{"id":52932,"date":"2026-02-23T11:03:27","date_gmt":"2026-02-23T04:03:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=52932"},"modified":"2026-02-28T12:35:18","modified_gmt":"2026-02-28T05:35:18","slug":"nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-3-sinh-hoc-phan-tu-phu-nhan-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-phan-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/02\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-3-sinh-hoc-phan-tu-phu-nhan-gia-thuyet-tien-hoa-phan-3.html","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3): Sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (Ph\u1ea7n 3)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

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Lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a The Epoch Times: Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/p>\n

4. L\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d<\/p>\n

4.1. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3<\/p>\n

4.2. C\u00e1c \u201cn\u00fat\u201d gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n

4.3. \u201cM\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c\u201d h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u<\/p>\n

4.4. Sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 t\u00f4p\u00f4 h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n

5. \u201cC\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/p>\n

5.1. Gene kh\u00e1c nhau, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau<\/p>\n

5.2. \u201cGia ph\u1ea3\u201d h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n<\/p>\n

5.3. L\u1ea5y \u201cthay \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c\u201d l\u00e0m m\u00e1nh kh\u00f3e sinh t\u1ed3n<\/p>\n

6. \u201c\u0110\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed\u201d \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/p>\n

7. B\u00ed \u1ea9n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a gene<\/p>\n

7.1. \u201cH\u1ed9p \u0111en\u201d trong gene<\/p>\n

7.2. D\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ec9 l\u00e0m lung lay c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/p>\n

8. M\u01b0\u1eddi ba \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/p>\n

9. H\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n khoa h\u1ecdc gia ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n \u201cl\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20\u201d<\/p>\n

10. T\u1ea1i sao thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay?<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp theo<\/b>:Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3): Sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (Ph\u1ea7n 2)<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00f4ng qua li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch logic r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

1. L\u1ea5y c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9;<\/p>\n

2. L\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m;<\/p>\n

3. Nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i;<\/p>\n

4. Vi ph\u1ea1m quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean;<\/p>\n

5. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb kh\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh;<\/p>\n

6. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb t\u1eeb\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t\u201d;<\/p>\n

7. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cthi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd\u201d;<\/p>\n

8. Nh\u00ecn th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201ctho\u00e1i h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac,\u201d th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbn\u201d;<\/p>\n

9. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ea1nh tranh t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ed9ng sinh c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i\u201d;<\/p>\n

10. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o\u201d;<\/p>\n

11. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d;<\/p>\n

12. Gene ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d;<\/p>\n

13. \u201cC\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00e2y gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

\u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung m\u1edbi. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc sau n\u00e0y \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u201cc\u00e1i khung l\u1edbn\u201d c\u1ee7a \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d, khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Trong \u201cCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 3 (Ph\u1ea7n 2)<\/a>\u201d c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u di truy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i. Trong \u201cCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 3 (Ph\u1ea7n 3)\u201d n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d: \u201cC\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 gia ph\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3 h\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb mu\u1ed1n truy tra ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a gia t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y gia ph\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c sinh h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea7m do Darwin \u0111\u1ec1 ra v\u1ec1 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a lo\u00e0i,\u201d ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.\u201d T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u201cc\u00e2y ph\u00e1t sinh gene,\u201d \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia ph\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Trong \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d n\u00e0y, m\u1ed7i lo\u00e0i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia t\u1ed9c, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i th\u00ec bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung. Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy tra t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb t\u00ecm th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean v\u00e0 anh ch\u1ecb em c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong ph\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c gia t\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0ng \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e2y gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf. C\u00e1c \u201cn\u00fat\u201d tr\u00ean c\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0169ng l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee5\u201d n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Khi c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng: R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn gene n\u00e0o? C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd sinh ra c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 vai v\u1ebf r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1eeba r\u1ed3i c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i, gi\u1edd l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u trai, vai v\u1ebf h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

L\u00fd do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a lo\u00e0i\u201d c\u1ee7a Darwin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh sai l\u1ea7m. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Darwin v\u1ec1 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a lo\u00e0i\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 gene, th\u00ec c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 s\u1edd voi, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn r\u00f5.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i x\u1ebfp h\u00ecnh Lego, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn gi\u1ed1ng nhau, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gh\u00e9p th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u00f9 kh\u00e1c nhau theo \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eafp r\u00e1p. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 phi c\u01a1 hay l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i, v.v. V\u1eady nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc phi c\u01a1 v\u00e0 l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng? Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u1eafp r\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng hay kh\u00f4ng? Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

4. L\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng ch\u00ed m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u201cC\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d c\u1ee7a Darwin \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u1ebd n\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n b\u00e0o \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc chi ti\u1ebft, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft\u201d r\u1eb1ng: m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c<\/b>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Darwin v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n

\u201cC\u00e2y ph\u00e1t sinh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d hay \u201cC\u00e2y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d (phylogenetic tree), v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau. [230]<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng may, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Darwin, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thu n\u1ea1p v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Darwin. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb cho th\u00eam n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi nh\u1ea7m l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.\u201d<\/p>\n

R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d c\u00f3 v\u1ebb sum su\u00ea v\u00e0 l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u201cngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d v\u1eady, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t suy \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u1ee7 quan. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e2y gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

4.1. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3<\/b><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1753, cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i sinh h\u1ecdc Carl von Linn\u00e9 (1707-1778) \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1n \u201cSpecies Plantarum,\u201d m\u1edf ra ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i sinh h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi t\u00ean chi v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Latinh.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng Carl von Linn\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 chia m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi d\u1ef1a theo c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, \u00f4ng chia ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa, chim, l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0, c\u00e1, c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 giun. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac sinh l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Carl von Linn\u00e9. H\u1ecd ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng theo gi\u1edbi, ng\u00e0nh, l\u1edbp, b\u1ed9, h\u1ecd, chi v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai, b\u1edfi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt v\u1ed1n d\u0129 r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng chung s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u201cPhylogeny\u201d c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb \u201cPhylogenie\u201d trong ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t sinh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1866, nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d c\u1ee7a Darwin) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf ra m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ph\u00f4i thai\u201d ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y c\u00f2n v\u1ebd ra \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i,\u201d \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a sai t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e2y theo tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e2y l\u1edbn, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdc ra c\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u00e1. [231]<\/p>\n

C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cph\u00e1t sinh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.\u201d N\u00f3 b\u1ecb l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung \u201cc\u00e2y s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng\u201d trong gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a lo\u00e0i.\u201d Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Darwin.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u ng\u1ea1n ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Anh r\u1eb1ng, \u201cA picture is worth a thousand words\u201d (M\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n t\u1eeb). Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u1eb9p th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1edbi c\u00e1i thi\u1ec7n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c quan m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng tin h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m, th\u00ec b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n l\u1eddi d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

C\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i do \u00f4ng Haeckel v\u1ebd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1866. (C\u00e2y s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 Haeckel nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ernst Haeckel \u2013 Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb en.wikipedia. C\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n sau b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n qu\u00e9t n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3). (\u1ea2nh: T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng)<\/i><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1966, nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Willi Hennig (1913-1976) \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1n \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i\u201d (Phylogenetic Systematics), tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c sinh h\u1ecdc h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng Willi Hennig \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng \u2013 \u201cs\u1eafp x\u1ebfp\u201d \u2013 l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. [232]<\/p>\n

Khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u00fang t\u00fang trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n \u0111\u00e3 mang t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di truy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi. V\u1eeba nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng k\u1eb9o lung linh \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i. Ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea5n kh\u00edch, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y ph\u00e1t sinh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u di truy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u00f9y theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 gene c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed7i n\u00fat (node) c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e1nh (clade), trong khi c\u00e1c phi\u1ebfn l\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e2y ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c (rooted) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c (unrooted), kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, bao g\u1ed3m Neighbor joining (NJ), Likelihood, Parsimony v\u00e0 Bayesian. Do h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00f4i khi m\u1ed9t n\u00fat c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e1nh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1990, nh\u00e0 vi tr\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Carl Woese (1928-2012), nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Otto Kandler (1920-2017) c\u00f9ng nh\u00e0 vi sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Mark L. Wheelis \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u00e2y s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng\u201d bao g\u1ed3m ba h\u1ec7 sinh v\u1eadt t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n c\u1ed5, vi khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c. [233]<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c gene tr\u00ean SSU 16S (18S) rRNA c\u1ee7a RNA ribosome m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong gi\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt. [234]<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u00e2y s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng (TimeTree), m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a lo\u00e0i gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2015, TimeTree \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m 50.632 lo\u00e0i t\u1eeb 2.274 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y theo h\u00ecnh xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c [235]. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, \u201cOpen Tree of Life\u201d (c\u00e2y s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn) ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 [236]. N\u0103m 2016, m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di truy\u1ec1n h\u01a1n [237]. N\u0103m 2022, phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m 137.306 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edfi 4.075 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, l\u00e0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. [238]<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00f3 l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n

4.2. C\u00e1c \u201cn\u00fat\u201d gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/b><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u00e2y ph\u00e1t sinh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u201ct\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung\u201d gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng di truy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 suy ra quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng Barry Hall, Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Bellingham t\u1ea1i Washington, Hoa K\u1ef3, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 gene v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Trung t\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc B\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Allegheny-Singer (Genomics and Bioinformatics at the Allegheny-Singer Research Institute\u2019s Center for Genomic Sciences), Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 danh d\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Rochester, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft mang t\u00ednh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u201cc\u00e2y ph\u00e1t sinh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d tr\u00ean t\u1eadp san \u201cSinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013. Trong \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u201cGi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 gene tr\u00ean c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u0103n ch\u1ec9nh s\u1ebd s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 gene, d\u00f9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng hay kh\u00f4ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o c\u00e2y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e2y t\u1eeb tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung, th\u00ec c\u00e1i c\u00e2y s\u1ebd v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m.\u201d [239]<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00f3i, nh\u1eefng \u201c\u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00fat\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i c\u00e2y cao ch\u00f3t v\u00f3t v\u1edbi c\u00e0nh l\u00e1 sum su\u00ea \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u201ct\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung\u201d gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c sinh m\u1ec7nh tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb, tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 Darwin m\u00f4 t\u1ea3, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, sinh m\u1ec7nh tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n theo m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u201cnhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t \u2192 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng.\u201d<\/p>\n

R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a lo\u00e0i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a 20 \u0111\u1ebfn 35 lo\u1ea1i h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau trong K\u1ef7 Cambri [240]; nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh m\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch DNA tr\u00ean Human Evolution cho th\u1ea5y 9\/10 lo\u00e0i tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac (trong kho\u1ea3ng 100.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 200.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc) [241]; h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng 300 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i t\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia Canyon \u1edf Utah [242]; ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n theo gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a [243]. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a lo\u00e0i\u201d m\u00e0 Darwin t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00fat tr\u00ean c\u00e2y ph\u00e1t sinh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee5 cao ch\u00f3t v\u00f3t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cb\u1ee5i c\u00e2y\u201d nho nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa gene c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho s\u1ef1 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4\u201d gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u00fat kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

4.3. \u201cM\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c\u201d h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u<\/b><\/p>\n

V\u00ec c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t theo c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ph\u00e1t sinh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u00ean n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, m\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa bao g\u1ed3m ti\u1ebft s\u1eefa, c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v.v., c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a chim bao g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ecf, \u0111\u1ebb tr\u1ee9ng, v.v.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ec7p. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ch quan, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e2n chia, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ec7p n\u00e0o trong m\u1ed7i th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c c\u0169ng do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c A ho\u1eb7c th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c B, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p l\u00e0 do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ri\u00eang l\u1ebb, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u00e0 do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ra.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh v\u1eadt v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c. B\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 3 tr\u00e1i tim, 8 c\u00e1i v\u00f2i, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p [244]. B\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 500 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh, ngo\u00e0i trung t\u00e2m n\u00e3o ch\u00ednh, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1i v\u00f2i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 8 ti\u1ec3u n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp [245].<\/p>\n

B\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng si\u00eau ph\u00e0m tho\u00e1t t\u1ee5c: ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1, thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda gene c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. So v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n 33.000 gene m\u00e3 h\u00f3a protein, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa trong g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed7i gene m\u00e3 h\u00f3a protein \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) mRNA. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 1% \u0111\u1ebfn 3% mRNA m\u00e3 h\u00f3a protein c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 [246].<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c, lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u00e2n-\u0111\u1ea7u trong \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u00e2n m\u1ec1m, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 500 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i: N\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u trong c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng? \u0110\u00e2y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nan \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

Ngay khi c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111ang r\u1ea5t b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i, th\u00ec v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2018, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Buckingham, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, v\u00e0 Trung t\u00e2m L\u00fd sinh Michigan, Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Australia, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn v\u0103n tr\u00ean t\u1eadp san h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u201cTi\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong L\u00fd sinh v\u00e0 Sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed\u201d (Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology). Lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u00e0y tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao ch\u1ed5i r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi gian B\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 k\u1ef7 Cambri. [247]<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i. (\u1ea2nh: amretsunique\/Shutterstock)<\/i><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cb\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c sinh ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o\u201d \u1edf c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng sau, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh suy ngh\u0129 t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. \u00cdt nh\u1ea5t ki\u1ec3u t\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh, ch\u1ec9 xem Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e9p k\u00edn c\u1ee7a Darwin.<\/p>\n

K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c, m\u1ed7i lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cth\u01b0 m\u1ee5c\u201d do \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d t\u1ea1o ra, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

4.4. Sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 t\u00f4p\u00f4 h\u1ecdc<\/b><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u [248]. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c locus (v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a gene tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3) kh\u00e1c nhau, x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu, sao ch\u00e9p v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c locus. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 t\u00f4p\u00f4 h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4p\u00f4 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00f2 n\u1eb7n ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo \u201cplasticine\u201d m\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em hay ch\u01a1i, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc plasticine.\u201d N\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0 u\u1ed1n cong c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00f4p\u00f4 h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 t\u00f4p\u00f4 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p \u1ea9n d\u1ee5. H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y ph\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang v\u1ebd c\u00e2y ph\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1ea7m ai \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o nh\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecf qua quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ai \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 t\u00f4p\u00f4 h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e2y ph\u1ea3 h\u1ec7. Sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e2y ph\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 t\u00f4p\u00f4 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, khi\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, \u0111em c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7ng kh\u00e1c nhau li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

Ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1989, \u00f4ng Michael Lynch, vi\u1ec7n s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia ki\u00eam ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o tr\u00ean t\u1eadp san \u201cEvolution.\u201d B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y cho bi\u1ebft: \u201cNgay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, n\u1ebfu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u00e0 phi\u00eau b\u1ea1t ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn, th\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00e2y ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa s\u00e1u lo\u00e0i tr\u1edf l\u00ean h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 t\u00f4p\u00f4 h\u1ecdc\u2026 H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, khi xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc li\u00ean t\u1ee5c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i s\u1ebd lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y ph\u00e1t sinh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.\u201d [249]<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ngay c\u1ea3 trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn trung t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, khi nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i (ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sinh h\u1ecdc), khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 s\u00e1u lo\u00e0i, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t sinh (ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sinh h\u1ecdc) gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e2y \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sai s\u00f3t gi\u1eefa s\u00e1u lo\u00e0i tr\u1edf l\u00ean, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p sinh h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i to\u00e1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea1i sao v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc?<\/p>\n

L\u00fd do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0, \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a lo\u00e0i\u201d c\u1ee7a Darwin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft sai l\u1ea7m. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0 duy sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a lo\u00e0i\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 gene, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 s\u1edd voi, v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f2 tr\u0103ng d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u1ea3o m\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, khi b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o \u201cd\u1ef1ng c\u00e2y,\u201d ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed3 h\u1edfi cao h\u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0ng khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng. C\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tinh anh nh\u00e2n s\u0129 trong ng\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, h\u1ecd c\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng: \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 t\u00f4p\u00f4 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y n\u00e0y. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft d\u1ef1ng c\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 g\u00ec. Khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00fang t\u1eed huy\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a,\u201d \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e2y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n

5. \u201cC\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/b><\/p>\n

Khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 gene, h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u201cc\u00e2y s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng.\u201d Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn trong d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di truy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0 Elizabeth Pennisi, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ed9 gene l\u00e0m rung chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e2y s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng\u201d \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cScience\u201d v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1998 r\u1eb1ng: \u201cS\u1ef1 b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di truy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa so v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng.\u201d [250]<\/p>\n

5.1. Gene kh\u00e1c nhau, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean. H\u1ecd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm c\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 gene \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn) trong b\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt. C\u00f2n vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn gene n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d th\u00ec l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cc\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bkh\u00e1c nhau.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Rorbert Feldman \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi b\u00e0 Elizabeth Pennisi r\u1eb1ng: \u201cGene n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng, th\u00ec v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.\u201d [251]<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u vi khu\u1ea9n, nh\u00e0 vi sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Carl Richard Woese (1928~2012) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1a theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 gene 16S rRNA c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a ribosome vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c nhau. [252]<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n gene d\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n gene ngang (horizontal gene transfer). Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u di truy\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o con c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. V\u00ec v\u1eady, b\u00e0 Elizabeth Pennisi c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cScience\u201d r\u1eb1ng: \u201cTuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh b\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a vi sinh v\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n chu\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 n\u1ea5m men v.v. \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn b\u1ee9c tranh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00e0y bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, l\u00e0m d\u1ea5y l\u00ean nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng.\u201d [253]<\/p>\n

5.2. \u201cGia ph\u1ea3\u201d h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n<\/b><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn n\u1eefa l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2y ph\u00e1t sinh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ed3ng n\u00f3i ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00fang, m\u1eb9 ch\u1ed3ng n\u00f3i m\u1eb9 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00fang,\u201d d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 tranh lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi gia ph\u1ea3. Trong m\u1ed9t gia ph\u1ea3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi nhau, anh ch\u1ecb em l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, cha m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, \u00f4ng b\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, n\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c gene kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 vai v\u1ebf r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n. Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra g\u1ea7n 30 n\u0103m nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed3i k\u1ebft. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e2y v\u1ea1n tu\u1ebf, c\u00e2y b\u1ea1ch qu\u1ea3, c\u00e2y b\u00e1ch, c\u00e2y th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e2y d\u00e2y g\u1eafm. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn, ch\u00fang t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh nh\u00e1nh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u1ea1t. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng chi d\u00e2y g\u1eafm c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn, nh\u01b0ng sinh h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u DNA \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1ee3c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e2y d\u00e2y g\u1eafm gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e2y th\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e2y d\u00e2y g\u1eafm gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e2y b\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e2y d\u00e2y g\u1eafm l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ch\u1ecb em c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e2y d\u00e2y g\u1eafm l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ch\u1ecb em c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e2y th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c. [254]<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft gi\u1eef v\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng ai thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u0103m \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. Trong m\u1ed7i c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, vai v\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 \u00f4ng. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0, d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00ec l\u00e0 ch\u00fa, d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kia ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u n\u1ed9i, th\u1eadt khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u201cd\u1edf kh\u00f3c d\u1edf c\u01b0\u1eddi.\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i c\u1ee7a chim s\u1ebb ng\u00f4 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c xem nhi\u1ec1u gene nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau. [255]<\/p>\n

5.3. L\u1ea5y \u201cthay \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c\u201d l\u00e0m m\u00e1nh kh\u00f3e sinh t\u1ed3n<\/b><\/p>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a,\u201d v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n minh cho m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp k\u1ebd h\u1edf, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n, tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Darwin kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a song song (parallel evolution) [256], ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 (divergent evolution) [257], ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 (convergent evolution) [258] v.v. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bao ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao m\u1eaft b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a song song.\u201d M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung c\u1ee7a ch\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u00f3 s\u00f3i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 ch\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u00f3i, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3.\u201d<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1i khung ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Darwin, khi\u1ebfn \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1. Tuy v\u1eady, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt thi\u00ean bi\u1ebfn v\u1ea1n h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u201cs\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a,\u201d ch\u00fang s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u00e1nh kh\u00f3e sinh t\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c nan \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

6. \u201c\u0110\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed\u201d \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/b><\/p>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed (Molecular clock). \u0110\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 gene, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gene nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 suy lu\u1eadn ra th\u1eddi gian hai ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u sinh v\u1eadt t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi nhau trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i. [259]<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng gene th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c protein c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau l\u00e0 cytochrom C, histone, hemoglobin, fibrinopeptide, v.v. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i protein kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n s\u1ebd cho ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, cytochrom C n\u1eb1m trong ty th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a sinh h\u1ecdc. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c enzym, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng x\u00fac t\u00e1c cho enzym trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kh\u1eed. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng cytochrom C l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 vi sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Michael Denton \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a: M\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trong kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng\u201d (Evolution: A Theory in Crisis) r\u1eb1ng [260]:<\/p>\n

\u201cTr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 huy\u1ebft s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1 ch\u00e9p kh\u00e1c nhau 50%, c\u00f2n cytochrom C ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau 13%. N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a huy\u1ebft s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 \u0111ang \u2018ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u2019 v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi cytochrom C. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cKh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1eady, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m h\u1ecd protein kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed7i h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n huy\u1ebft s\u1eafc t\u1ed1, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00ec nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. V\u00ec v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, m\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m h\u1ecd protein, m\u1ed7i h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cao.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa, \u201ct\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i protein kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.\u201d Do \u0111\u00f3, trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u0169ng c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e2y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u1eefa. [261]<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u1eady. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed protein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng,\u201d \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng Michael Denton c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng: \u201cM\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 cytochrom C \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 so v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u1edf c\u00e1. \u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb c\u00e1 \u2192 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 \u2192 b\u00f2 s\u00e1t \u2192 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0, theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 trung gian gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c; v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t hay \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa n\u00e0o! \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kinh ng\u1ea1c.\u201d [262]<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a xem l\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt \u201cb\u1eadc cao\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt \u201cb\u1eadc th\u1ea5p.\u201d<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 acid amin trong cytochrom C c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n nh\u00e2n s\u01a1 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng (64% \u0111\u1ebfn 69%) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n chu\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 n\u1ea5m men, l\u00faa m\u00ec, b\u01b0\u1edbm t\u1eb1m, chim b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u v\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a v.v. Tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 cytochrom C c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 m\u00fat \u0111\u00e1, c\u00e1 ch\u00e9p, r\u00f9a, chim b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u v\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a b\u01b0\u1edbm t\u1eb1m, m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng (kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb 27% \u0111\u1ebfn 30%). So s\u00e1nh cytochrom C c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 ch\u00e9p v\u1edbi \u1ebfch \u01b0\u01a1ng beo, r\u00f9a bi\u1ec3n, g\u00e0, th\u1ecf v\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 13% \u0111\u1ebfn 14%.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp trung gian c\u1ee7a cytochrom C, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp trung gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Darwin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p l\u00ean cao.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong gene cytochrom C c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ed9 gene, v\u1eady th\u00ec v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 mi\u1ec7ng tr\u00f2n \u2192 c\u00e1 \u2192 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 \u2192 b\u00f2 s\u00e1t \u2192 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa ho\u1eb7c chim, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a gene cytochrom C c\u1ea7n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5p, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch DNA c\u1ee7a ty th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed\u201d n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.\u201d \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ngay c\u1ea3 khi d\u00f9ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 suy lu\u1eadn v\u1eabn m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.\u201d \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n

7. B\u00ed \u1ea9n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a gene<\/b><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c gene \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn d\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gene m\u00e3 h\u00f3a protein. K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c, trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c gene kh\u00f4ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gene n\u00e0y th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.\u201d<\/p>\n

7.1. \u201cH\u1ed9p \u0111en\u201d trong gene<\/b><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1eebng cho r\u1eb1ng 98% gene c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c DNA v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a, kh\u00f4ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh, hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 DNA \u201cr\u00e1c.\u201d Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t xa so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. [263]<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 20.000 gene m\u00e3 h\u00f3a protein, ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c protein c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u1eefng gene n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 2% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 gene c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, 98% DNA c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 \u201cr\u00e1c.\u201d Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1eeba qua, th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ed9 gene v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u201comics\u201d kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c gene s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 b\u1ed9 ba \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c acid amin s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i protein c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. M\u00e3 DNA m\u00e3 h\u00f3a protein kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp; \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed RNA r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phi\u00ean m\u00e3. RNA ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c exon m\u00e3 h\u00f3a protein c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 intron.<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c intron b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c exon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cgh\u00e9p\u201d l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh mRNA (RNA th\u00f4ng tin). C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a spliceosome, sao cho c\u00e1c intron b\u1ecb c\u1eaft b\u1ecf \u1edf \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c exon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. Ch\u00fang b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t exon b\u1ecb sai m\u1ed9t nucleotide, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, sau khi c\u1eaft n\u1ed1i, c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed RNA s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 th\u00e0nh protein v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a ribosome.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, t\u1ea1i sao ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u1ea1i cho ph\u00e9p l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i 98% gene \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 r\u00e1c n\u00e0y? T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ra c\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 intron tinh vi v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a trong DNA? Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt v\u00f4 l\u00fd khi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng intron l\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 intron kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng DNA kh\u00f4ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin di truy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 gene. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 RNA kh\u00f4ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 microRNA (miRNA), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t protein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gene kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi, chu\u1ed9t v\u00e0 c\u00e1 ng\u1ef1a v\u1eb1n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nhau. V\u00ec v\u1eady, xem n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 DNA r\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n

7.2. D\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ec9 l\u00e0m lung lay c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/b><\/p>\n

Theo gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a,\u201d lo\u00e0i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm h\u01a1n tr\u00ean c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a s\u1ebd c\u00f3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00edt h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 23 c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3, chim th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 40 c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i d\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ec9 nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t xa x\u01b0a l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u2013 720 c\u1eb7p. B\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y c\u1ea7n tr\u00f4i c\u00f3 12.3 t\u1ef7 base, g\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 3.8 l\u1ea7n b\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi [264].<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec sinh m\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? C\u00f2n lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh cao nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 gene h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i? D\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i s\u1edf h\u1eefu b\u1ed9 gene ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed Robert Feldman cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cT\u00f4i ngh\u0129 ba khu v\u1ef1c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u2018c\u00e2y s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng\u2019 n\u00e0y (vi khu\u1ea9n c\u1ed5, vi khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n chu\u1ea9n) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eefng hay kh\u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.\u201d [265]<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn trong gene c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i; m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 gene c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 suy ra m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng m\u00e0 Darwin \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa b\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 sai.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e2y gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft\u201d ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Do ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u00e2m trong gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c sinh v\u1eadt do \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d m\u00f4 t\u1ea3, l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o trong l\u00f2ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd n\u00f3i: \u201cH\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 gene v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a n\u1eefa th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec?\u201d<\/p>\n

K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh th\u00e0nh, v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i x\u1ebfp h\u00ecnh lego c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m linh ki\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nhau, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gh\u00e9p th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u00f9 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p. C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p trong m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u00ean bi\u1ebfn v\u1ea1n h\u00f3a, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 phi c\u01a1, l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i, v.v.<\/p>\n

V\u1eady nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc phi c\u01a1 v\u00e0 l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean kh\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u1eafp r\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00f4ng? K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c, thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 Th\u1ea7n, ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch sai l\u1ea7m, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi r\u00fat ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn sai l\u1ea7m. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u00f4n th\u1edd ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 Th\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t con t\u00e0u m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng, t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t con t\u00e0u kh\u00e1c an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n? N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00ec Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u1eabn quay, mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i v\u1eabn th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf xi\u1ec1ng x\u00edch trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp theo, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

8. M\u01b0\u1eddi ba \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/b><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, t\u1eeb v\u0129 m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn vi m\u00f4, t\u1eeb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sinh h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch g\u00ec, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m trong 13 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

(1) L\u1ea5y c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9: Darwin \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eafc m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i logic c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ngay t\u1eeb ban \u0111\u1ea7u khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb trong lo\u00e0i (sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi m\u00f4\u201d) \u0111\u1ec3 suy lu\u1eadn ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i (sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4\u201d).<\/p>\n

(2) L\u1eabn l\u1ed9n c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m: D\u00f9ng \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi m\u00f4\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn, l\u00e0m m\u1edd \u0111i s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa n\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4.\u201d<\/p>\n

(3) Nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i: C\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u1eb1m c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng x\u00e1c minh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, bao g\u1ed3m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m b\u00ecnh Miller, th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m RNA c\u1ee7a Joyce v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m E. coli c\u1ee7a Lansky, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

(4) Vi ph\u1ea1m quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean: Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 \u201ch\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e2n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o\u201d kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 sinh ra lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i sinh v\u1eadt. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

(5) Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb kh\u1ec9: V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh h\u1ecdc, gene, protein, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh ho\u1eb7c suy lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

(6) Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb t\u1eeb\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t\u201d: Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch k\u1ef7 Cambri v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 DNA ty th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra theo ki\u1ec3u b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t. S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ch\u1eadm theo ki\u1ec3u tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 \u2192 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng.<\/p>\n

(7) Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cthi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd\u201d: T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? C\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9. Darwin \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d r\u1eb1ng \u201cth\u1eadt v\u00f4 l\u00fd khi cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1edd qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.\u201d<\/p>\n

(8) Nh\u00ecn th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201ctho\u00e1i h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac,\u201d th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbn\u201d: C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh b\u1edfi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e0 m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u1ecf \u0111i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u1ecb suy y\u1ebfu. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u1eaft b\u1ecf amidan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 m\u1eafc c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh ph\u1ed5i, v.v.; Tuy\u1ebfn t\u00f9ng tuy \u0111\u00e3 teo l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft, th\u1ea7n kinh, th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch; tuy\u1ebfn \u1ee9c tuy teo l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn s\u1edf h\u1eefu ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft, th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

(9) Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ea1nh tranh t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ed9ng sinh c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i\u201d: M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 sinh t\u1ed3n, nh\u01b0ng Darwin \u0111\u00e3 sai l\u1ea7m khi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea1nh tranh t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a lo\u00e0i.\u201d K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ed9ng sinh c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i.\u201d M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ed9ng sinh c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh sinh th\u00e1i. Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 \u201cc\u1ed9ng sinh c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i.\u201d C\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh chu\u1ed9t v\u00e0 tinh tinh \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n, hu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c? C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i gene l\u00e0 \u201c\u00edch k\u1ef7,\u201d nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n gene kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c hay thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

(10) Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o\u201d: Trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, lu\u1eadn v\u0103n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng sai l\u1ec7ch do c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. \u201cThuy\u1ebft t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n ph\u00f4i thai\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n Piltdown\u201d do Haeckel ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u00e3ng th\u00f4ng t\u1ea5n BBC g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u00f2 l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Anh qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi Nebraska\u201d h\u00f3a ra l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con heo.<\/p>\n

(11) S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d: H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft khi\u1ebfn Darwin kinh ng\u1ea1c, m\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u00e2n chu\u1ea9n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n x\u00e1ch tay t\u1ed1i t\u00e2n, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gan gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y sinh h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ee3i roi c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 tinh vi, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u \u2026 Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

(12) Gene \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d: K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 gene \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f3 h\u1ea1i,\u201d tr\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201ctho\u00e1i h\u00f3a.\u201d L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m lung lay gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t gene n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u201cmay m\u1eafn\u201d kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u201c\u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng\u201d c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft \u201c\u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean\u201d trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin.<\/p>\n

(13) \u201cC\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf: C\u00e1c \u201c\u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00fat\u201d tr\u00ean c\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 t\u00f4p\u00f4 h\u1ecdc. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129 sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a lo\u00e0i\u201d c\u1ee7a Darwin \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh, th\u00ec c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 s\u1edd voi, v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a con voi, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f2 tr\u0103ng d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

M\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di truy\u1ec1n th\u00ec c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho b\u00e1u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp n\u1ea3y sinh: r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn gene n\u00e0o? C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 vai v\u1ebf r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1eeba r\u1ed3i l\u00e0 ch\u00fa, gi\u1edd l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u trai, vai v\u1ebf h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ch\u1ea1y v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u00e0o c\u0169ng s\u1ebd suy ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sai l\u1ea7m. \u201cH\u1ed9p \u0111en\u201d trong gene \u2013 nh\u1eefng DNA kh\u00f4ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a c\u00f2n g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ec9 nho nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m rung chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o, v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 ng\u1ee5y khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

9. H\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n khoa h\u1ecdc gia ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n \u201cl\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n

K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi cu\u1ed1n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Darwin xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1859, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc, v.v. Gi\u1eefa gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn. Khi vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u th\u00e2m s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean gay g\u1eaft, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a: M\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trong kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng\u201d (Evolution: A Theory in Crisis) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1985, b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed Michael Denton \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20.\u201d [266]<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 2001, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u01b0u t\u00fa \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n mang t\u00ean Vi\u1ec7n Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 (Discovery Institute). Trong tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u201cNghi v\u1ea5n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin,\u201d h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft [267]: \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i nghi ng\u1edd tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Darwin cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch (m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi) ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Darwin.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng khoa h\u1ecdc gia k\u00fd v\u00e0o tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Nga, Israel, H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a S\u00e9c, Hungary, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Nigeria, Ba Lan c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129, Vi\u1ec7n s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m khoa h\u1ecdc, v.v. l\u00e0m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sinh h\u1ecdc, sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang tham gia nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc danh ti\u1ebfng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Columbia, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cornell, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princeton, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Brown, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Pennsylvania, v.v.<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng k\u00fd t\u00ean c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khoa h\u1ecdc gia t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed gi\u1ea3i Nobel nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a Stanley Salthe, nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed Henry Schaefer c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Georgia, nh\u00e0 ph\u00f4i h\u1ecdc Lev Beloussov c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean Nga, v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u vi\u00ean Lyle Jensen t\u1ea1i Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

Trang web c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: \u201c\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 khoa h\u1ecdc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin v\u00e0 t\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho thuy\u1ebft Darwin hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.\u201d \u201cTuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Darwin l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00f4ng khai, cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Darwin hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng.\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 04\/2020, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 1.100 khoa h\u1ecdc gia v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, y h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t, nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc, c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c k\u00fd v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 2018, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 Satyapal Singh \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Darwin l\u00e0 \u201csai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc,\u201d b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u201cnh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 con kh\u1ec9 n\u00e0o bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u201d \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u00f4ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a Darwin kh\u1ecfi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc [268]. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u1edf New Delhi, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin [269].<\/p>\n

10. T\u1ea1i sao thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay?<\/b><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 v\u1eabn th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua? C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do cho chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp thu k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, r\u1ea5t \u00edt khi t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Do qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 sai, gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u1eabn b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hay quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00f3. Qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea3y ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i khung t\u01b0 duy ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n suy x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 c\u00e1i sau l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u1ede g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh, th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0m cho ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4 v\u00e0 5.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 ba, c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec3 rao gi\u1ea3ng. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d th\u00ec b\u1ecb b\u00f3p m\u00e9o, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n th\u00ec b\u1ecb tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia nghi ng\u1edd \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d th\u00ec b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p. S\u1ef1 l\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ea9y n\u00e3o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u01b0 duy ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c sinh h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t khi logic sinh t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, sau s\u1ef1 b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u0103ng cao, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd v\u00e0 m\u1edbi l\u1ea1. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u1edf trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8.<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1 c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i \u201cNh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i logic c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc nghi ng\u1edd gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2 ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m trong ba ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. N\u00f3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa. V\u1eady th\u00ec, sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng sau.<\/p>\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/b><\/p>\n

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231. By Ernst Haeckel \u2013 First version from en.wikipedia; description page was here. Later versions derived from this scan, from the American Philosophical Society Museum., Public Domain, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=2731459<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

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234. Woese, C. R., & Fox, G. E. (1977). Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: The primary kingdoms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 74(11), 5088-5090.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.74.11.5088<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

235. Hedges, S. B., Marin, J., Suleski, M., Paymer, M., & Kumar, S. (2015). Tree of Life Reveals Clock-Like Speciation and Diversification. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 32(4), 835-845.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msv037<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

236. Hinchliff, C. E., Smith, S. A., Allman, J. F., Burleigh, J. G., Chaudhary, R., Coghill, L. M., Crandall, K. A., Deng, J., Drew, B. T., Gazis, R., Gude, K., Hibbett, D. S., Katz, L. A., <\/i>Laughinghouse, H. D., McTavish, E. J., Midford, P. E., Owen, C. L., Ree, R. H., Rees, J. A., . . . Cranston, K. A. (2015). Synthesis of phylogeny and taxonomy into a comprehensive tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(41), 12764-12769.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1423041112<\/a><\/p>\n

237. Hug, L. A., Baker, B. J., Anantharaman, K., Brown, C. T., Probst, A. J., Castelle, C. J., Butterfield, C. N., Hernsdorf, A. W., Amano, Y., Ise, K., Suzuki, Y., Dudek, N., Relman, D. A., Finstad, K. M., Amundson, R., Thomas, B. C., & Banfield, J. F. (2016). A new view of the tree of life. Nature Microbiology, 1(5), 1-6.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.48<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

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242. Amy Joi O\u2019Donoghue. Why this 300 million-year-old fossil discovered in Utah has the paleontology world buzzing? Rare creature found in Utah\u2019s Canyonlands National Park. Nov 8, 2021, 8:24pm CEST.https:\/\/www.deseret.com\/utah\/2021\/11\/8\/22770397\/rare-fossil-canyonlands-national-park-petrified-forest-paleontology-discovery-reptile-mammal<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

243. McNutt, E. J., Hatala, K. G., Miller, C., Adams, J., Casana, J., Deane, A. S., Dominy, N. J., Fabian, K., Fannin, L. D., Gaughan, S., Gill, S. V., Gurtu, J., Gustafson, E., Hill, A. C., Johnson, C., Kallindo, S., Kilham, B., Kilham, P., Kim, E., \u2026 DeSilva, J. M. (2021). Footprint evidence of early hominin locomotor diversity at Laetoli, Tanzania. Nature, 600(7889), 468-471.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-04187-7<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

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246. Steele, E. J., Al-Mufti, S., Augustyn, K. A., Chandrajith, R., Coghlan, J. P., Coulson, S., Ghosh, S., Gillman, M., Gorczynski, R. M., Klyce, B., Louis, G., Mahanama, K., Oliver, K. R., Padron, J., Qu, J., Schuster, J. A., Smith, W., Snyder, D. P., Steele, J. A., . . . Liu, Y. (2018). Cause of Cambrian Explosion \u2013 Terrestrial or Cosmic? Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 136, 3-23.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2018.03.004<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

247. Steele, E. J., Al-Mufti, S., Augustyn, K. A., Chandrajith, R., Coghlan, J. P., Coulson, S., Ghosh, S., Gillman, M., Gorczynski, R. M., Klyce, B., Louis, G., Mahanama, K., Oliver, K. R., Padron, J., Qu, J., Schuster, J. A., Smith, W., Snyder, D. P., Steele, J. A., \u2026Liu, Y. (2018). Cause of Cambrian Explosion \u2013 Terrestrial or Cosmic? Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 136, 3-23.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2018.03.004<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

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254. \u738b\u535a\u7fa4\u3001\u5434\u5b97\u8d24\u3001\u8d75\u6dd1\u5999\u3002\u6b63\u672c\u6eaf\u6e90\u2500\u2500\u751f\u7269\u4eb2\u7f18\u6f14\u5316\u6811\u7684\u8109\u7406\u548c\u8bba\u6218\u3002\u4e2d\u592e\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002https:\/\/www.biodiv.tw\/zh_popscience-20210622102722<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

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263. Alok Jha, science correspondent Wed 5 Sep 2012 20.03 BST. Breakthrough study overturns theory of \u2018junk DNA\u2019 in genome.https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2012\/sep\/05\/genes-genome-junk-dna-encode<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

264. Marchant, D.B., Chen, G., Cai, S. et al. Dynamic genome evolution in a model fern. Nat. Plants 8, 1038\u20131051 (2022).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41477-022-01226-7<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

265. Pennisi E. (1998). Genome data shake tree of life. Science (New York, N.Y.), 280(5364), 672\u2013674.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.280.5364.672<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

266. Dr. Michael Denton, Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, Published by Adler & Adler, Distributed by Woodbine House,1985.https:\/\/alta3b.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/crisis1.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

267. A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism. (2023, January 23). In Wikipedia.https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/A_Scientific_Dissent_from_Darwinism<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

268. Darwin\u2019s theory wrong, nobody saw ape turning into man: Minister Satyapal Singh. Press Trust of India, Aurangabad | ByPress Trust of India. Jan 21, 2018.<\/i><\/p>\n

269. John Reed and Jyotsha Singh. New Delhi. New Delhi erases Darwin from textbooks.https:\/\/twitter.com\/jefflijun\/status\/1666438689860251651\/photo\/1<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

Nh\u00f3m bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n \u201cNh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n

(The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n

(B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Epoch Times Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/a>)<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/284496<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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[ChanhKien.org] Lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a The Epoch Times: Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times) M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c 4. L\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u201cc\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d 4.1. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 4.2. C\u00e1c \u201cn\u00fat\u201d gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh 4.3. \u201cM\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c\u201d h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u 4.4. Sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 t\u00f4p\u00f4 h\u1ecdc 5. 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