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<\/a><\/p>\nChuy\u00ean m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a The Epoch Times: Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n
Ti\u1ebfp theo: Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u “Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a” (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1): Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c (Ph\u1ea7n 2)<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u1ea9n trong \u0111\u00e1 tuy kh\u00f4ng m\u1edf mi\u1ec7ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebft k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n g\u00ec t\u1eeb ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i xa x\u01b0a?<\/i><\/p>\n B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn Darwin r\u00f9ng m\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i khi ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? C\u00f3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n l\u00e1 c\u00e2y m\u1ecdc tr\u00ean cao kh\u00f4ng?<\/i><\/p>\n Amidan, tuy\u1ebfn t\u00f9ng v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn \u1ee9c \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 teo l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 b\u1ecb tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra khi b\u1ea1n ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt c\u1eaft b\u1ecf ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?<\/i><\/p>\n V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cScience\u201d c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00fa v\u1ecb, n\u1ebfu nh\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t con chu\u1ed9t v\u00e0o l\u1ed3ng s\u1eaft r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00f3n Chocolate y\u00eau th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc l\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t con chu\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i chi\u1ebfc l\u1ed3ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng?<\/i><\/p>\n B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft tr\u00f2 l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Anh qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cv\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean t\u1ed5,\u201d cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i n\u00e0o?<\/i><\/p>\n Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m logic c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc ban \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m lung lay n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1eeb c\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n Th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng may, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea7n quen v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129 th\u00eam, l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb5ng; tr\u1ea3i qua \u201cch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ea1nh tranh sinh t\u1ed3n,\u201d c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u01b0u th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m nay.<\/p>\n \u201cGi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00f9 sao c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, v\u1eady quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 sinh m\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u th\u00eam.<\/p>\n T\u1ea1i sao gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m? C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y, trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201cNh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a,\u201d ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n 1. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb t\u1eeb\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n 1.1 S\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i trung gian \u2013 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng m\u00e0 Darwin c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/b><\/p>\n Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a cho r\u1eb1ng, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea3y t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y sang lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc cao kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 lo\u00e0i trung gian v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn sau:<\/p>\n Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/b>, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y ph\u00f3ng to t\u1ea7m m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng gian tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ang kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, bao g\u1ed3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, carbon dioxide gia t\u0103ng, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v.v. nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d th\u00e0nh lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cth\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.\u201d<\/p>\n H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau, cho n\u00ean ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t m\u1eaft x\u00edch trung gian trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 lo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang ch\u00fang, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau cho \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao c\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i ri\u00eang, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nay ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc gia n\u00e0o n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i trung gian.<\/p>\n Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i lo\u00e0i trung gian. Trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i,\u201d Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6 \u2013 \u201cKh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft,\u201d Darwin \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea b\u1ed1n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u201clo\u00e0i trung gian\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. \u201cT\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn v\u00e0o nhau, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng\u2026 \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.\u201d [75]<\/p>\n Th\u1ee9 hai<\/b>, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f9ng nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eddi gian tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i xa x\u01b0a.<\/p>\n Tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 sinh v\u1eadt, sau khi ch\u00fang t\u1eed vong, di th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c v\u1ebft t\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb b\u00f9n c\u00e1t v\u00f9i l\u1ea5p. Sau \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1eddi gian l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecf, x\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e0nh, l\u00e1 v.v. \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c v\u1ebft t\u00edch do sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft t\u00edch ho\u1eb7c di th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch. Th\u00f4ng qua h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 suy ra \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea7ng n\u01a1i ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch, v.v.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 C\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d th\u00e0nh lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu lo\u00e0i A th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh lo\u00e0i B, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u201ch\u00ecnh th\u00e1i bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp\u201d gi\u1eefa hai lo\u00e0i. H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 A v\u00e0 B n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1eaft x\u00edch trung gian.\u201d<\/p>\n Do \u0111\u00f3, Darwin \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d r\u1eb1ng: \u201cS\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c m\u1eaft x\u00edch trung gian v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp, gi\u1eefa t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y [v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a] l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, th\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t.\u201d [76] (The number of intermediate and transitional links, between all living and extinct species, must have been inconceivably great. But assuredly, if this theory [of evolution] be true, such have lived upon the earth.\uff09<\/p>\n Darwin mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng, t\u1eeb c\u00e1 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0, b\u00f2 s\u00e1t r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn chim v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa, v\u1eady th\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch sinh v\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i trung gian h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt trung gian n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m Darwin th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu l\u00e0 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc. V\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ebfu h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt trung gian n\u00e0y? M\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt trung gian n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n Sau n\u00e0y, trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d Darwin \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: \u201cT\u00ednh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 m\u1eaft x\u00edch chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng\u2026 T\u1ea1i sao m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea7ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c m\u1eaft x\u00edch trung gian? \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 chu\u1ed7i h\u1eefu c\u01a1 n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a tinh vi v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady; v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.\u201d (The distinctiveness of specific forms, and their not being blended together by innumerable transitional links, is a very obvious difficulty\u2026\u2026 Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum full of such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely-graduated organic chain; and this, perhaps, is the most obvious and serious objection to my theory.) [77]<\/p>\n 1.2 H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/b><\/p>\n Thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch trung gian l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng minh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, Darwin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch. Sau h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n trong \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch trung gian.<\/p>\n Sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch, \u00f4ng Stephen Jay Gould, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 C\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: \u201cN\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ea3.\u201d (In short, if evolution means the gradual change of one kind of organism into another kind, the outstanding characteristic of the fossil record is the absence of evidence for evolution.) [78]<\/p>\n Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Colin Patterson (1933~1998) [79] l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (Natural History Museum) \u1edf London t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1962 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1993. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1981 t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean Hoa K\u1ef3 (American Museum of Natural History), \u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cQu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a,\u201d \u00f4ng h\u1ecfi th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u201cb\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1?\u201d (\u201cCan you tell me anything about evolution\u201d, he asked his listeners, \u201cany one thing, that is true?\u201d\uff09<\/p>\n V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 10\/04\/1979, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Patterson \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 cho k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Luther Sunderland v\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a!!\u201d (Not one fossil of evidence fossil for evolution!!) N\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n \u201cT\u00f4i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu minh h\u1ecda tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec, h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch hay sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng, t\u00f4i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang v\u00e0o [s\u00e1ch]. Ng\u00e0i g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng anh ta s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c, n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 t\u00f9y \u00fd ph\u00e1t huy, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m cho \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n \u2026\u2026 Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u00e0i Gould v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn khi h\u1ecd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean trong h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch. Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t t\u00f4i n\u00ean \u2018\u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh.\u2019 T\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u2013 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch.\u201d [80]<\/p>\n (I fully agree with your comments on the lack of direct illustration of evolutionary transitions in my book. If I knew of any, fossil or living, I would certainly have include them. You suggest that an artist should be asked to visualize such transformations, but where would he get the information from? I could not honestly provide it, and if I were to leave it to artist licence, would not this mislead the reader?<\/p>\n \u2026\u2026Yet Gould and the American Museum people are hard to contradict when they say there are no transitional fossils. As a paleontologist myself, I am much occupied with the philosophical problems of identifying ancestral forms in the fossil record. You say that I should at least \u201cshow a photo of the fossil from which each type of organism was derived.\u201d I will lay it on the line \u2013 there is not one such fossil for which one could make a watertight argument. The reason is that statements about ancestry and descent are not applicable in the fossil record.\uff09<\/p>\n Th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Patterson g\u1eedi k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 Sunderland v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1979: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a!!\u201d (\u1ea2nh ch\u1ee5p m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh trang web)<\/i><\/p>\n 1.3 \u201cV\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean t\u1ed5\u201d kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/b><\/p>\n Trong ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c chi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Homo), ph\u00e2n h\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Hominidae), b\u1ed9 linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng (Primates), l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa (Mammalia), ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng (Chordata), gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt (Animalia) [81]; c\u00f2n lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c v\u01b0\u1ee3n tay d\u00e0i (Hylobatidae), h\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Hominidae), b\u1ed9 linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng (Primates), l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa (Mammalia), ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng (Chordata), gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt (Animalia) [82].<\/p>\n Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cv\u01b0\u1ee3n th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5,\u201d tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, \u201cv\u01b0\u1ee3n th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5\u201d \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh hai lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u201cv\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean t\u1ed5.\u201d Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 g\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1ed1p xe, t\u1ea5m kim lo\u1ea1i, v.v., l\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc sedan? Ch\u00fang th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc sedan, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe m\u00e1y ho\u1eb7c xe b\u00e1n t\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 l\u1ebb t\u1ebb r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c, x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y, x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c r\u0103ng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 kia, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m r\u00f5 li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 hay kh\u00f4ng, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i sinh m\u1ec7nh nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eady.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u1eef kh\u00ed ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a trong b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 du kh\u00e1ch l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u201cm\u1eaft x\u00edch c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu.\u201d R\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 ch\u1eafp v\u00e1 l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean t\u1ed5.<\/p>\n M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eafp v\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tinh tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y c\u1ea1nh nhau t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean Hoa K\u1ef3 (AMNH). (\u1ea2nh: Nh\u00f3m bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n \u201cNh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d)<\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1eaft x\u00edch c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu\u201d gi\u1eefa v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n Lucy \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Phi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Java \u1edf Indonesia v.v.<\/p>\n 1.3.1 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/b><\/p>\n V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1857, nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh s\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ea3nh x\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i \u1edf Thung l\u0169ng Neanderthal, t\u00e2y b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc Hermann Schaaffhausen (1816~1893) \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Bonn, \u0110\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y, th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng tr\u00e1n th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 h\u1eb9p, g\u1edd m\u00e0y l\u1edbn g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nhau t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i ph\u1ed3ng ngang, v\u00f2m \u0111\u1ec9nh ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u201cm\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c ch\u01b0a khai h\u00f3a v\u00e0 man r\u1ee3,\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u [83].<\/p>\n Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Schaffhausen \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc, gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Thomas Henry Huxley (1825~1895) \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, \u00f4ng Huxley th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1eaft x\u00edch ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb v\u01b0\u1ee3n th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft x\u00edch trung gian c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb v\u01b0\u1ee3n th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1864, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 William King (1809~1886), nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc \u1edf Ireland \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal\u201d (Homo neanderthalensis). [84]<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, Gs.Ts Rudolf Virchow (1821~1902), ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ng\u00e0nh t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ec7nh h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, sau khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng l\u00e3o b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh kh\u1edbp. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Virchow ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn b\u1ed9 h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01a1 khai. [85]<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Matthias Krings thu\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Munich, \u0110\u1ee9c (Zoological Institute, University of Munic) \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00f9ng si\u00eau bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a DNA ty th\u1ec3 (mtDNA) trong x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal.\u201d H\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p gene cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Lu\u1eadn v\u0103n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed uy t\u00edn \u201cCell\u201d v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1997. [86]<\/p>\n Sau \u0111\u00f3, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Krings \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i gene t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng si\u00eau bi\u1ebfn II c\u1ee7a DNA ty th\u1ec3 (mtDNA) c\u1ee7a x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal\u201d v\u00e0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, mtDNA c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i c\u00e2y ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn mtDNA c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed3i n\u0103m 1997. Lu\u1eadn v\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed uy t\u00edn \u201cK\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Hoa K\u1ef3\u201d (PNAS) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999 [87].<\/p>\n N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c nhau b\u00e1c b\u1ecf k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.\u201d M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cScience\u201d [88] v\u00e0 \u201cNature\u201d [89] sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nh\u1ecf gi\u1eefa gene c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n 1.3.2 Lucy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u1ee3n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/b><\/p>\n V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1974, m\u1eabu h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u201cLucy\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Phi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o lo\u00e0i \u201cAustralopithecus afarensis\u201d v\u00e0 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u1ee3n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u201cv\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5\u201d th\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n. C\u00e1c kh\u1edbp tay ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, trong khi c\u00e1c kh\u1edbp c\u1ee7a kh\u1ec9 th\u01b0\u1eddng cong. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc Jack Stern v\u00e0 Randall L. Susman c\u1ee7a Trung t\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Y t\u1ebf \u2013 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc New York \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cNh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc Sinh h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3\u201d (American Journal of Physical Anthropology) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1983 cho r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Australopithecus kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edbp g\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e2y, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f3n tay v\u00e0 ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n d\u00e0i, cong, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e2y [90].<\/p>\n M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cLi\u1ec7u Lucy c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh?\u201d (Did Luky actually stand on her own two feet?) c\u1ee7a t\u1edd \u201cNew York Times\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1983, l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111ang tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Lucy c\u00f3 \u0111i th\u1eb3ng hay kh\u00f4ng [91], nh\u01b0ng khi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00f3, danh t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Lucy \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Charles Oxnard, c\u1ef1u gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y \u00dac \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch Australopithecus b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, \u00f4ng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Australopithecus kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1987 trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cFossils, Teeth, and Sex: New Perspectives on Human Evolution\u201d (T\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch, r\u0103ng v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh: Nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi) do \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Washington ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh. (The australopithecines may well have been sibling groups to both the African apes and humans. This is an idea that would remove the australopithecines from being closely related to the human lineage and would place them unequivocally within an evolutionary radiation. Of these lineages, some, australopithecines, became extinct; some African apes, are almost extinct; only one genus, Homo, survives strongly at the present time). [92]<\/p>\n Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cProblems with Lucy and Skull 1470\u201d (Lucy v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ecd 1470) \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean trang web c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc North Carolina t\u1ea1i Chapel Hill, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 David Plaisted, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ba v\u1ecb, Stern, Susman v\u00e0 Oxnard n\u00eau tr\u00ean. [93]<\/p>\n V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cScience\u201d \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea3 vai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 Australopithecus afarensis v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c leo tr\u00e8o v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i leo tr\u00e8o t\u00edch c\u1ef1c [94].<\/p>\n V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y Australopithecus afarensis l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u201cv\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5\u201d c\u1ee7a Luky kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn t\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Lucy, g\u1eafn tay v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng Lucy l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n, v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 do kh\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n 1.3.3 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Java ch\u1eafp v\u00e1<\/b><\/p>\n Gs.Ts Eugene Dubois (1858~1940) l\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 n\u1ed9i khoa ki\u00eam nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1891, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f9i v\u00e0 ba chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng \u1edf Sangiran, \u0111\u1ea3o Java, Indonesia; ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng Java\u201d (Java man) s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi r\u1ea5t xa x\u01b0a.<\/p>\n Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1ec1 m\u1eabu v\u1eadt n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 li\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc x\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i hay kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eafp v\u00e1 l\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khoa h\u1ecdc gia cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Dubois ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con v\u01b0\u1ee3n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u1ee3n. Sir Arthur Keith (1866~1955), nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kia r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y nay, dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. [95]<\/p>\n Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Rudolf Virchow, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ec7nh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201cCha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh h\u1ecdc,\u201d m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u201cJava man.\u201d \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Dubois v\u00e0 m\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft \u1edf Berlin, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh s\u00e1u lu\u1eadn v\u0103n v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1895. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Virchow v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Dubois l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung cho c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfc x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, c\u00f2n chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3n h\u01a1n. \u00d4ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng di c\u1ed1t n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 hai sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau, cho r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfc x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f9i \u1ed1m y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong khi h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con v\u01b0\u1ee3n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. [96]<\/p>\n N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta coi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d nh\u01b0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cLucy\u201d \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi; \u201cJava man\u201d l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eafp v\u00e1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau; ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi Piltdown\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cNebraska man\u201d c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 tr\u00f2 l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean xa x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n.<\/p>\n T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n\u201d cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, c\u00f2n gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb kh\u1ec9\u201d th\u00ec v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n 1.4 Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i trung gian gi\u1eefa kh\u1ee7ng long v\u00e0 chim<\/b><\/p>\n Chim th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5 (Archaeopteryx) t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i trung gian gi\u1eefa kh\u1ee7ng long v\u00e0 chim, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Archaeopteryx, l\u00f4ng v\u0169, x\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e3o v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tai trong c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i [97]. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tai trong c\u1ee7a Archaeopteryx cho th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n Nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Alan Feduccia thu\u1ed9c Khoa \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc North Carolina c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cScience\u201d r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c phi\u1ebfn l\u00f4ng trong c\u00e1c l\u00f4ng bay ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Archaeopteryx ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng \u1edf c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim ng\u00e0y nay, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bay c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang [98]. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, l\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf l\u00f4ng bay, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phi\u1ebfn l\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed khi \u0111ang bay.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y Archaeopteryx \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 bay, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch Archaeoraptor \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb kh\u1ee7ng long \u0103n th\u1ecbt th\u00e0nh chim. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2001, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Timothy B. Rowe thu\u1ed9c Khoa Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Texas \u1edf Austin \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch Archaeoraptor t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea7ng k\u1ef7 Ph\u1ea5n tr\u1eafng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cNature.\u201d Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa \u0111u\u00f4i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con kh\u1ee7ng long v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i chim nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y [99].<\/p>\n C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m: Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Richard A. Ketcham, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Khoa Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t; Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Matthew Colbert, tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u vi\u00ean; Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Cambria Denison \u1edf ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m C\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng; T\u1eeb Tinh (Xing Xu) \u1edf Vi\u1ec7n C\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 C\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc Kinh, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Philip J. Currie \u1edf B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng C\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Ho\u00e0ng gia Tyrrell, Drumheller, Alberta, Canada.<\/p>\n Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y Archaeopteryx kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i trung gian gi\u1eefa chim v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng long, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i trung gian n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa hai lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n 1.5 \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Patterson, chuy\u00ean gia h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeba c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00ec \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau khi \u00f4ng Patterson nh\u1eadn ra sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a,\u201d c\u00f2n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Gould sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 70 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 C\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Stephen Jay Gould (1941~2002) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u00d4ng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a hai \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a [100]:<\/p>\n (1) T\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh: Ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 khi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n (2) \u0110\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n: K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lo\u00e0i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb \u201ct\u1ed5 ti\u00ean,\u201d tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u201cho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh.\u201d<\/p>\n N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ecd ba th\u00f9y\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb 600 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn 260 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1eeb 260 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. B\u1ecd ba th\u00f9y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t \u1edf th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, th\u1eddi gian tr\u00f4i qua l\u00e0 340 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecd ba th\u00f9y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 b\u1ecd ba th\u00f9y, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. N\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a trong 340 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd n\u00e0o cho thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n V\u1eady n\u00ean, h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb t\u1eeb.\u201d<\/p>\n T\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n 1.6 H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch k\u1ef7 Cambri: S\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng<\/b><\/p>\n K\u1ef7 Cambri v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 541 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn 485.4 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ef7 Cambri, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0o v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u00edt \u1ecfi. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1909, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb k\u1ef7 Cambri t\u1ea1i Burgess Shale \u1edf Canada. C\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch bao g\u1ed3m 20 \u0111\u1ebfn 35 Ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1t, tay cu\u1ed9n, giun, th\u00e2n l\u1ed7, d\u00e2y s\u1ed1ng v.v. C\u00f3 h\u01a1n 17,000 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef7 Permi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 250 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 Cambri (Cambrian Life\u2019s Explosion) [101].<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1t mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ef7 Cambri l\u00e0 b\u1ecd ba th\u00f9y. B\u1ecd ba th\u00f9y c\u00f3 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ph\u1eb3ng, ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 m\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00fang trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0103n th\u1ecbt. B\u1ecd ba th\u00f9y c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 k\u00edch c\u1ee1, c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 1mm \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 2 feet (0.6 m\u00e9t), n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ecd ba th\u00f9y t\u1eeb 500 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1ecd ba th\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c l\u1edbp B\u1ecd ba th\u00f9y, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1t h\u00ecnh nh\u1ec7n bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. (\u1ea2nh: Merlin74\/Shutterstock)<\/i><\/p>\n K\u1ef7 Cambri c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch. (\u1ea2nh: Marcel Clemens\/Shutterstock)<\/i><\/p>\n C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nh\u00f3m h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch Tr\u1eebng Giang \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eeb 530 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Tr\u1eebng Giang, bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u00e2n l\u1ed7, s\u1ee9a, x\u00fac tu, giun, giun nhung, tay cu\u1ed9n, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1t v\u00e0 b\u1eadc cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 d\u00e2y s\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng d\u00e2y s\u1ed1ng. [102]<\/p>\n Theo gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin, c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh \u201cchi\u201d m\u1edbi, \u201ch\u1ecd\u201d m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u201cng\u00e0nh\u201d m\u1edbi th\u00f4ng qua ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong k\u1ef7 Cambri, ch\u00fang bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch?<\/p>\n \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi r\u1ea5t then ch\u1ed1t. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 do sinh m\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e2u d\u00e0i m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u201ckh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng.\u201d<\/p>\n V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1972, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 C\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Stephen Jay Gould t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard v\u00e0 Gs.Ts Niles Eldredge, nh\u00e0 C\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ki\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0a ra \u201cthuy\u1ebft c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng\u201d (punctuated equilibrium), cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i tr\u1ea3i qua t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7 trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng trong th\u1eddi gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eafn b\u1edfi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, sau \u0111\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. [103]<\/p>\n N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf k\u1ef7 Cambri th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n 1.7 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u DNA ty th\u1ec3: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng tu\u1ed5i nhau<\/b><\/p>\n Trong si\u00eau th\u1ecb, m\u1ed7i m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t; t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean gene c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho danh t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch DNA (DNA barcoding).<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, gene COI (cytochrom c oxidase I) c\u1ee7a ty th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 m\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch DNA ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. [104]<\/p>\n V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2018, \u00f4ng Mark Stoeckle, tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cao c\u1ea5p t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Rockefeller, New York v\u00e0 \u00f4ng David Thaler t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Basel \u1edf Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn v\u0103n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cHuman Evolution.\u201d Trong \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 100.000 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 n\u0103m tri\u1ec7u \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p gene t\u1eeb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u GenBank c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. H\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nucleotide trong v\u00f9ng COI c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. [105]<\/p>\n K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng di truy\u1ec1n COI c\u1ee7a m\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch DNA c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u201cg\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau.\u201d N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, 9\/10 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y nay, bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, chim, c\u00e1, g\u1ea5u, v.v., \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 100.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 200.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00f4 t\u1ea3.<\/p>\n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u trang b\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i l\u1ea1i, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Yahoo v\u00e0 Phys.Org [106], trang theo d\u00f5i th\u00f4ng tin khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Anh qu\u1ed1c. Ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean Marlowe Hood c\u1ee7a AFP \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u0103ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cc\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh ra th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb t\u1eeb.\u201d \u00d4ng David Thaler, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Darwin.\u201d<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn v\u0103n kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Rockefeller c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean Phy.Org [107] cho bi\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u00fa v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 x\u00e9t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a gene, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra \u201clo\u00e0i trung gian\u201d \u2013 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Thaler cho bi\u1ebft: \u201cL\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Darwin v\u1ec1 \u2018nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i trung gian\u2019 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.\u201d<\/p>\n Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Thaler b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam: \u201cNghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u2018h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o trong kh\u00f4ng gian theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1.\u2019 M\u1ed7i lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 chung r\u1ea5t h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia.\u201d<\/p>\n Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Thaler c\u00f2n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cN\u1ebfu c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh, th\u00ec c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tinh h\u1ec7. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m sao d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c trong kh\u00f4ng gian m\u00eang m\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn.\u201d<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u00ean t\u1edd \u201cEvolution News & Science Today\u201d c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt (ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn) \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i?\u201d \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau b\u1eadt m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a [108]. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt k\u1ef7 Cambri \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb t\u1eeb.<\/p>\n Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00ean nghi\u00eam t\u00fac xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, ti\u1ebfp thu ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1edfi m\u1edf h\u01a1n th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n 1.8 H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n g\u00ec?<\/b><\/p>\n Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t nhanh sau khi t\u1eed vong, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0103n x\u00e1c th\u1ed1i v\u00e0 vi sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y ch\u00fang. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt s\u1edf d\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n l\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n ngay sau khi ch\u1ebft. Tr\u1eeb khi b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e1 ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec di th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda. H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda, v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u1ea3y ra th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda. [108] (xem \u201cCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 8\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft chi ti\u1ebft).<\/p>\n V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 08\/11\/2021, t\u1edd \u201cThe Deseret News\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cT\u1ea1i sao h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch 300 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Utah n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc x\u00f4n xao\u201d (Why this 300 million-year-old fossil discovered in Utah has the paleontology) [110]. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0a tin: M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch 300 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c gia Canyonlands \u1edf Utah. N\u00f3 d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 1.5 feet (45.72cm), c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa, c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch kh\u1ee7ng long l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 50 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. Theo gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin, lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Morganucodon [111], xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ef7 Jura c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 205 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 10cm, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con chu\u1ed9t nh\u00e0. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u1edbi x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o 300 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc?<\/p>\n Theo gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u1ea3o nh\u00e2n (Homo habilis), tr\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n (Homo erectus), tr\u00ed nh\u00e2n (Homo sapiens) v.v. m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 10.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean [112]. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i xa x\u00f4i h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i [113]. (Xem \u201cCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 8\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft).<\/p>\n N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch k\u1ef7 Cambri, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 DNA ty th\u1ec3, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 300 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, v.v. l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f2n k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n\u201d c\u1ee7a Darwin.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb, tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 Darwin \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc lu\u00f4n cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh theo m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i sau khi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda; sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i t\u00e1i sinh, l\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd cho c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/b><\/p>\n 75. Darwin, Charles. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . London: J. Murray, 1859.https:\/\/www.vliz.be\/docs\/Zeecijfers\/Origin_of_Species.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 76. Darwin, Charles. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . London: J. Murray, 1859.https:\/\/www.vliz.be\/docs\/Zeecijfers\/Origin_of_Species.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 77. Darwin, Charles. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . London: J. Murray, 1859.https:\/\/www.vliz.be\/docs\/Zeecijfers\/Origin_of_Species.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 78. Phillip E. Johnson. Darwin On Trial. Used with permission of Phillip E. Johnson and Regnery Gateway Publishing Co. Electronically Enhanced Text (c) Copyright 1993 World Library, Inc. Copyright 1991.http:\/\/maxddl.org\/Creation\/Darwin%20On%20Trial.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 79. Paul A. Nelson. News and Commentary. Origins & Design 17:1. Colin Patterson Revisits His Famous Question about Evolution http:\/\/www.arn.org\/docs\/odesign\/od171\/colpat171.htm?fbclid=IwAR0jfWBP88HUDXwOJUrxu4hbTjO3hTzQPrcUYMjD-s3gm5lb007MCyl24kc<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 80. Colin Patterson, personal communication. Luther Sunderland, Darwin\u2019s Enigma: Fossils and Other Problems, 4th edition, 1988, 88-90.<\/i><\/p>\n 81. Groves, C.P. Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M.. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. LCCN 2005001870<\/span>. OCLC 62265494<\/span>. OL 3392515M. NLC 001238428.http:\/\/www.departments.bucknell.edu\/biology\/resources\/msw3\/browse.asp?id=12100795<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 82. Linda J. Lowenstine, Rita McManamon, Karen A. Terio. Editor(s): Karen A. Terio, Denise McAloose, Judy St. Leger, Pathology of Wildlife and Zoo Animals. 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Problems with Lucy and Skull 1470 http:\/\/www.cs.unc.edu\/~plaisted\/ce\/lucy.html<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 93. David A. Plaisted. Problems with Lucy and Skull 1470. http:\/\/www.cs.unc.edu\/~plaisted\/ce\/lucy.html<\/a>. Accessed on June 2 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n 94. Green, D. J., & Alemseged, Z. (2012). Australopithecus afarensis scapular ontogeny, function, and the role of climbing in human evolution. Science (New York, N.Y.), 338(6106), 514\u2013517.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1227123<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 95. Java Man. (2023, February 9). New World Encyclopedia, Retrieved 23:52, June 3, 2023 from https:\/\/www.newworldencyclopedia.org\/p\/index.php?title=Java_Man&oldid=1099870<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 96. Rosen G. (1977). Rudolf Virchow and Neanderthal man. The American journal of surgical pathology, 1(2), 183\u2013187.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000478-197706000-00012<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 97. Alonso, P. D., Milner, A. C., Ketcham, R. A., Cookson, M. J., & Rowe, T. B. (2004). 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Nature, 600(7889), 468-471.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-04187-7<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u00f3m bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n \u201cNh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n (The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n (B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Epoch Times Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n