{"id":52244,"date":"2026-01-27T10:49:35","date_gmt":"2026-01-27T03:49:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=52244"},"modified":"2026-01-30T12:14:00","modified_gmt":"2026-01-30T05:14:00","slug":"nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-1-thuyet-tien-hoa-la-gia-thuyet-chua-duoc-chung-thuc-phan-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/01\/nhin-thau-thuyet-tien-hoa-chuong-1-thuyet-tien-hoa-la-gia-thuyet-chua-duoc-chung-thuc-phan-2.html","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1): Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c (Ph\u1ea7n 2)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

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Lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a The Epoch Times: Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/p>\n

5. \u201cTi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4\u201d ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n

5.1 C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/p>\n

5.2 Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/p>\n

5.2.1 Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m b\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y tinh b\u1ecb nghi v\u1ea5n<\/p>\n

5.2.2 C\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m RNA kh\u00f4ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3<\/p>\n

5.2.3 E. coli g\u00e2y th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng<\/p>\n

5.3 Quy lu\u1eadt th\u00e9p c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u1eb1m gi\u1eef cho c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n

5.3.1 Ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1ed1ng lo\u00e0i<\/p>\n

5.3.2 \u201cH\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1ng\u201d v\u0129nh c\u1eedu<\/p>\n

5.3.3 \u201cLai gi\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o\u201d kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi<\/p>\n

6. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb kh\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh<\/p>\n

7. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u khoa h\u1ecdc gia c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/p>\n

7.1 Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng\u201d<\/p>\n

7.2 Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u201cl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf\u201d<\/p>\n

7.3 Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u201cl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 gi\u1eefa ban ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Darwin\u201d<\/p>\n

7.4 Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u201ckh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng\u201d<\/p>\n

7.5 Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u201cl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn\u201d<\/p>\n

7.6 C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nature<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp theo: Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u2018Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u2019 (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1): Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c (Ph\u1ea7n 1)<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

5. \u201cTi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4\u201d ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc<\/b><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng logic r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn n\u00eau tr\u00ean, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n \u2013 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

5.1 C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/b><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a cho r\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng 4 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb v\u00f4 c\u01a1 th\u00e0nh h\u1eefu c\u01a1 nh\u1edd \u201cn\u1ed3i s\u00fap nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y,\u201d t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb, sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n b\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh sinh v\u1eadt \u0111a b\u00e0o, t\u1eeb b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eadc cao, t\u1eeb c\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt b\u00f2 s\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa, v\u01b0\u1ee3n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e2u d\u00e0i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t sinh bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong c\u1ea1nh tranh sinh t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc, tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sinh h\u1ecdc, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra [23].<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec Darwin l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: Ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. V\u1eady n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng minh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n quan s\u00e1t h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, v\u00e0 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m [24]. C\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1965, \u00f4ng Gerald Allan Kerkut, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge ki\u00eam Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 H\u00f3a sinh t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Southampton \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cImplications of Evolution\u201d (T\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a). Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u1eb1ng Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ea3y gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea3y gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a; r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecf qua s\u00e1u gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 xem x\u00e9t gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y. [25]<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3y gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m:<\/b><\/p>\n

-Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, sinh m\u1ec7nh sinh ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1;<\/p>\n

-Th\u1ee9 hai, sinh m\u1ec7nh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean sinh ra;<\/p>\n

-Th\u1ee9 ba, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 sinh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau, t\u1eeb virus \u0111\u1ebfn vi khu\u1ea9n, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean;<\/p>\n

-Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111a b\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n b\u00e0o;<\/p>\n

-Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi nhau;<\/p>\n

-Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng;<\/p>\n

-Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0, l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh b\u00f2 s\u00e1t, b\u00f2 s\u00e1t ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh chim ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa, v.v. (\u201cImplications of Evolution\u201d, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2, trang 6).<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, theo ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00ec c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n b\u00ean trong (do \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i [26] d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng [27] ho\u1eb7c b\u1ec7nh) hay l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c (thi\u00ean tai, chi\u1ebfn tranh), qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c sinh s\u00f4i. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Darwin s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, b\u1ecf qua s\u00e1u gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 xem x\u00e9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng minh n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n

Nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t:<\/b> Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan s\u00e1t h\u1ed3i c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c m\u1eabu sinh v\u1eadt, xem xem li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc gia h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, \u00f4ng Colin Patterson (1933~1998) \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c m\u1eabu v\u1eadt trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1981, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean Hoa K\u1ef3: \u201cC\u00f3 ai trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf?\u201d [28]<\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Patterson n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c sinh h\u1ecdc v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Darwin. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ph\u1ea1m vi sinh v\u1eadt m\u00e0 \u00f4ng Patterson nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, do v\u1eady k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai:<\/b> Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu\u1ea7n t\u1eadp h\u1ed3i c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 xem li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Darwin n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi do m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, cho \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n nay lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y. Ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 Darwin nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn \u2013 \u201cv\u01b0\u1ee3n th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5\u201d \u2013 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u201cv\u01b0\u1ee3n th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5\u201d \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. D\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb kh\u1ec9.\u201d<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: nh\u00f3m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m A quan s\u00e1t \u201cv\u01b0\u1ee3n th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Darwin cho l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng B quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang sinh s\u00f4i \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00ean, sinh ra v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. Sau \u0111\u00f3 xem c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau \u201cv\u01b0\u1ee3n th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5\u201d \u1edf nh\u00f3m A \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng B xem c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i lo\u00e0i \u201cv\u01b0\u1ee3n th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5\u201d hay kh\u00f4ng, li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ai tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0i tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y? T\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn, khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1981, nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Arthur Ernest Wilder-Smith (1915~1995), ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao ba b\u1eb1ng Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cThe Natural Sciences Know Nothing of Evolution\u201d (T\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: Khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a). Trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cTrong s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3y ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc; N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3y gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, th\u00ec n\u00ean xem n\u00f3 l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i khoa h\u1ecdc, b\u1edfi v\u00ec khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m.\u201d [29]<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d \u0111ang th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft T\u00e2n Darwin (Neo-Darwinism) [30] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Darwin, v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4,\u201d t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 xoay quanh \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi m\u00f4.\u201d Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4\u201d \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n minh \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Darwin, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (Modern synthesis) hay Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (Modern evolutionary synthesis) \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

5.2 Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/b><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d c\u1ee7a Darwin. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh n\u00f3, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00e3 hao t\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng v\u00f4 \u00edch, k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

5.2.1 Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m b\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y tinh b\u1ecb nghi v\u1ea5n<\/b><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0, sinh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u protein.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1953, nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Stanley L. Miller \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c acid amin [32] v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho sinh m\u1ec7nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1 [31]. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng khoa h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft \u201cs\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1 t\u1eeb t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh.\u201d<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng Miller l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi sinh m\u1ec7nh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, t\u1ee9c cho th\u00eam v\u00e0o b\u00ecnh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c kh\u00ed kh\u1eed nh\u01b0 hydro (H\u2082), metan (CH4), amoniac (NH\u2083), v.v. v\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau khi h\u00e0n k\u00edn b\u00ecnh th\u00ec l\u1eafp hai \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra tia l\u1eeda \u0111i\u1ec7n. B\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y sau, \u00f4ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i acid amin.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc, b\u1edfi v\u00ec protein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb acid amin, c\u00f3 acid amin th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra protein hay sinh m\u1ec7nh g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng Miller c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, s\u00f3ng xung k\u00edch v.v. trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00ed th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 acid amin, glucose, ribose v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i base ch\u1ee9a trong acid nucleic v.v.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Miller kh\u00f4ng m\u1edf m\u00e0n cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi mong \u0111\u1ee3i l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra nhi\u1ec1u nghi v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng [33].<\/p>\n

Nghi v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/b> l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 \u00f4ng Miller v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia kh\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 h\u1ecd thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Miller, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 oxy t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Th\u00e1i C\u1ed5 (Archean, 3.8-2.5 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc), b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebfu oxy, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ri\u00eang ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a oxy trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 10\u23bb\u00b9\u00b2 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 oxy trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y nay. [34]<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00f3m \u00f4ng Miller \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed kh\u1eed g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 k\u1ef5 kh\u00ed v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c acid amin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 oxy, acid amin s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ho\u1eb7c s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y sau khi t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a oxy trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n s\u01a1 khai c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t [35] v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1982, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 oxy \u1edf m\u1ee9c dao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 10\u23bb\u00b9\u2074 \u0111\u1ebfn 10\u23bb\u00b9 so v\u1edbi b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i [36], \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng oxy v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1985, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cJournal of Molecular Evolution\u201d cho r\u1eb1ng Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t s\u01a1 khai ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ly quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc trong t\u1ea7ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n b\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra oxy [37]. Theo m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cCanadian Journal of Earth Sciences,\u201d c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecf gi\u00e0u oxy (red bed) [38] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t s\u01a1 khai c\u00f3 oxy t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t s\u01a1 khai ch\u1ee9a oxy, th\u00ec th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00ed trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Miller v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t s\u01a1 khai. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d r\u1eb1ng \u201csinh m\u1ec7nh nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y sinh ra t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nghi v\u1ea5n th\u1ee9 hai<\/b> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ba chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 b\u00e0n tay tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 tay ph\u1ea3i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ba chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cthu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh b\u00e0n tay\u201d (chirality). Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u201ch\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u201cthu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh b\u00e0n tay\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. Hai \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n quang h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u l\u00e0 \u201ctay ph\u1ea3i\u201d (k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 D) ho\u1eb7c \u201ctay tr\u00e1i\u201d (k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 L), t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh b\u00e0n tay \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

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Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tay tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 tay ph\u1ea3i, nh\u00ecn c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ba chi\u1ec1u l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n

H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 L-acid amin trong protein, \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh tay tr\u00e1i [39], c\u00f2n s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh tay ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. C\u00e1c acid amin m\u00e0 \u00f4ng Miller v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh tay ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh tay tr\u00e1i [40]. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 acid amin do \u00f4ng Miller t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u00fang v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec v\u1eady kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1 th\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n mong manh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tay tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 tay ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ba chi\u1ec1u l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong nucleotide c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 D-ribose, theo t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh tay ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh tay tr\u00e1i [41]. V\u1eady n\u00ean, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ribose trong c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

Nghi v\u1ea5n th\u1ee9 ba<\/b> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 protein, \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 va ch\u1ea1m ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o hay sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. [42]<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, b\u1ed1n nucleotide t\u1ea1o n\u00ean DNA s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. C\u00e1c nucleotide \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n L (tr\u00e1i) v\u00e0 D (ph\u1ea3i). V\u00ec DNA ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n D n\u00ean x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n D \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean xa v\u1eddi h\u01a1n. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c gene ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u1eafn 250 nucleotide v\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ean 10\u00b9\u2075\u2070 \u0111\u1ebfn 10\u2077\u2070.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1994, \u00f4ng Leslie Eleazer Orgel (1927~2007), nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh t\u1eebng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford, Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 California v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cScientific American\u201d r\u1eb1ng: \u201cProtein v\u00e0 acid nucleic v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra sinh m\u1ec7nh. Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: sinh m\u1ec7nh v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.\u201d [43]<\/p>\n

Gs.Ts Michael Denton, nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi New Zealand \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cEvolution: A Theory in Crisis\u201d (T\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: \u201cTi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a: M\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trong kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng\u201d) ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1985 r\u1eb1ng: \u201cTr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 sinh m\u1ec7nh, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ed3i s\u00fap (nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y) l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 khi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 n\u1ed3i s\u00fap, th\u00ec c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e2u m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p. Ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c sinh m\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ed3i s\u00fap, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eeb s\u00fap \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, acid amin, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn.\u201d [44]<\/p>\n

5.2.2 C\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m RNA kh\u00f4ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3<\/b><\/p>\n

Khi c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u201cprotein t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra sinh m\u1ec7nh\u201d l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd sang m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 acid ribonucleic.<\/p>\n

Acid ribonucleic (RNA) l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c ribonucleotide t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh, n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ribonucleotide ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed phosphat v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n base: adenine, guanine, cytosine ho\u1eb7c uracil.<\/p>\n

RNA c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 sao ch\u00e9p; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng x\u00fac t\u00e1c; c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec1u vai tr\u00f2 trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, bao g\u1ed3m RNA th\u00f4ng tin (mRNA), RNA v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n (tRNA) v\u00e0 RNA ribosome (rRNA), m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p protein.<\/p>\n

V\u1eady n\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng RNA \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong sinh m\u1ec7nh s\u01a1 khai nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh RNA, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 sinh ra sinh m\u1ec7nh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/b>, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng pentose, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a RNA, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh tay tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh tay ph\u1ea3i (L v\u00e0 D), nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng pentose \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh tay ph\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai<\/b>, pyrimidine c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh RNA, nh\u01b0ng so v\u1edbi purine, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng pyrimidine h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p [45].<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 ba<\/b>, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c purine v\u00e0 pyrimidine \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh s\u1eb5n v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ribose, v\u00ec v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nucleoside \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb mong mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. M\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ribose v\u00e0 base kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nucleoside, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y r\u1ea5t nhanh.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Y h\u1ecdc Gerald F. Joyce, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 Sinh h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Hans Sigrist c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bern, Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t thu\u1edf s\u01a1 khai, v\u00ec m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a RNA trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng t\u1eebng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng qua RNA. Sau r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o cho th\u1ea5y sinh m\u1ec7nh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb RNA [46], \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u1ee9ng minh cho thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng Leslie Eleazer Orgel, nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994: \u201cC\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi RNA v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0a ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho t\u1eebng gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1ebb t\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi RNA v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn.\u201d [47]<\/p>\n

5.2.3 E. coli g\u00e2y th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng<\/b><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1988, Richard Lenski, khoa h\u1ecdc gia t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bang Michigan v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia, mu\u1ed1n quan s\u00e1t xem li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c sau v\u00e0i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sinh s\u1ea3n hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 24\/02\/1988, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Lenski b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi vi khu\u1ea9n Escherichia coli (E. coli). Theo m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Science, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Lansky, E. coli \u0111\u00e3 sinh s\u1ea3n 6.6 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. Sau 25 n\u0103m, E. coli \u0111\u00e3 sinh s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 58.000 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng E. coli v\u1eabn l\u00e0 E. coli, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh vi khu\u1ea9n hay sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c [48]. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2020, sau 32 n\u0103m quan s\u00e1t [49], \u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7ng E. coli n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb c\u1ee7a gene trong lo\u00e0i E. coli v\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7ng [50]. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1eeb \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (evolution) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb trong ph\u1ea1m vi \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi m\u00f4,\u201d m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cbi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7ng\u201d nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4.\u201d<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 E. coli kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o glucose khan hi\u1ebfm, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng citrate \u0111\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n, b\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m sinh h\u00f3a, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i [51].<\/p>\n

Khi b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cPLOS Biology\u201d [52] n\u0103m 2015 v\u00e0 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cNature\u201d [53] n\u0103m 2017 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh, E. coli trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 sinh s\u1ea3n h\u01a1n 60.000 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng E. coli v\u1eabn l\u00e0 E. coli, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i vi khu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1988:<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 2013, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cScience\u201d ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, sau 25 n\u0103m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, E. coli \u0111\u00e3 sinh s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 58.000 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra vi khu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 2015, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cPLOS Biology\u201d ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, sau 27 n\u0103m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, E. coli \u0111\u00e3 sinh s\u1ea3n h\u01a1n 60.000 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi khu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 2017, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cNature\u201d ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, sau 29 n\u0103m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, E. coli \u0111\u00e3 sinh s\u1ea3n h\u01a1n 60.000 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra vi khu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 2020, th\u00f4ng tin tr\u00ean trang web c\u1ee7a ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m cho bi\u1ebft sau 32 n\u0103m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh E. coli \u0111\u00e3 sinh s\u1ea3n h\u01a1n 70.000 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra vi khu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Qua th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bvi khu\u1ea9n E. coli sinh s\u1ea3n h\u01a1n 60.000 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 trong 32 n\u0103m m\u00e0 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a E. coli v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec 25 n\u0103m m\u00e0 E. coli tr\u1ea3i qua \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a,\u201d nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t nghi v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n gi\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 6.500, \u1edf m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hai lo\u1ea1i E. coli: M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu\u1ea9n l\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf; lo\u1ea1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c khu\u1ea9n l\u1ea1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Lenski d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i th\u00edch nghi nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a Darwin l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, vi khu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n s\u1ebd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd thay th\u1ebf vi khu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng kinh ng\u1ea1c [54], c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi nhau. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201cch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, lo\u00e0i th\u00edch nghi nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd sinh t\u1ed3n\u201d c\u1ee7a Darwin.<\/p>\n

5.3 Quy lu\u1eadt th\u00e9p c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u1eb1m gi\u1eef cho c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/b><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng cho \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a,\u201d m\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.\u201d<\/p>\n

V\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u201cTr\u1ed3ng d\u01b0a th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u01b0a, gieo \u0111\u1eadu th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eadu,\u201d cho th\u1ea5y quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i sinh ra trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt th\u00ec s\u1ebd sinh s\u1ea3n theo gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn trong sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

5.3.1 Ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1ed1ng lo\u00e0i<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y, \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n gene, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00e3 h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a gene.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean, E. coli kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh vi khu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi sau khi sinh s\u1ea3n h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn ra c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene \u201ctr\u1ed9i,\u201d t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n gene, v\u1eady n\u00ean kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201c\u00e1p l\u1ef1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i lo\u00e0i\u201d l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc, bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1ed1ng lo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

5.3.2 \u201cH\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1ng\u201d v\u0129nh c\u1eedu<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1ng,\u201d ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng ph\u00e1t sinh \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a,\u201d v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1ch qu\u1ea3, d\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ec9 trong gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 g\u1ea5u tr\u00fac trong gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u d\u00e0i m\u00e0 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1 v\u00e2y tay (coelacanth) hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1 b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 420 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u1edf Madagascar, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Phi. [55]<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y gene c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

Trong h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y sang lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7ng coronavirus m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m cho h\u01a1n 600 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng virus v\u00e0 ch\u00edch ng\u1eeba quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng coronavirus cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn l\u00e0 coronavirus, n\u00f3 ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sinh bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7ng; E. coli \u0111\u00e3 sinh s\u1ea3n h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 E. coli, virus c\u00fam \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 virus c\u00fam. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

5.3.3 \u201cLai gi\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o\u201d kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi<\/b><\/p>\n

Khi Darwin vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i,\u201d \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng chim b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ecf, nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n th\u00f4ng qua th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng con chim b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 chim b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 01\/1868, Darwin \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1n \u201cS\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a\u201d (The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication) [56], t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u201cbi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3\u201d (variation), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cbi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7ng.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 gene \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 giao ph\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 sinh ra \u0111\u1eddi con c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ph\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t con ng\u1ef1a v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t con l\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t con la. V\u00ec ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 l\u1eeba c\u00f3 64 v\u00e0 62 nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 (NST), v\u1eady n\u00ean s\u1ed1 NST c\u1ee7a con la l\u00e0 63 [57], con la c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng NST l\u1ebb n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ea3n ra \u0111\u1eddi sau. Do \u0111\u00f3 theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, con la kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201clo\u00e0i\u201d th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0a h\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0103n h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 lai [58] c\u1ee7a d\u01b0a h\u1ea5u l\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 d\u01b0a h\u1ea5u t\u1ee9 b\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng colchicine. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9i l\u1ebb (tam b\u1ed9i) NST, c\u00e1c giao t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft c\u1eb7p, v\u00ec v\u1eady d\u01b0a h\u1ea5u tam b\u1ed9i (d\u01b0a h\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1t) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 lo\u1ea1i d\u01b0a h\u1ea5u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eddi sau.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ea3n con c\u00e1i, trong sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cC\u00e1ch ly sinh s\u1ea3n\u201d (Reproductive Isolation), th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00ec l\u00fd do sinh s\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c sinh h\u1ecdc, ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd g\u1ea7n g\u0169i, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 giao ph\u1ed1i sinh ra \u0111\u1eddi sau c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i lo\u00e0i trong gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. [59]<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Darwin \u2013 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nu\u00f4i trong nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lai t\u1ea1o sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nhanh ch\u00f3ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 lo\u00e0i hoang d\u00e3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u [60]. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 lai t\u1ea1o gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Pierre-Paul Grasse (1895~1985), vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p, cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cV\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 lai gi\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Darwin. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 sau h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u00e2n gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi n\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m so s\u00e1nh huy\u1ebft thanh, huy\u1ebft s\u1eafc t\u1ed1, protein trong m\u00e1u v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ee5 tinh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gi\u1ed1ng ch\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng con ch\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1ch quan, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bch\u1ee7 quan v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.\u201d<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i trung gian ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa hai lo\u00e0i trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c lai gi\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n duy tr\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m quy lu\u1eadt b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

6. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb kh\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh<\/b><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cv\u01b0\u1ee3n th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5,\u201d t\u1eeb t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung n\u00e0y, tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh hai lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh X\u1ea3o nh\u00e2n (Homo habilis), r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n (Homo erectus), r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tinh kh\u00f4n bi\u1ebft suy ngh\u0129 (Homo sapiens), v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb kh\u1ec9.\u201d<\/p>\n

Gs.Ts Ian Macreadie c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Melbourne, nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dac, t\u1eebng n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u2018v\u01b0\u1ee3n\u2019 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh.\u201d [61]<\/p>\n

Darwin ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu, cho r\u1eb1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t chung, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c gene v\u00e0 protein x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/b>, gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, l\u00e0 \u201ctinh anh c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt\u201d; con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n kh\u1ec9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt leo c\u00e2y, b\u00f2 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng sinh l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi? T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y m\u00e0 x\u00e9t, n\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng sau.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai<\/b>, ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 sinh h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1eadt l\u00fd, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v.v., gi\u1eefa kh\u1ec9 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a x\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u01a1, n\u00e3o, protein v\u00e0 gene.<\/p>\n

Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 khi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1ec3. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh h\u1ecdc gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7n Di truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 Sinh h\u1ecdc T\u1ebf b\u00e0o Ph\u00e2n t\u1eed Max Planck (Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, MPI-CBG) \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2016, cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tinh tinh, lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi [62]:<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/b>, n\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn h\u01a1n tinh tinh kho\u1ea3ng ba l\u1ea7n;<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai<\/b>, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trong v\u1ecf n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i so v\u1edbi trong c\u00f9ng khu v\u1ef1c \u1edf tinh tinh, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e3o trong v\u1ecf n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c so v\u1edbi tinh tinh.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 ba<\/b>, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh b\u1ed9 gene \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 gene gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 n\u01a1i h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1975, trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cScience\u201d m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c, nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Mary-Claire King v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Allan Wilson \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft ra b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh protein ho\u1eb7c gene gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tinh tinh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang: 1. Tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 acid amin c\u1ee7a protein; 2. K\u1ebft t\u1ee7a mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch; 3. \u0110i\u1ec7n di protein; 4. Lai DNA. [63]<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng hai nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n 50 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch g\u00ec t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a 8 lo\u1ea1i protein v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a 5 lo\u1ea1i protein, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u201cB\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n, h\u01a1n 99% tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 protein c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tinh tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nhau.\u201d K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201ckhu\u00f4n v\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdc\u201d \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5y th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1ec1 sau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n r\u00fat ra trong lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau, trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c do Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Massachusetts v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cNature\u201d v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005 v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, sau khi so s\u00e1nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 DNA c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 gene ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tinh tinh, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 b\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tinh tinh kh\u00e1c nhau 4% ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ed1ng nhau 96%. [64]<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nature v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn, b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a tinh tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn, con s\u1ed1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch 4% thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u nucleotide \u2013 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 35 tri\u1ec7u nucleotide \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb; vi\u1ec7c ch\u00e8n th\u00eam (insertion) ho\u1eb7c x\u00f3a (deletion) 5 tri\u1ec7u gene c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a 90 tri\u1ec7u c\u1eb7p base; ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3. [65]<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1.66 tri\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111a h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n nucleotide ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao (SNP) v\u00e0 1.9% kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 Y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Darwin.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng, ch\u00fang ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 gene gi\u1eefa tinh tinh v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2018, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh gene gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Science. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Khoa Genomics, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Y khoa Washington v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n t\u1eed theo th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c (SMRT) c\u1ee7a PacBio, m\u1ed7i \u0111o\u1ea1n DNA c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 100,000 c\u1eb7p base, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 gene \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea5y gene c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m m\u1eabu.<\/p>\n

Sau khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh so s\u00e1nh \u201cli\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111a tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 (multiple sequence alignment, MSA)\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 gene \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: \u201cTrong b\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00f3 83% tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi gene c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi,\u201d t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 17% kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. [66]<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ed9 gene l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi 83%, b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 96% nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nature v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005, v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed9 gene v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 gene ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0: 83% x 96% = 79.68%. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa b\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng cao h\u01a1n 80%.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tinh tinh c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 46 nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3, trong khi tinh tinh c\u00f3 48 nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3. Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tinh tinh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng d\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc Telomere b\u1ed5 sung tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1 18. [67]<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t 4% gene (ph\u1ea7n m\u00e3 h\u00f3a protein) c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 gene gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng con ch\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 0.15%, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng ch\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb kh\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n b\u1eadc m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a gene v\u00e0 protein c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau. L\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon s\u1ebd t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh than ch\u00ec ho\u1eb7c kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gene v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t di truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111ang quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c sinh m\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u00e0i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 mang t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9, th\u00ec lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a protein \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 gene, protein, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, v.v. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nhanh, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh DNA m\u1edbi, s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn protein m\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, c\u01a1 quan, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v.v.<\/p>\n

V\u1eady n\u00ean, x\u00e9t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 gene, protein v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng gi\u1eefa v\u01b0\u1ee3n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecf, c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecf, c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecf. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trong sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh n\u00f3 t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u2013 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 gene, c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 protein, sinh h\u00f3a, ki\u1ec3u h\u00ecnh, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, v.v., cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb kh\u1ec9 theo \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

7. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u khoa h\u1ecdc gia c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/b><\/p>\n

R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u khoa h\u1ecdc gia c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng minh cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, v\u1eady n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c lu\u1eadn v\u0103n ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn \u200b\u200bc\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khoa h\u1ecdc gia ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u:<\/p>\n

7.1 Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n

Gs.Ts Michael Denton, nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Otago, New Zealand, cho bi\u1ebft [67]:<\/p>\n

\u201cM\u1ed9t tr\u0103m hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0i nghi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd khoan dung, cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Darwin h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0i nghi, v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1859; ng\u00e0y nay, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cK\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1859 tr\u1edf \u0111i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc hay th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u2018ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4\u2019 c\u1ee7a Darwin: 1. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n duy nh\u1ea5t; 2. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00edch \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 may r\u1ee7i m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng.\u201d<\/p>\n

7.2 Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u201cl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n

Gs.Ts Ernst Boris Chain (1906~1979), nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, d\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford, v\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 Alexander Fleming (1881~1955), nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1945 v\u00ec ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a penicillin.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Chain \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 sau [68]:<\/p>\n

\u201cM\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o.\u201d \u201c\u00d4ng \u1ea5y (Darwin) k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i th\u00edch nghi nh\u1ea5t \u2018ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean,\u2019 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u2018gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.\u2019\u201d \u201cN\u00f3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNh\u1eefng \u2018thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u2019 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u khoa h\u1ecdc gia vui v\u1ebb ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady!\u201d<\/p>\n

7.3 Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u201cl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 gi\u1eefa ban ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Darwin\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n

Gs.Ts Joseph A. Mastropaolo, nh\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, t\u1eebng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Kh\u00f4ng gian Douglas v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bang California, Long Beach v.v. Sau ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh 22 lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Science v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

Sau khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, \u00f4ng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: \u201cSinh v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t sinh, l\u00e0 gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 gi\u1eefa ban ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Darwin [69].\u201d<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Mastropaolo \u0111\u00e3 trao th\u01b0\u1edfng 10,000 USD cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. [70]<\/p>\n

7.4 Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u201ckh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n

Gs.Ts Karl Raimund Popper (1902~1994), nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cThuy\u1ebft Darwin kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u si\u00eau h\u00ecnh.\u201d [71]<\/p>\n

7.5 Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u201cl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Louis Bounoure khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p t\u1eebng cho bi\u1ebft: \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u00edch l\u1ee3i g\u00ec v\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc.\u201d [72]<\/p>\n

7.6 C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nature<\/b><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12\/03\/1981, trang 82 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nature \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 chung c\u00f3 ch\u1eef k\u00fd c\u1ee7a 22 khoa h\u1ecdc gia t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khoa Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, C\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc, C\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 C\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean Anh qu\u1ed1c. B\u1ee9c th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft: \u201cN\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t, th\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng suy lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0o cho Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. N\u1ebfu ng\u00e0y mai c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a s\u1ebd b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ngay.\u201d [73]<\/p>\n

(Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i logic c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a).<\/p>\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/b><\/p>\n

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66. Suntsova, M.V., Buzdin, A.A. Differences between human and chimpanzee genomes and their implications in gene expression, protein functions and biochemical properties of the two species. BMC Genomics 21 (Suppl 7), 535 (2020).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12864-020-06962-8<\/a><\/p>\n

67. Dr. Michael Denton, Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, Published by Adler & Adler, Distributed by Woodbine House,1985.https:\/\/alta3b.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/crisis1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

68. JERRY BERGMAN, PH.D.Ernst Chain: Antibiotics Pioneer. TUESDAY, APRIL 01, 2008.https:\/\/www.icr.org\/article\/ernst-chain-antibiotics-pioneer<\/a><\/p>\n

69. Evolution Is Biologically Impossible by Joseph Mastropaolo. Acts and Facts 28 (11): i-iv, Impact #317, November 1999.https:\/\/home.csulb.edu\/~jmastrop\/data2.html<\/a><\/p>\n

70. Joseph Mastropaolo.http:\/\/creationwiki.org\/index.php?title=Joseph_Mastropaolo<\/a><\/p>\n

71. Frank J. Sonleitner. What Did Karl Popper Really Say About Evolution?https:\/\/ncse.ngo\/what-did-karl-popper-really-say-about-evolution<\/a><\/p>\n

72. Louis Bounoure, Le Monde et la Vie(Oct. 1963), from Wysong, Creation\/Evolution, 418; also in The Advocate (Australian) (Mar. 8, 1984), 17.http:\/\/www.thyword.ca\/creatqts.html<\/a>; RUTH WILSON. EVOLUTION IS NOT SCIENCE! THE VIRGINIAN-PILOT. Copyright (c) 1996, Landmark Communications, Inc.DATE: Thursday, April 11, 1996. https:\/\/scholar.lib.vt.edu\/VA-news\/VA-Pilot\/issues\/1996\/vp960411\/04110004.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

73. Extract from The letter was signed by 22 of the museum\u2019s staff of \u201cdistinguished biologists.\u201d Nature, 12 March 1981: vol. 290, p. 82.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00f3m bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n \u201cNh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d<\/p>\n

(The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n

(B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Epoch Times Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/a>)<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: https:\/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/node\/284047<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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