m\u1eb9,\u2019 t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y suy s\u1ee5p. Ch\u00e1u g\u1ecdi c\u00f4 \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u2018m\u1eb9\u2019, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi trong t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Jerry. C\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n n\u1eefa l\u00e0m ch\u00fang t\u00f4i x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng. Khi tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Jerry, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft Jerry b\u1ecb b\u1ea1i n\u00e3o nh\u1eb9, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u1eeda tr\u00e1i. Carter c\u0169ng b\u1ecb c\u1ee9ng kh\u1edbp v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1ng cho\u1ea1ng \u1edf c\u00f9ng b\u00ean (tr\u00e1i). Ch\u00e1u ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y (tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p tim), sau khi c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. B\u00e1c s\u0129 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean do h\u01a1n.\u201d<\/p>\n 2.4.2 Thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch sau khi gh\u00e9p tim<\/b><\/p>\n K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi ca c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p tim \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1967, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p tim c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 2000, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Paul Pearsall, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hawaii, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m tinh th\u1ea7n sau khi gh\u00e9p tim. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Jerry v\u00e0 Carter \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Pearsall. [308]<\/p>\n C\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Gary Schwartz, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, y h\u1ecdc, th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc, t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Arizona, v\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Linda Russek, tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Arizona.<\/p>\n H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 ghi l\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean v\u0103n cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi 10 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn\u201d (7 nam v\u00e0 3 n\u1eef trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 7 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn 56 tu\u1ed5i) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p tim (ho\u1eb7c tim-ph\u1ed5i) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u1ee7a 10 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng\u201d t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (5 nam v\u00e0 5 n\u1eef, tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 16 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn 34 tu\u1ed5i). K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i mang t\u00ednh quy lu\u1eadt, bao g\u1ed3m thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 th\u00f3i quen \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, th\u00fa vui gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Pearsall quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p tim d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t. Sau khi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u1eeb hai \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 2019, B\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Mitchell Liester \u1edf Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Colorado c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y. B\u00e0i lu\u1eadn v\u0103n \u201cNh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch sau khi c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p tim: Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed nh\u1edb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o\u201d (Personality Changes Following Heart Transplantation: The Role of Cellular Memory) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean t\u1eadp san \u201cGi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft y h\u1ecdc\u201d (Medical Hypotheses). \u00d4ng Liester \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p t\u1ea1ng, bao g\u1ed3m (1) thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1edf th\u00edch; (2) thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng\/t\u00ednh kh\u00ed; (3) thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn; (4) c\u00f3 k\u00fd \u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1ng. [309]<\/p>\n S\u1edf th\u00edch, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch, k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n 1. Th\u00f3i quen \u0103n u\u1ed1ng: Sau khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1i tim t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n chay 19 tu\u1ed5i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef 29 tu\u1ed5i ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0103n th\u1ecbt l\u00e0 s\u1ebd n\u00f4n ra, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4 \u1ea5y th\u00edch \u0103n th\u1ecbt. Sau khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng \u0103n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng 47 tu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n n\u00f4n sau khi \u0103n, khi \u00f4ng \u1ea5y n\u00f4n ra, c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng m\u1edbi thuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n 2. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c: M\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i 18 tu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc ch\u01a1i guitar sau khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00e0ng trai ch\u01a1i guitar. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng da tr\u1eafng 47 tu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y gh\u00e9t nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, sau khi nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng th\u00ec b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u y\u00eau th\u00edch nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n 3. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt: M\u1ed9t nam nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh 25 tu\u1ed5i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, b\u1ed7ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt sau khi nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1eef h\u1ecda s\u0129 phong c\u1ea3nh 24 tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n 4. Th\u1ec3 thao: M\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 9 tu\u1ed5i t\u1eebng th\u00edch b\u01a1i l\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc sau khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00e9 g\u00e1i 3 tu\u1ed5i ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i trong b\u1ec3 b\u01a1i.<\/p>\n 5. T\u00ednh c\u00e1ch: M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1i tim cho bi\u1ebft: \u201cTr\u00e1i tim m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f4i \u2026 Tr\u00e1i tim t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u0129nh, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i. C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho t\u00f4i.\u201d<\/p>\n 6. Th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn: Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Jerry v\u00e0 Carter \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u1edf tr\u00ean thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn. C\u1eadu b\u00e9 5 tu\u1ed5i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1ng. Sau khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1i tim t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng tu\u1ed5i, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi 19 tu\u1ed5i cho bi\u1ebft: \u201cT\u00f4i xem c\u00f4 \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 em g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u201d \u201cT\u00f4i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00f4 \u1ea5y v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam ho\u1eb7c khi t\u00f4i bu\u1ed3n. T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f4 \u1ea5y tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u2018c\u00f4 \u1ea5y\u2019 \u1edf ng\u1ef1c m\u00ecnh. T\u00f4i \u0111\u1eb7t tay tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u1ea5n n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng tay ph\u1ea3i, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4 \u1ea5y v\u1eady.\u201d<\/p>\n 7. K\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 danh t\u00ednh v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c quan c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho t\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb b\u1eafn v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 t\u1eed vong. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng n\u1eb1m m\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3 v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n B\u00e1c s\u0129 Liester ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p tim d\u1ec5 g\u1eb7p lo\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5t. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1eefa n\u00e3o v\u00e0 tim, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong tim th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ctim-n\u00e3o.\u201d<\/p>\n C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p tim s\u1ebd kh\u00e1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. B\u00e0i lu\u1eadn v\u0103n tr\u00ean t\u1eadp san \u201cGi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft y h\u1ecdc\u201d c\u0169ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 l\u00fd do d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m tinh th\u1ea7n sau khi gh\u00e9p tim. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng sau khi gh\u00e9p tim l\u00e0 nh\u1edd c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ed3n tr\u1eef tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Lu\u1eadn v\u0103n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ed3n tr\u1eef b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 thi: b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb di truy\u1ec1n bi\u1ec3u sinh, b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb DNA, b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb RNA, b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb protein, b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb th\u1ea7n kinh b\u00ean trong, v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9\u201d (Scientific American) c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Jennifer Frazer, c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u201cghi nh\u1edb\u201d nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129. C\u00f4 cho bi\u1ebft: \u201cT\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ch\u00fang ta v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, thay v\u00ec [v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf] nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd.\u201d [310]<\/p>\n Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Larry Dossey, c\u1ef1u gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Medical City Dallas ki\u00eam bi\u00ean t\u1eadp vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u201cT\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe\u201d (Journal of Science and Healthcare Exploration), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201c\u00fd th\u1ee9c phi c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9\u201d (nonlocal mind). \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c t\u00e2m tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. K\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m khi lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y sang c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua \u201c\u00fd th\u1ee9c phi c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9.\u201d [311]<\/p>\n C\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng suy ngh\u0129 hay t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 tinh th\u1ea7n hay suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, ghi nh\u1edb ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u01b0 n\u00e3o ho\u1eb7c tim c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta? Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Ch\u1ec9 khi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u2013 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u?<\/p>\n 3. Tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o<\/b><\/p>\n L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n 3.1 G\u1ee3i \u00fd t\u1eeb \u201cNghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u1eef tu\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba b\u1ec7nh Alzheimer trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u00e0 d\u1ecbch t\u1ec5 h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 David Snowdon \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec \u201cNghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u1eef tu\u201d v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1986. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn 30 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn 678 n\u1eef tu t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 t\u1ea1i Notre Dame \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng, th\u00f3i quen \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sau khi qua \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean: ngay c\u1ea3 khi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh Alzheimer \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong n\u00e3o, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng amyloid v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m r\u1ed1i s\u1ee3i th\u1ea7n kinh, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng sa s\u00fat tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed nh\u1edb. N\u1eef tu Mary l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh Alzheimer nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m r\u1ed1i s\u1ee3i th\u1ea7n kinh (neurofibrillary tangles) v\u00e0 l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng amyloid (senile plaques), nh\u01b0ng b\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m tra nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t cao tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qua \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 101. [312]<\/p>\n C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c n\u1eef tu kh\u1ecfi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh Alzheimer. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Theo \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n do c\u00e1c n\u1eef tu vi\u1ebft, n\u1ebfu trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng (idea density) ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p (grammatical complexity) kh\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m tra nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, hai c\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau. B\u1ec7nh h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng trong s\u1ed1 14 n\u1eef tu ch\u1ecb em qua \u0111\u1eddi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 suy ngh\u0129 th\u1ea5p trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh Alzheimer, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 suy ngh\u0129 cao th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. [313]<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u1eef tu \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec li\u00ean l\u1ea1c m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng giao ti\u1ebfp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe n\u00e3o b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Netta Weinstein t\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef T\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 L\u00e2m s\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cardiff \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia kh\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1eef tu v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd. H\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1eef tu nh\u01b0 tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 n\u1eef tu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, ki\u00ean tr\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i, t\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v.v. c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. [314]<\/p>\n N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng khi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e3o, b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh suy gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 do c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u0169ng gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra do t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n 3.2 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u00e3o\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n N\u0103m 1980, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc\u201d \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 sau [315]:<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IQ cao t\u1edbi 126 (cao h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IQ th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 100). C\u1eadu c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean n\u00e0y h\u01a1i to h\u01a1n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u1ee5p n\u00e3o cho c\u1eadu. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u00f4 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb co l\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0y 1mm, trong khi m\u00f4 n\u00e3o b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0y t\u1edbi 4.5cm. C\u1eadu sinh vi\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb teo n\u00e3o sau khi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh n\u00e3o \u00fang th\u1ee7y nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, c\u1eadu g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00e3o, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u00e3o.\u201d<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 n\u00e3o tr\u00e1i, n\u00e3o ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch n\u00e3o t\u1ee7y trong h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd. D\u1ecbch n\u00e3o t\u1ee7y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng trong su\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong n\u00e3o v\u00e0 t\u1ee7y s\u1ed1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i d\u1ecb t\u1eadt \u201cn\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ed1t s\u1ed1ng,\u201d khi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e3o t\u1ee7y ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o n\u00e3o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u00edch t\u1ee5 trong n\u00e3o g\u00e2y ra b\u1ec7nh n\u00e3o \u00fang th\u1ee7y. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng m\u1ecfng \u0111i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, khi\u1ebfn m\u00f4 n\u00e3o b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng d\u1ecbch n\u00e3o t\u1ee7y; trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed n\u00e3o ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh vi\u00ean n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t. B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Nhi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Sheffield \u1edf Anh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb t\u1eadt n\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ed1t s\u1ed1ng cho tr\u1ebb em l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u00d4ng John Lorber (1915-1996), Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Sheffield, l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh n\u00e3o \u00fang th\u1ee7y. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n 600 tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em n\u00e0y b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1eb7ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c 95% n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc.\u201d<\/p>\n Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 John Lorber \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n 600 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb n\u00e3o \u00fang th\u1ee7y. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb n\u00e3o \u00fang th\u1ee7y n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IQ cao h\u01a1n 100, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi ch\u00fa \u00fd. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh n\u00e3o \u00fang th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 teo n\u00e3o n\u1eb7ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh t\u00edch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 John Lorber kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh si\u00eau ph\u00e0m k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i b\u00ean,\u201d t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u n\u00e3o tr\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n n\u1eeda c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i, c\u00f2n b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u n\u00e3o ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n n\u1eeda c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u00ean tr\u00e1i. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i b\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111an ch\u00e9o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i th\u1ea7n kinh b\u00ean trong n\u00e3o. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng trong th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e3o v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb y t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu chi\u1ec3u theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, th\u00ec c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e3o \u00fang th\u1ee7y b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u1edf b\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 li\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c co c\u1ee9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i l\u00e0, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 John Lorber ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng trong s\u1ed1 h\u01a1n 50 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e3o \u00fang th\u1ee7y b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u00ea li\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c co c\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 John Lorber n\u00f3i trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng: \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng y.\u201d<\/p>\n Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 John Lorber, m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb n\u00e3o \u00fang th\u1ee7y n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IQ cao h\u01a1n 100. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n 3.3 \u00dd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u?<\/b><\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u00e3o\u201d nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o, v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n do b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p quy n\u1ea1p trong logic c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft; ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00e3o nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1eabn b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o\u201d l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o, v\u1eady th\u00ec \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u?<\/p>\n Sau khi xem nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 John Lorber, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u1ed9 n\u00e3o t\u1ea7ng s\u00e2u\u201d v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi v\u1ecf n\u00e3o, th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc Patrick Wall \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc London nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng: \u201cM\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc lu\u00f4n cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e3o m\u00e0 h\u1ecd xem tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec1u do v\u1ecf n\u00e3o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u1ecf n\u00e3o l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u00e2u h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.\u201d<\/p>\n B\u00e1c s\u0129 khoa th\u1ea7n kinh Norman Geschwind c\u1ee7a B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Beth Israel tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard cho bi\u1ebft: \u201cKh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ea7ng s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng\u201d.<\/p>\n Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 sinh l\u00fd th\u1ea7n kinh David Bowsher t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Liverpool \u1edf Anh cho bi\u1ebft: \u201cG\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ea7ng s\u00e2u trong n\u00e3o quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 hi\u1ec7n nay.\u201d<\/p>\n N\u0103m 2006, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Jay Alfred \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u1ed9 n\u00e3o v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh\u201d trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cB\u1ed9 n\u00e3o v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf\u201d (Brain and Realities) [316]. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cC\u00e1c c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta: B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 vi t\u1ebf\u201d (Our Invisible Bodies: Scientific Evidence for Subtle Bodies), \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng khoa h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u201cc\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh\u201d [317].<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u00e3o,\u201d n\u0103m 2015, nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Donald R. Forsdyke cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201c\u00dd th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh v\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u2018b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta.\u2019 Khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00fd \u1ee9c [l\u01b0u tr\u1eef] b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u2018t\u00e2m linh\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018tinh th\u1ea7n,\u2019 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc.\u201d [318]<\/p>\n 3.4 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel cho r\u1eb1ng: tinh th\u1ea7n hay linh h\u1ed3n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o<\/b><\/p>\n C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00eau tr\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n \u2013 \u201cv\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c\u201d \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc danh ti\u1ebfng t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1963 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn.<\/p>\n Sir John Carew Eccles (1903-1997) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dac, \u00f4ng t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Melbourne v\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng danh d\u1ef1 h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 y h\u1ecdc. N\u0103m 1925, \u00f4ng v\u00e0o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng Magdalen, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Rhodes th\u1eddi Victoria. N\u0103m 1927, Eccles \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1932. Eccles nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 th\u1ea7n kinh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng Sherrington xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n 8 b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn. Eccles t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o synapse trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh, th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel v\u1ec1 Y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1963.<\/p>\n Eccles tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y \u201c\u00fd th\u1ee9c\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ed9 n\u00e3o\u201d c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201clinh h\u1ed3n.\u201d \u00dd th\u1ee9c bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n hay linh h\u1ed3n. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u201clinh h\u1ed3n\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ed9 n\u00e3o\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 hai chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng song song ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 do \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a t\u1ea1o ra, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o phi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a. [320]<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992 v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1eadn t\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t sau tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean \u201cT\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c.\u201d Trong \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1eadn k\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra xung quanh m\u00ecnh, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tin r\u1eb1ng, ngo\u00e0i c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u201cc\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.\u201d M\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u201cc\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh\u201d \u0111\u00f3, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201clinh h\u1ed3n,\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi nh\u1ee5c th\u00e2n. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u1edf trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5. [321]<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1eadn t\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t sau tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u201cc\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n 3.5 Tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 huy b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o<\/b><\/p>\n S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u, v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013 \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c [322] \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng si\u00eau m\u00e1y t\u00ednh Fujitsu K, si\u00eau m\u00e1y t\u00ednh nhanh th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n 700.000 l\u00f5i x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 1,4 tri\u1ec7u gigabyte b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa 1,73 t\u1ef7 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 10 ng\u00e0n t\u1ef7 synapse (k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh), t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 1% m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y m\u00e1y t\u00ednh K ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t 40 ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng m\u1ed9t gi\u00e2y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 synapse n\u00e0y. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tin c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 GigaOm.com \u0111\u01b0a tin v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013 [323].<\/p>\n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u201cD\u1ef1 \u00e1n N\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d (Human Brain Project), m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh khoa h\u1ecdc k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 10 n\u0103m do EU t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 nh\u1eb1m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng si\u00eau m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi. [324]<\/p>\n B\u1ed9 n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin si\u00eau ph\u00e0m v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? [325]<\/p>\n T\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e3o ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u1ec7m, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n ph\u00f2 t\u00e1. B\u1ed9 n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a 8.6\u00d710\u00b9\u2070 (86 t\u1ef7) t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 8.5\u00d710\u00b9\u2070 (85 t\u1ef7) t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n Synapse l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh, l\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e3o (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh\u201d), ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng then ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin, tham gia h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea7n kinh kh\u00e1c. N\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 2.4\u00d710\u00b9\u2074 synapse, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 5.5\u00d710\u00b9\u2076 bit\/gi\u00e2y.<\/p>\n M\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a si\u00eau m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 synapse m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n gene, l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e1u, v.v. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c so v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin. V\u1eady n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t logic, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i sinh m\u1ec7nh cao c\u1ea5p v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0, t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 gia c\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng tin hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady?<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, tinh th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng qua n\u00e3o. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00e3o c\u1ea7n x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb tinh th\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau m\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng do c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin tinh th\u1ea7n \u201cv\u00f4 h\u00ecnh\u201d v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u00e3o\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1eef tu n\u00eau tr\u00ean. Trong \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch COVID-19, n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb virus l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb 2% \u0111\u1ebfn 3% v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 suy gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n sa s\u00fat tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n do teo n\u00e3o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n [326]. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u \u201ct\u1ea7ng n\u00e3o s\u00e2u\u201d m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u00ec tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi \u201cch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n\u201d v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Tinh th\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin ch\u1ec9 l\u1ec7nh. Th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng gian kh\u00e1c r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e3o x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. V\u00ec v\u1eady, b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb tinh th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c linh h\u1ed3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 m\u00faa r\u1ed1i, con r\u1ed1i tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201cth\u00e2n th\u1ec3,\u201d c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n con r\u1ed1i \u1edf h\u1eadu tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201ctinh th\u1ea7n\u201d c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u l\u1edbn, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u, nh\u01b0ng \u201ctinh th\u1ea7n\u201d \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u1edf ph\u00eda sau m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n 3.6 Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh<\/b><\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 quan m\u00e0 m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n m\u00e0 m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. V\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1eady n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng nhau, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 xem x\u00e9t c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea3 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ed1 \u00fd hay v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecf qua.<\/p>\n Nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh David Jones (1938-2017) \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc trong m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cNature\u201d h\u1ed3i th\u00e1ng 09\/2001. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu linh h\u1ed3n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh, th\u00ec d\u00f9ng logic th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1edf kh\u00f3c d\u1edf c\u01b0\u1eddi. [327]<\/p>\n \u00d4ng Jones ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng gene \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e2n t\u1eed quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. V\u1eady gene n\u00e0o m\u00e3 h\u00f3a cho linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi? Gene c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, t\u1ea1i sao v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gene m\u00e3 h\u00f3a linh h\u1ed3n?<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1edf tr\u00ean, tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Darwin ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d ra tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn trong \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d c\u1ee7a Darwin. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n (C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/i><\/p>\n T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/b><\/p>\n 270. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. \u201canatomy\u201d. Encyclopedia Britannica, 6 Apr. 2023, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/anatomy<\/a>. Accessed 17 June 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n 271. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. \u201cHerophilus\u201d. Encyclopedia Britannica, 30 Nov. 2018, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Herophilus<\/a>. Accessed 17 June 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n 272. Heydenreich, Ludwig Heinrich. \u201cLeonardo da Vinci\u201d. Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 Jun. 2023, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Leonardo-da-Vinci<\/a>. Accessed 17 June 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n 273. Florkin, Marcel. \u201cAndreas Vesalius\u201d. Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 May. 2023, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Andreas-Vesalius<\/a>. 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