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<\/a><\/p>\nLo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a The Epoch Times: Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n
M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/p>\n
1. Darwin \u0111\u01b0a ra \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n
2. N\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/p>\n
2.1 C\u00f9ng chung t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i<\/p>\n
2.2 Ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, sinh v\u1eadt th\u00edch nghi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/p>\n
3. \u201cBa giai \u0111o\u1ea1n\u201d c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/p>\n
4. Sai l\u1ea7m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n: D\u00f9ng \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi m\u00f4\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 suy ra \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4\u201d<\/p>\n
4.1 \u201cTi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4\u201d<\/p>\n
4.2 \u201cTi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi m\u00f4\u201d<\/p>\n
4.2.1 B\u01b0\u1edbm \u0111\u00eam l\u00e0 \u201cbi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb\u201d ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d<\/p>\n
4.2.2 Vi khu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1ng thu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 \u201cbi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb\u201d ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d<\/p>\n
4.2.3 D\u00f9 m\u00e0u da n\u00e0o, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/p>\n
4.2.4 B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, cam, v\u00e0ng hay tr\u1eafng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 hoa tulip<\/p>\n
4.2.5 D\u00f9 l\u00e0 b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng xanh hay n\u00e2u th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng<\/p>\n
4.2.6 Chim s\u1ebb l\u1edbn hay nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 chim s\u1ebb<\/p>\n
4.3 Sai l\u1ea7m logic c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/p>\n
Ti\u1ebfp theo: Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u “Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a”: L\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n M\u1ed9t con g\u1ea5u nh\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u01a1i, con g\u1ea5u h\u00e1 mi\u1ec7ng c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng to h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edf, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ng\u1ea9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00ean c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng cao, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 ra c\u00e1i m\u0169i. Khi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u00f4 cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 mi\u1ec7ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, con g\u1ea5u \u0111ang b\u01a1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con c\u00e1 voi.<\/b><\/p>\n Darwin \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t con g\u1ea5u \u0111en bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con c\u00e1 voi trong \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i.\u201d (\u1ea2nh: \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean).<\/i><\/p>\n T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Darwin, \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sinh v\u1eadt\u201d c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau suy di\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng lo\u00e0i tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n Kho\u1ea3ng 4 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i n\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t n\u1ed3i s\u00fap \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea5u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cs\u00fap nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y.\u201d Trong n\u1ed3i s\u00fap \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, sau \u0111\u00f3 va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y nh\u1ea5t, sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n va ch\u1ea1m t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111a b\u00e0o, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u1ee7y sinh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u1ee7y sinh, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb t\u1eeb b\u00f2 l\u00ean c\u1ea1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh sinh v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt b\u00f2 s\u00e1t, sau \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u1ec9 v\u00e0 leo l\u00ean c\u00e2y, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 v\u0103n minh.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1. T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5, t\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5, cao t\u1ed5, thi\u00ean t\u1ed5, li\u1ec7t t\u1ed5, th\u00e1i t\u1ed5, vi\u1ec5n t\u1ed5, t\u1ecb t\u1ed5\u2026 T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u1edf m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 kh\u1ec9, c\u00f2n t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed3i \u201cs\u00fap nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y.\u201d<\/p>\n Darwin l\u00e0 ai? L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sinh v\u1eadt [1]? Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng nhau t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n 1. Darwin \u0111\u01b0a ra \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/b><\/p>\n Nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Charles Robert Darwin (1809~1882) s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a Anh qu\u1ed1c \u2013 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Victoria. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, Anh qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Darwin.<\/p>\n Darwin sinh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12\/02\/1809, trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u1edf Shrewsbury, Anh qu\u1ed1c, l\u00e0 con th\u1ee9 n\u0103m trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 s\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi con. \u00d4ng n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 cha c\u1ee7a Darwin \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh Wedgwood n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong ng\u00e0nh g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9, m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t khi \u00f4ng m\u1edbi 8 tu\u1ed5i. Cha Darwin c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n Darwin vi\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng: \u201cT\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng cha t\u00f4i v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ngh\u0129 t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh.\u201d Cha \u00f4ng t\u1eebng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng: \u201cCon ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u0103n b\u1eafn, ch\u00f3 v\u00e0 chu\u1ed9t, sau n\u00e0y con s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t m\u1eb7t, gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169ng s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t m\u1eb7t.\u201d [2]<\/p>\n Darwin vi\u1ebft: \u201cB\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u00edch g\u00ec \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng, cha t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t cho t\u00f4i r\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng anh trai t\u00f4i v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Edinburgh.\u201d Sau khi h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 hai h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3, cha Darwin th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u00e1c s\u0129, v\u1eady n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n sang h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c s\u01b0.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c s\u01b0, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1828, Darwin nghe l\u1eddi cha theo h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge trong ba n\u0103m. Chi\u1ec3u theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a cha, Darwin \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua k\u1ef3 thi l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1831 \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 22. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 John Henslow, tr\u1ee3 gi\u1ea3ng m\u00f4n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Darwin.<\/p>\n V\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1831, thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Fitz-Roy c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u HMS Beagle thu\u1ed9c H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng gia Anh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn Nam M\u1ef9, \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. \u00d4ng d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1eddi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u1ecdc tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i tham gia v\u00e0o chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c m\u1eabu v\u1eadt thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i, v\u00e0 g\u1eedi ch\u00fang tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Anh qu\u1ed1c cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Henslow \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed Darwin.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb khi t\u00e0u HMS Beagle kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12\/1831 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Falmouth, Anh qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10\/1836, Darwin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng con t\u00e0u n\u00e0y trong g\u1ea7n 5 n\u0103m, t\u1eebng gh\u00e9 qua Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Galapagos thu\u1ed9c Ecuador, Nam M\u1ef9 \u1edf Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1835. Trong cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh, Darwin \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y phong c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1c n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, bao g\u1ed3m r\u1eebng m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea7ng, n\u00fai l\u1eeda, c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng, chim mu\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng\u2026 S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eabu v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 mang ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 Anh qu\u1ed1c theo ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1859, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 23 n\u0103m sau chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean con t\u00e0u HMS Beagle, Darwin \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 50 b\u1ecb th\u00f4i th\u00fac b\u1edfi mong mu\u1ed1n ch\u00e1y b\u1ecfng l\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 sinh m\u1ec7nh, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng v\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d (On the Origin of Species) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.\u201d<\/p>\n C\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i,\u201d Darwin vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: \u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i e r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d (I will here attempt to give a brief, but I fear imperfect, sketch of the progress of opinion on the Origin of Species). C\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 do d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u1ee7a Darwin t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n C\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Darwin \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111ang ch\u1edd c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n H\u00e3y th\u1eed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ebfu Darwin c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y nay v\u1ec1 k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 tinh vi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, li\u1ec7u \u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n Darwin qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1882 \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 73. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng: \u201cN\u1ebfu t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng th\u00eam hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m n\u1eefa v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i,\u201d t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda.\u201d<\/p>\n Cho d\u00f9 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u201cch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda\u201d \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00e0 g\u00ec, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Darwin v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n Ti\u1ebfp theo, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a,\u201d l\u00e0m r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng n\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia.<\/p>\n 2. N\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/b><\/p>\n Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng khi nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a,\u201d m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ra \u0111\u1eddi cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, n\u00f3 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u201cg\u1ea5u bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1 voi\u201d tho\u1ea1t nghe nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch hay phim khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng. Darwin \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft n\u00f3 trong \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i,\u201d v\u00e0 n\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin. Nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Sir Charles Lyell \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n g\u1ea5u bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1 voi n\u00e0y, v\u00ec v\u1eady Darwin \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/p>\n \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d do Darwin \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00f3 hai gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n 2.1 C\u00f9ng chung t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i<\/b><\/p>\n Darwin cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung, c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y sang lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (evolutionary tree) hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e2y s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng\u201d d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo th\u1eddi gian xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fat (node), m\u1ed7i n\u00fat \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u00fat th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Darwin cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u1ec9 c\u00f3 chung t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u1eb1ng sau con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb cho t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n (\u1ea2nh: \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean)<\/i><\/p>\n 2.2 Ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, sinh v\u1eadt th\u00edch nghi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/b><\/p>\n Darwin c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh sinh t\u1ed3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, tranh gi\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u1ee9c \u0103n, b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh, v.v.) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.\u201d<\/p>\n Darwin tin r\u1eb1ng trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh sinh t\u1ed3n, th\u00f4ng qua ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt n\u00e0o th\u00edch nghi t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 sinh s\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, sinh v\u1eadt th\u00edch nghi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n 3. \u201cBa giai \u0111o\u1ea1n\u201d c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/b><\/p>\n \u00d4ng Francis Bacon, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cNovum Organum\u201d (C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1edbi) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng: vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc [3].<\/p>\n Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o, th\u00ec t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, quan s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; Th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft; Th\u1ee9 ba, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang hay kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 hay kh\u00f4ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n xem vi\u1ec7c quy n\u1ea1p trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd hay kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 ba. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 ba th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n Khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp tr\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u0169ng tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Newton \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u201cba \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d [4] b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch quan s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00e1i t\u00e1o r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t, sau n\u00e0y ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, thu\u1eadn theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Newton kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t vi m\u00f4, v\u1eady n\u00ean c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc Newton. Th\u00f4ng qua quan s\u00e1t, quy n\u1ea1p v\u00e0 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed [5]. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111ang kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng th\u00f4ng qua v\u00f2ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n logic \u2013 \u201cquan s\u00e1t, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng,\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m m\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Qua \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt cho ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884), vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u00c1o. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1866, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m quan s\u00e1t m\u00e0u hoa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y \u0111\u1eadu lai, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb cha m\u1eb9 sang con [6], t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean di truy\u1ec1n sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1950, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng protein l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u di truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t, l\u00fd do ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 protein bao g\u1ed3m 20 acid amin v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n acid deoxyribonucleic (ADN) ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m 4 nucleotide. Nh\u01b0ng sau n\u00e0y, sau h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sai l\u1ea7m, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00f3. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1928, nh\u00e0 vi sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Frederick Griffith (1879~1941) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ph\u1ebf c\u1ea7u [7], \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t di truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn n\u1ea1p.\u201d<\/p>\n Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1944, ba nh\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Oswald Theodore Avery (1877~1955), Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Colin Munro Macleod (1909~1972) v\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Maclyn J. McCarthy (1911~2005) sau khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng \u201cch\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn n\u1ea1p\u201d c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di truy\u1ec1n do Griffith ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 DNA [8] ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i protein.<\/p>\n T\u00e1m n\u0103m sau, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1952, nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Alfred Day Hershey (1908~1997) \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng acid deoxyribonucleic (DNA) m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t mang v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t di truy\u1ec1n [9]. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 acid nucleic, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1969.<\/p>\n V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1953, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 James Dewey Watson [10] c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard v\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Francis Harry Compton Crick [11] (1916~2004), nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Sinh h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u1edf Cambridge, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac xo\u1eafn k\u00e9p c\u1ee7a DNA. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c m\u1edbi cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u1ea3 hai v\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1962 [12].<\/p>\n K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed g\u1ea7n 90 n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t di truy\u1ec1n sinh h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng: B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ban \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c \u2013 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n Khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt chung c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n Trong v\u00f2ng 13 n\u0103m khi Darwin \u0111\u01b0a ra Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (1859~1872), \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u00e1u phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d [13], m\u1ed7i phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung do Darwin th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean, c\u00f2n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00e1i khung t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Darwin k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng may, trong h\u01a1n 160 n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1859 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng nghi ng\u1edd v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Darwin.<\/p>\n N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, ch\u01b0a v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 ba, thi\u1ebfu khuy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft\u201d ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh.<\/p>\n 4. Sai l\u1ea7m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n: D\u00f9ng \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi m\u00f4\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 suy ra \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n Sau khi Darwin \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a,\u201d n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n. Cho n\u00ean, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, bao g\u1ed3m hai n\u1ed9i dung: \u201cTi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4\u201d (Macroevolution) v\u00e0 \u201cTi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi m\u00f4\u201d (Microevolution).<\/p>\n 4.1 \u201cTi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n \u201cTi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4\u201d l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ban \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Darwin nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi [14].<\/p>\n Nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n Carl von Linn\u00e9 (1707 \u2013 1778) \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cSystema Naturae\u201d (T\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean), m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho ng\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i sinh h\u1ecdc. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201ccha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i sinh h\u1ecdc\u201d (15).<\/p>\n D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Linn\u00e9, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng theo gi\u1edbi, ng\u00e0nh, l\u1edbp, b\u1ed9, h\u1ecd, chi v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i, \u00e1p l\u1ef1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i c\u0169 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf sinh t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t cao h\u01a1n, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4.\u201d<\/p>\n N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a cho r\u1eb1ng lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb t\u1eeb b\u00f2 l\u00ean c\u1ea1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt b\u00f2 s\u00e1t, sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u1ec9 v\u00e0 leo l\u00ean c\u00e2y, r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 v\u0103n minh.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y sang lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cs\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d do Darwin \u0111\u01b0a ra, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4.\u201d<\/p>\n 4.2 \u201cTi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi m\u00f4\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n \u201cTi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi m\u00f4\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb trong m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 gene thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 lo\u00e0i [16].<\/p>\n Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, khi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m sinh v\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. D\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb trong lo\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n 4.2.1 B\u01b0\u1edbm \u0111\u00eam l\u00e0 \u201cbi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb\u201d ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi m\u00f4 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4 [17], trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201ch\u00f3a \u0111en c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u01b0\u1edbm \u0111\u00eam, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a b\u01b0\u1edbm \u0111\u00eam thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb s\u00e1ng sang t\u1ed1i sau cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, trong nh\u1eefng khu r\u1eebng \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n x\u1ee9 Wales, Anh qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbm ti\u00eau (Peppered moth) sinh s\u1ed1ng. B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f3 m\u00e0u nh\u1ea1t, khi \u0111\u1eadu tr\u00ean v\u1ecf c\u00e2y ho\u1eb7c r\u00eau m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, ch\u00fang g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 h\u00f2a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, do \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m khi\u1ebfn v\u1ecf c\u00e2y v\u00e0 r\u00eau s\u00e1ng m\u00e0u gi\u1ea3m \u0111i, n\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbm ti\u00eau tr\u1eafng r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb s\u0103n m\u1ed3i. L\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u01b0\u1edbm ti\u00eau \u0111en, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea9n m\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh trong khu r\u1eebng.<\/p>\n Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1998 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cEvolutionary Biology,\u201d nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201ch\u00f3a \u0111en c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\u201d \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbm ti\u00eau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng minh cho hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201ch\u00f3a \u0111en c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u01b0\u1edbm ti\u00eau [18].<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, cho d\u00f9 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbm ti\u00eau tr\u1eafng hay \u0111en, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbm ti\u00eau v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb trong lo\u00e0i. B\u01b0\u1edbm ti\u00eau c\u00f3 hai m\u00e0u n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbm ti\u00eau \u0111en c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t v\u00e0 sinh s\u1ea3n cao h\u01a1n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbm ti\u00eau n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u, \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u201chi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u01b0\u1edbm ti\u00eau\u201d v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.\u201d<\/p>\n 4.2.2 Vi khu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1ng thu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 \u201cbi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb\u201d ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh, vi khu\u1ea9n s\u1ebd sinh ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ng thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch vi khu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1ng thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi khu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1ng thu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra, bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 virus t\u1ea1o ra do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng virus, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf s\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf c\u1ecf d\u1ea1i do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c di\u1ec7t c\u1ecf\u2026 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi m\u00f4,\u201d nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb trong lo\u00e0i trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n 4.2.3 D\u00f9 m\u00e0u da n\u00e0o, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/b><\/p>\n L\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u da c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 m\u00e0u da kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 l\u00e0 da tr\u1eafng, da \u0111en hay da v\u00e0ng th\u00ec h\u1ecd v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i \u2013 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u00e0u da kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u th\u00ec h\u1ecd v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng g\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n 4.2.4 B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, cam, v\u00e0ng hay tr\u1eafng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 hoa tulip<\/b><\/p>\n V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12\/05\/2023, L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i hoa Tulip Canada l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 71 \u0111\u00e3 khai m\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i Ottawa. Trong l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 100 lo\u1ea1i hoa tulip ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean 120 v\u01b0\u1eddn hoa, bao g\u1ed3m hoa m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, cam, v\u00e0ng, tr\u1eafng. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 hoa tulip [19].<\/p>\n L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i hoa Tulip Canada l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 71 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Ottawa t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 12 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 22\/05\/2023. (\u1ea2nh: Nh\u1eadm Ki\u1ec1u Sinh\/The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i hoa Tulip Canada l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 71 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Ottawa t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 12 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 22\/05\/2023. (\u1ea2nh: Nh\u1eadm Ki\u1ec1u Sinh\/The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i hoa Tulip Canada l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 71 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Ottawa t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 12 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 22\/05\/2023. (\u1ea2nh: Nh\u1eadm Ki\u1ec1u Sinh\/The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n 4.2.5 D\u00f9 l\u00e0 b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng xanh hay n\u00e2u th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng<\/b><\/p>\n B\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng m\u00e0u xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecb chim ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0103n th\u1ecbt h\u01a1n, c\u00f2n b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng m\u00e0u n\u00e2u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t tr\u00ean c\u00e2y h\u01a1n, v\u1eady n\u00ean nh\u1eefng con b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n gene n\u00e2u [20] c\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 sinh s\u00f4i h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng cho d\u00f9 b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh hay n\u00e2u th\u00ec ch\u00fang v\u1eabn l\u00e0 b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng. C\u1ea3 hai lo\u00e0i b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng lu\u00f4n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n D\u00f9 l\u00e0 b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng xanh hay n\u00e2u th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n 4.2.6 Chim s\u1ebb l\u1edbn hay nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 chim s\u1ebb<\/b><\/p>\n Chim s\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1852. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, chim s\u1ebb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn h\u01a1n chim s\u1ebb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do: Nh\u1eefng con chim l\u1edbn h\u01a1n th\u00edch nghi t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ea1nh so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con chim nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, v\u00ec v\u1eady kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con chim l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, n\u00ean chim s\u1ebb \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn h\u01a1n [21]. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 chim s\u1ebb l\u1edbn hay chim s\u1ebb nh\u1ecf, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 chim s\u1ebb, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 sinh ra lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n 4.3 Sai l\u1ea7m logic c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/b><\/p>\n Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u00e0 Darwin li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi m\u00f4.\u201d \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y sang lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb trong lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 quan v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u2013 t\u1ee9c \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4.\u201d V\u1eady n\u00ean, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Darwin trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c logic th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m khi kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u2013 d\u00f9ng vi m\u00f4 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t cho v\u0129 m\u00f4.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i l\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4\u201d c\u1ee7a Darwin, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cbi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3\u201d (Variation) trong lo\u00e0i v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi m\u00f4\u201d (Microevolution), m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, l\u00e0m m\u1edd \u0111i s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi m\u00f4\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4,\u201d khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin v\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4.\u201d<\/p>\n \u201cTi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a vi m\u00f4\u201d kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4\u201d. (\u1ea2nh: The Epoch Times)<\/i><\/p>\n Hi\u1ec7n nay, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb \u201cevolution\u201d (ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm trong kho t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u201cbi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb\u201d trong lo\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0o th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Darwin \u0111\u1ec1 ra.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c gene m\u1edbi (th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi), nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0o quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Ian Macreadie \u1edf Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Melbourne, nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dac, \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a:<\/p>\n \u201cNh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sao ch\u00e9p gene, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gene hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 gene b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i (m\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng tin), ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap vi khu\u1ea9n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u2013 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 khi\u1ebfn thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi n\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. \u0110\u00f4i khi, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u2018b\u01a1m\u2019 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u2018m\u1edbi\u2019 \u2013 nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady x\u1ea3y ra. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 khoa h\u1ecdc gia nghi\u00eam t\u00fac n\u00e0o l\u1ea1i tin r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng tin th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 (di truy\u1ec1n) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 sinh ra t\u1eeb con s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng [22].\u201d<\/p>\n T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/b><\/p>\n 1. Darwin, Charles. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . London: J. Murray, 1859. <\/i><\/p>\n https:\/\/www.vliz.be\/docs\/Zeecijfers\/Origin_of_Species.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 2. Darwin, C., & Barlow, N. (2005). The autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809-1882: with original omissions restored. Edited with Appendix and notes by his grand-daughter Nora Barlow. Collins. St James\u2019s Place, London 1958. <\/i><\/p>\n http:\/\/darwin-online.org.uk\/content\/frameset?itemID=F1497&viewtype=text&pageseq=1<\/a>; https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/37956477\/Darwin_autobiography_sc<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 3. Francis Bacon.Novum Organum; Or, True Suggestions for the Interpretation of Nature by Bacon. EDITED BY JOSEPH DEVEY, M.A. NEW YORK. P. F. COLLIER & SON MCMII. <\/i><\/p>\n https:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/ebooks\/45988<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 4. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. \u201cNewton\u2019s laws of motion\u201d. Encyclopedia Britannica, 27 Mar. 2023, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/Newtons-laws-of-motion<\/a>. Accessed 29 May 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n 5. Bohr, Niels, 1885-1962. Title, On the Quantum Theory of Line-Spectra, Part 1 and 2. Language, English. LoC Class, QC: Science: Physics.https:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/ebooks\/47167<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 6. Miko, I. 2008 Gregor Mendel and the principles of inheritance. Nature Education 1(1):134. <\/i><\/p>\n https:\/\/www.nature.com\/scitable\/topicpage\/gregor-mendel-and-the-principles-of-inheritance-593\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 7. Lacks S. A. (2003). Rambling and scrambling in bacterial transformation\u2013a historical and personal memoir. Journal of bacteriology, 185(1), 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JB.185.1.1-6.2003<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 8. Avery, O. T., Macleod, C. M., & McCarty, M. (1944). STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE SUBSTANCE INDUCING TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES\u00a0: INDUCTION OF TRANSFORMATION BY A DESOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID FRACTION ISOLATED FROM PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE III. The Journal of experimental medicine, 79(2), 137\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.79.2.137<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 9. HERSHEY, A. D., & CHASE, M. (1952). Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage. The Journal of general physiology, 36(1), 39\u201356. <\/i><\/p>\n https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2147348\/<\/a>; <\/i><\/p>\n https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/<\/a>; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1085\/jgp.36.1.39<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 10. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 James Watson \u2013 Facts. <\/i><\/p>\n https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/medicine\/1962\/watson\/facts\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 11. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962. Francis Crick Biographical.<\/i><\/p>\n https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/medicine\/1962\/crick\/biographical\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 12. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962. Francis Crick, James Watson, Maurice Wilkins.https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/medicine\/1962\/summary\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 13. http:\/\/darwin-online.org.uk\/EditorialIntroductions\/Freeman_OntheOriginofSpecies.html<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n \u1ea4n b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n 1\uff081859)\uff1ahttp:\/\/darwin-online.org.uk\/content\/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F401&pageseq=1<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n \u1ea4n b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n 2 (1860)\uff1ahttp:\/\/darwin-online.org.uk\/content\/frameset?itemID=F376&viewtype=image&pageseq=1<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n \u1ea4n b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n 3\uff081861)\uff1ahttp:\/\/darwin-online.org.uk\/content\/frameset?itemID=F381&viewtype=image&pageseq=1<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n \u1ea4n b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n 4\uff081866)\uff1ahttp:\/\/darwin-online.org.uk\/content\/frameset?itemID=F385&viewtype=image&pageseq=1<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n \u1ea4n b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n 5 (1869)\uff1ahttp:\/\/darwin-online.org.uk\/content\/frameset?itemID=F387&viewtype=image&pageseq=1<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n \u1ea4n b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n 6 (1872)\uff1ahttp:\/\/darwin-online.org.uk\/content\/frameset?itemID=F391&viewtype=image&pageseq=1<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 14. Dawkins Vs. Gould. Survival of the Fittest. By Kim Sterelny. 2007<\/i><\/p>\n https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/zqdrb074d7ayx4v\/Dawkins%20Vs.%20Gould%20Survival%20of%20the%20Fittest%20Book.pdf?dl=0<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 15. M\u00fcller-Wille, Staffan. \u201cCarolus Linnaeus\u201d. Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 May. 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Carolus-Linnaeus<\/a>. Accessed 22 June 2023.<\/i><\/p>\n 16. Nunes, M. D., Arif, S., Schl\u00f6tterer, C., & McGregor, A. P. (2013). A perspective on micro-evo-devo: progress and potential. Genetics, 195(3), 625\u2013634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1534\/genetics.113.156463<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 17. UC Museum of Paleontology. Berkeley. Evolution at different scales: micro to macro.https:\/\/evolution.berkeley.edu\/evolution-at-different-scales-micro-to-macro\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 18. Sargent, T. D., Millar, C. D., & Lambert, D. M. (1998). The \u201cClassical\u201d Explanation of Industrial Melanism. Evolutionary Biology, 299\u2013322. doi:10.1007\/978-1-4899-1751-5_8https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4899-1751-5_8<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 19. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201cLo\u1ea1t \u1ea3nh: L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i hoa Tulip l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng hoa r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 thu h\u00fat du kh\u00e1ch,\u201d The Epoch Times Hoa ng\u1eef, ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2023 https:\/\/www.epochtimes.com\/gb\/23\/5\/20\/n14000961.htm<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 20. UC Museum of Paleontology. Berkeley. What is microevolution?https:\/\/evolution.berkeley.edu\/evolution-at-different-scales-micro-to-macro\/what-is-microevolution\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 21. UC Museum of Paleontology. Berkeley. The size of sparrow. Examples of microevolution. https:\/\/evolution.berkeley.edu\/evolution-at-different-scales-micro-to-macro\/examples-of-microevolution\/<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n 22. Carl Wieland and Don Batten. An interview with leading Australian molecular biologist and microbiologist Ian Macreadie.https:\/\/creation.com\/creation-in-the-research-lab<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u00f3m bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n \u201cNh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d<\/p>\n (The Epoch Times)<\/p>\n (B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Epoch Times Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n