![\"\"](\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_0450.jpeg\")
<\/a><\/p>\nChuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a The Epoch Times: Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n
M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/p>\n
4. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cc\u1ea1nh tranh t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ed9ng sinh c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i\u201d<\/p>\n
4.1 Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea1nh tranh<\/p>\n
4.2 S\u1ef1 \u201cc\u1ed9ng sinh c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i\u201d gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u201cquy lu\u1eadt c\u1ea1nh tranh\u201d<\/p>\n
4.3 \u201cC\u1ed9ng sinh c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i\u201d gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 vi sinh v\u1eadt<\/p>\n
4.4 Gene kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201c\u00edch k\u1ef7,\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cv\u1ecb tha\u201d<\/p>\n
5. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o\u201d<\/p>\n
5.1 \u201cL\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n ph\u00f4i\u201d gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o<\/p>\n
5.2 \u201cPiltdown Man\u201d \u2013 tr\u00f2 l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Anh qu\u1ed1c<\/p>\n
5.3 \u201cNebraska Man\u201d h\u00f3a ra l\u00e0 heo<\/p>\n
Ti\u1ebfp theo:<\/b> Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u2018Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u2019 (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2): Ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf suy ngh\u0129 sai l\u1ea7m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n trong thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (Ph\u1ea7n 2)<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 4. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cc\u1ea1nh tranh t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ed9ng sinh c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n 4.1 Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea1nh tranh<\/b><\/p>\n V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1798, nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Thomas Robert Malthus [142] (1766-1834) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u201cThuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n s\u1ed1\u201d [143]. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin. Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh, ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cAn Essay on the Principle of Population, as it Affects the Future Improvement of Society\u201d (T\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: Ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc D\u00e2n s\u1ed1, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn S\u1ef1 C\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai), \u00f4ng Thomas Robert Malthus \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp: ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 theo k\u1ecbp d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n; s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa cung v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn bi th\u1ea3m l\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n V\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Darwin, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Malthus \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. N\u0103m 1838, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 29, Darwin c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a kh\u1ea3 d\u0129. Darwin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u201c\u0111\u1ea5u tranh sinh t\u1ed3n\u201d c\u1ee7a Malthus v\u00e0o \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.\u201d Trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i,\u201d Darwin n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng sinh v\u1eadt, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng lo\u00e0i hay kh\u00e1c lo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh sinh t\u1ed3n; v\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t. Sinh v\u1eadt trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean sinh t\u1ed3n h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, bao g\u1ed3m kh\u00f4ng gian s\u1ed1ng, th\u1ee9c \u0103n, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi, v.v., l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n 4.2 S\u1ef1 \u201cc\u1ed9ng sinh c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i\u201d gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u201cquy lu\u1eadt c\u1ea1nh tranh\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n Trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt tranh gi\u00e0nh th\u1ee9c \u0103n, nh\u01b0ng Darwin \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn khi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00f3a, c\u1ef1c \u0111oan h\u00f3a. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c \u201cm\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u1ebfu thua\u201d n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1eabn nhau, c\u1ed9ng sinh c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i [144] \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Darwin c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh b\u1ecf qua. Sau n\u00e0y, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng sinh n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n Ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1877, nh\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Albert Bernhard Frank \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cc\u1ed9ng sinh\u201d (symbiosis, t\u1eeb t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng nhau trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng), \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 chung s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa n\u1ea5m v\u00e0 t\u1ea3o trong \u0111\u1ecba y. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1879, nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Henrich Anton de Bary \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c ba ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng sinh: hai lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau; chung s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng nhau; ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac g\u1ea7n g\u0169i [145].<\/p>\n V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 sinh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i [146] cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh; m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i, gi\u1eefa sinh v\u1eadt v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean [147].<\/p>\n \u00d4ng Richard E. Lenski, Vi\u1ec7n s\u0129 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m E. coli c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hai lo\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n E. coli, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i kia c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh. Theo thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Darwin, vi khu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd thay th\u1ebf vi khu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, \u00f4ng Lanski ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 chung s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nhau, lo\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i [148].<\/p>\n Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00f2ng lo\u1ea1i trong b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1, \u0111\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea1nh tranh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u201cs\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc.\u201d M\u1ed7i c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o ri\u00eang, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng nhau sinh s\u00f4i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n Th\u1ee9 hai<\/b>, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c, th\u00ec xu h\u01b0\u1edbng sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt n\u00f3i chung s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh [149].<\/p>\n H\u00e0ng tr\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n, d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n cho th\u1ea5y, h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt h\u01a1n \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i c\u00f3 sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n \u2013 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t sinh h\u1ecdc (productivity) g\u1ea7n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i duy nh\u1ea5t. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n theo th\u1eddi gian. (N\u0103ng su\u1ea5t sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t sinh kh\u1ed1i\u201d (biomass), th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean th\u1ec3 t\u00edch tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 gam\/m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng\/ng\u00e0y) [150]. L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh b\u1ed5 sung gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung l\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i c\u1ea1nh tranh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n Do \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng sinh \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Darwin v\u1ec1 \u201cc\u1ea1nh tranh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00edch nghi nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d [151].<\/p>\n Th\u1ee9 ba<\/b>, c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh quang h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y xanh chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a quang n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh h\u00f3a n\u0103ng, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt; c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c enzym sinh h\u1ecdc, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p, ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 O2 v\u00e0 th\u1ea3i CO2. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh quang h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng CO2 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng O2. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u1ebd n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean?<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i bao g\u1ed3m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u sinh v\u1eadt k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o v\u1edbi nhau l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean?<\/p>\n Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0<\/b>, c\u1ed9ng sinh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u1ed9ng sinh c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh th\u00e1i b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng rau v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc hay thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u. B\u1edfi v\u00ec trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i sinh th\u00e1i, c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u1ebfch v\u00e0 chim. N\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng, v\u1eady \u1ebfch v\u00e0 chim s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c \u0103n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng sinh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n Do \u0111\u00f3, thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng sinh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c c\u1ecf d\u1ea1i, thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c cho nhi\u1ec1u sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, bao g\u1ed3m chim, c\u00e1, c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng c\u00f3 \u00edch v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt; n\u1ebfu thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y chu\u1ed7i sinh th\u00e1i xung quanh \u0111\u1ea5t, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi [152].<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111ang h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh th\u00e1i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u \u0103n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1eefu c\u01a1. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1eefu c\u01a1\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt ho\u1eb7c ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh ho\u1eb7c hormone t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i gene c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng, kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v.v. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1eefu c\u01a1 [153].<\/p>\n V\u1eady n\u00ean, cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1i g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed9ng sinh \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng sinh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n 4.3 \u201cC\u1ed9ng sinh c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i\u201d gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 vi sinh v\u1eadt<\/b><\/p>\n Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng sinh th\u00e1i, gi\u1eefa th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb khi sinh ra \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi vi sinh v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201csinh v\u1eadt si\u00eau c\u1ea5p\u201d bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o vi sinh v\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i vi m\u00f4 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n t\u1ef7 vi sinh v\u1eadt, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ed5 khu\u1ea9n (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 vi sinh v\u1eadt c\u1ed5), vi khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 virus. Ch\u00fang ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean da, mi\u1ec7ng, khoang m\u0169i, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn sinh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ru\u1ed9t v.v. t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 vi sinh v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 gene th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi [154].<\/p>\n Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o vi sinh v\u1eadt trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00eau h\u00f3a l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 10\u00b9\u2074. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ru\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7: lo\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc cung c\u1ea5p cho lo\u00e0i sau nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng phong ph\u00fa, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh sinh s\u1ea3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i; lo\u00e0i sau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o bi\u1ec3u m\u00f4 ru\u1ed9t, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7, k\u00edch th\u00edch s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch ru\u1ed9t, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00e0ng sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c, \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh ngo\u1ea1i lai, gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m cao ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 protein, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c vitamin v\u00e0 acid amin thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng.<\/p>\n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng, h\u1ec7 tr\u1ee5c vi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ru\u1ed9t-n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 (Microbiota-gut-brain Axis, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa vi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ru\u1ed9t v\u00e0 n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi) c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (bao g\u1ed3m mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, ung th\u01b0, tim m\u1ea1ch, b\u1ec7nh tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a th\u1ea7n kinh, v.v.), th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tinh th\u1ea7n. Nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, v.v. Nh\u1eefng vi sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng sinh v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe.<\/p>\n Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb y t\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1ng sinh s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 \u201cl\u1ea1m s\u00e1t b\u1eeba b\u00e3i,\u201d d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ru\u1ed9t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 n\u00e3o b\u1ed9, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n C\u00e1ch \u0103n u\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 vi khu\u1ea9n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong ru\u1ed9t, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ru\u1ed9t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch v.v. [155].<\/p>\n Tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y nay, vi khu\u1ea9n, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng sinh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh, v\u1eeba h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 v\u1eeba t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u1ed9ng sinh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m sinh v\u1eadt trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ebd duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7. Do \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ea1nh tranh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m. C\u1ea1nh tranh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n 4.4 Gene kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201c\u00edch k\u1ef7,\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cv\u1ecb tha\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u1edbi suy ngh\u0129 \u00edch k\u1ef7, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh gene sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 v\u1ecb t\u01b0, cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 do gene \u00edch k\u1ef7 mang \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n Nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Richard Dawkins \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cThe Selfish Gene\u201d (Gene V\u1ecb K\u1ef7) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng [156], \u201cGene l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh \u00edch k\u1ef7. Gene s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t t\u1eed ti\u1ec1m t\u1ea1i, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 cho \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.\u201d \u201cT\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gene th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u00edch k\u1ef7 t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn. T\u00ednh \u00edch k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a gene n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh \u00edch k\u1ef7 trong h\u00e0nh vi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.\u201d \u201cSau nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u2018qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 v\u1ecb tha\u2019 b\u1ecb l\u1ea5n \u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u00edch k\u1ef7 n\u1eefa.\u201d<\/p>\n H\u1ecd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n khi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t con chim ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t con ong m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau t\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c lo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho c\u00e1c gene c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i [157].<\/p>\n \u00d4ng Dawkins th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt m\u00e0 Darwin \u0111\u1ec1 ra l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n gene kh\u00e1c nhau (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201calen\u201d). Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 vi m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a gene, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n Sau khi \u00f4ng Dawkins \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia nghi ng\u1edd. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999, tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Advances In Complex Systems, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Yaneer Bar-Yam, m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p \u1edf New England, cho r\u1eb1ng: Thuy\u1ebft gene \u00edch k\u1ef7 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ng [158]; c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1eb1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gene \u00edch k\u1ef7 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m l\u1edbn, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ea3n h\u1eefu t\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 giao ph\u1ed1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c alen. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u201cgiao ph\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean\u201d (panmictic) trong sinh h\u1ecdc, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00f4n nh\u00e2n m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng.\u201d Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng Dawkins \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea5y gene l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1 ra kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u201cgene \u00edch k\u1ef7\u201d l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i [159].<\/p>\n V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Science \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t con chu\u1ed9t A v\u00e0o l\u1ed3ng s\u1eaft, v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con chu\u1ed9t B \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a 30 con chu\u1ed9t B trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng xung quanh l\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con chu\u1ed9t B t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf l\u1ed3ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng con chu\u1ed9t A [160].<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u1eefng con chu\u1ed9t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 7 mi\u1ebfng chocolate thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c x\u1ea3y ra. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t con chu\u1ed9t B t\u1ef1 do tr\u01b0\u1edbc hai chi\u1ebfc l\u1ed3ng, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc l\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee9a con chu\u1ed9t A b\u1ecb nh\u1ed1t, chi\u1ebfc l\u1ed3ng th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1eb7t chocolate m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con chu\u1ed9t th\u00edch \u0103n. M\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a m\u00f3n \u0103n ngon, m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh \u0111ang g\u1eb7p n\u1ea1n, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111o\u00e1n xem ch\u00fa chu\u1ed9t B n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec?<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi h\u01a1n. Con chu\u1ed9t B kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c chocolate m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf hai chi\u1ebfc l\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 nhau, sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u1ea5y 30% s\u1ed1 chocolate chia cho \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n g\u1eb7p n\u1ea1n.\u201d<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a m\u00f3n \u0103n ngon, c\u00f2n b\u00ean kia l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh \u0111ang g\u1eb7p n\u1ea1n, con chu\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1ecb tha. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n Con chu\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf l\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb chocolate v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n Theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Dawkins, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng gene v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, cho r\u1eb1ng gene l\u00e0 chu\u1ed9t v\u00e0 chu\u1ed9t l\u00e0 gene. Tuy nhi\u00ean, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y, h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con chu\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tha. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng \u00edch k\u1ef7, th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh trong gene c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed9t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u00edch k\u1ef7.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng con tinh tinh s\u1ebd ch\u1ea3i l\u00f4ng cho nhau v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i. Ch\u1ea3i l\u00f4ng cho nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1ee9c th\u00ec cho c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean, c\u00f2n chia s\u1ebb th\u1ee9c \u0103n th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a tinh tinh \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o, l\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng hay l\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2017, K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Hoa K\u1ef3 (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, PNAS) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cTinh tinh tr\u1ea3 \u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hy sinh l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\u201d (Chimpanzees return favors at a personal cost). Nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i h\u1eafc tinh tinh (Pan troglodytes) \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho ch\u00fang ta [161].<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u1eefng con \u201ctinh tinh \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf th\u00f3i quen \u0111\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm th\u1ee9c \u0103n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t th\u1ee9c \u0103n, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd trao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho nh\u1eefng con \u201ctinh tinh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m.\u201d \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ctinh tinh \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha (altruism).<\/p>\n Con \u201ctinh tinh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m\u201d nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u201ctinh tinh \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh\u201d gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t th\u1ee9c \u0103n. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 \u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 v\u1ecb tha c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hy sinh l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n<\/p>\n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea.<\/p>\n Trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u201ctinh tinh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a \u201ctinh tinh \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh.\u201d Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t h\u00e0nh vi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00ec x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \u201cv\u1ecb tha\u201d th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi \u00edch k\u1ef7 ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ra h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ecb tha \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i; v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi v\u1ecb tha c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. Theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Dawkins, n\u1ebfu gene \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u00edch k\u1ef7, v\u1eady l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng con v\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hy sinh l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong logic c\u1ee7a Dawkins.<\/p>\n Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gene kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00edch k\u1ef7, m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00edch k\u1ef7, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tha. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ecb tha th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng, chim, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa v\u00e0 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i [162]. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cgene \u00edch k\u1ef7\u201d ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9.<\/p>\n Ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf b\u1ed1n suy ngh\u0129 sai l\u1ea7m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n 5. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Darwin \u0111\u01b0a ra \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a,\u201d kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng minh cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, m\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, trong c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, lu\u1eadn v\u0103n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3 do c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.\u201d<\/p>\n 5.1 \u201cL\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n ph\u00f4i\u201d gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o<\/b><\/p>\n C\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ban \u0111\u1ea7u, ph\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 mang nh\u01b0 c\u00e1, c\u00f3 \u0111u\u00f4i nh\u01b0 kh\u1ec9, v.v.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u201cL\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n ph\u00f4i\u201d (Ontogeny recaptulates phylogeny) [163] do Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919), Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Jena \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1866. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa sinh h\u1ecdc trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m.<\/p>\n \u201cL\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n ph\u00f4i\u201d th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft do Haeckel b\u1ecba ra \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d c\u1ee7a Darwin, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1997, nh\u00e0 ph\u00f4i h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Michael K. Richardson v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cGi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu v\u00e0 Ph\u00f4i h\u1ecdc\u201d (Anatomy and embryology). H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Haeckel. H\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ph\u00f4i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed7i lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o ri\u00eang; trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f4i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau [164].<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong c\u00e1c tranh v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Haeckel c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thao t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Haeckel c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c ph\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nhau cho c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ph\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt do c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia kh\u00e1c v\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00f4i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi che gi\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n Haeckel \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh th\u00eam b\u1edbt c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00f4i thai, thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111u\u00f4i gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1; nh\u00e3n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i g\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u, nh\u01b0ng Haeckel \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4 ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh m\u00e0u \u0111en \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f4i g\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ph\u00f4i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n; \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t cu\u1ed9n v\u00e0o ph\u00f4i chim \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng ph\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n \u00d4ng Richardson \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ecdc \u0111u\u00f4i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1i \u0111a v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111u\u00f4i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 h\u01a1n 10 l\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng Haeckel \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh v\u1ebd k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nhau nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa ph\u00f4i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n Sau n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Elizabeth Pennisi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Science \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u00eam v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Richardson. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Haeckel v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf c\u00f9ng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00f4i thai, t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00f4i c\u1ee7a k\u1ef3 nh\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ecf, g\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1. Khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u1eefa \u1ea3nh th\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh gi\u1ea3, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng [165].<\/p>\n B\u00e0 Elizabeth Pennisi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Richardson r\u1eb1ng: \u201c\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t trong gi\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc.\u201d<\/p>\n B\u00e0 Pennisi c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng C\u1eed nh\u00e2n Sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cornell v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng MFA v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ebft Khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Boston. Ngo\u00e0i vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u00e2y b\u00fat khoa h\u1ecdc cho t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Science, b\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng James T. Grady-James H. Stack v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang [166].<\/p>\n Khi ng\u00e0nh sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00e2m s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 gene trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f4i, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f4i s\u1edbm v\u00e0 mu\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau [167].<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u201cl\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n ph\u00f4i\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1 thai cho r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0o thai b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con c\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t con kh\u1ec9, ch\u01b0a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ki\u1ec3u l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i [168], l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Haeckel kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. (Xem \u201cCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 6\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft chi ti\u1ebft)<\/p>\n 5.2 \u201cPiltdown Man\u201d \u2013 tr\u00f2 l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Anh qu\u1ed1c<\/b><\/p>\n Piltdown Man l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1908 \u0111\u1ebfn 1915 \u1edf Anh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1eaft x\u00edch c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu.\u201d Sau 40 n\u0103m, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Piltdown Man l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafp v\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu\u1ed9m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3i qua h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Chris Stringer khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u1edf London, Anh (Natural History Museum, NHM), v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 17\/12\/2012, BBC \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n tin v\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cPiltdown Man: K\u1ebb ch\u01a1i kh\u0103m v\u1eabn b\u1ecb truy \u0111u\u1ed5i\u201d (Piltdown Man: A hoaxer still pursued).<\/p>\n Trong b\u1ea3n tin c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: \u201cKh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00fa s\u1ed1c. V\u1ee5 b\u00ea b\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 Piltdown Man \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 gian l\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Anh.\u201d (It was a shocker, no doubt about it. The Piltdown Man scandal is arguably the greatest scientific fraud ever perpetrated in the UK.) [169]<\/p>\n 5.3 \u201cNebraska Man\u201d h\u00f3a ra l\u00e0 heo<\/b><\/p>\n V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1917, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf g\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t Sioux, Nebraska, Hoa K\u1ef3. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, Gs.Ts Henry Fairfield Osborn (1857-1935), ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean Hoa K\u1ef3 ki\u00eam nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ca ng\u1ee3i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1922, \u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Nebraska Man, cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch tin t\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng [171].<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3, Nebraska Man \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i heo \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng.<\/p>\n Trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 02\/08\/1885, b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 George Edward Post (1838-1909) \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Robert Etheridge (1819-1903), chuy\u00ean gia h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch ki\u00eam nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Anh: \u201cT\u00f4i r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u2013 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a \u2013 s\u1ebd ngh\u0129 g\u00ec v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin.\u201d \u201c\u00d4ng \u1ea5y quay sang t\u00f4i, nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o m\u1eaft t\u00f4i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng: \u2018Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i trong b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. Ch\u00edn trong s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafp gh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt\u2019 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho n\u00f3 \u2026 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch. N\u1ebfu anh kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m theo h\u1ecd, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd xem anh l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ng\u1ed1c. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sai.\u2019\u201d (He turned to me with a clear, honest look into my eyes, and replied: \u201cIn all this great Museum there is not a particle of evidence of transmutation of species. Nine-tenths of the talk of Evolutionists is sheer nonsense, not founded on observation, and wholly unsupported by fact. Men adopt a theory and then strain their facts to support it. \u2026\u2026There is no such thing as a fossil man. Men are ready to regard you as a fool if you do not go with them in all their vagaries. But this Museum is full of proofs of the utter falsity of their views.\u201d) [172]<\/p>\n M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 v\u1eabn th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua? \u0110\u00e2y qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129.<\/p>\n Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u1ea1 khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft sai l\u1ea7m. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec qu\u00e1 gh\u00ea g\u1edbm, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi s\u1eeda sai l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 l\u00e0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe th\u1ea5y gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129 th\u00eam, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u1ed1 \u00fd b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u201cb\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng\u201d h\u01b0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m theo, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 c\u00e0ng lan r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n V\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u201cB\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf\u201d kh\u00f4ng m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n xung quanh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng xem \u0111\u1ec1u khen ng\u1ee3i b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o m\u1edbi v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e2y m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1 c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i \u201cNh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i logic c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2 ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 sai l\u1ea7m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.)<\/i><\/p>\n T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/b><\/p>\n 142. MacRae, Donald Gunn. \u201cThomas Malthus\u201d. Encyclopedia Britannica, 21 Mar. 2023, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Thomas-Malthus<\/a>. Accessed 21 May 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n 143. Malthus T. An Essay on the Principle of Population As It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Goodwin, M. Condorcet and Other Writers (1 ed.). London: J. Johnson in St Paul\u2019s Church-yard. 1798. 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