![](\"https:\/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/body_wide_450\/public\/images\/2026\/01\/20260103_ZJ_RENTISHENGMING.jpg?itok=KWMNesTD\")
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N\u0103m m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi: \u201cN\u0103m m\u1edbi n\u00e0y m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y?\u201d Tuy nhi\u00ean xin ch\u1edd m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u201cb\u1ea1n\u201d, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t \u201cd\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng\u201d, b\u00e1o cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do ch\u1ecdn \u201cT\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ebf\u201d.<\/p>\n
V\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 B\u00e1c s\u0129 Michael Egnor – Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Ngo\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 Nhi khoa c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stony Brook, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n The Immortal Mind (T\u00e2m Tr\u00ed B\u1ea5t T\u1eed). G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tham gia bu\u1ed5i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Jan Jekielek tr\u00ean ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh American Thought Leaders (Nh\u1eefng L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng M\u1ef9).<\/p>\n
Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Egnor cho bi\u1ebft: N\u00e3o b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u1ea7n kinh, tuy nhi\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng sinh ra \u201cl\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do\u201d. Linh h\u1ed3n m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n
Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o (AI) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u201cl\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n
M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u201cl\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do\u201d kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb n\u00e3o b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Egnor cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb n\u00e3o. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u1ed9i m\u00f4i (homeostasis) bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh sinh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 nh\u1ecbp tim v\u00e0 nh\u1ecbp th\u1edf, n\u1ebfu n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb kh\u00f3 th\u1edf. Th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o, c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung. Ngo\u00e0i ra, th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u00edch n\u00e3o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00eam b\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c g\u1ed3m: \u0110i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng (Movement), c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn (Perception), ghi nh\u1edb (Memory) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac (Emotion).<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 giao di\u1ec7n n\u00e3o-m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty Neuralink do Elon Musk s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Egnor nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed n\u00e0o c\u1ea5y v\u00e0o n\u00e3o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u201cl\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do\u201d cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cl\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do\u201d. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9ng li\u1ec7t c\u01a1, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n
Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i ham mu\u1ed1n: c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/b><\/p>\n
V\u1eady r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u201cl\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do\u201d c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Egnor l\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Tri\u1ebft gia Aristotle t\u1eebng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i ham mu\u1ed1n: ham mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ham mu\u1ed1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh. Ham mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh l\u00e0 khi b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng b\u00e1nh, b\u1ea1n li\u1ec1n ngh\u0129: \u201cTr\u1eddi \u01a1i, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00f3i qu\u00e1, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0103n mi\u1ebfng b\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f3!\u201d C\u00f2n ham mu\u1ed1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh th\u00ec s\u1ebd ngh\u0129: \u201cT\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n tu\u00e2n theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0103n ki\u00eang. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0103n qu\u00e1 2.000 calo h\u00f4m nay, n\u00ean t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0103n mi\u1ebfng b\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f3.\u201d<\/p>\n
Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Egnor cho r\u1eb1ng, x\u00e9t \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i ham mu\u1ed1n n\u00e0y. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1eb1ng co gi\u1eefa b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o v\u00e0 t\u00e2m tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n
\u00d4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi Benjamin Libet, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. \u00d4ng Libet \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed\u201d. Libet r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft: ngay \u0111\u00fang kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129, th\u00ec trong n\u00e3o h\u1ecd \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. V\u00ec mu\u1ed1n \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u1edbi t\u1eebng mili gi\u00e2y (t\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ngh\u00ecn gi\u00e2y), Libet \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Libet r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. \u00d4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng: khi b\u1ea1n n\u1ea3y ra \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec, th\u00ec kho\u1ea3ng 0,5 gi\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3, trong n\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u00f3ng n\u00e3o r\u1ed3i. N\u00f3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0: tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft n\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u201cmu\u1ed1n \u0103n b\u00e1nh\u201d, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cm\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n \u0103n b\u00e1nh\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201ct\u1ef1 do \u00fd ch\u00ed\u201d, m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1u do b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0ng Libet r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng minh, ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u201ct\u1ef1 do \u00fd ch\u00ed\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cl\u00e0m\u201d, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 \u201ckh\u00f4ng, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m.\u201d K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y: vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00f3ng n\u00e3o. V\u00ec v\u1eady Libet k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: c\u00e1i \u00fd ch\u00ed \u201cph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft\u201d n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb n\u00e3o b\u1ed9. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u201ct\u1ef1 do \u00fd ch\u00ed\u201d (free will), nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng \u201ct\u1ef1 do\u201d n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf quy\u1ec1n n\u00f3i \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d, \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cfree won\u2019t\u201d (t\u1ef1 do ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft).<\/p>\n
Libet \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cc\u00f5i d\u1ee5c\u201d trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u00f4ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u00e0y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3n c\u00e1m d\u1ed7, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c tr\u00e0o l\u00ean nh\u01b0 s\u00f3ng bi\u1ec3n. Ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang ta k\u1ecbp \u00fd th\u1ee9c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb th\u00fac \u00e9p ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn: ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m, ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Egnor n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ef1 do \u00fd ch\u00ed\u201d v\u00e0 n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng \u201ct\u1ef1 do ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft\u201d h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n
L\u00e0m r\u00f5 m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn: N\u00e3o b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i th\u1ecbt, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft suy ngh\u0129<\/b><\/p>\n
V\u1eady th\u00ec \u201cl\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do\u201d \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Egnor cho bi\u1ebft, \u201cl\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do\u201d l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o, m\u00e0 \u1edf linh h\u1ed3n. N\u00e3o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i th\u1ecbt, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0ng b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft suy ngh\u0129.<\/p>\n
\u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 ra, s\u1edf d\u0129 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng n\u00e3o \u0111ang suy ngh\u0129, l\u00e0 v\u00ec trong gi\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e2u nay v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng (trong kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m), g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cNg\u1ee5y bi\u1ec7n B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn – To\u00e0n th\u1ec3\u201d (Mereological Fallacy) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e1n l\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i: \u201cCh\u00e2n t\u00f4i \u0111ang \u0111i\u201d nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0: \u201cT\u00f4i d\u00f9ng ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u201d. Vi\u1ec7c \u201c\u0111ang \u0111i\u201d l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f2n c\u00e1i ch\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong h\u00e0nh vi \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n
\u00d4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ph\u1ea3i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u201cb\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cto\u00e0n th\u1ec3\u201d, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ebd d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m, s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00f4 l\u00fd.<\/p>\n
Sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00f4 l\u00fd nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: \u201cCh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i h\u1ed9p, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i h\u1ed9p kh\u00e1 nh\u1ecf. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nh\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng v\u1eeba. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00e9t v\u00e0o c\u00e1i h\u1ed9p duy v\u1eadt \u1ea5y.\u201d<\/p>\n
\u00d4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Descartes, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 m\u00e1y in, v.v. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00ecn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y, ho\u1eb7c nh\u00ecn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i m\u00e1y kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u00e2m th\u1ea7m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9.<\/p>\n
\u201cT\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e1y, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i m\u00e1y. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c.\u201d \u00d4ng n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n
\u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 do t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, r\u1ed3i d\u1eabn ra m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Aristotle g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u1ed3ng gi\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec m\u1ecdc c\u00e2y\u201d: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e2y, r\u1ed3i d\u00f9ng c\u00e2y n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i gi\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111em ch\u00f4n m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i gi\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t, th\u00ec th\u1ee9 m\u1ecdc l\u00ean (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3) s\u1ebd v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e2y, ch\u1ee9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i gi\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n
Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1eadn t\u1eed: B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1edbn m\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/b><\/p>\n
N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan, t\u01b0 duy th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb linh h\u1ed3n. V\u1eady linh h\u1ed3n r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Egnor cho bi\u1ebft trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1eadn t\u1eed, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u201clinh h\u1ed3n\u201d.<\/p>\n
\u00d4ng cho bi\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 20 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i qua ho\u1eb7c s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i qua tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1eadn t\u1eed v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, b\u00e0 Carol Zaleski, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t hay t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cH\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh sang th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia\u201d (Otherworld Journeys), trong \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1eadn t\u1eed v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c linh h\u1ed3n r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua, \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1eadn t\u1eed.<\/p>\n
Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Egnor k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1eadn t\u1eed c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 Pam Reynolds. N\u0103m 1991 khi h\u01a1n 30 tu\u1ed5i, b\u00e0 Reynolds \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u l\u1edbn trong n\u00e3o. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 b\u00e0 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft s\u1edbm v\u00ec v\u1ee1 ph\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch. B\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt th\u1ea7n kinh Robert Spetzler, m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ph\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt khi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d (standstill procedure).<\/p>\n
Trong lo\u1ea1i ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 s\u1ebd g\u00e2y m\u00ea b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 ra v\u00f9ng ph\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch, r\u1ed3i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd xu\u1ed1ng kho\u1ea3ng 60 \u0111\u1ed9 F (kho\u1ea3ng 15 \u0111\u1ed9 C), n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e1y tim ph\u1ed5i nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, cho ng\u1eebng tim, n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean v\u00e0 r\u00fat h\u1ebft m\u00e1u ra kh\u1ecfi n\u00e3o. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt, b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft. B\u00e1c s\u0129 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 30 ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch. Sau khi ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda xong, b\u00e1c s\u0129 s\u1ebd cho tim \u0111\u1eadp l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u1ea5m c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n
Trong su\u1ed1t ca m\u1ed5, b\u00e0 Reynolds \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00ec b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u201cch\u1ebft\u201d, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00e3o kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ca m\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 Reynolds r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, b\u00e0 h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t, ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c. Tuy nhi\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt. B\u00e1c s\u0129 n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft n\u00e3o, v\u00e0 m\u1eaft b\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb che k\u00edn b\u1eb1ng kh\u0103n m\u1ed5.<\/p>\n
Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 b\u00e0 Reynolds k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong ca m\u1ed5. B\u00e0 k\u1ec3 khi tim ng\u1eebng \u0111\u1eadp, b\u00e0 nghe th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng \u201cb\u00edp\u201d, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u201cb\u1ee5p\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh b\u1eadt ra kh\u1ecfi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 bay l\u00ean g\u1ea7n tr\u1ea7n nh\u00e0. T\u1eeb tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ph\u00f2ng m\u1ed5, bao g\u1ed3m B\u00e1c s\u0129 Spetzler, c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f2n nghe th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea1c \u0111ang m\u1edf trong ph\u00f2ng. B\u00e0 c\u00f2n n\u00f3i ra nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft, tr\u1eeb khi l\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt. B\u00e0 c\u0169ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t sinh trong l\u00fac m\u1ed5.<\/p>\n
Sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m, b\u00e0 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb h\u00fat v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00f3, khi \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu. B\u00e0 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p b\u00ean kia \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi b\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac, b\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i nu\u00f4i con, h\u00e3y quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n
Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1eadn t\u1eed c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 Reynolds \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed y h\u1ecdc, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. V\u00ec th\u1ebf b\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. B\u00e1c s\u0129 Spetzler khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u00e0 Reynolds c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong l\u00fac m\u1ed5, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n
Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Egnor \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c Reynolds\u201d. B\u1edfi v\u00ec tuy r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1eadn t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng \u201cch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o\u201d hay \u201cch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c\u201d th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/p>\n
1. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t chi ti\u1ebft.<\/p>\n
2. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u201clinh h\u1ed3n r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c\u201d, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t xa. Sau khi ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n
3. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean qua m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m, v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00ean kia \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng, m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n
4. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i qua c\u1eadn t\u1eed s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1c \u0111i, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ee3 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n
\u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng: tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1eadn t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 g\u00ec. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i\u201d (core of reality) trong tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1eadn t\u1eed. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1eadn t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 sau khi ch\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u201ch\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i.\u201d<\/p>\n
Linh h\u1ed3n d\u00f9ng \u201c\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0: Linh h\u1ed3n l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed<\/b><\/p>\n
Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1eadn t\u1eed, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Egnor ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng: t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u201ch\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i\u201d, \u201clinh h\u1ed3n\u201d kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o m\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1eadn t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n
\u00d4ng n\u00f3i: \u201cB\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta h\u00ecnh dung theo c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng th\u00fa v\u1ecb.\u201d<\/p>\n
Trong tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1eadn t\u1eed, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft, m\u1eaft, tai, n\u00e3o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd v\u1eabn nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, v\u1eabn nghe th\u1ea5y, v\u1eabn c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
\u201cH\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1eadn t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u00f4i s\u1ebd k\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n nghe chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i k\u1ec3 ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, v\u00ec chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.\u201d<\/p>\n
Thomas Aquinas (Th\u00e1nh Thomas Aquinas), m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi: \u201cL\u00e0m sao \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eaft?\u201d \u00d4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \u201cSau khi ch\u1ebft, ch\u00fang ta th\u00f4ng qua \u201c\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n m\u1eaft.\u201d<\/p>\n
Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Egnor nh\u1eadn ra: \u201cNh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3i qua c\u1eadn t\u1eed \u201cnh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cghi nh\u1edb\u201d l\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng.\u201d<\/p>\n
Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Egnor<\/b><\/p>\n
Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Egnor l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n kh\u00e1c, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i m\u00ecnh t\u1eebng \u201cnghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf. Sau khi \u0111\u1ee9a con th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Egnor ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi, \u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 v\u1ebb b\u1ecb t\u1ef1 k\u1ef7, su\u1ed1t n\u0103m th\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n
Trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a con \u0111i kh\u00e1m b\u1ec7nh, v\u00ec qu\u00e1 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Egnor \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n trong khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u xin Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: \u201cL\u1ea1y Ch\u00faa, con kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1eadt hay kh\u00f4ng, con c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu Ng\u00e0i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, xin \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 con trai con m\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y. Con kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c con trai m\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra m\u00ecnh.\u201d N\u00f3i xong, \u00f4ng nghe th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u00e2m thanh tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u1ea1i: \u201cNh\u01b0ng con c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi Ta nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0.\u201d<\/p>\n
Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Egnor v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u00d4ng h\u1ee9a s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u201cl\u00e0m ng\u01a1\u201d v\u1edbi \u201cTh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf\u201d n\u1eefa. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau, \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n
Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Egnor v\u1eabn h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho khoa h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng tin v\u00e0o Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf. \u00d4ng th\u00f4ng qua khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u201clinh h\u1ed3n\u201d. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin Ch\u00faa, kh\u00f4ng tin Ch\u00faa, hay c\u00f2n ho\u00e0i nghi ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n v\u1eabn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay. Khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n
\u00d4ng n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c th\u00ec s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng: ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 linh h\u1ed3n, linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u201cl\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do\u201d, v\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed.\u201d<\/p>\n
(Theo NTD)<\/i><\/p>\n
D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb:<\/p>\n