{"id":52339,"date":"2026-02-01T10:02:55","date_gmt":"2026-02-01T03:02:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=52339"},"modified":"2026-02-01T10:02:55","modified_gmt":"2026-02-01T03:02:55","slug":"nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-2-pha-bo-suy-nghi-sai-lam-kinh-dien-trong-thuyet-tien-hoa-phan-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/02\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-2-pha-bo-suy-nghi-sai-lam-kinh-dien-trong-thuyet-tien-hoa-phan-2.html","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2): Ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf suy ngh\u0129 sai l\u1ea7m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n trong thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (Ph\u1ea7n 2)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

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Chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a The Epoch Times: Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/p>\n

2. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cthi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd\u201d<\/p>\n

2.1 T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady<\/p>\n

2.2 Con m\u1eaft khi\u1ebfn Darwin kinh ng\u1ea1c<\/p>\n

3. T\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng \u201ctho\u00e1i h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac,\u201d k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i \u201cc\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbn\u201d<\/p>\n

3.1 H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 sau khi c\u1eaft amidan<\/p>\n

3.2 Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn t\u00f9ng<\/p>\n

3.3 Tuy\u1ebfn \u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb teo l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp theo:<\/b> Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u2018Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u2019 (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2): Ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf suy ngh\u0129 sai l\u1ea7m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n trong thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (Ph\u1ea7n 1)<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

2. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cthi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 n\u1ea5m, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 sinh t\u1ed3n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00edch nghi nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t, c\u00f2n k\u1ebb y\u1ebfu b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.\u201d<\/p>\n

Darwin cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cN\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta xem m\u1ed7i lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft, th\u00ec cha m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi.\u201d (Hence, if we look at each species as descended from some other unknown form, both the parent and all the transitional varieties will generally have been exterminated by the very process of formation and perfection of the new form.) [114]<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, Gs.Ts Richard Goldschmidt (1878~1958), nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California, Berkeley \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn: \u201cC\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00ean ghi nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng\u2026 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 ai th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn vi m\u00f4. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Darwin ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi n\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn vi m\u00f4. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi m\u00f4 [s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong lo\u00e0i] kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4 [s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y sang lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c].\u201d (It is good to keep in mind \u2026 that nobody has ever succeeded in producing even one new species by the accumulation of micromutations. Darwin\u2019s theory of natural selection has never had any proof, yet it has been universally accepted. It\u2019s impossible by micro-mutation to form any new species. The facts of microevolution [change within the species] do not suffice for an understanding of macroevolution [theorized change from one species to another) [115]<\/p>\n

2.1 T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 (Giraffa camelopardalis) lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00f3ng h\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Darwin \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. H\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng hai trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft thi\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u1edf ch\u1ed7 th\u1ea5p\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh.\u201d<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c thi\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, v\u1eady n\u00ean nh\u1eefng con v\u1eadt n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 d\u00e0i h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi c\u00e0nh l\u00e1 cao h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ed5 d\u00e0i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9c \u0103n h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ea3n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e2u d\u00e0i n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. [116]<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 logic c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng suy lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/b>, n\u1ebfu c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a do thi\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c \u0103n, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u00e0 h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ng\u1ef1a cao c\u1ed5, c\u1eebu cao c\u1ed5, gia s\u00fac cao c\u1ed5, v.v., nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng con v\u1eadt n\u00e0y. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 ng\u1ef1a, tr\u00e2u b\u00f2, c\u1eebu \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 d\u00e0i, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u1ed7 th\u1ea5p v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u1edf nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 th\u1ea5p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c \u0103n, t\u1ea1i sao h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i cao h\u01a1n? Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh l\u01b0\u1ee1i d\u00e0i h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f3i quen \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ra c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch nghi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic trong \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft thi\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u1edf ch\u1ed7 th\u1ea5p.\u201d \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb h\u01a1n l\u00e0, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n c\u1ecf \u1edf nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai<\/b>, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sau n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 do thi\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c \u0103n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ed5 d\u00e0i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1ec5 thu h\u00fat b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh h\u01a1n. [117] [118]<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u0103ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, v.v. T\u1ea1i sao h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cv\u1ea5t v\u1ea3\u201d ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ra chi\u1ebfc c\u1ed5 d\u00e0i nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng s\u1ee9c h\u00fat v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c gi\u1edbi? Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfc c\u1ed5 d\u00e0i v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi hay sao? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh\u201d c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 ba<\/b>, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 d\u00e0i ra \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u00ednh c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c, gi\u00fap n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y nhanh h\u01a1n khi g\u1eb7p thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i h\u01b0\u01a1u \u0111\u00f9i v\u1eb1n (Okapia johnstoni), h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. Ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng trong r\u1eebng r\u1eadm, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt phong ph\u00fa gi\u00fap ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb s\u0103n m\u1ed3i. [119]<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u00e1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i \u1ea9n n\u1ea5p. Khi g\u1eb7p k\u1ebb s\u0103n m\u1ed3i, ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t th\u00e2n. Tr\u00ean th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng chi\u1ec1u cao v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc c\u1ed5 d\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 nh\u00ecn xa h\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch s\u1edbm h\u01a1n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a cho r\u1eb1ng h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n thon d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c, ch\u1ea1y nhanh h\u01a1n khi g\u1eb7p k\u1ebb s\u0103n m\u1ed3i, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y: d\u00f9 h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng b\u00e1o hoa mai, ch\u00e2n d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y nhanh b\u1eb1ng b\u00e1o hoa mai; h\u01a1n n\u1eefa t\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c cao, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh nh\u1ea1y v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y nhanh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf Phi Ch\u00e2u l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n ng\u1eafn? \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, do chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n t\u0103ng l\u00ean, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb k\u1ebb th\u00f9 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, logic c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng suy lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m logic nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, x\u00e9t t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sinh h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng khi d\u00f9ng thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi\u1ebfc c\u1ed5 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

1. Tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i:<\/b> Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Darwin v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eebng ch\u00fat m\u1ed9t, c\u1ed5 d\u00e0i h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, tr\u00e1i tim l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat v\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1eafp kh\u1ecfe h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra th\u00ec c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00e0i th\u00ec m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i to l\u1edbn. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 trung gian n\u00e0o, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

2. X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf:<\/b> M\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i mang t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi c\u1ed5 d\u00e0i ra, tr\u00e1i tim c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e1u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i cao h\u01a1n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t huy\u1ebft \u00e1p c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n; khi ch\u00e2n d\u00e0i ra, x\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u, c\u01a1 v\u00e0 d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t con h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 ch\u00e2n d\u00e0i, c\u1ed5 d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac chu\u1ed7i xo\u1eafn k\u00e9p DNA c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt r\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. V\u1eady n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gene \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c gene ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n \u00edt kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra h\u01a1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 xa v\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

3. Bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd:<\/b> M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hai (xem chi ti\u1ebft t\u1ea1i \u201cCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 3\u201d). Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Rudolf Virchow cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cvi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c sinh l\u00fd lu\u00f4n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n (pathos), theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, m\u1ecdi sai l\u1ec7ch so v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n.\u201d [120]<\/p>\n

V\u1eady n\u00ean, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gene \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb v\u00e0 sai l\u1ec7ch theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 logic v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c g\u1ea5u bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1 voi. N\u00f3 tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch hay khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn cao si\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

C\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ra nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d ra chi\u1ebfc c\u1ed5 d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb sinh v\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac sinh l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1eaft, m\u0169i, h\u1ec7 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a, ph\u1ed5i, c\u01a1 v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng v.v. \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e3 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gene \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3u h\u00ecnh \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, m\u00f4, c\u01a1 quan v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nh\u1ecf x\u1ea3y ra c\u00f9ng nhau nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u201cthi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.\u201d<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, khi ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng qua ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ra nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

2.2 Con m\u1eaft khi\u1ebfn Darwin kinh ng\u1ea1c<\/b><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1860, Darwin \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cho Asa Gray (1810~1888) [121] (cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3) r\u1eb1ng: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu [c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i]. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft v\u1eabn khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i r\u00f9ng m\u00ecnh \u1edbn l\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng khi t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t vi ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, l\u00fd tr\u00ed m\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i r\u00f9ng m\u00ecnh \u1edbn l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3.\u201d (About weak points [of the Origin] I agree. The eye to this day gives me a cold shudder, but when I think of the fine known gradations, my reason tells me I ought to conquer the cold shudder.) [122]<\/p>\n

Darwin th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a con m\u1eaft, th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng con m\u1eaft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i,\u201d Darwin vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: \u201cCon m\u1eaft c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00f4 song \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m, cho ph\u00e9p thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh quang sai h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc. T\u00f4i th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn th\u00fa nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 v\u1ebb v\u00f4 l\u00fd nh\u1ea5t.\u201d (Organs of extreme perfection and complication. \u2014 To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest possible degree.) [123]<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n 160 n\u0103m qua, nan \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ch\u01b0a? N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i h\u01a1n khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u00f3a tinh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a con m\u1eaft. Darwin \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nan \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o \u201cm\u00f2 tr\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1y n\u01b0\u1edbc.\u201d<\/p>\n

M\u1eaft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3, n\u00f3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh t\u1ebf, m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng, cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ef9 di\u1ec7u n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kinh ng\u1ea1c, n\u00f3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tinh vi nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra.<\/p>\n

M\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ti\u00eau c\u1ef1, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111i v\u00e0o, hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh quang sai h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9. M\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay, v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u01a1i s\u00e1ng (ph\u1ea1m vi s\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m vi m\u00e0 m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. \u0110\u00f4i m\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ba chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n. M\u1eaft ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o, cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c hoa v\u0103n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u1eadp th\u1ec3, cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u00f2e.<\/p>\n

M\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t si\u00eau m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hay m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Con m\u1eaft th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tinh x\u1ea3o. (\u1ea2nh: T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng)<\/i><\/p>\n

V\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft, n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m 10 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1\u00b9\u00b2\u2074. T\u1eeb s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u00e0ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong (Internal limiting membrane), l\u1edbp s\u1ee3i th\u1ea7n kinh (Nerve fiber layer), l\u1edbp t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ea1ch (Ganglion cell layer), l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e1m r\u1ed1i trong (Inner plexiform layer), l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n b\u00ean trong (Inner nuclear layer), l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e1m r\u1ed1i ngo\u00e0i (Outer plexiform layer), l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (Outer nuclear layer), m\u00e0ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ngo\u00e0i (External limiting membrane), l\u1edbp t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ea3m quang (Photoreceptor layer) v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u m\u00f4 s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c (Retinal pigment epithelium).<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o then ch\u1ed1t trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n

1. Bi\u1ec3u m\u00f4 s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u h\u1eafc t\u1ed1, gi\u00fap h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ea3m quang, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp. [125]<\/p>\n

2. C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ea3m quang [126] l\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u00ecnh n\u00f3n (kho\u1ea3ng 4.5 tri\u1ec7u) v\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u00ecnh que (kho\u1ea3ng 91 tri\u1ec7u). T\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u00ecnh n\u00f3n cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e9t cao; t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u00ecnh que nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u00ecnh n\u00f3n, cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ngay c\u1ea3 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u00ecnh que th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t photon (h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng)!<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m v\u00e0ng (macula) l\u00e0 n\u01a1i th\u1ecb l\u1ef1c s\u1eafc n\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ea3m quang nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u1ed7 l\u00f5m n\u00f4ng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ed1 m\u1eaft (fovea), m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u00ecnh n\u00f3n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u0103ng g\u1ea7n 200 l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c sinh ra th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c n\u00f3i th\u00ec d\u1ec5, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n sinh h\u00f3a ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c, th\u1ea7n kinh th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e3o. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong l\u1edbp t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ea3m quang (Photoreceptor) c\u1ee7a v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ea3m quang s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp theo gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e2n b\u00e0i domino, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi sinh ra th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

T\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng xuy\u00ean qua gi\u00e1c m\u1ea1c, th\u1ee7y tinh th\u1ec3, d\u1ecbch th\u1ee7y tinh c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ea3m quang c\u1ee7a v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ea3m quang c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ea3m quang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eadt c\u00f4ng t\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ea3m quang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201crhodopsin,\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb retinal v\u00e0 opsin. Sau khi photon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c rhodopsin h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i protein g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ctransducin,\u201d ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u201cphosphodiesterase\u201d (PDE) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn \u201ccyclic guanosine monophosphate\u201d (cGMP) \u2013 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o; t\u00ednh th\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u00eanh ion natri gi\u1ea3m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ef1c. [127]<\/p>\n

3. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ef1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ea3m quang v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n cho t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ea1ch. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ea1ch gi\u00fap truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c synapse. Trong \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y. Ch\u1ec9 khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u1eadt th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

4. V\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, trong \u0111\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o M\u00fcller. Ch\u00fang k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ea3m quang v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00e0ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ngo\u00e0i. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e0y gi\u00fap h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi m\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1y tr\u00ean v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00e0ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong. Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 kh\u00e1c gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

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C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng tinh x\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (\u1ea2nh: Ferrara, M., et al. 2021. Eye, 35[7], 1818-1832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-021-01437-w<\/a>)<\/i><\/p>\n

Xin l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t kh\u00e2u trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0y c\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn protein c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ch\u1ec9 khi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f4i khi v\u1ecf c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m trong su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c b\u00ean trong, sai m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat l\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft c\u00f2n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 n\u00e0y! Ngay c\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tay ngh\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9, th\u1eed h\u1ecfi con m\u1eaft v\u1ed1n tinh x\u1ea3o v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 sinh ra hay kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra? L\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1eaby chu\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf, l\u00f2 xo, thanh c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, cung, m\u1ed3i v.v. \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1eaby chu\u1ed9t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t huy vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i b\u1eaby chu\u1ed9t. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00f9ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u00ec m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1eaby c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft chu\u1ed9t. \u0110\u00f4i m\u1eaft c\u0169ng v\u1eady, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p tinh vi v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady?<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng li\u1ec7u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng? H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ea3m quang c\u1ee7a v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? L\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ra qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh l\u00fd, sinh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c? V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp theo th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed7i thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho sinh v\u1eadt ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf, r\u1eebng r\u1eadm v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau, t\u1ea1i sao tr\u00f2ng \u0111en c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? C\u00f2n n\u1eefa, t\u1ea1i sao ru\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ra ph\u1ee9c nh\u00e3n? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh sinh t\u1ed3n hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

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Con m\u1eaft khi\u1ebfn Darwin c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u201cr\u00f9ng m\u00ecnh.\u201d (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 h\u00f3a sinh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Michael Behe (1952-) \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cCh\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u2013 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin \u2013 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.\u201d [128]<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin ch\u1ec9 xoay quanh s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 sinh s\u1ea3n, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec do nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi sinh ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 quan ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u00e0 trong gi\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 sinh t\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

M\u00e1y \u1ea3nh, k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n con m\u1eaft. Con m\u1eaft tinh di\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0y l\u1ebd n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ra hay sao? L\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng con m\u1eaft k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00ecnh c\u1edd th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean?<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cNh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft,\u201d Darwin vi\u1ebft trong ph\u1ea7n \u201cC\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p\u201d r\u1eb1ng: \u201c\u2026 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t con m\u1eaft ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i s\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1eadt.\u201d (then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperable by our imagination, can hardly be considered real.) [129]<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Darwin th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tinh di\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a con m\u1eaft l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m th\u00e1i b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Darwin trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Michael Behe t\u1eebng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cGi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb t\u00ea li\u1ec7t khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o m\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Harvard, Vi\u1ec7n Y t\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c gia hay Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1o ra l\u00f4ng mao c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n, th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4ng m\u00e1u, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u00f3a ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0o theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Darwin. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y: n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Darwin, th\u00ec b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o?\u201d (In the face of the enormous complexity that modern biochemistry has uncovered in the cell, the scientific community is paralyzed. No one at Harvard University, no one at the National Institutes of Health, no member of the National Academy of Sciences, no Nobel prize winner\u2014no one at all can give a detailed account of how the cilium, or vision, or blood clotting, or any complex biochemical process might have developed in a Darwinian fashion. But we are here. Plants and animals are here. The complex systems are here. All these things got here somehow: if not in a Darwinian fashion, then how?) [130]<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, vi sinh h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, Gs.Ts Ian Macreadie c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Melbourne, Australia t\u1eebng n\u00f3i: \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, c\u00f2n t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111ang s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Gene b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn (l\u1ed7i x\u1ea3y ra khi DNA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao ch\u00e9p qua m\u1ed7i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7) d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh di truy\u1ec1n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u.\u201d (Evolution would argue for things improving, whereas I see everything falling to pieces. Genes being corrupted, mutations [mistakes as DNA is copied each generation] causing an increasing community burden of inherited diseases. All things were well designed initially.) [131]<\/p>\n

3. T\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng \u201ctho\u00e1i h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac,\u201d k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i \u201cc\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbn\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00d4ng Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u201cs\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t\u201d trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cTri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt\u201d (Philosophie zoologique), l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eadp t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n, trong khi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb thu nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

Darwin \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1859 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u201cs\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t\u201d do Lamarck \u0111\u1ec1 ra. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a coi \u201cs\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 s\u1ebd tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft s\u1ebd tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9, th\u00ec b\u1ed9 l\u00f4ng tr\u00ean da kh\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u1ea5m, v\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf? T\u1ea1i sao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n m\u1ecdc t\u00f3c? T\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n cho s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 t\u00f3c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u00f4ng mao, v\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdc th\u00eam t\u00f3c trong khi l\u00f4ng mao tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u201ctho\u00e1i h\u00f3a\u201d?<\/p>\n

3.1 H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 sau khi c\u1eaft amidan<\/b><\/p>\n

Amidan l\u00e0 m\u00f4 b\u1ea1ch huy\u1ebft bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea7n: amidan kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1i, amidan l\u01b0\u1ee1i, amidan v\u00f2m v\u00e0 amidan eustachian, ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng nhau t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng Waldeyer [132]. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng, ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam canh gi\u1eef \u201cph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i\u201d c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 virus do kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n mang v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Do amidan v\u00f2m c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1ecf l\u1ea1i \u1edf cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u1edf tu\u1ed5i thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean, n\u00ean y h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng coi amidan l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a, cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng, m\u1ed9t khi ch\u00fang b\u1ecb vi\u00eam v\u00e0 s\u01b0ng t\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n th\u00ec n\u00ean l\u00e0m ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt c\u1eaft b\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady, amidan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thu nh\u1ecf l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, n\u1ebfu c\u1eaft b\u1ecf amidan s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t b\u1ec7nh kinh ni\u00ean, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2018, t\u1eadp san h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u201cJAMA Otolaryngology\u201d \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo d\u00f5i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 1.2 tri\u1ec7u tr\u1ebb em trong v\u00f2ng 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 30 n\u0103m. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf amidan ho\u1eb7c amidan v\u00f2m trong th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nguy c\u01a1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p, d\u1ecb \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng sau n\u00e0y. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eaft b\u1ecf amidan c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p tr\u00ean t\u0103ng g\u1ea7n 300%; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf amidan v\u00f2m c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh ph\u1ed5i t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn m\u1ea1n t\u00ednh t\u0103ng h\u01a1n 100%, nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p tr\u00ean v\u00e0 vi\u00eam k\u1ebft m\u1ea1c c\u0169ng t\u0103ng g\u1ea7n 100%. [133]<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb 1.300 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt c\u1eaft b\u1ecf amidan v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng g\u1ed3m 2.600 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u1eaft b\u1ecf amidan). H\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u1eaft b\u1ecf amidan c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 m\u1eafc h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng ru\u1ed9t k\u00edch th\u00edch cao g\u1ea7n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u1eaft amidan. [134]<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n theo d\u00f5i h\u01a1n 80.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eaft b\u1ecf amidan ho\u1eb7c ru\u1ed9t th\u1eeba tr\u01b0\u1edbc 20 tu\u1ed5i, cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh tim cao h\u01a1n trong th\u1eddi gian sau n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3i qua c\u1ea3 hai cu\u1ed9c ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt. [135]<\/p>\n

3.2 Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn t\u00f9ng<\/b><\/p>\n

Tuy\u1ebfn t\u00f9ng hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00f9ng qu\u1ea3 (pineal gland) n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda sau \u0111\u1ed3i th\u1ecb, n\u00fap d\u01b0\u1edbi cu\u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00e3o th\u1ea5t 3. N\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh trong th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u, sau 20 tu\u1ed5i, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00f4i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 teo l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, tuy\u1ebfn t\u00f9ng teo l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i hay tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tuy\u1ebfn t\u00f9ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft, th\u1ea7n kinh, th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

1. Ti\u1ebft melatonin [136]: Tuy\u1ebfn t\u00f9ng ti\u1ebft ra melatonin, ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn t\u00f9ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u theo m\u00f9a. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh trong tuy\u1ebfn t\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

2. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng [137]: Th\u00f4ng tin nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ebfn t\u00f9ng th\u00f4ng qua con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111a d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c. Gi\u1eefa tuy\u1ebfn t\u00f9ng, habenula (b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn h\u00e3m cu\u1ed1ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u00f9ng) v\u00e0 v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

3. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ebfn sinh d\u1ee5c: Tuy\u1ebfn t\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebft hormone gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

4. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch: Tuy\u1ebfn t\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o lympho T.<\/p>\n

B\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i u tuy\u1ebfn t\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u00ea li\u1ec7t h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00ecn l\u00ean tr\u00ean. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft b\u1ecf kh\u1ed1i u tuy\u1ebfn t\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00ecn l\u00ean sau ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m th\u1ecb l\u1ef1c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft. [138]<\/p>\n

3.3 Tuy\u1ebfn \u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb teo l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng?<\/b><\/p>\n

Tuy\u1ebfn \u1ee9c n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a trung th\u1ea5t tr\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u00eda sau x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai th\u00f9y tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i, c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i ph\u1eb3ng d\u00e0i, hai th\u00f9y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng m\u00f4 li\u00ean k\u1ebft. L\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, tuy\u1ebfn \u1ee9c chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng. [139] N\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n doanh\u201d cho t\u1ebf b\u00e0o lympho T ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, do v\u00e0o th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u tuy\u1ebfn \u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1edf tu\u1ed5i thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean, sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n thu nh\u1ecf l\u1ea1i, n\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn \u1ee9c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a xem l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a sau khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1eaft b\u1ecf c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tuy\u1ebfn \u1ee9c ki\u00eam c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft. Tuy\u1ebfn \u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 hai chi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa tuy\u1ebfn \u1ee9c c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh\u201d c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd. [140]<\/p>\n

T\u00e2y y \u0111\u00f4i khi s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt c\u1eaft b\u1ecf tuy\u1ebfn \u1ee9c tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 (m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh th\u1ea7n kinh c\u01a1). M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt c\u1eaft b\u1ecf tuy\u1ebfn \u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh t\u1ef1 mi\u1ec5n \u1edf nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1. [141]<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. Thuy\u1ebft \u201cs\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t\u201d c\u1ee7a Lamarck l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m, Darwin \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ra \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a,\u201d vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 sai c\u00e0ng th\u00eam sai.<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ng\u0169 t\u1ea1ng c\u00e2u to\u00e0n, m\u1ed7i c\u01a1 quan trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n r\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng. C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u00f2a \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00ec v\u1eady nh\u1eefng ai d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 th\u00ec n\u00ean suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/b><\/p>\n

114. Darwin, Charles. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . London: J. Murray, 1859.https:\/\/www.vliz.be\/docs\/Zeecijfers\/Origin_of_Species.pdf;http:\/\/darwin-online.org.uk\/content\/search-results?freetext=the%20eye%20with%20all%20its%20inimitable%20contrivances<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

115. Richard Goldschmidt Quotes.https:\/\/www.azquotes.com\/author\/23446-Richard_Goldschmidt#:~:text=Darwin\u2019s%20theory%20of%20natural%20selection,it%20has%20been%20universally%20accepted.&text=It\u2019s%20impossible%20by%20micro%2Dmutation%20to%20form%20any%20new%20species.&text=The%20facts%20of%20microevolution%20%5Bchange,from%20one%20species%20to%20another%5D<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

116. Melinda Danowitz, Aleksandr Vasilyev, Victoria Kortlandt and Nikos Solounias(2015). Fossil evidence and stages of elongation of the Giraffa camelopardalis. Royal society open science https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.150393<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

117. Simmons, R. E., & Scheepers, L. (1996). Winning by a neck: sexual selection in the evolution of giraffe. The American Naturalist, 148(5), 771\u2013786.https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2463405<\/a>; https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2463405<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

118. Wang, S. Q., Ye, J., Meng, J., Li, C., Costeur, L., Mennecart, B., Zhang, C., Zhang, J., Aiglstorfer, M., Wang, Y., Wu, Y., Wu, W. Y., & Deng, T. (2022). Sexual selection promotes giraffoid head-neck evolution and ecological adaptation. Science (New York, N.Y.), 376(6597), eabl8316.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abl8316<\/a>; https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.abl8316<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

119. Williams E. M. (2016). Giraffe Stature and Neck Elongation: Vigilance as an Evolutionary Mechanism. Biology, 5(3), 35.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology5030035<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

120. Rosen G. (1977). Rudolf Virchow and Neanderthal man. The American journal of surgical pathology, 1(2), 183\u2013187.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000478-197706000-00012<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

121. Petruzzello, Melissa. \u201cAsa Gray: The Father of American Botany\u201d. Encyclopedia Britannica, 9 Jan. 2017, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/story\/asa-gray-the-father-of-american-botany<\/a>. Accessed 30 June 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n

122. Correspondence: The correspondence of Charles Darwin. Edited by Frederick Burkhardt et al. 29 vols to date. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985\u2013.https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/letter\/DCP-LETT-2701.xml<\/a>. Accessed on June 30, 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n

123. Darwin, Charles. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . London: J. Murray, 1859.https:\/\/www.vliz.be\/docs\/Zeecijfers\/Origin_of_Species.pdf;http:\/\/darwin-online.org.uk\/content\/search-results?freetext=the%20eye%20with%20all%20its%20inimitable%20contrivances<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

124. Ferrara, M., Lugano, G., Sandinha, M. T., Kearns, V. R., Geraghty, B., & Steel, D. H. (2021). Biomechanical properties of retina and choroid: A comprehensive review of techniques and translational relevance. Eye, 35(7), 1818-1832.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-021-01437-w<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

125. Yang, S., Zhou, J., & Li, D. (2021). Functions and Diseases of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.727870<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

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127. Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al., editors. Neuroscience. 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2001. Phototransduction. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK10806\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

128. Behe, Michael J., 1952-. (2006). Darwin\u2019s black box\u00a0: the biochemical challenge to evolution. New York :Free Press, https:\/\/www.difa3iat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/Behe_Michael_J_Darwins_Black_Box_The_BiochemicaBookZZ.org_.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

129. Darwin, Charles. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . London: J. Murray, 1859.https:\/\/www.vliz.be\/docs\/Zeecijfers\/Origin_of_Species.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

130. Behe, Michael J., 1952-. (2006). Darwin\u2019s black box\u00a0: the biochemical challenge to evolution. New York :Free Press, P187: https:\/\/www.difa3iat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/Behe_Michael_J_Darwins_Black_Box_The_BiochemicaBookZZ.org_.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

131. Carl Wieland and Don Batten. An interview with leading Australian molecular biologist and microbiologist Ian Macreadie.https:\/\/creation.com\/creation-in-the-research-lab<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

132. Meegalla N, Downs BW. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Palatine Tonsil (Faucial Tonsils) [Updated 2022 Jun 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538296\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

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140. Csaba G. (2016). The Immunoendocrine Thymus as a Pacemaker of Lifespan. Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica, 63(2), 139\u2013158.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/030.63.2016.2.1<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

141. Gerli, R., Paganelli, R., Cossarizza, A., Muscat, C., Piccolo, G., Barbieri, D., Mariotti, S., Monti, D., Bistoni, O., Raiola, E., Venanzi, F. M., Bertotto, A., & Franceschi, C. (1999). Long-term immunologic effects of thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 103(5 Pt 1), 865\u2013872.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0091-6749(99)70431-8<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

Nh\u00f3m bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n \u201cNh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d<\/p>\n

(The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n

(B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Epoch Times Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/a>)<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/284169<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org] Chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a The Epoch Times: Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times) M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c 2. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cthi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd\u201d 2.1 T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady 2.2 Con m\u1eaft khi\u1ebfn Darwin kinh ng\u1ea1c 3. 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