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<\/a><\/p>\nChuy\u00ean m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a The Epoch Times: Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n
M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/p>\n
1. S\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/p>\n
1.1 Th\u1ea7n h\u1ed9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/p>\n
1.2 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/p>\n
1.3 T\u1ebf b\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi tinh di\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/p>\n
1.3.1 C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gan l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y sinh h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/p>\n
1.3.2 C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 b\u00ed \u1ea9n<\/p>\n
2. DNA \u0111\u1ea7y b\u00ed \u1ea9n<\/p>\n
2.1 \u201cXo\u1eafn k\u00e9p\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cSi\u00eau xo\u1eafn\u201d<\/p>\n
2.2 H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n
2.3 B\u00e0i to\u00e1n \u201ccon g\u00e0\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cqu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng\u201d<\/p>\n
2.4 \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00f4 song<\/p>\n
2.5 S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a DNA khi\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u00ea li\u1ec7t<\/p>\n
Ti\u1ebfp theo:<\/b> Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u2018Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u2019 (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2): Ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf suy ngh\u0129 sai l\u1ea7m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n trong thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (Ph\u1ea7n 3)<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh tham gia. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt nh\u01b0 n\u1ea5m m\u1ecdc sau m\u01b0a. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 l\u00f2ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7ng di\u1ec7n vi quan, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Darwin kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/i><\/p>\n Sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 sinh m\u1ec7nh? Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng nhau l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi DNA.<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi d\u1ecbch c\u00fam T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 virus corona m\u1edbi, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia t\u1eebng t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nh\u1ecf virus v\u00e0o m\u0169i h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m. V\u00ec sao v\u1eady? B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh nhu\u1ec7 b\u1ea9m sinh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y l\u1eabn \u0111\u00eam, th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u201cNg\u1ef1 l\u00e2m qu\u00e2n\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cThi\u00ean long b\u00e1t b\u1ed9.\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt, \u0111i l\u1ea1i, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y n\u00f3ng l\u1ea1nh, suy ngh\u0129, ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u2026 T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o ch\u00fang ta. \u0110\u1ea1i n\u00e3o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u201ctrung t\u00e2m x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin\u201d ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1ea5t trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/i><\/p>\n M\u1ed9t si\u00eau xe th\u1ec3 thao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9, s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 l\u00e1i n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu \u0111i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tinh m\u1ef9, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 b\u00ed \u1ea9n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u1ebd n\u00e0o l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra hay sao?<\/i><\/p>\n T\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy ho\u1ea1ch c\u00f4ng phu: m\u00e0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con h\u00e0o b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh, nh\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh; DNA mang th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tinh chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 \u01b0u nh\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu chi\u1ec3u theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Darwin, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i protein k\u00edch c\u1ee1 trung b\u00ecnh th\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p nucleotide c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft s\u1ebd l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/i><\/p>\n Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 gene, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n: quy lu\u1eadt bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i gene v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh, k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d c\u1ee7a Darwin.<\/i><\/p>\n Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u201cC\u00e2y s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a Darwin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e2y ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i.\u201d Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i \u201cc\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee5 che tr\u1eddi\u201d \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1t tr\u00ean th\u00e2n c\u00e2y, b\u1edfi v\u1eady, n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee5i c\u00e2y ng\u1eafn. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau trong \u201cd\u00f2ng h\u1ecd sinh v\u1eadt\u201d do Darwin v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ra, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u1ed5 t\u00f4n.<\/i><\/p>\n Khi sinh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra, l\u00e0 DNA c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, hay protein c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea3 hai, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1i n\u00e0o. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 n\u00e0y n\u00f3i cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201c\u0110\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf sinh m\u1ec7nh tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, th\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 sinh m\u1ec7nh n\u00e0o tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra.<\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed Michael Denton \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1eddi d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20.\u201d Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2n ch\u00ed m\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u00e0o \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a,\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u201ck\u1ebft lu\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ra \u0111\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Khi \u0111\u00f3, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Darwin nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u0129 m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p to l\u1edbn v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, m\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t \u00edt v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o.<\/p>\n M\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n Ng\u00e0y 14\/04\/2017, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Utah, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Caltech v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ho\u00e0ng gia Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Science. H\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ti\u00ean mao (l\u00f4ng roi, flagella) c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n Escherichia coli c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 nano quay\u201d (rotary nanomotor) nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc 25 nanomet, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a 100 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng tinh t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 50 ph\u1ea7n do kho\u1ea3ng 30 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed protein kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh. Ch\u00fang t\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Thi\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i n\u00e0o th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. [173]<\/p>\n Ti\u00ean mao c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n (flagella) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed protein v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nano ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1ea5t, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh vi nh\u1ea5t trong gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Do t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cao n\u00ean n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh h\u1ecdc. N\u1ebfu chi\u1ec3u theo thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch flagella ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Flagella ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p theo quy tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. M\u1ed9t con vi khu\u1ea9n b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n tinh vi v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, hu\u1ed1ng chi l\u00e0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi?<\/p>\n B\u00e1c s\u0129 Geoffrey Simmons t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Illinois t\u1eebng n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh. \u0110a s\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng. T\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 x\u00e9t, m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi quan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2026\u201d [174]<\/p>\n Thu\u1eadn theo s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng nghi ng\u1edd v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n 1. S\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/b><\/p>\n Khi Darwin \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p \u0111en. \u00d4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tinh vi c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng sinh m\u1ec7nh r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 tri v\u00f4 gi\u00e1c. Ng\u00e0y nay, chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p \u0111en n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u00f3a sinh \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda l\u1edbn cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Khi \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh m\u1ec7nh \u2013 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc \u2013 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u00f3a li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i \u201cNh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a,\u201d ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tinh x\u1ea3o m\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a con m\u1eaft v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng thu nh\u1eadn v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a 10 l\u1edbp v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ea3m quang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kinh ng\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u1ea1 khi Darwin \u201cr\u00f9ng m\u00ecnh\u201d m\u1ed7i khi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n Trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i,\u201d Darwin \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cN\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u01a1 quan ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng qua v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, th\u00ec l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng.\u201d [175]<\/p>\n C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tim m\u1ea1ch, h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p, mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, th\u1ea7n kinh, th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00eau h\u00f3a, da v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft, v.v. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, tim c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi m\u1ed7i kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang \u0111\u1eadp, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi m\u00e1u c\u0169 gi\u00e0u ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ed5i v\u00e0 gan \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh m\u00e1u m\u1edbi, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n \u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn gene t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c protein c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi sinh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a, t\u0103ng sinh v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gene v\u00e0 protein t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t si\u00eau ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o th\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u0111i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u1ed1n c\u00f3. V\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c, cho n\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 Darwin \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n Hai \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, Gs.Ts Michael Behe (1952-) \u200b\u200bc\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Lehigh \u1edf Pennsylvania, Hoa K\u1ef3, t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cH\u1ed9p \u0111en c\u1ee7a Darwin\u201d (Darwin\u2019s Black Box). [176]<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u00ednh si\u00eau ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u201ch\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng\u201d (Systemic redundancy), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng [177]. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u00fap t\u0103ng t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb ho\u1eb7c t\u1ef1 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa [178].<\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bao g\u1ed3m: khi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan hay h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c suy gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean quan kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nh\u1eb1m b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c duy tr\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chung c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadn b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 mang theo m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc l\u1ed1p d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c l\u1ed1p xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c thay l\u1ed1p d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e1i xe m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t b\u00ean v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Ho\u1eb7c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng sao l\u01b0u, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u1eady th\u00ec sau khi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh sao l\u01b0u, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh sao l\u01b0u v\u00e0 l\u1ed1p d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1eady l\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3? \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3.\u201d C\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin ch\u1ec9 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. V\u00ec v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin.<\/p>\n Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ef1 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng n\u00e0y \u2013 L\u00e0 ai trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi ng\u00e0i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o,\u201d th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u201c\u0110\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o.\u201d<\/p>\n D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n 1.1 Th\u1ea7n h\u1ed9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/b><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch c\u00fam T\u00e2y Ban Nha n\u0103m 1918 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. C\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1918, c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u1edf Boston \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u1eed th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ecd c\u1ed1 \u00fd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 ch\u1ee9a virus trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u00fam T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o m\u1eaft, m\u0169i ho\u1eb7c mi\u1ec7ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh. [179]<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Deer \u1edf C\u1ea3ng Boston. Nh\u00f3m t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2n x\u00e1 n\u1ebfu tham gia v\u00e0o th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 may m\u1eafn s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t sau khi b\u1ecb l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m c\u00fam.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00edch cho c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ch\u1ee9a m\u00f4 ph\u1ed5i b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh t\u1eeb b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u00fam ho\u1eb7c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch c\u00fam, nh\u1ecf d\u1ecbch m\u00f4 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0o m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi x\u1ecbt v\u00e0o m\u0169i v\u00e0 mi\u1ec7ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00ed dung truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f2n l\u1ea5y m\u00e1u t\u1eeb b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u00edch v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n chuy\u1ec3n 10 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u00fam s\u1eafp t\u1eed vong \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n s\u1eafp t\u1eed vong n\u00e0y, c\u00fai xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u00edt v\u00e0o th\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh khi b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n th\u1edf ra. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi virus, c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u00fam \u0111\u00e3 ho v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 mi\u1ec7ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd: Kh\u00f4ng ai trong s\u1ed1 62 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m virus c\u00fam. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai t\u1eed vong.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u00e1c \u1edf San Francisco c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 tr\u00ean 50 t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. [180]<\/p>\n Trong \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch virus corona (COVID-19) t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2020 \u0111\u1ebfn 2023, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nature \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia Anh qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2022. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n, h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ch\u1ee9a virus corona (SARS-CoV-2) \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o m\u0169i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng virus \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. [181]<\/p>\n Trong s\u1ed1 36 t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh tham gia th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, c\u00f3 16 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec5m virus, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh cho d\u00f9 h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi virus nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Thi\u00ean ban t\u1eb7ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3, tinh di\u1ec7u, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt ngo\u1ea1i lai m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch. [182]<\/p>\n M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta \u201cmang\u201d tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t con \u201cm\u1eaft\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 vi m\u00f4 gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. N\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n, do \u0111\u00f3 khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng virus t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n V\u1eady h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta v\u00ed c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i ki\u00ean c\u1ed1, th\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch s\u1ebd gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n tinh nhu\u1ec7 do \u201cThi\u00ean long b\u00e1t b\u1ed9\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cNg\u1ef1 l\u00e2m qu\u00e2n\u201d t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh. Ch\u00fang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y l\u1eabn \u0111\u00eam kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i virus v\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n. Virus v\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea9m b\u1ed5 v\u00e0 sinh s\u00f4i.<\/p>\n C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1eadt l\u00fd, bao g\u1ed3m da, m\u0169i, m\u1eaft, v.v. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1eadt l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu v\u00ed c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, th\u00ec c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1ebd gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201cb\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh.\u201d<\/p>\n Tuy\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf tu\u1ea7n tra tr\u00ean \u201cb\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh\u201d gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201cl\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa.\u201d So v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u201cb\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh\u201d ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ho\u1eb7c xua m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh ra kh\u1ecfi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, th\u00ec \u201cl\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa\u201d s\u1ebd ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong khoang m\u0169i, c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng, kh\u00ed qu\u1ea3n, ph\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n, ph\u1ed5i, v.v. \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o bi\u1ec3u m\u00f4, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o bi\u1ec3u m\u00f4 s\u1ebd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t Interferon sau khi nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng. Interferon l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1ng virus quan tr\u1ecdng. Sau khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n l\u00ean c\u1ee7a virus, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m lan r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u201cInterferon.\u201d<\/p>\n Tuy\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o v\u1eadt l\u00fd, tuy\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o bi\u1ec3u m\u00f4. Ch\u00fang ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n virus, vi khu\u1ea9n x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n Khi virus ho\u1eb7c vi khu\u1ea9n x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 th\u00ec t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u di chuy\u1ec3n kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. Virus gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tr\u1ed9m, l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch x\u1ea5u xa c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, ch\u00fang x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi ng\u00f3c ng\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng b\u00ed m\u1eadt. C\u00f2n vi khu\u1ea9n th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u01b0\u1edbp thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh trong l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e2y lan v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n l\u00ean.<\/p>\n D\u00f9 l\u00e0 tr\u1ed9m hay c\u01b0\u1edbp, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o da, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ea9n n\u00e1u trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ru\u1ed9t. Khi virus ho\u1eb7c vi khu\u1ea9n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e2n l\u00ean, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c, g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n trong l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n L\u00fac n\u00e0y c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch tinh vi h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch ti\u00ean thi\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch h\u1eadu thi\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c nhau trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u00fang chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf virus v\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch ti\u00ean thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ea1m\u201d do c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn khi g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft. So v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch h\u1eadu thi\u00ean, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eafn. B\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1t, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c b\u00e0o, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (NK) v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ed5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch ti\u00ean thi\u00ean.<\/p>\n B\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u trung t\u00ednh, b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u \u01b0a acid v\u00e0 b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u \u01b0a ki\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n B\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u trung t\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn binh tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, s\u1edf h\u1eefu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng v\u00e0 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a vi khu\u1ea9n. Khi g\u1eb7p k\u1ebb l\u1ea1 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp, ch\u00fang t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft, nh\u1ed1t vi khu\u1ea9n trong m\u00e0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ch\u00fang. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u trung t\u00ednh trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong ba lo\u1ea1i, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t nhanh, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn binh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau khi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201cc\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t tu\u1ea7n tra.\u201d<\/p>\n B\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u \u00e1i toan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i k\u00fd sinh tr\u00f9ng. K\u00fd sinh tr\u00f9ng l\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt \u0111a b\u00e0o kh\u00f3 nu\u1ed1t, tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u \u01b0a acid kh\u00f4ng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t k\u00fd sinh tr\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c b\u00e0o, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc xuy\u00ean qua m\u00e0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. V\u1eady n\u00ean, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u \u00e1i toan kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cnh\u00e2n vi\u00ean kh\u1eed tr\u00f9ng.\u201d<\/p>\n B\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u \u00e1i ki\u1ec1m th\u00ec gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng vi\u00eam c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ecb \u1ee9ng, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201cl\u00ednh c\u1ee9u h\u1ecfa.\u201d C\u00e1c b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tham gia khi m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb vi\u00eam (nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y).<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c b\u00e0o th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201cc\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d hay \u201cng\u1ef1 ti\u1ec1n th\u1ecb v\u1ec7,\u201d ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c b\u00e0o m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n. Khi virus ho\u1eb7c vi khu\u1ea9n x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 quan, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c b\u00e0o s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh, nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng v\u00e0 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. So v\u1edbi b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u trung t\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c b\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c b\u00e0o c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. Sau m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 thu d\u1ecdn chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. V\u00ec v\u1eady n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t danh l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n d\u1ecdn r\u00e1c,\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n Sau khi nu\u1ed1t m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c b\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111u\u00f4i gai s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u00fang v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch h\u1eadu thi\u00ean, cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u00f9. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch ti\u00ean thi\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch h\u1eadu thi\u00ean. C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111u\u00f4i gai c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng tin t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u201ct\u00edn hi\u1ec7u vi\u00ean\u201d truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n T\u1ebf b\u00e0o NK (t\u1ebf b\u00e0o di\u1ec7t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n ti\u00ean phong, ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nhi\u1ec5m virus v\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ung th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c trong \u201c\u0111\u1ed9i h\u1ed9 v\u1ec7\u201d n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 \u201cInterferon,\u201d \u201cb\u1ed5 th\u1ec3,\u201d \u201ckh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ccytokine,\u201d ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 c\u1ea7m tr\u00ean tay v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t k\u1ebb th\u00f9 r\u1ea5t chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng vi khu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ed5 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh, vi khu\u1ea9n, virus ho\u1eb7c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ef1c b\u00e0o th\u00f4ng qua \u201copsonin.\u201d N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu v\u00ed t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 \u201cc\u01a1m\u201d th\u00ec b\u1ed5 th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ecbt\u201d l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ef1c b\u00e0o \u0103n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ed5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng vi\u00eam, b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, v.v.<\/p>\n R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cao th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t virus v\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u201cx\u00e1c ch\u1ebft\u201d c\u1ee7a virus, vi khu\u1ea9n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c b\u00e0o d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn virus v\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n tinh nhu\u1ec7 qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch ngay sau l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt k\u1ebb lang thang c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u00f3ng gi\u00f3.<\/p>\n Vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u trung t\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c b\u00e0o, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o NK v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ed5 th\u1ec3. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch h\u1eadu thi\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cl\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o lympho, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh t\u1ebf b\u00e0o T v\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o B. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a virus, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n Sau khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch ti\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t, c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111u\u00f4i gai v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c b\u00e0o s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n ch\u00fang, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o T.<\/p>\n Sau khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o T s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ebf b\u00e0o B s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o T v\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o B s\u1ebd \u201cghi nh\u1edb\u201d c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp l\u1ea7n sau, nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch ti\u00ean thi\u00ean, v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n T\u1ebf b\u00e0o B c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o lympho. C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o B \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra v\u0169 kh\u00ed m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng: \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o B gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u0169 kh\u00ed. Kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a \u201ccon cua,\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1eafn t\u1ec9a.<\/p>\n H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n k\u1ef3 \u200b\u200bdi\u1ec7u, linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ba l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang (h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n), c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i virus m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi virus corona nhi\u1ec1u bao nhi\u00eau m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh? H\u00f3a ra trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u00ed k\u00edp v\u00f5 c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n Li\u1ec7u thuy\u1ebft \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d c\u1ee7a Darwin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 tinh di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay kh\u00f4ng? L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, c\u00f4ng phu cao th\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng phu \u0111\u00e2y?<\/p>\n C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch ti\u00ean thi\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1eadu thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o T ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o B s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n 1.2 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/b><\/p>\n Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt, \u0111i l\u1ea1i, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y n\u00f3ng l\u1ea1nh, bi\u1ebft suy ngh\u0129, ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. M\u1ed7i ph\u00fat m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u th\u1ee9 \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh.<\/p>\n H\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin si\u00eau ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. H\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. [183]<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7. Khi m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh ti\u1ebfp theo. Vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng tin trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. (\u1ea2nh: MattL_Images\/Shutterstock)<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea1i n\u00e3o l\u00e0 \u201ctrung t\u00e2m x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin\u201d ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1ea5t trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ea1i n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 100 t\u1ef7 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c m\u1ea5y so v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao trong D\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh trong n\u00e3o l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1ea5t trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta. M\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh l\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ee3i tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u1ee3i nh\u00e1nh, ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y li\u00ean k\u1ebft nh\u1ecf truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh.<\/p>\n M\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong n\u00e3o, t\u1ee7y s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u00e0 m\u00f4 kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, ch\u00fang giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin qua c\u00e1c xung th\u1ea7n kinh. S\u1ef1 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n giao v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 kh\u1edbp th\u1ea7n kinh (synapse) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh. [184]<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n qua c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng xung \u0111i\u1ec7n, t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u1ea7n kinh c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Khi xung \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd k\u00edch th\u00edch gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n kinh. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh, cho ph\u00e9p th\u00f4ng tin v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n T\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u1ea7n kinh. (\u1ea2nh: LDarin \/ Shutterstock)<\/i><\/p>\n H\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng minh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00ean trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta g\u1eb7p c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng ho\u1eb7c nguy hi\u1ec3m, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1ecbp tim v\u00e0 nh\u1ecbp th\u1edf, cho ph\u00e9p c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh s\u1ef1 b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n V\u00ec v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh tinh di\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o sinh ra do \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3. C\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng phu?<\/p>\n Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ed7i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 tinh vi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u1ed7i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, h\u1ec7 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, h\u1ec7 h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed oxy v\u00e0 carbon dioxide, h\u1ec7 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n oxy v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c nhau \u2026 M\u1ed7i c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh m\u1ec7nh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u1eady. L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a protein, gene v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia c\u00e0ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang, h\u1ecd c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng si\u00eau ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin.<\/p>\n 1.3 T\u1ebf b\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi tinh di\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/b><\/p>\n Trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f9ng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tuy nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi, ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh m\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia hay th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, mang trong m\u00ecnh s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 tr\u00e0n tr\u1ec1 sinh l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n L\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Ch\u00fang ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kinh ng\u1ea1c, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e0u s\u1eafc m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n T\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u00ean trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n khai b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. [185]<\/p>\n C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed1t, m\u00e0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con h\u00e0o, nh\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh, ribosome gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u1ed9i ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 kho, b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y Golgi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c trung t\u00e2m ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, ty th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n, lysosome gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf r\u00e1c, trung th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n Trong m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf sinh l\u00fd sinh h\u00f3a ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. Ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch duy tr\u00ec tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u1ed9i m\u00f4i c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 sao ch\u00e9p DNA, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n protein c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v.v. Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng, b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 n\u00e0y \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00fac t\u00e1c b\u1edfi enzyme v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng di\u1ec5n ra, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n.<\/p>\n 1. M\u00e0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (Cell membrane): Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con h\u00e0o, l\u00e0 l\u1edbp bao b\u1ecdc b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, n\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ra v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp lipid k\u00e9p ch\u1ee9a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u k\u00eanh protein v\u00e0 th\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ch\u00fang ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n ra v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o.<\/p>\n 2. Nh\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (Nucleus): Nh\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u1eb1m \u1edf trung t\u00e2m t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng h\u00e0nh dinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 bao b\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng DNA l\u00e0m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u di truy\u1ec1n, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt th\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng RNA, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 virus.<\/p>\n 3. Ribosome: b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i tr\u00f4ng h\u01a1i gi\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1nh hamburger, l\u00e0 c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p protein quan tr\u1ecdng trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb protein v\u00e0 RNA ribosome. Tuy nhi\u00ean, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafp r\u00e1p ribosome kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng di\u1ec5n ra trong h\u1ea1ch nh\u00e2n (nucleolus). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem h\u1ea1ch nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn ribosome. [186]<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong h\u1ea1ch nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n phi\u00ean m\u00e3 RNA ribosome (rRNA). Nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ea1ch nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ec3u khu nguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch nh\u00e2n. \u1ede nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a DNA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean m\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a rRNA. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5t rRNA n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed rRNA tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n Ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c trong h\u1ea1ch nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch li\u00ean k\u1ebft rRNA tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c protein c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ribosome. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 nh\u00e2n. \u1ede trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u00e1c ribosome v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n 4. Ti th\u1ec3 (Mitochondria): Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. Ch\u00fang tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, t\u1ea1o ra ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ATP m\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n 5. M\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u1ed9i ch\u1ea5t (Endoplasmic reticulum): C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 trung t\u00e2m h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n hay nh\u00e0 kho. M\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u1ed9i ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, g\u1ea5p n\u1ebfp v\u00e0 gia c\u00f4ng protein trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i b\u00e0o. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n, m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u1ed9i ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng b\u00ean trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang n\u01a1i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n 6. B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y Golgi (Golgi Apparatus): C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c trung t\u00e2m ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y Golgi l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gia c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c protein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p b\u1edfi m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u1ed9i ch\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i c\u00e1c protein n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u00e0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, c\u00e1c b\u00e0o quan ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. [187]<\/p>\n 7. Lysosome: Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u1ea1m x\u1eed l\u00fd r\u00e1c th\u1ea3i, n\u00f3 tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n 8. Trung th\u1ec3 (Centrosome): Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng vi th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 cung c\u1ea5p h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh chu k\u1ef3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o.<\/p>\n 9. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t (Cytoplasm): Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ecfng b\u00ean trong m\u00e0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c b\u00e0o quan v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a tan kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, bao g\u1ed3m qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p protein v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng nhau th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf. V\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Darwin, l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00e0i h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, quy ho\u1ea1ch b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c, hao ph\u00ed nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, v\u1eadt l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tinh di\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f4ng phu, th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh n\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e2y?<\/p>\n C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy ho\u1ea1ch c\u00f4ng phu. (\u1ea2nh: VectorMine\/Shutterstock)<\/i><\/p>\n 1.3.1 C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gan l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y sinh h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/b><\/p>\n Gan gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y sinh h\u00f3a trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a ba ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 carbohydrate, ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1m. C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gan c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u. [188]<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gan l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1eadc th\u1ea7y d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\u201d Khi ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng glucose d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u01a1m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o m\u00e1u \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n Th\u1ee9 hai, gan c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c cho ti\u00eau h\u00f3a.\u201d N\u00f3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ra m\u1eadt, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta ti\u00eau h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o trong th\u1ee9c \u0103n. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n gia chu \u0111\u00e1o, n\u00f3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta \u0103n ngon mi\u1ec7ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 th\u1ee9c \u0103n h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gan c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1eadc th\u1ea7y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.\u201d N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i protein v\u00e0 hormone quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 albumin huy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng m\u00e1u v.v. cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a gan l\u00e0 n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201ctrung t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c.\u201d Khi ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gan s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t an to\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00fang. Gan gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ec7 s\u0129 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1eady, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gan c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t si\u00eau n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201ct\u1ef1 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa\u201d! Khi gan b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gan s\u1ebd t\u1ee9c t\u1ed1c sinh s\u00f4i v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa v\u00f9ng b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, khi\u1ebfn gan kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gan gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9i si\u00eau anh h\u00f9ng \u0111a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, s\u1edf h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c. Ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m th\u1ea7m trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ti\u00eau h\u00f3a, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa hay s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 ph\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gan trung th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n Gan c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gan.<\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng tham quan c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gan. V\u1eeba b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gan, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00ea cung k\u1ef3 th\u00fa!<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u1ed9i ch\u1ea5t th\u00f4 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t protein b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i protein quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u1eefng protein n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 si\u00eau anh h\u00f9ng trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n.<\/p>\n Sau \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u1ed9i ch\u1ea5t tr\u01a1n, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111ang b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201cqu\u00fd phi\u201d b\u00ean trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \u201cqu\u00fd phi\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng b\u00ean trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd phi \u1edf trong cung. Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o.<\/p>\n Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y Golgi, \u0111\u00e2y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng h\u00f3a trang b\u00ed \u1ea9n. B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y Golgi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i, ch\u1ea3i chu\u1ed1t v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i protein m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 kho\u00e1c cho ch\u00fang nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 y ph\u1ee5c th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ti th\u1ec3, n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trung t\u00e2m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gan. Ti th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ea5p t\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng s\u1ea3n sinh ra ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ATP \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gan. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o gan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y sinh h\u00f3a, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 ti th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xanh cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed7i b\u00e0o quan trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gan \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng nhau ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khi\u1ebfn gan tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c sinh h\u00f3a tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng!<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gan l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, s\u1edf h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng tinh x\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng. Chi\u1ec3u theo thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 sinh h\u00f3a tinh vi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? Chi\u1ec3u theo thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. Ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng tinh x\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f4ng phu hay sao?<\/p>\n 1.3.2 C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 b\u00ed \u1ea9n<\/b><\/p>\n S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o m\u1ea7m duy nh\u1ea5t. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e0y bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o sinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh l\u00fd v\u00e0 sinh h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u00e0 m\u00f4 kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 gan, n\u00e3o, tim, m\u1eaft, v.v.<\/p>\n M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eed ngh\u0129 xem, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 hay sao? Th\u1eed h\u1ecfi, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o g\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o sinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn t\u00f9y theo nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta?<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng minh v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f2n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u00fang d\u1eef li\u1ec7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, l\u1eafp r\u00e1p \u0111\u00fac s\u1eb5n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 sao ch\u00e9p v.v.<\/p>\n M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sinh m\u1ec7nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c, m\u1ed7i sinh m\u1ec7nh khi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thai ngh\u00e9n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a thai k\u1ef3, n\u1ed9i m\u1ea1c t\u1eed cung s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee5 tinh l\u00e0m t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nhau thai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh (Decidual Cell Reaction, DCR), n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i m\u1ea1c t\u1eed cung trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u mang thai.<\/p>\n Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a: V\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trong kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng\u201d (Evolution: Still A theory in Crisis) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2016, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Michael Denton, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi New Zealand, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn v\u0103n tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cSinh l\u00fd t\u1ebf b\u00e0o\u201d (Journal of cellular physiology). \u00d4ng l\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Decidual khi thai ngh\u00e9n m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. [189]<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111a b\u1ed9i l\u1edbn, t\u00edch l\u0169y glycogen v\u00e0 lipid trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t, thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, v\u00e0 tu s\u1eeda c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f4i thai h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i.<\/p>\n N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00f4 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o sang m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch l\u0169y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u0169ng b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra trong n\u1ed9i m\u1ea1c t\u1eed cung, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3m khe h\u1edf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n Lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m gene trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o:<\/p>\n \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y 322 gene cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u2026 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, 312 gene n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Decidual. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p protein, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n gene, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 tu s\u1eeda ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Decidual. C\u00e1c gene li\u00ean quan c\u0169ng (tham gia) \u2026 bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a, t\u0103ng sinh t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u.\u201d [190]<\/p>\n \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c nhau trong bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n gene. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Darwin, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t gene, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gene th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, gene th\u1ee9 hai, gene th\u1ee9 ba, cho \u0111\u1ebfn gene th\u1ee9 322? Ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0, li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c m\u1eabu bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n gene \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Decidual c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean trong theo ki\u1ec3u nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt (per saltum) hay kh\u00f4ng?\u201d<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a theo ki\u1ec3u nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Denton \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n m\u00e0 Darwin \u0111\u01b0a ra.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Darwin. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, tinh vi cao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f4ng phu t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay sao?<\/p>\n 2. DNA \u0111\u1ea7y b\u00ed \u1ea9n<\/b><\/p>\n Trong nh\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 acid deoxyribonucleic, t\u00ean vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 DNA. DNA bao g\u1ed3m h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n m\u00e3 h\u00f3a protein, ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cgene.\u201d<\/p>\n C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c protein kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang ch\u00fang. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng gene n\u00e0y. DNA l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t mang gene.<\/p>\n 2.1 \u201cXo\u1eafn k\u00e9p\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cSi\u00eau xo\u1eafn\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n Trong h\u01a1n b\u1ea3y th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 DNA mang th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00f4 song nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1953, nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 James D. Watson (1928-) v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Francis Crick (1916-2004) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nature r\u1eb1ng: DNA bao g\u1ed3m hai chu\u1ed7i nucleotide b\u1ed5 sung, mang t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng tin di truy\u1ec1n sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean bi\u1ebfn v\u1ea1n h\u00f3a [191]. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. [192]<\/p>\n DNA ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh. (\u1ea2nh: Yurchanka Siarhei\/Shutterstock)<\/i><\/p>\n DNA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n nucleotide kh\u00e1c nhau (adenine, cytosine, thymine v\u00e0 guanine). M\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 3.2 t\u1ef7 nucleotide, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 25,000 lo\u1ea1i enzym v\u00e0 protein ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p [193].<\/p>\n DNA c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin di truy\u1ec1n phong ph\u00fa. N\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa m\u1ecdi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y t\u00ednh do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ra. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9a 3.2 t\u1ef7 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i di truy\u1ec1n, v\u00ec v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i sao DNA c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt mang m\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n. [194]<\/p>\n C\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 20,000 gene. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed7i s\u1ee3i DNA trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ra l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 4cm, th\u00ec 46 s\u1ee3i DNA n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau s\u1ebd c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 2 m\u00e9t (6 feet). N\u1ebfu n\u1ed1i DNA c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn 67 t\u1ef7 d\u1eb7m, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 150,000 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i kh\u1ee9 h\u1ed3i t\u1edbi M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng. [195]<\/p>\n V\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a n\u1ed5i. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, DNA ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c xo\u1eafn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i xo\u1eafn k\u00e9p, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i si\u00eau xo\u1eafn, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng sau khi xo\u1eafn m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi c\u0169.<\/p>\n DNA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c si\u00eau xo\u1eafn th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea5n quanh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m protein g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 histone, nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y cu\u1ed9n DNA ch\u1eb7t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9n v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n, 4cm DNA ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 6 micromet (\u00b5m), DNA \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9n g\u1ea7n 10,000 l\u1ea7n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e9t m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y m\u1ecfng d\u00e0i 1,000 m\u00e9t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t lon n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1t cao 10cm.<\/p>\n \u0110\u00e2y m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n DNA, trong m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o soma c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 23 c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 (NST). N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed7i nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gene b\u1ecb cu\u1ed9n v\u00e0 n\u00e9n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e9n DNA r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ebf, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc. Ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p do DNA, histone v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a kh\u00e1c t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n Mu\u1ed1n lu\u1ed3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y m\u1ecfng d\u00e0i 1,000 m\u00e9t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t lon n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1t cao 10cm, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i v\u00e0 n\u00e9n DNA m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7?<\/p>\n 2.2 H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/b><\/p>\n Th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean m\u00e3 t\u1eeb DNA \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra RNA, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch m\u00e3 th\u00e0nh protein, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m\u201d n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed.<\/p>\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t protein c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u protein v\u00e0 cofactor \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m \u00edt nh\u1ea5t hai b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh. B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cphi\u00ean m\u00e3,\u201d l\u1ea5y DNA l\u00e0m khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra chu\u1ed7i RNA t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Chu\u1ed7i RNA n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nucleotide t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat.<\/p>\n B\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cd\u1ecbch m\u00e3.\u201d L\u00fac n\u00e0y, chu\u1ed7i RNA th\u00f4ng tin (mRNA) s\u1ebd ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e2n, \u0111i v\u00e0o t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ribosome \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch m\u00e3 th\u00e0nh protein. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, ribosome s\u1ebd c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c codon RNA th\u00f4ng tin, \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i RNA v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n (tRNA) \u0111\u01b0a acid amin \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng tr\u00ean chu\u1ed7i protein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p protein.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t codon bao g\u1ed3m ba nucleotide c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t acid amin. M\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i codon cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch m\u00e3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i acid amin d\u00e0i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a protein, sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea5p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t protein ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ba chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n 25,000 protein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a trong gene c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, bao g\u1ed3m truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1eeb b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, duy tr\u00ec n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t protein v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. N\u00f3i chung, DNA trong m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o.<\/p>\n \u0110\u00e2y v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p base c\u1ee7a gene. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 xem x\u00e9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ba chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a histone, nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i DNA b\u1eb1ng di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc bi\u1ec3u sinh, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n protein sau khi phi\u00ean m\u00e3 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch m\u00e3, v.v., th\u00ec th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 sinh m\u1ec7nh ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n \u201cH\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m\u201d c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n 2.3 B\u00e0i to\u00e1n \u201ccon g\u00e0\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cqu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n Ngay c\u1ea3 khi th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Stanley L. Miller di\u1ec5n ra trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y; n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed c\u00e1c acid amin v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1 trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, th\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t xa v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 logic gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi gian s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t protein v\u00e0 DNA.<\/p>\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt l\u00e0 do gene quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. Gene l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n s\u01a1 (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 virus th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt) sinh s\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng RNA, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u sinh s\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch sao ch\u00e9p DNA. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra sinh m\u1ec7nh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean DNA (ho\u1eb7c RNA) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c khu\u1ea9n sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t (virus chuy\u00ean \u0103n vi khu\u1ea9n) c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp v\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed DNA b\u00ean trong, nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh DNA trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i hai kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c nucleotide trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed DNA. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n nucleotide m\u00e0 DNA t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c gene kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c protein kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho sinh m\u1ec7nh, sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m sinh h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n nucleotide n\u00e0y trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed DNA l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn, v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa s\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra sinh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau?<\/p>\n Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a protein \u1edf sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 361 acid amin, \u1edf vi khu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 267 v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ed5 khu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 247 [196]. M\u1ed7i acid amin \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ba nucleotide li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 codon) tr\u00ean chu\u1ed7i DNA d\u00e0i. M\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed protein c\u1ee1 trung b\u00ecnh bao g\u1ed3m 340 acid amin c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t DNA ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn nucleotide.<\/p>\n Ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, th\u00ec do DNA ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n nucleotide, c\u00e1c nucleotide c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed DNA c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c nhau, cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 4\u00b9\u2070\u2070\u2070 (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 10\u2076\u2070\u2070) ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp DNA kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p, th\u00ec th\u1eadm ch\u00ed trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 (v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 13.8 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m c\u00f3 365 ng\u00e0y, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 24 gi\u1edd, m\u1ed7i gi\u1edd c\u00f3 60 ph\u00fat v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ph\u00fat c\u00f3 60 gi\u00e2y, v\u1eady v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 13.8 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m \u00d7 365 ng\u00e0y \u00d7 24 gi\u1edd \u00d7 60 ph\u00fat \u00d7 60 gi\u00e2y = kho\u1ea3ng 4.35 \u00d710\u00b9\u2077 gi\u00e2y, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 10\u00b9\u2078), c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a 10\u2076\u2070\u2070. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed DNA ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p nucleotide trong chu\u1ed7i DNA c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n Ph\u00e2n t\u1eed DNA m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y \u1edf sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n s\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn nucleotide. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d nhanh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed DNA c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho sinh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n Th\u1ee9 hai, s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u1eed DNA c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i enzyme kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u00e0 enzyme l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i protein, nh\u01b0ng protein ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gene tr\u00ean chu\u1ed7i DNA.<\/p>\n Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cqu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng hay con g\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc,\u201d khi sinh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra th\u00ec ph\u00e2n t\u1eed DNA c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay protein (enzim) c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh DNA n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1i n\u00e0o. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 n\u00e0y n\u00f3i cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201c\u0110\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf sinh m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t sinh m\u1ec7nh, th\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 sinh m\u1ec7nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra.<\/p>\n 2.4 \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00f4 song<\/b><\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a protein ho\u1eb7c nucleotide, m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ee9a trong DNA. [197]<\/p>\n Do DNA c\u00f3 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch DNA l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012, nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 George Church (1954\u2014) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed7i gram DNA c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ebfn 1.28 petabyte (PB). [198]<\/p>\n Nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc Jonathan Sarfati gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cL\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong DNA c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e2y kim. Khi in ra gi\u1ea5y, b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng gi\u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ea5p 500 l\u1ea7n kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng. [199]<\/p>\n \u00d4ng Chu H\u1ed3ng Y (Zhou Hongyi), ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp C\u00f4ng ty C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 360 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n qua video t\u1ea1i \u201cH\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec9nh T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Sohu\u201d v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2022 r\u1eb1ng: \u201cT\u00f4i v\u1eabn tin v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Chu\u1ed7i xo\u1eafn DNA, t\u1eeb kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 x\u00e9t, m\u1ed9t gram DNA c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef 1 EB d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i t\u00f4i \u0111ang l\u01b0u tr\u1eef 2 EB d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, t\u00f4i xin l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc s\u00e2u (deep learning) \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con chu\u1ed9t, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n nh\u1ecf. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 25 watt \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 50 watt, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2y, th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hay kh\u00f4ng, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 v\u1eady.\u201d<\/p>\n 1 EB = 10\u2079 GB, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ea7n GB, g\u1ea5p kho\u1ea3ng 4 tri\u1ec7u l\u1ea7n dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng iPhoneX h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, DNA c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u01b0u tr\u1eef truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Chu H\u1ed3ng Y kh\u00e1 ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129: tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ch\u1ee9a trong DNA c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t tr\u1eddi m\u1ed9t v\u1ef1c so v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng DNA kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t th\u00f4ng qua c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin; tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o d\u00f9 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a DNA. V\u1eady th\u00ec, sinh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra DNA b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi?<\/p>\n 2.5 S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a DNA khi\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u00ea li\u1ec7t<\/b><\/p>\n D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e3 h\u00f3a ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a DNA, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a DNA v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e3 h\u00f3a kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a trong h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 nucleotide, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn sau: C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh th\u00f4ng qua l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u201cch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n\u201d c\u1ee7a Darwin.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c gene gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. Theo gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Darwin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. \u0110\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi sau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecf. X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene x\u1ea3y ra c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00edch l\u0169y l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf, ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch l\u0169y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n qua h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00f4 t\u1ea3, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb t\u00ea li\u1ec7t khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 tinh di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc v.v.<\/p>\n Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Michael Behe t\u1eebng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cGi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb t\u00ea li\u1ec7t khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o m\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc gia n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Harvard, Vi\u1ec7n Y t\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c gia hay Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1o ra l\u00f4ng mao c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n, th\u1ecb l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4ng m\u00e1u, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u00f3a ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0o theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Darwin. Tuy nhi\u00ean, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. V\u1eady l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Darwin?\u201d [200]<\/p>\n \u00d4ng Antony Flew, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, t\u1eebng n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u00f4i ngh\u0129 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u DNA l\u00e0, th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng, b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi nhau.\u201d [202]<\/p>\n Khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y khung c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd c\u00f4ng phu, m\u1ed7i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. C\u0103n ph\u00f2ng to\u00e1t l\u00ean b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb1ng sau n\u00f3. M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n hay v\u00f4 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129, t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 ch\u1ecdn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u00fang h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n C\u0103n ph\u00f2ng n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 thu nh\u1ecf, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n vinh d\u00e0nh cho \u0110\u1ea5ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a DNA khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ed3: \u0110\u1eb1ng sau \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c (\u201c\u0110\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d), th\u00ec m\u1edbi khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u b\u00ed \u1ea9n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady!<\/p>\n T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/b><\/p>\n 173. Cohen, E. J., Ferreira, J. L., Ladinsky, M. S., Beeby, M., & Hughes, K. T. (2017). Nanoscale-length control of the flagellar driveshaft requires hitting the tethered outer membrane. Science (New York, N.Y.), 356(6334), 197\u2013200.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aam6512<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 174. Rhett Morgan. A Doctor and Author Makes His Case for Intelligent Design. Kirkus Reviews.https:\/\/www.kirkusreviews.com\/news-and-features\/articles\/geoffrey-simmons\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 175. Darwin, Charles. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . London: J. Murray, 1859.https:\/\/www.vliz.be\/docs\/Zeecijfers\/Origin_of_Species.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 176. Behe, Michael J., 1952-. (2006). Darwin\u2019s black box\u00a0: the biochemical challenge to evolution. New York :Free Press, https:\/\/www.difa3iat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/Behe_Michael_J_Darwins_Black_Box_The_BiochemicaBookZZ.org_.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 177. Hunter P. (2022). Understanding redundancy and resilience: Redundancy in life is provided by distributing functions across networks rather than back-up systems: Redundancy in life is provided by distributing functions across networks rather than back-up systems. EMBO reports, 23(3), e54742.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252\/embr.202254742<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 178. Quattrociocchi, W., Caldarelli, G., & Scala, A. (2014). Self-Healing Networks: Redundancy and Structure. PLOS ONE, 9(2), e87986.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0087986<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 179. M. J. Rosenau. (February, 1921) Experiments Upon Volunteers to Determine the Cause and Mode of Spread of Influenza, Boston, November and December, 1918. Treasury Department: United States Public Health Service. p. 5 \u2013 41. Permalink: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2027\/spo.3750flu.0016.573<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 180. Kolata, G. B. (1999). Flu: the story of the great influenza pandemic of 1918 and the search for the virus that caused it. New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux.https:\/\/cmc.marmot.org\/Record\/.b10994555<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 181. Killingley, B., Mann, A.J., Kalinova, M. et al. Safety, tolerability and viral kinetics during SARS-CoV-2 human challenge in young adults. Nat Med 28, 1031\u20131041 (2022).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-01780-9<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 182. Dettmer, P. (2021). Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive (First edition.). Random House.https:\/\/libcat.arlingtonva.us\/Record\/240258<\/a>; https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1jBvoucBb4SAAP7L9Xi4XvD9_LpZjjV8p\/view?usp=drive_link<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 183. Erulkar, Solomon D. and Lentz, Thomas L.. \u201cnervous system\u201d. Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 May. 2023, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/nervous-system<\/a>. Accessed 6 June 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n 184. Pfeifer, Samuel. Supporting the Weak: Christian Counselling and Contemporary Psychiatry. Originally published by WORD PUBLISHING, Nelson Word Ltd, Milton Keynes, England ISBN 0-85009-599-9. 1994. Chapter 3 The miracle of the human brain.https:\/\/www.seminare-ps.net\/en\/WEAK\/MENTAL_HEALTH_CHRISTIAN_CONTEXT.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 185. Khan YS, Farhana A. Histology, Cell. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554382\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 186. Cooper GM. The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2000. The Nucleolus. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK9939\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 187. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. Transport from the ER through the Golgi Apparatus. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK26941\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 188. Kalra A, Yetiskul E, Wehrle CJ, et al. Physiology, Liver. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK535438\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 189. Michael Denton. Evolution: Still A theory in Crisis. Discovery Institute Press, 2016.https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/book\/494224598\/Evolution-Still-a-Theory-in-Crisis<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 190. Vallejo, G., Maschi, D., Mestre Citrinovitz, A. C., Aiba, K., Maronna, R., Yohai, V., H. Ko, M. S., Beato, M., & Sarag\u00fceta, P. (2010). Changes in global gene expression during in vitro decidualization of rat endometrial stromal cells. Journal of cellular physiology, 222(1), 127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcp.21929<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 191. WATSON, J., CRICK, F. Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid. Nature 171, 737\u2013738 (1953).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/171737a0<\/a>; https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/171737a0<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 192. Peifer M. The Eighth Day of Creation: looking back across 40 years to the birth of molecular biology and the roots of modern cell biology. Mol Biol Cell. 2020 Jan 15;31(2):81-86. doi: 10.1091\/mbc.E19-11-0619. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6960408\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 193. Joseph A. Kuhn (2012) Dissecting Darwinism, Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 25:1, 41-47, DOI: 10.1080\/08998280.2012.11928781; https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/10.1080\/08998280.2012.11928781<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 194. Chelsea Toledo and Kirstie Saltsman. Genetics by the Numbers. Posted June 12, 2012. https:\/\/nigms.nih.gov\/education\/Inside-Life-Science\/Pages\/Genetics-by-the-Numbers.aspx#:~:text=3.2%20billion&text=That%27s%20how%20many%20base%20pairs,day%2C%20for%20about%2050%20years<\/a>. Accessed on July 8 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n 195. Chelsea Toledo and Kirstie Saltsman. Genetics by the Numbers. Posted June 12, 2012. https:\/\/nigms.nih.gov\/education\/Inside-Life-Science\/Pages\/Genetics-by-the-Numbers.aspx#:~:text=3.2%20billion&text=That%27s%20how%20many%20base%20pairs,day%2C%20for%20about%2050%20years<\/a>. Accessed on July 8 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n 196. Brocchieri, L., & Karlin, S. (2005). Protein length in eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteomes. Nucleic Acids Research, 33(10), 3390-3400.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gki615<\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n 197. Joseph A. Kuhn (2012) Dissecting Darwinism, Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 25:1, 41-47, DOI: 10.1080\/08998280.2012.11928781; https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/10.1080\/08998280.2012.11928781<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 198. ROBERT F. SERVICE. DNA could store all of the world\u2019s data in one room. New algorithm delivers the highest-ever density for large-scale data storage. 2 MAR 2017.https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/article\/dna-could-store-all-worlds-data-one-room<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 199. Gitt, W., Dazzling design in miniature, Creation 20(1):6, 1997; creation.com\/dna.https:\/\/creation.com\/dazzling-design-in-miniature-dna-information-storage-creation-magazine<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 200. Behe, Michael J., 1952-. (2006). Darwin\u2019s black box\u00a0: the biochemical challenge to evolution. New York :Free Press, P187: https:\/\/www.difa3iat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/Behe_Michael_J_Darwins_Black_Box_The_BiochemicaBookZZ.org_.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 201. Stefon, Matt. \u201cAntony Flew\u201d. Encyclopedia Britannica, 4 Apr. 2023, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Antony-Flew<\/a>. Accessed 11 July 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n 202. Antony Flew Quotes. \u201cI now believe there is a God\u2026I now think it [the evidence] does point to a creative Intelligence almost entirely because of the DNA investigations. What I think the DNA material has done is that it has shown, by the almost unbelievable complexity of the arrangements which are needed to produce life, that intelligence must have been involved in getting these extraordinarily diverse elements to work together.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/author\/quotes\/143385.Antony_Flew<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u00f3m bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n \u201cNh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d<\/p>\n (The Epoch Times)<\/p>\n (B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Epoch Times Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n
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