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<\/a><\/p>\nLo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a The Epoch Times: Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n
M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/p>\n
3. Gene \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d<\/p>\n
3.1 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gene kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a lo\u00e0i\u201d<\/p>\n
3.1.1 Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i<\/p>\n
3.1.2 \u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi<\/p>\n
3.1.3 Xu th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a<\/p>\n
3.2 \u201c\u0110\u1ed9t \u200b\u200bbi\u1ebfn trung t\u00ednh\u201d l\u00e0m lung lay \u201cch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d<\/p>\n
3.3 \u201c\u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng\u201d th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u201c\u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean\u201d<\/p>\n
3.3.1 \u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u00e2y Arabidopsis thaliana<\/p>\n
3.3.2 \u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1edf n\u1ea5m men n\u1ea3y ch\u1ed3i<\/p>\n
3.4 \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i khung duy nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m g\u1ecdn trong \u0111\u00f3\u201d<\/p>\n
Ti\u1ebfp theo:<\/b> Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u “Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a” (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3): Sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (Ph\u1ea7n 1)<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n Gene l\u00e0 m\u1eadt m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh sinh m\u1ec7nh, mang th\u00f4ng tin di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, d\u1ec7t n\u00ean c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i sinh v\u1eadt. T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n c\u00e3i.<\/p>\n L\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t sinh m\u1ec7nh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch, th\u00ec gene gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i trong s\u00e1ch, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, sau \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 sinh m\u1ec7nh, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng t\u1eeb v\u00e0 t\u1eebng c\u00e2u trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1eadt m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u00e0 gene, th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u di truy\u1ec1n cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a lo\u00e0i,\u201d \u201cch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean\u201d trong gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t di truy\u1ec1n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gene ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Darwin, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n 3. Gene \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n Trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00f4ng qua li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch logic r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0:<\/p>\n 1. L\u1ea5y c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9;<\/p>\n 2. L\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m;<\/p>\n 3. Nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i;<\/p>\n 4. Vi ph\u1ea1m quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean;<\/p>\n 5. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb kh\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh;<\/p>\n 6. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb t\u1eeb\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t\u201d;<\/p>\n 7. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cthi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd\u201d;<\/p>\n 8. Nh\u00ecn th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201ctho\u00e1i h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac,\u201d th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbn\u201d;<\/p>\n 9. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ea1nh tranh t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ed9ng sinh c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i\u201d;<\/p>\n 10. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o\u201d;<\/p>\n 11. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d;<\/p>\n 12. Gene ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d;<\/p>\n 13. \u201cC\u00e2y ph\u00e1t sinh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d (c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a) l\u00e0 c\u00e2y gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9.<\/p>\n Trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3 (ph\u1ea7n 1)<\/a>, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh x\u1ea3o, \u0111a c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111a chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u \u2026 th\u00f4ng qua li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, th\u1ea7n kinh, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 DNA, v.v. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n Thu\u1eadn theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gene, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 vi m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a gene. C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u di truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nghi ng\u1edd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0111\u00f2n tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ng\u201d v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111a g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn gene, khi Darwin \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1859, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m gene. Sau g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m, th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a gene, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1856 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1863, tu s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884) \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m lai t\u1ea1o h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eadu trong ng\u00f4i v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ee7a tu vi\u1ec7n. Trong t\u00e1m n\u0103m n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng Mendel \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y \u0111\u1eadu H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra quy lu\u1eadt di truy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: c\u00e1c gene \u0111i theo c\u1eb7p, ch\u00fang quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau. Gene l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y sang th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c. V\u1ec1 sau, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cQuy lu\u1eadt di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Mendel.\u201d [203]<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1879, nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Walther Flemming (1843-1905) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n chia t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di truy\u1ec1n. [204]<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1902, nh\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Theodor Heinrich Boveri (1862-1915) [205] v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Walter S. Sutton (1877-1916) [206] th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt mang y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 di truy\u1ec1n. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng quan tr\u1ecdng cho m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 di truy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1915, nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945) \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ru\u1ed3i gi\u1ea5m. \u00d4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c gene \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m di truy\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Morgan \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1933. [207]<\/p>\n \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1953, nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 James Dewey Watson v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Francis Crick (1916-2004) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac xo\u1eafn k\u00e9p c\u1ee7a DNA. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng gene l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt. [208]<\/p>\n 3.1 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gene kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a lo\u00e0i\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Darwin bao g\u1ed3m hai \u0111i\u1ec3m: (1) t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung v\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y sang lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c; (2) c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u1ec3 sinh t\u1ed3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt, th\u00f4ng qua ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, sinh v\u1eadt th\u00edch nghi nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u00f9 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Darwin. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 gene kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a lo\u00e0i\u201d m\u00e0 Darwin \u0111\u01b0a ra. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft Darwin kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.\u201d H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ngh\u0129a ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a,\u201d thay \u0111\u1ed5i di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft Darwin, \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean hoa m\u1ef9 nh\u01b0 \u201cthuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin.\u201d Tuy nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea5t tri b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u201c\u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean\u201d m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1 ra, cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. N\u1ebfu lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1eady th\u00ec li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y sang lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c hay kh\u00f4ng? Ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gene cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n 3.1.1 Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i<\/b><\/p>\n M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 1% [209].<\/p>\n V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 19, Gs.Ts Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111i ch\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i sinh l\u00fd b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd [210].<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb t\u00f9y \u00fd thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c tivi, v\u1eady chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c tivi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng? R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng r\u1ed3i. Hu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3 s\u1ef1 tinh vi v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gene trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t gene b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u00ec h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n Theo gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin, \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y nh\u1ea3y sang lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn gene ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 sai l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn gene l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong cho m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1ebd t\u1eed vong.<\/p>\n Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i n\u00ean m\u1ed9t khi x\u1ea3y ra l\u1ed7i m\u00e3 h\u00f3a, t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n sinh m\u1ec7nh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a gene. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1988, nh\u00e0 vi sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Richard Lenski \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nu\u00f4i c\u1ea5y vi khu\u1ea9n Escherichia coli (E. coli). \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y E. col sinh s\u1ea3n h\u01a1n 60.000 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u00edt c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n (th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i). [211]<\/p>\n 3.1.2 \u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi<\/b><\/p>\n Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di\u1ec5n ra theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/p>\n Trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Science v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2018 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1, cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa b\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u1ee3n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 80% [212]. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 20% s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 sau 1% kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u0103ng l\u00ean th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t 1%\/th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn trung t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn trung t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn trung t\u00ednh tr\u00ean 10\u2078~10\u2079 c\u1eb7p baz\u01a1 tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 [213]. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t 20% y\u00eau c\u1ea7u 20\/10\u23ba\u2078 \u0111\u1ebfn 20\/10\u23ba\u2079, t\u1ee9c 2\u00d710\u2079 \u0111\u1ebfn 2\u00d710\u00b9\u2070 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta t\u00ednh to\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng c\u1ee9 sau 5 n\u0103m lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n l\u1ea1i sinh s\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 10\u00b9\u2070 \u0111\u1ebfn 10\u00b9\u00b9 n\u0103m, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 10 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ebfn 100 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m. Gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i suy lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 13.8 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m. Chi\u1ec3u theo thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin, th\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. V\u00ec v\u1eady, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1eddi gian th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o, v\u01b0\u1ee3n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb protein, gene, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, c\u01a1 quan cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt, th\u00ec c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang d\u00f9 \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed protein ho\u1eb7c \u0111o\u1ea1n gene n\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 v\u00e0 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3; ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng acid amin v\u00e0 nucleotide l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 protein ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng gene.<\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t protein ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n gene v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n b\u1eb1ng Anh ng\u1eef. Trong \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef c\u00e1i, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n b\u00e0o \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt gene, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc; con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gene r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n b\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 Britannica. Ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung nhi\u1ec1u gene thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t con kh\u1ec9 g\u00f5 ch\u1eef linh tinh tr\u00ean m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i hy v\u1ecdng n\u00f3 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1n b\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 Britannica.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi m\u00f4,\u201d t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i gene trong m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u cao v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m vi t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00e1o n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m v\u00e0 l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4,\u201d t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i sinh ra lo\u00e0i, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u vi\u1ec3n v\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n 3.1.3 Xu th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a<\/b><\/p>\n \u201cM\u00f9a xu\u00e2n gieo m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t th\u00f3c, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a thu g\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t.\u201d M\u1ecdi th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf t\u1ebf b\u00e0o m\u1eb9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201ch\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng.\u201d Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sao ch\u00e9p, ph\u00e2n chia v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ebd quan s\u00e1t xem c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 con \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1eb9.<\/p>\n T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sai s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t di truy\u1ec1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n l\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 sao ch\u00e9p c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra sai s\u00f3t. Sinh m\u1ec7nh sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn m\u1edbi n\u00e0o x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n chia v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o m\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o m\u1ea7m. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u201cc\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n\u201d c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u00ednh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ebfm. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n nghi\u00eam t\u00fac gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kho b\u00e1u.<\/p>\n C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ban \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 cha m\u1eb9 h\u01a1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn s\u1edbm h\u01a1n, th\u1ef1c ra c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn mu\u1ed9n, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ebfm sai m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee5m v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene.<\/p>\n H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i trong di truy\u1ec1n sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 sai l\u1ec7ch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t mang t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn, t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9, c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Do s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ec7ch nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lung lay, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i li\u1ec7u thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 thi hay kh\u00f4ng. [214]<\/p>\n Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Ron Woodruff, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Ho\u00e0i H\u1ea3i \u01afng (Huai Haiying) t\u1eeb Khoa Sinh h\u1ecdc, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bang Bowling Green v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 James N Thompson Jr t\u1eeb Khoa \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oklahoma, \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t truy\u1ec1n qua c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ru\u1ed3i gi\u1ea5m. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc h\u01a1n 10.000 nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 ru\u1ed3i gi\u1ea5m X c\u00f3 194 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene l\u1eb7n t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eed vong, c\u00f3 76 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee5m (Cluster) c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb 2 \u0111\u1ebfn 19. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, 39.2% \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee5m. \u0110\u00e2y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1ea5t th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng cao h\u01a1n do hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee5m l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. [215]<\/p>\n Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Ho\u00e0i H\u1ea3i \u01afng, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho bi\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n r\u1eb1ng: \u201cC\u00e1ch t\u00ednh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n th\u1ef1c ra ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f2n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt th\u00ec cao h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1 m\u1eafc l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1 nh\u1ecf th\u00ec b\u1ecb b\u1ecf s\u00f3t. M\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1 nh\u1ecf \u1edf trong bi\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t r\u1ea5t xa c\u00e1 l\u1edbn. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 l\u00e0m ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua ch\u00fang.\u201d<\/p>\n \u201cV\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong 1.000 ph\u00e2n chia c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o m\u1ea7m, 999 ph\u00e2n b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ph\u00e2n b\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p \u00edt nh\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c l\u1ea7n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n\u201d.<\/p>\n \u201cCh\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 b\u1ecf s\u00f3t m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, sinh m\u1ec7nh s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, cho n\u00ean xu th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a.\u201d<\/p>\n T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, d\u1ef1a theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene, \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t vong ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, sau khi m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u00ean trong s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d nh\u01b0 Darwin \u0111\u1ec1 ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n 3.2 \u201c\u0110\u1ed9t \u200b\u200bbi\u1ebfn trung t\u00ednh\u201d l\u00e0m lung lay \u201cch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau th\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 trung t\u00ednh. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n hai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1968, nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a Motoo Kimura (1924-1994) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a trung t\u00ednh.\u201d Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn trung t\u00ednh g\u00e2y ra; ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene l\u00e0 trung t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i [216].<\/p>\n \u00d4ng Kimura cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn trung t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, gene \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 gene ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 trung t\u00ednh, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn trung t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n L\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u201ck\u1ebb th\u00edch nghi nh\u1ea5t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Darwin v\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn trung t\u00ednh\u201d c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Kimura. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i mua v\u00e9 s\u1ed1, Darwin cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd tr\u00fang s\u1ed1, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tr\u00fang s\u1ed1, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u01b0u ti\u00ean; \u00f4ng Kimura th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00fang x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 hay kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, m\u00e0u da hay s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u01b0u ti\u00ean n\u00e0o, vi\u1ec7c anh ta th\u1eafng hay thua ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cmay m\u1eafn.\u201d<\/p>\n N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn trung t\u00ednh cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t gene n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o may m\u1eafn.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1969, hai nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Jack Lester King v\u00e0 Thomas Jukes \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 thuy\u1ebft \u201cTi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a phi Darwin\u201d (Non-Darwinian Evolution) tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Science. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00ednh. [217]<\/p>\n D\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef l\u1edbn r\u1eb1ng: \u201cH\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u1edf protein c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn trung t\u00ednh v\u00e0 phi\u00eau b\u1ea1t di truy\u1ec1n.\u201d (Most evolutionary change in proteins may be due to neutral mutations and genetic drift.) Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng: \u201cKh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a trong DNA \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 do ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean theo thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Darwin.\u201d<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1983, \u00f4ng Kimura \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u khoa h\u1ecdc gia cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00ednh, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean th\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t Tomoko Ohta, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cThe Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution\u201d (L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp theo [218]. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh cho ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. Ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cbi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u1eed.\u201d<\/p>\n Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn trung t\u00ednh, lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0o c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u201cmay r\u1ee7i,\u201d ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Darwin. B\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, n\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. V\u00ec v\u1eady, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a phi Darwin.\u201d \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00ednh trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 gene.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 sau, \u00f4ng Tomoko Ohta, h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Kimura, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed g\u1ea7n trung t\u00ednh\u201d (Nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution). Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i \u00edt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lan ra trong qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn trung t\u00ednh [219]. C\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 trung t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i \u00edt, \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed g\u1ea7n trung t\u00ednh\u201d \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 2019, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 Deborah Charlesworth (1943\u2014 ), nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a Brian Charlesworth (1945\u2014 ) v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc Michael Lynch (1951\u2014) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Evolution. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft cho bi\u1ebft, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n do \u00f4ng Kimura v\u00e0 Tomoko Ohta \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 50 n\u0103m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u2026\u201d [220]<\/p>\n N\u0103m 2019, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cL\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gia t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn\u201d (Relaxed Selection Limits Lifespan by Rising Mutation Load) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean trang b\u00eca c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Cell. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng, th\u00f4ng qua ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 gene, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 trung t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng \u1edf m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u1ea9m. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ed9 gene, ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. [221]<\/p>\n H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 trung t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea7n trung t\u00ednh, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n ra l\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch nghi. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean ch\u00fang; th\u1ee9 hai, lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng qua phi\u00eau b\u1ea1t di truy\u1ec1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh; th\u1ee9 ba, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn trung t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 sinh v\u1eadt n\u00e0o l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o quy m\u00f4 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh.<\/p>\n Theo gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Darwin, khi m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1c gene sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n do ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u00edch nghi\u201d; khi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb thu nh\u1ecf k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t do kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean xem tr\u1ecdng, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ctuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng.\u201d<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch nghi t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trung t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean do tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 may r\u1ee7i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1968, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m lung lay gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb c\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n 3.3 \u201c\u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng\u201d th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u201c\u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n Theo gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin, \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean ph\u00e1t sinh, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 tu\u00e2n theo quy lu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n 3.3.1 \u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u00e2y Arabidopsis thaliana<\/b><\/p>\n N\u0103m 2022, nh\u00f3m \u00f4ng J. Grey Monroe, tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Khoa Khoa h\u1ecdc Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u1edf Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California t\u1ea1i Davis \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn v\u0103n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nature [222]. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene c\u00f3 quy lu\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n Lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California t\u1ea1i Davis v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n Sinh h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Max Planck \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c. C\u1ea3 hai t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong ng\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 quy lu\u1eadt ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh 3 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u01a1n 1 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene \u1edf c\u00e2y Arabidopsis thaliana.<\/p>\n C\u00e2y Arabidopsis thaliana l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y nh\u1ecf, nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00e1i v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ng\u1eafn, d\u1ec5 thao t\u00e1c di truy\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 gene \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. So v\u1edbi 3.2 t\u1ef7 c\u1eb7p base c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 120 tri\u1ec7u c\u1eb7p base. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u di truy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cru\u1ed3i gi\u1ea5m trong gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt.\u201d Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 25, m\u1ed7i d\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 40 c\u00e2y con. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu khi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y con n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 tu\u1ea7n tu\u1ed5i r\u1ed3i d\u00f9ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u00e2n t\u00edch di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ecd mong \u0111\u1ee3i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a gene c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3: th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 50% so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gene thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu (essential genes) li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n gen, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m 2\/3.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng gene quan tr\u1ecdng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. H\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c sinh v\u1eadt \u201cki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ee7 quan\u201d c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00edch nghi nh\u1ea5t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n Theo c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn DNA kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i sao x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 do b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n DNA n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn, hay l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tu s\u1eeda DNA v\u1ec1 sau c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi.<\/p>\n Th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California t\u1ea1i Davis cho bi\u1ebft: \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eabn cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn trong b\u1ed9 gene th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn.\u201d [223]<\/p>\n C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u00e0y tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nature [224]. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng nghi ng\u1edd v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n 3.3.2 \u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1edf n\u1ea5m men n\u1ea3y ch\u1ed3i<\/b><\/p>\n Trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2017 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed PLOS Biology, nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u do \u00f4ng Jonathan Houseley, nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n Babraham thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn m\u1edbi trong b\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a n\u1ea5m men. [225]<\/p>\n H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u201cbi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3n sao\u201d (copy number variation, CNV) r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong b\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. DNA th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nucleotide ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gene. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3n sao nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 2, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 th\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3n sao l\u00e0 1 ho\u1eb7c 3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u201cbi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3n sao.\u201d Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, CNV trong ung th\u01b0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i u v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Houseley s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u1ea5m men n\u1ea3y ch\u1ed3i, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (CNV) c\u1ee7a gene kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng CUP1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean khi n\u1ea5m men ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ed3ng. S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gene n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i gene kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi, khi\u1ebfn n\u1ea5m men c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi nhanh h\u01a1n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e0u \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf gene CUP1 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 galactose. Khi c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u1ea5m men \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng galactose, s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3n sao gene c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u00f4ng Houseley \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m cho th\u1ea5y m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong gen nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n \u00d4ng Philip Hastings, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u1ec1 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Y Baylor, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng cho bi\u1ebft: \u201c\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf m\u1edbi, cho th\u1ea5y m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 gene \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u00edch nghi khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay.\u201d<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ng thu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 virus c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng. Cho d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng vi khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 virus n\u00e0y c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, th\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ban \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a lo\u00e0i.\u201d<\/p>\n 3.4 \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i khung duy nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m g\u1ecdn trong \u0111\u00f3\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea \u1edf tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a lo\u00e0i\u201d, \u201cch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean\u201d trong gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Darwin l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 di truy\u1ec1n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gene ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Darwin, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0, \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u201c\u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n\u201d trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p b\u00e0y t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n quan s\u00e1t n\u00e0o m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u00f3p m\u00e9o v\u00e0 d\u00e1n nh\u00e3n l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, nh\u1eb1m l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y v\u00e0 che gi\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng s\u01a1 h\u1edf v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp thu n\u00f3 th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb. C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m l\u1edbn, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i tr\u1eafng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu\u1ed9m t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfc \u201cth\u00f9ng\u201d n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u00e0u v\u1edbi n\u00f3.<\/p>\n Cho d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia sau n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9i l\u00ean c\u00e1i m\u0169 \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.\u201d V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a phi Darwin\u201d [226], \u201cSinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed phi Darwin\u201d [227], bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb l\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u00f3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt sinh h\u1ecdc do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ed1n d\u0129 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1i khung c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u201cnhu\u1ed9m m\u00e0u\u201d \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5, sau khi c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia m\u1edf ra k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u1edbi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Mendel v\u00e0 Morgan ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt di truy\u1ec1n. Th\u1ef1c ra h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin, b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi Darwin \u0111\u01b0a ra thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc. Morgan \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft hai cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng, cu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cTi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi\u201d (Evolution and Adaptation, 1903), trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Darwin; cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 \u201cPh\u00ea ph\u00e1n thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (A Critique of the Theory of Evolution, 1916). Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 sau Morgan c\u0169ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. [228]<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 khi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00ednh l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u201cch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d c\u1ee7a \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a,\u201d nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb thu n\u1ea1p v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.\u201d<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u201c\u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean,\u201d nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb thu n\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.\u201d Ngay c\u1ea3 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e2y Arabidopsis thaliana c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft theo t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n \u201cGi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con t\u1eafc k\u00e8 hoa v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i khung duy nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u00f3.\u201d<\/p>\n H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, d\u00e1n nh\u00e3n l\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p m\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch DNA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Human Evolution v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2018 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n 9\/10 lo\u00e0i tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y nay, bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, chim, c\u00e1, g\u1ea5u, v.v. \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb 100,000 \u0111\u1ebfn 200,000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i trong thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00fang v\u00e0o t\u1eed huy\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong d\u00f2ng ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i b\u00e1o, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y tu\u00e2n theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 l\u01b0u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. [229]<\/p>\n Tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ra r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb pha tr\u1ed9n v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i, vi ph\u1ea1m tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea7y s\u01a1 h\u1edf, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gi\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc trong h\u01a1n 160 n\u0103m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u201cl\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5.\u201d<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ng\u1ee5y trang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e3o thanh t\u1ec9nh s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/b><\/p>\n 203. Miko, I. 2008 Gregor Mendel and the principles of inheritance. Nature Education 1(1):134.https:\/\/www.nature.com\/scitable\/topicpage\/gregor-mendel-and-the-principles-of-inheritance-593\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 204. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. \u201cWalther Flemming\u201d. Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 Apr. 2023, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Walther-Flemming<\/a>. Accessed 12 July 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n 205. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. \u201cTheodor Heinrich Boveri\u201d. Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Oct. 2022, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Theodor-Heinrich-Boveri<\/a>. Accessed 13 July 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n 206. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. \u201cWalter Sutton\u201d. 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Fu, X., & Huai, H. (2003). Estimating mutation rate: How to count mutations? Genetics, 164(2), 797-805.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/genetics\/164.2.797<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 215. Woodruff, R. C., Huai, H., & Thompson, J. N., Jr (1996). Clusters of identical new mutation in the evolutionary landscape. Genetica, 98(2), 149\u2013160.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00121363<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 216. KIMURA, M. Evolutionary Rate at the Molecular Level. Nature 217, 624\u2013626 (1968).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/217624a0<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 217. King, J. L., & Jukes, T. H. (1969). Non-Darwinian evolution. Science (New York, N.Y.), 164(3881), 788\u2013798.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.164.3881.788<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 218. Kimura M. (1991). The neutral theory of molecular evolution: a review of recent evidence. Idengaku zasshi, 66(4), 367\u2013386.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1266\/jjg.66.367<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 219. OHTA, T. Slightly Deleterious Mutant Substitutions in Evolution. Nature 246, 96\u201398 (1973).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/246096a0<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 220. Jensen, J. D., Payseur, B. A., Stephan, W., Aquadro, C. F., Lynch, M., Charlesworth, D., & Charlesworth, B. (2019). The importance of the Neutral Theory in 1968 and 50 years on: A response to Kern and Hahn 2018. Evolution; international journal of organic evolution, 73(1), 111\u2013114.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/evo.13650<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 221. Cui, R., Medeiros, T., Willemsen, D., Iasi, L. N. M., Collier, G. E., Graef, M., Reichard, M., & Valenzano, D. R. (2019). Relaxed Selection Limits Lifespan by Increasing Mutation Load. Cell, 178(2), 385\u2013399.e20.https:\/\/www.cell.com\/cell\/fulltext\/S0092-8674(19)30632-4?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867419306324%3Fshowall%3Dtrue<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 222. Monroe, J.G., Srikant, T., Carbonell-Bejerano, P. et al. Mutation bias reflects natural selection in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature 602, 101\u2013105 (2022).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-04269-6<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 223. Emily C. Dooley January 12, 2022. Study Challenges Evolutionary Theory That DNA Mutations Are Random. Findings Could Lead to Advances in Plant Breeding, Human Genetics. https:\/\/www.ucdavis.edu\/food\/news\/study-challenges-evolutionary-theory-dna-mutations-are-random#:~:text=%E2%80%9CWe%20always%20thought%20of%20mutation,way%20that%20benefits%20the%20plant<\/a>. Accessed on 19 June 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n 224. Domingues, V. (2023). Mutations are not random. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 7(1), 5.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41559-022-01959-w<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 225. Hull RM, Cruz C, Jack CV, Houseley J (2017) Environmental change drives accelerated adaptation through stimulated copy number variation. PLoS Biol 15(6): e2001333.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.2001333<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 226. King, J. L., & Jukes, T. H. (1969). Non-Darwinian evolution. Science (New York, N.Y.), 164(3881), 788\u2013798.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.164.3881.788<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 227. Palazzo, A. F., & Kejiou, N. S. (2022). Non-Darwinian Molecular Biology. Frontiers in Genetics, 13.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2022.831068<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 228 Allen, Garland Edward. \u201cThomas Hunt Morgan\u201d. Encyclopedia Britannica, 30 Nov. 2022, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Thomas-Hunt-Morgan<\/a>. Accessed 16 July 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n 229. M.Y. Stoeckle, D.S. Thaler. Why should mitochondria define species? Human Evolution. Vol. 33; n. 1-2 (1-30) \u2013 2018. DOI: 10.14673\/HE2018121037; https:\/\/phe.rockefeller.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Stoeckle-Thaler-Final-reduced-002.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u00f3m bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n \u201cNh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d<\/p>\n (The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n (B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Epoch Times Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/a>)<\/p>\n