{"id":51901,"date":"2026-01-08T05:35:12","date_gmt":"2026-01-07T22:35:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=51901"},"modified":"2026-01-08T05:35:12","modified_gmt":"2026-01-07T22:35:12","slug":"thap-nhi-kinh-gian-luoc-phan-9-tom-luoc-ve-dai-hoc-trung-dung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/01\/thap-nhi-kinh-gian-luoc-phan-9-tom-luoc-ve-dai-hoc-trung-dung.html","title":{"rendered":"Th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb kinh gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c (Ph\u1ea7n 9): T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc\u201d, \u201cTrung Dung\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"mw-content-text\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<p><i>T&aacute;c gi&#7843;: Qu&yacute; &#272;&#7841;i bi&ecirc;n so&#7841;n<\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c&rdquo;, &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo;<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c&rdquo; v&#7889;n l&agrave; thi&ecirc;n th&#7913; 42 trong Ti&#7875;u &#272;&aacute;i L&#7877; K&yacute;, &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo; v&#7889;n l&agrave; thi&ecirc;n th&#7913; 31 trong Ti&#7875;u &#272;&aacute;i L&#7877; K&yacute;. Tr&#432;&#7899;c th&#7901;i B&#7855;c T&#7889;ng, hai t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m n&agrave;y ch&#432;a t&#7915;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&aacute;ch ri&ecirc;ng th&agrave;nh kinh th&#432;, ch&#7881; n&#7857;m trong n&#7897;i dung c&#7911;a &ldquo;L&#7877; K&yacute;&rdquo; m&agrave; th&ocirc;i. T&#7915; x&#432;a &#273;&#7871;n nay, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta truy&#7873;n r&#7857;ng c&aacute;c thi&ecirc;n trong &ldquo;L&#7877; K&yacute;&rdquo; &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; do m&ocirc;n &#273;&#7879; c&#7911;a Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; ghi ch&eacute;p l&#7841;i. Trong ph&#7847;n l&#7901;i t&#7921;a c&#7911;a &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c&rdquo; c&oacute; ch&eacute;p: &ldquo;Kinh c&oacute; m&#7897;t ch&#432;&#417;ng, l&agrave; l&#7901;i c&#7911;a Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917;, m&agrave; T&#259;ng T&#7917; l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i thu&#7853;t l&#7841;i. M&#432;&#7901;i ch&#432;&#417;ng truy&#7879;n trong &#273;&oacute;, l&agrave; &yacute; c&#7911;a T&#259;ng T&#7917;, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&ocirc;n nh&acirc;n ghi ch&eacute;p l&#7841;i&rdquo;. S&aacute;ch &ldquo;S&#7917; K&yacute; &ndash; Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; Th&#7871; Gia&rdquo; ch&eacute;p: &ldquo;Sau khi tr&#7843;i qua vi&#7879;c b&#7883; v&acirc;y kh&#7889;n &#7903; n&#432;&#7899;c T&#7889;ng, T&#7917; T&#432; (t&#7913;c T&#259;ng T&#7917;) s&aacute;ng t&aacute;c ra Trung Dung&rdquo;. V&#7873; sau, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7901;i m&#7899;i c&oacute; thuy&#7871;t cho r&#7857;ng &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c&rdquo; v&agrave; &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo; &#273;&#7873;u xu&#7845;t ph&aacute;t t&#7915; T&#259;ng T&#7917;.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7871;n th&#7901;i B&#7855;c T&#7889;ng, d&#432;&#7899;i tri&#7873;u vua T&#7889;ng Nh&acirc;n T&ocirc;ng, ti&#7871;n s&#297; V&#432;&#417;ng C&#7911;ng Th&#7847;n &#273;&#7895; v&#7883; tr&iacute; &#273;&#7913;ng &#273;&#7847;u trong k&#7923; thi &#273;&igrave;nh. Nh&acirc;n T&ocirc;ng r&#7845;t m&#7921;c qu&yacute; tr&#7885;ng &ocirc;ng, &#273;&iacute;ch th&acirc;n ng&#7921; b&uacute;t ch&eacute;p l&#7841;i thi&ecirc;n &#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c trong &ldquo;L&#7877; K&yacute;&rdquo; &#273;&#7875; ban th&#432;&#7903;ng cho &ocirc;ng. T&#7915; &#273;&oacute; tr&#7903; &#273;i, c&#7913; m&#7895;i k&#7923; thi ba n&#259;m m&#7897;t l&#7847;n, h&#7877; ai &#273;&#7895; ti&#7871;n s&#297; &#273;&#7873;u theo l&#7879; th&#7881;nh c&#7847;u ho&agrave;ng th&#432;&#7907;ng ng&#7921; b&uacute;t &#273;&oacute;ng &#7845;n &#273;&#7875; ban t&#7863;ng m&#7897;t cu&#7889;n &#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c ho&#7863;c Trung Dung. Gi&#7899;i s&#297; &#273;&#7841;i phu trong x&atilde; h&#7897;i, v&agrave; c&aacute;c th&#7847;y gi&aacute;o truy&#7873;n d&#7841;y, m&ocirc;n sinh theo h&#7885;c Nho gia, c&#361;ng noi theo l&#7879; &#7845;y, th&#432;&#7901;ng vi&#7871;t v&agrave; t&#7863;ng nhau cu&#7889;n &#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c, Trung Dung &#273;&#7875; kh&iacute;ch l&#7879; nhau c&ugrave;ng c&#7889; g&#7855;ng. K&#7875; t&#7915; &#273;&oacute;, &#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c v&agrave; Trung Dung m&#7899;i tho&aacute;t ly kh&#7887;i &ldquo;L&#7877; K&yacute;&rdquo; m&agrave; l&#432;u truy&#7873;n &#273;&#7897;c l&#7853;p, d&#7847;n d&#7847;n tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh th&ocirc;ng l&#7879;.<\/p>\n<p>Tr&#432;&#7901;ng ph&aacute;i L&#7841;c h&#7885;c c&#7911;a hai anh em h&#7885; Tr&igrave;nh l&agrave; Tr&igrave;nh Di v&agrave; Tr&igrave;nh H&#7841;o &#273;&#7873;u h&#7871;t m&#7921;c t&ocirc;n s&ugrave;ng &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c&rdquo; v&agrave; &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo;. H&#7885; cho r&#7857;ng &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c&rdquo; l&agrave; &ldquo;c&aacute;nh c&#7917;a d&#7851;n v&agrave;o &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c&rdquo; cho ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7899;i h&#7885;c; n&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#7915; &#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c th&igrave; ch&#432;a &#273;&#7911; &#273;&#7875; n&oacute;i &#273;&#7871;n con &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&#7841;o xuy&ecirc;n su&#7889;t l&agrave; tu th&acirc;n, t&#7873; gia, tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c, b&igrave;nh thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;. &#272;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i, h&#7885; c&#361;ng coi &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo; l&agrave; &ldquo;t&acirc;m ph&aacute;p c&#7911;a Nho gia&rdquo;, n&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng l&#7845;y &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo; l&agrave;m y&#7871;u l&#297;nh th&igrave; c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7911; &#273;&#7875; th&#7845;u hi&#7875;u s&acirc;u s&#7855;c &#273;&#7841;o l&yacute; ch&iacute;nh th&#7889;ng v&agrave; con &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng ch&acirc;n ch&iacute;nh c&#7911;a th&aacute;nh hi&#7873;n trong thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;. T&#432;&#417;ng truy&#7873;n th&#7913; t&#7921; v&#259;n t&#7921; c&#7911;a thi&ecirc;n &#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c trong b&#7843;n L&#7877; K&yacute; c&#7893; so v&#7899;i b&#7843;n l&#432;u truy&#7873;n hi&#7879;n nay c&oacute; s&#7921; b&#7845;t &#273;&#7891;ng, ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; do Tr&igrave;nh T&#7917; &#273;&atilde; hi&#7879;u &#273;&iacute;nh l&#7841;i v&agrave; l&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u s&#7855;p x&#7871;p th&agrave;nh d&#7841;ng ch&#432;&#417;ng c&uacute;. C&ograve;n ch&#432;&#417;ng c&uacute; c&#7911;a &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo; th&igrave; do Chu Hy bi&ecirc;n t&#7853;p m&agrave; th&agrave;nh.<\/p>\n<p>H&#7885;c tr&ograve; ch&acirc;n truy&#7873;n &#273;&#7901;i th&#7913; hai c&#7911;a Tr&igrave;nh m&ocirc;n l&agrave; Chu Hy, ng&#432;&#7901;i huy&#7879;n V&#7909; Nguy&ecirc;n, t&#7915;ng ph&#7909;c v&#7909; qua b&#7889;n tri&#7873;u vua Nam T&#7889;ng, gi&#7843;ng d&#7841;y t&#7841;i Kh&#7843;o &#272;&igrave;nh. &Ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; h&#7907;p nh&#7845;t b&#7889;n cu&#7889;n &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c&rdquo;, &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo;, &ldquo;Lu&#7853;n Ng&#7919;&rdquo;, &ldquo;M&#7841;nh T&#7917;&rdquo;, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i bi&ecirc;n so&#7841;n ch&uacute; gi&#7843;i cho t&#7915;ng cu&#7889;n. T&#7915; &#273;&oacute;, b&#7889;n s&aacute;ch n&agrave;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#432;u truy&#7873;n r&#7897;ng r&atilde;i kh&#7855;p thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;, g&#7885;i chung l&agrave; &ldquo;T&#7913; T&#7917; Th&#432;&rdquo; hay &ldquo;T&#7913; Th&#432;&rdquo;. Gi&#7899;i s&#297; phu th&#7901;i &#7845;y r&#7845;t t&ocirc;n s&ugrave;ng, thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; kh&ocirc;ng ai kh&ocirc;ng noi theo, ng&#432;&#7901;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7873;u h&#7885;c T&#7913; Th&#432;. &#272;&#7871;n th&#7901;i nh&agrave; Minh, khoa c&#7917; c&ograve;n quy &#273;&#7883;nh r&otilde; r&agrave;ng ph&#7843;i c&#259;n c&#7913; theo T&#7913; Th&#432; do Chu Hy ch&uacute; gi&#7843;i. Trong su&#7889;t 400 n&#259;m th&#7901;i Minh Thanh, t&#7841;i c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng d&#7841;y t&#432; th&#7909;c n&#417;i th&ocirc;n d&atilde;, tr&#7867; em m&#7899;i h&#7885;c ch&#7919; tuy ch&#432;a hi&#7875;u g&igrave; c&#361;ng &#273;&#7873;u ph&#7843;i h&#7885;c thu&#7897;c l&ograve;ng T&#7913; Th&#432;. C&aacute;c th&#7871; h&#7879; gi&#7899;i s&#297; phu c&#361;ng nh&#7901; v&agrave;o vi&#7879;c n&agrave;y m&agrave; c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7915; &#273;&oacute; hi&#7875;u s&acirc;u, th&ocirc;ng su&#7889;t, th&#7845;m nhu&#7847;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7841;o l&yacute; ch&iacute;nh th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a Nho h&#7885;c, th&#7901;i n&agrave;o c&#361;ng c&oacute;, &#273;&acirc;u &#273;&acirc;u c&#361;ng th&#7845;y.<\/p>\n<p><b>N&#7897;i dung c&#7911;a &#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Trong ph&#7847;n l&#7901;i t&#7921;a c&#7911;a &#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c, Chu Hy vi&#7871;t: &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c l&agrave; ph&eacute;p d&#7841;y ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#7911;a tr&#432;&#7901;ng th&aacute;i h&#7885;c th&#7901;i x&#432;a&rdquo;. L&#7841;i n&oacute;i: &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c l&agrave; h&#7885;c v&#7845;n c&#7911;a b&#7853;c &#273;&#7841;i nh&acirc;n&rdquo;. V&#432;&#417;ng Phu Chi &#273;&#7901;i Thanh th&igrave; n&oacute;i: &ldquo;M&#432;&#7901;i l&#259;m tu&#7893;i v&agrave;o &#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c, l&agrave; &#273;&#7875; h&#7885;c &#273;&#7841;o l&yacute; &lsquo;n&#7897;i th&aacute;nh ngo&#7841;i v&#432;&#417;ng&rsquo;&rdquo;. T&#7915; &#273;&oacute;, &#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7863;t &#273;&#7889;i l&#7853;p v&#7899;i Ti&#7875;u H&#7885;c. Ph&agrave;m nh&#7919;ng h&#7885;c v&#7845;n li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&#7841;o l&yacute; &ldquo;n&#7897;i th&aacute;nh ngo&#7841;i v&#432;&#417;ng&rdquo;, h&#7885;c v&#7845;n thi&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n h&#7907;p nh&#7845;t, h&#7885;c v&#7845;n c&#7911;a b&#7853;c th&aacute;nh hi&#7873;n, h&#7885;c v&#7845;n minh &#273;&#7913;c, tu th&acirc;n, tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c, b&igrave;nh thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;, &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; &#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c; Ph&agrave;m nh&#7919;ng m&ocirc;n h&#7885;c nh&#432; v&#259;n ch&#432;&#417;ng th&ocirc;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng, kh&#7843;o c&#7913;u t&#7915; ng&#7919;, ch&uacute; gi&#7843;i v&#259;n b&#7843;n, h&#7885;c v&#7845;n v&#7873; k&#7929; ngh&#7879;, h&#7885;c thu&#7897;c l&ograve;ng, h&#7885;c v&#7873; ng&ocirc;n ng&#7919;, v&#259;n t&#7921;, ch&#7919; ngh&#297;a, th&igrave; &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&#7871;p v&agrave;o Ti&#7875;u H&#7885;c. Ng&#432;&#7901;i T&#7889;ng coi tr&#7885;ng ngh&#297;a l&yacute;, n&ecirc;n h&#7885;c ph&aacute;i th&#7901;i T&#7889;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;L&yacute; h&#7885;c&rdquo;; ng&#432;&#7901;i H&aacute;n coi tr&#7885;ng ch&uacute; gi&#7843;i v&agrave; ng&ocirc;n t&#7915;, n&ecirc;n h&#7885;c ph&aacute;i th&#7901;i H&aacute;n c&ograve;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; Ti&#7875;u H&#7885;c ho&#7863;c Ph&aacute;c H&#7885;c. T&#7845;t c&#7843; &#273;&#7873;u ph&aacute;t xu&#7845;t t&#7915; s&#7921; ph&acirc;n bi&#7879;t danh x&#432;ng c&#7911;a &#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c.<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c&rdquo; &#273;&#7873; ra thuy&#7871;t Tam C&#432;&#417;ng, B&aacute;t M&#7909;c. C&aacute;c ph&#7847;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7855;p x&#7871;p theo tr&igrave;nh t&#7921; r&otilde; r&agrave;ng, t&#7915; n&ocirc;ng c&#7841;n &#273;&#7871;n th&acirc;m s&acirc;u, huy&#7871;t m&#7841;ch qu&aacute;n th&ocirc;ng, v&#259;n ch&#432;&#417;ng v&agrave; ngh&#297;a l&yacute; k&#7871;t h&#7907;p ch&#7863;t ch&#7869;. Tam C&#432;&#417;ng ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; c&#7889;t l&otilde;i c&#7911;a &#273;&#7841;o &#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c, g&#7891;m:<\/p>\n<p>T&#7841;i minh minh &#273;&#7913;c &ndash; t&#7913;c l&agrave; ho&#7857;ng d&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7913;c t&iacute;nh ch&iacute; thi&#7879;n. &#272;&#7913;c t&iacute;nh ch&iacute; thi&#7879;n n&agrave;y v&#7889;n n&#7857;m trong thi&ecirc;n t&iacute;nh v&agrave; l&#432;&#417;ng tri, v&igrave; th&#7871;, trong s&aacute;ch &ldquo;Kinh Th&#432; &ndash; Khang C&aacute;o&rdquo; vi&#7871;t: &ldquo;L&agrave;m &#273;&#7913;c h&#7841;nh t&#7887;a s&aacute;ng&rdquo;; Th&aacute;i Gi&aacute;p n&oacute;i: &ldquo;Suy x&eacute;t k&#7929; m&#7879;nh tr&#7901;i s&aacute;ng t&#7887;&rdquo;; &#272;&#7871; &#272;i&#7875;n vi&#7871;t: &ldquo;L&agrave;m &#273;&#7913;c h&#7841;nh cao th&#432;&#7907;ng t&#7887;a s&aacute;ng&rdquo;. T&#7913;c l&agrave; ph&#7843;i t&#7915; n&#7897;i t&acirc;m gi&aacute;c ng&#7897; &#273;&#7913;c t&iacute;nh s&aacute;ng v&#7889;n c&oacute;, r&#7891;i t&#7915; &#273;&oacute; ph&aacute;t d&#432;&#417;ng quang &#273;&#7841;i, thi h&agrave;nh ra b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i. &#272;&acirc;y ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; b&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n c&#7911;a n&#7897;i th&aacute;nh ngo&#7841;i v&#432;&#417;ng. Nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh v&agrave;o vi&#7879;c t&#7921; m&igrave;nh s&aacute;ng t&#7887; &#273;&#7913;c h&#7841;nh m&agrave; khi&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c c&#361;ng s&aacute;ng t&#7887;.<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;T&#7841;i t&acirc;n d&acirc;n&rdquo; &ndash; t&#7913;c l&agrave; mang h&agrave;m &yacute; &ldquo;c&aacute;ch c&#7889; &#273;&#7881;nh t&acirc;n&rdquo; (thay c&#361; &#273;&#7893;i m&#7899;i). &ldquo;Kinh D&#7883;ch &ndash; T&#7921; Qu&aacute;i&rdquo; n&oacute;i: &ldquo;C&aacute;ch, l&agrave; b&#7887; &#273;i c&aacute;i c&#361;; &#272;&#7881;nh, l&agrave; gi&#7919; l&#7845;y c&aacute;i m&#7899;i&rdquo;. Kh&ocirc;ng lo&#7841;i b&#7887; c&aacute;i c&#361; h&#7911; b&#7841;i, th&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7911; &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7893;i m&#7899;i m&#7895;i ng&agrave;y. V&igrave; v&#7853;y, c&#361;ng tr&iacute;ch d&#7851;n t&#7915; &ldquo;Kinh Th&#432; &ndash; B&agrave;n Minh&rdquo; vi&#7871;t: &ldquo;Ng&agrave;y ng&agrave;y &#273;&#7893;i m&#7899;i, m&#7895;i ng&agrave;y &#273;&#7873;u m&#7899;i, l&#7841;i th&ecirc;m m&#7897;t ng&agrave;y &#273;&#7893;i m&#7899;i n&#7919;a&rdquo;. Khang C&aacute;o vi&#7871;t: &ldquo;L&agrave;m cho d&acirc;n m&#7899;i&rdquo;. &#272;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c n&#7871;u m&#7895;i ng&agrave;y &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; b&#432;&#7899;c ti&#7871;n m&#7899;i, r&#7891;i t&#7915; b&#7843;n th&acirc;n m&#7903; r&#7897;ng ra ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c, th&igrave; m&#7899;i b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u c&oacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c kh&iacute; t&#432;&#7907;ng h&#432;ng th&#7883;nh, tr&agrave;n &#273;&#7847;y s&#7913;c s&#7889;ng. C&oacute; nh&#432; v&#7853;y, qu&#7889;c gia v&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; ti&#7871;n xa ng&agrave;n d&#7863;m m&#7895;i ng&agrave;y, kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n. B&#7903;i th&#7871;, d&#7851;n l&#7901;i trong &ldquo;Thi Kinh&rdquo; n&oacute;i: &ldquo;Chu tuy l&agrave; n&#432;&#7899;c x&#432;a, nh&#432;ng m&#7879;nh c&#7911;a n&oacute; lu&ocirc;n &#273;&#7893;i m&#7899;i&rdquo;. &#272;&acirc;y l&agrave; b&#432;&#7899;c th&#7913; hai c&#7911;a n&#7897;i th&aacute;nh ngo&#7841;i v&#432;&#417;ng. Nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh v&agrave;o vi&#7879;c &ldquo;t&#7921; &#273;&#7893;i m&#7899;i m&igrave;nh&rdquo;, r&#7891;i &ldquo;gi&uacute;p ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c &#273;&#7893;i m&#7899;i&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>T&#7841;i ch&#7881; vu ch&iacute; thi&#7879;n &ndash; t&#7913;c l&agrave; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#7871;n c&#7843;nh gi&#7899;i si&ecirc;u qu&#7847;n nh&#7845;t, ho&agrave;n m&#7929; nh&#7845;t. Ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave;m vua th&igrave; d&#7915;ng &#7903; nh&acirc;n (l&ograve;ng nh&acirc;n &aacute;i), ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave;m b&#7873; t&ocirc;i th&igrave; d&#7915;ng &#7903; k&iacute;nh (s&#7921; k&iacute;nh tr&#7885;ng), ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave;m con th&igrave; d&#7915;ng &#7903; hi&#7871;u, ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave;m cha th&igrave; d&#7915;ng &#7903; t&#7915; (t&#7915; &aacute;i), giao ti&#7871;p v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i trong &#273;&#7845;t n&#432;&#7899;c th&igrave; d&#7915;ng &#7903; t&iacute;n (s&#7921; th&agrave;nh t&iacute;n). M&agrave; t&#7915; &#273;&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i qu&acirc;n t&#7917; th&igrave; qu&yacute; tr&#7885;ng hi&#7873;n &#273;&#7913;c v&agrave; t&igrave;nh th&acirc;n c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh; k&#7867; ti&#7875;u nh&acirc;n th&igrave; h&#432;&#7903;ng ni&#7873;m vui theo &#273;u&#7893;i l&#7907;i &iacute;ch c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh. Khi &#273;&oacute;, v&#7841;n d&acirc;n trong thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#7855;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7913; m&igrave;nh mu&#7889;n, an vui s&#7889;ng cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, vui v&#7867; v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; m&igrave;nh c&oacute;. &#272;&acirc;y ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; b&#432;&#7899;c th&#7913; ba c&#7911;a n&#7897;i th&aacute;nh ngo&#7841;i v&#432;&#417;ng, nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh v&agrave;o vi&#7879;c &ldquo;t&#7921; m&igrave;nh &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i t&#7889;i thi&#7879;n&rdquo; r&#7891;i sau &#273;&oacute; m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; &ldquo;khi&#7871;n cho thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; &#273;&#7873;u thi&#7879;n&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>C&ograve;n v&#7873; B&aacute;t M&#7909;c l&agrave; tr&igrave;nh t&#7921; v&agrave; c&aacute;c &#273;i&#7875;m then ch&#7889;t tr&ecirc;n con &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng &ldquo;th&agrave;nh t&#7921;u b&#7843;n th&acirc;n r&#7891;i th&agrave;nh t&#7921;u s&#7921; v&#7853;t&rdquo;, &ldquo;tu d&#432;&#7905;ng b&#7843;n th&acirc;n m&agrave; khi&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i an&rdquo;, &ldquo;n&#7897;i th&aacute;nh m&agrave; ngo&#7841;i v&#432;&#417;ng&rdquo;. G&#7885;i l&agrave; bi&#7871;t d&#7915;ng r&#7891;i sau &#273;&oacute; m&#7899;i c&oacute; &#273;&#7883;nh, &#273;&#7883;nh r&#7891;i m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; t&#297;nh, t&#297;nh r&#7891;i m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; an, an r&#7891;i m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; h&#432;, h&#432; r&#7891;i m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#7855;c. M&#7885;i s&#7921; v&#7853;t &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; g&#7889;c c&oacute; ng&#7885;n, c&ocirc;ng vi&#7879;c c&oacute; &#273;&#7847;u c&oacute; cu&#7889;i, hi&#7875;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7913; t&#7921; tr&#432;&#7899;c sau, th&igrave; &#273;&atilde; g&#7847;n v&#7899;i &#272;&#7841;o r&#7891;i. T&#7915; thi&ecirc;n t&#7917; &#273;&#7871;n th&#7913; d&acirc;n, ai c&#361;ng l&#7845;y tu th&acirc;n l&agrave;m c&#259;n b&#7843;n. B&aacute;t M&#7909;c ch&iacute;nh l&agrave;: c&aacute;ch v&#7853;t (x&eacute;t &#273;&#7871;n ng&#7885;n ng&agrave;nh s&#7921; v&#7853;t), tr&iacute; tri (&#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; hi&#7875;u bi&#7871;t), th&agrave;nh &yacute;, ch&iacute;nh t&acirc;m, tu th&acirc;n, t&#7873; gia, tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c, b&igrave;nh thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;.<\/p>\n<p>T&#7915; &#273;&oacute; c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y, vi&#7879;c tu d&#432;&#7905;ng c&#7911;a Nho gia kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; &#273;&#7875; r&#7901;i xa th&#7871; t&#7909;c, kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i v&igrave; &iacute;ch k&#7927; c&aacute; nh&acirc;n, kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u h&#432; v&ocirc;, kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; huy&#7873;n b&iacute; kh&oacute; hi&#7875;u, c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i ch&#7881; ch&#259;m lo cho ri&ecirc;ng m&igrave;nh; m&#7909;c ti&ecirc;u cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng l&agrave; &#273;&#7875; tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c b&igrave;nh thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;. Khi&#7871;n cho trong to&agrave;n c&otilde;i v&#361; tr&#7909;, kh&#7855;p b&#7889;n bi&#7875;n trong thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;, kh&ocirc;ng n&#417;i n&agrave;o kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cai tr&#7883; b&#7857;ng v&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7841;o nh&acirc;n ngh&#297;a, &#273;&#7841;t t&#7899;i s&#7921; th&aacute;i b&igrave;nh th&#7883;nh tr&#7883; (ho&agrave;n m&#7929; &#273;&#7871;n c&#7921;c &#273;i&#7875;m), c&ugrave;ng nhau h&#432;&#7903;ng an h&ograve;a, vui v&#7867;, t&#7915; &#273;&oacute; ti&#7871;n t&#7899;i &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&#7891;ng. V&agrave; v&igrave; &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&oacute; th&igrave; d&ugrave; c&oacute; hy sinh th&acirc;n m&igrave;nh &#273;&#7875; gi&#7919; tr&#7885;n &#273;&#7841;o ngh&#297;a th&igrave; c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; g&igrave; ti&#7871;c c&#7843;.<\/p>\n<p><b>N&#7897;i dung c&#7911;a Trung Dung<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&#9678; S&aacute;ch &ldquo;Kinh Th&#432; &ndash; &#272;&#7841;i V&#361; M&#432;u&rdquo; c&oacute; vi&#7871;t: &ldquo;Nh&acirc;n t&acirc;m duy nguy, &#273;&#7841;o t&acirc;m duy vi, duy tinh duy nh&#7845;t, do&atilde;n ch&#7845;p quy&#7871;t trung&rdquo; (Nh&acirc;n t&acirc;m th&#7853;t d&#7877; dao &#273;&#7897;ng, &#272;&#7841;o t&acirc;m l&#7841;i r&#7845;t vi di&#7879;u; ch&#7881; c&oacute; gi&#7919; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; chuy&ecirc;n nh&#7845;t th&igrave; m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; gi&#7919; v&#7919;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7841;o trung). Trung Dung ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n t&#7915; &yacute; n&agrave;y, n&ecirc;n c&oacute; c&acirc;u: &ldquo;Ch&#7845;p k&#7923; l&#432;&#7905;ng &#273;oan, d&#7909;ng k&#7923; trung vu d&acirc;n&rdquo;. &Yacute; l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng l&#7879;ch v&#7873; b&ecirc;n n&agrave;o, kh&ocirc;ng th&#7915;a c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng thi&#7871;u, m&#7899;i l&agrave; l&#7869; th&#432;&#7901;ng v&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o ch&iacute;nh. Tr&igrave;nh Minh &#272;&#7841;o n&oacute;i: &ldquo;Kh&ocirc;ng l&#7879;ch g&#7885;i l&agrave; trung, kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7893;i g&#7885;i l&agrave; dung. Trung l&agrave; ch&iacute;nh &#273;&#7841;o c&#7911;a thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;, dung l&agrave; ch&iacute;nh l&yacute; c&#7911;a thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;&rdquo;. &Yacute; ngh&#297;a ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; nh&#432; v&#7853;y. &#272;&#7841;o l&yacute; ch&iacute;nh th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a Nho gia kh&ocirc;ng theo &#273;u&#7893;i s&#7921; m&#7899;i m&#7867; kh&aacute;c th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7875; ch&#7841;y t&#7899;i c&#7921;c &#273;oan; c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng cho ph&eacute;p tr&aacute;i v&#7899;i l&yacute; l&#7869; th&#432;&#7901;ng t&igrave;nh, d&#7851;n t&#7899;i th&aacute;i qu&aacute; ho&#7863;c qu&aacute;i d&#7883;. L&#7845;y s&#7921; b&igrave;nh d&#7883;, d&#7877; hi&#7875;u n&ecirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#7893; c&#7853;p v&agrave; th&#7921;c h&agrave;nh r&#7897;ng r&atilde;i; l&#7845;y s&#7921; trung h&ograve;a n&ecirc;n m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; v&#297;nh h&#7857;ng kh&ocirc;ng thay &#273;&#7893;i. &#272;&acirc;y ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; t&acirc;m ph&aacute;p c&#7911;a &#273;&#7841;o l&yacute; ch&iacute;nh th&#7889;ng Nho gia, l&agrave; con &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng tu d&#432;&#7905;ng &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c su&#7889;t &#273;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>&#9678; Chu Hy ph&acirc;n chia Trung Dung th&agrave;nh 33 ch&#432;&#417;ng, ch&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7847;u b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u b&#7857;ng c&acirc;u &ldquo;Thi&ecirc;n m&#7879;nh chi v&#7883; t&iacute;nh&rdquo; (M&#7879;nh tr&#7901;i g&#7885;i l&agrave; b&#7843;n t&iacute;nh). Thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7841;o &#7849;n ch&#7913;a trong b&#7843;n t&iacute;nh con ng&#432;&#7901;i, thi&ecirc;n l&yacute; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i trong nh&acirc;n &#273;&#7841;o, n&ecirc;n nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh t&#7847;m quan tr&#7885;ng c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c ng&#432;&#7901;i qu&acirc;n t&#7917; gi&#7919; g&igrave;n t&acirc;m t&iacute;nh v&agrave; tu th&acirc;n, ph&#7843;i c&#7843;nh gi&aacute;c v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u kh&ocirc;ng th&#7845;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c, s&#7907; h&atilde;i nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u kh&ocirc;ng nghe &#273;&#432;&#7907;c. Nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; nh&#7887; b&eacute; &#7849;n gi&#7845;u kh&ocirc;ng th&#7845;y nh&#432;ng l&#7841;i d&#7877; hi&#7879;n l&#7897;, v&igrave; th&#7871; ch&#7911; tr&#432;&#417;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i qu&acirc;n t&#7917; ph&#7843;i th&#7853;n tr&#7885;ng khi &#7903; m&#7897;t m&igrave;nh, b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#7915; s&#7921; nh&#7845;t qu&aacute;n gi&#7919;a l&#7901;i n&oacute;i v&agrave; h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng, trong ngo&agrave;i nh&#432; m&#7897;t, tuy&#7879;t kh&ocirc;ng gi&#7843; d&#7889;i, kh&ocirc;ng gi&#7843; t&#7841;o ho&#7863;c l&agrave;m b&#7897;. N&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng s&#7869; l&agrave; t&#7921; d&#7889;i m&igrave;nh l&#7915;a ng&#432;&#7901;i, b&#7903;i v&igrave; t&acirc;m n&agrave;y kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; gi&#7845;u gi&#7871;m, thi&ecirc;n l&yacute; l&#432;&#417;ng tri kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; b&#7883; l&#7915;a d&#7889;i!<\/p>\n<p>&#9678; Trung Dung b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#7915; vi&#7879;c tu d&#432;&#7905;ng b&#7843;n th&acirc;n, n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;Khi ch&#432;a ph&aacute;t ra h&#7927;, n&#7897;, ai, l&#7841;c th&igrave; g&#7885;i l&agrave; Trung; khi ph&aacute;t ra m&agrave; &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&uacute;ng m&#7921;c th&igrave; g&#7885;i l&agrave; H&ograve;a. Trung l&agrave; g&#7889;c l&#7899;n c&#7911;a thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;, H&ograve;a l&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o th&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7841;t c&#7911;a thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;. &#272;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c Trung H&ograve;a th&igrave; tr&#7901;i &#273;&#7845;t c&oacute; ch&#7895; &#273;&#7913;ng, v&#7841;n v&#7853;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nu&ocirc;i d&#432;&#7905;ng&rdquo;. Trung Dung c&ograve;n ph&acirc;n bi&#7879;t r&otilde; r&agrave;ng gi&#7919;a qu&acirc;n t&#7917; v&agrave; ti&#7875;u nh&acirc;n, n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;Qu&acirc;n t&#7917; th&igrave; trung dung, ti&#7875;u nh&acirc;n th&igrave; l&agrave;m ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i v&#7899;i trung dung&rdquo;. R&#7891;i t&#7915; &#273;&oacute; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c th&#7921;c h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7841;o, c&ograve;n n&oacute;i th&ecirc;m: &ldquo;Bi&#7871;t c&aacute;ch tu th&acirc;n th&igrave; s&#7869; bi&#7871;t c&aacute;ch tr&#7883; ng&#432;&#7901;i, bi&#7871;t c&aacute;ch tr&#7883; ng&#432;&#7901;i th&igrave; s&#7869; bi&#7871;t c&aacute;ch tr&#7883; thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; v&agrave; qu&#7889;c gia&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>&#9678; Tu th&acirc;n n&#7857;m &#7903; <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#ba_dieu\" 28717 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">ba &#273;i&#7873;u<\/a>: &ldquo;Ham h&#7885;c, c&#7889; g&#7855;ng th&#7921;c h&agrave;nh, bi&#7871;t x&#7845;u h&#7893;&rdquo;, kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7915;a c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&#7871;u. Trung Dung cho r&#7857;ng, &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&#7841;o kh&ocirc;ng s&aacute;ng t&#7887; v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7873;u do sai l&#7879;ch v&#7873; m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; qu&aacute; nhi&#7873;u hay qu&aacute; &iacute;t. Khi l&#7853;p th&acirc;n x&#7917; th&#7871;, l&agrave;m ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; l&agrave;m c&aacute;c vi&#7879;c, &#273;&#7873;u ph&#7843;i c&#7889; g&#7855;ng gi&#7919; v&#7919;ng &#273;&#7841;o trung dung. Ph&#7843;i c&oacute; l&#7853;p tr&#432;&#7901;ng, c&oacute; nguy&ecirc;n t&#7855;c, c&oacute; th&#7911;y c&oacute; chung; nh&#432; v&#7853;y m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; t&#7921; l&#7853;p t&#7921; c&#432;&#7901;ng. D&ugrave; c&oacute; bi&#7871;n lo&#7841;n th&igrave; v&#7851;n kh&ocirc;ng b&#7883; lay &#273;&#7897;ng, n&ecirc;n m&#7899;i n&oacute;i: &ldquo;Qu&acirc;n t&#7917; h&ograve;a m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng xu&ocirc;i theo d&ograve;ng, m&#7841;nh m&#7869; b&#7845;t khu&#7845;t thay (m&#7841;nh m&#7869; qu&aacute; n&ecirc;n d&#7877; b&#7883; ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c u&#7889;n n&#7855;n); &#273;&#7913;ng v&#7919;ng m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng nghi&ecirc;ng ng&#7843;, m&#7841;nh m&#7869; b&#7845;t khu&#7845;t thay; qu&#7889;c gia c&oacute; &#273;&#7841;o, ki&ecirc;n tr&igrave; l&#7853;p tr&#432;&#7901;ng kh&ocirc;ng thay &#273;&#7893;i, m&#7841;nh m&#7869; b&#7845;t khu&#7845;t thay; qu&#7889;c gia v&ocirc; &#273;&#7841;o, &#273;&#7871;n ch&#7871;t c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng thay &#273;&#7893;i, m&#7841;nh m&#7869; b&#7845;t khu&#7845;t thay&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>&#9678; Trung Dung cho r&#7857;ng thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; c&oacute; n&#259;m &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c ph&#7893; qu&aacute;t l&agrave;: qu&acirc;n th&#7847;n, cha con, v&#7907; ch&#7891;ng, anh em, b&#7841;n b&egrave;. &#272;&acirc;y ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; ng&#361; lu&acirc;n m&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7901;i v&#7851;n hay g&#7885;i.<\/p>\n<p>C&ograve;n &#273;&#7875; th&#7921;c h&agrave;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c (n&#259;m m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; l&#7899;n &#7845;y) th&igrave; c&oacute; <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#ba_dieu\" 28717 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">ba &#273;i&#7873;u<\/a>: ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; ba &#273;&#7913;c t&iacute;nh ph&#7893; qu&aacute;t l&agrave; tr&iacute;, nh&acirc;n, d&#361;ng, ham h&#7885;c th&igrave; g&#7847;n v&#7899;i tr&iacute;, n&#7895; l&#7921;c h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng th&igrave; g&#7847;n v&#7899;i nh&acirc;n, bi&#7871;t x&#7845;u h&#7893; th&igrave; g&#7847;n v&#7899;i d&#361;ng. C&aacute;i g&#7885;i l&agrave;: c&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i sinh ra &#273;&atilde; bi&#7871;t, c&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#7885;c r&#7891;i m&#7899;i bi&#7871;t, c&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i l&acirc;m v&agrave;o kh&oacute; kh&#259;n r&#7891;i m&#7899;i bi&#7871;t, th&igrave; &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; bi&#7871;t gi&#7889;ng nhau c&#7843;. C&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n, c&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng v&igrave; l&#7907;i &iacute;ch, c&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng do n&#7895; l&#7921;c g&#7855;ng s&#7913;c, nh&#432;ng khi &#273;&atilde; th&agrave;nh c&ocirc;ng th&igrave; c&#361;ng nh&#432; nhau.<\/p>\n<p>C&ograve;n &#273;&#7875; tr&#7883; thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; v&agrave; qu&#7889;c gia th&igrave; c&oacute; ch&iacute;n &#273;i&#7873;u c&#7889;t y&#7871;u: tu th&acirc;n, t&ocirc;n tr&#7885;ng hi&#7873;n t&agrave;i, th&acirc;n &aacute;i v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n, k&iacute;nh tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7841;i th&#7847;n, th&#7845;u hi&#7875;u qu&#7847;n th&#7847;n, y&ecirc;u th&#432;&#417;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n, thu h&uacute;t th&#7907; thuy&#7873;n, m&#7873;m m&#7887;ng v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#432;&#417;ng xa, gi&#7919; v&#7919;ng ch&#432; h&#7847;u, t&#7845;t c&#7843; &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; c&ugrave;ng m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch th&#7921;c h&agrave;nh. V&#7873; m&#7863;t h&agrave;nh s&#7921;, m&#7885;i vi&#7879;c n&#7871;u chu&#7849;n b&#7883; tr&#432;&#7899;c th&igrave; s&#7869; th&agrave;nh, kh&ocirc;ng chu&#7849;n b&#7883; th&igrave; s&#7869; h&#7887;ng. V&#7873; m&#7863;t n&#7897;i t&acirc;m, ch&acirc;n th&agrave;nh l&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o c&#7911;a tr&#7901;i; bi&#7871;t gi&#7919; l&ograve;ng th&agrave;nh ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i. Ch&#7885;n &#273;i&#7873;u thi&#7879;n r&#7891;i gi&#7919; v&#7919;ng n&oacute;, h&#7885;c r&#7897;ng, x&eacute;t k&#7929;, suy ngh&#297; c&#7849;n th&#7853;n, ph&acirc;n bi&#7879;t s&aacute;ng su&#7889;t, v&agrave; th&#7921;c h&agrave;nh ki&ecirc;n &#273;&#7883;nh, t&#7845;t c&#7843; &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; ph&#7847;n vi&#7879;c con ng&#432;&#7901;i n&ecirc;n l&agrave;m v&agrave; c&#361;ng l&agrave; c&ocirc;ng phu c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; l&ograve;ng th&agrave;nh. Do &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; c&acirc;u: &ldquo;Th&agrave;nh l&agrave; &#273;i&#7875;m kh&#7903;i &#273;&#7847;u v&agrave; k&#7871;t th&uacute;c c&#7911;a v&#7841;n v&#7853;t; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; th&agrave;nh th&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; g&igrave; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>T&#7915; m&#7897;t ni&#7879;m th&agrave;nh t&iacute;n &#7845;y, tr&ecirc;n h&#7907;p v&#7899;i thi&ecirc;n l&yacute;, d&#432;&#7899;i h&#7907;p v&#7899;i nh&acirc;n lu&acirc;n, cho n&ecirc;n cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng t&#7893;ng k&#7871;t r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;Ch&#7881; c&oacute; t&#7845;m l&ograve;ng ch&acirc;n th&agrave;nh tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i trong thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u h&agrave;nh cai qu&#7843;n thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;, thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng l&#7899;n c&#7911;a thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;, v&agrave; hi&#7875;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; sinh h&oacute;a c&#7911;a tr&#7901;i &#273;&#7845;t&rdquo;. V&agrave; &#273;&#7871;n ch&#7895; &ldquo;&#273;&#7913;c nh&acirc;n th&#7847;m l&#7863;ng m&agrave; s&acirc;u th&#7859;m nh&#432; v&#7921;c s&acirc;u, r&#7897;ng l&#7899;n nh&#432; tr&#7901;i&rdquo;, t&#7913;c l&agrave; &#273;&atilde; h&ograve;a h&#7907;p &#273;&#7841;o tr&#7901;i v&#7899;i &#273;&#7913;c ng&#432;&#7901;i th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t, tr&#7901;i v&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#432;&#417;ng th&ocirc;ng h&#7907;p nh&#7845;t r&#7891;i!<\/p>\n<p><b>K&#7871;t lu&#7853;n<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c&rdquo; v&agrave; &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo; kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; l&agrave; n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng nh&#7853;p m&ocirc;n cho ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u theo h&#7885;c Nho gia, m&agrave; c&ograve;n l&agrave; chu&#7849;n m&#7921;c su&#7889;t &#273;&#7901;i c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i qu&acirc;n t&#7917;, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i l&agrave; n&#417;i g&#7917;i g&#7855;m tinh th&#7847;n c&#7889;t l&otilde;i v&agrave; t&ocirc;n ch&#7881; trung t&acirc;m c&#7911;a Nho gia. &#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u b&#7857;ng minh &#273;&#7913;c (l&agrave;m s&aacute;ng t&#7887; &#273;&#7913;c h&#7841;nh); t&acirc;n d&acirc;n l&agrave; s&#7921; th&#7921;c h&agrave;nh c&#7911;a minh &#273;&#7913;c; ch&#7881; vu ch&iacute; thi&#7879;n (&#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#7871;n thi&#7879;n t&#7889;i cao) l&agrave; m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch c&#7911;a minh &#273;&#7913;c; trong B&aacute;t M&#7909;c, c&oacute; &ldquo;C&aacute;ch v&#7853;t,&rdquo; &ldquo;Tr&iacute; tri,&rdquo; &ldquo;Th&agrave;nh &yacute;,&rdquo; &ldquo;Ch&iacute;nh t&acirc;m&rdquo; l&agrave; qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh c&#7911;a minh &#273;&#7913;c; c&ograve;n &ldquo;Tu th&acirc;n,&rdquo; &ldquo;T&#7873; gia,&rdquo; &ldquo;Tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c,&rdquo; &ldquo;B&igrave;nh thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;&rdquo; l&agrave; &#7913;ng d&#7909;ng th&#7921;c ti&#7877;n c&#7911;a minh &#273;&#7913;c. Do &#273;&oacute;, t&ocirc;n ch&#7881; c&#7911;a &#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c n&#7857;m &#7903; minh &#273;&#7913;c, v&#7915;a s&aacute;ng t&#7887; v&#7915;a r&otilde; r&agrave;ng.<\/p>\n<p>C&ograve;n &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo; l&#7845;y th&agrave;nh t&iacute;n cao nh&#7845;t l&agrave;m kinh, kh&ocirc;ng thi&ecirc;n l&#7879;ch, xuy&ecirc;n su&#7889;t c&aacute;c ch&#432;&#417;ng, b&#7903;i ch&#7881; c&oacute; th&agrave;nh t&iacute;n th&igrave; m&#7899;i bi&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7879;nh tr&#7901;i, d&#7851;n d&#7855;t thi&ecirc;n t&iacute;nh, t&#7853;n s&#7913;c l&agrave;m vi&#7879;c c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i, coi tr&#7885;ng nh&acirc;n lu&acirc;n. T&#7915; ng&#361; lu&acirc;n v&agrave; tam &#273;&#7913;c m&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n th&agrave;nh ch&iacute;n &#273;i&#7873;u cai tr&#7883; thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; qu&#7889;c gia. Cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#7871;n b&#7853;c ch&iacute; th&aacute;nh v&agrave; ch&iacute; th&agrave;nh c&#7911;a thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;, c&oacute; th&#7875; h&#7907;p nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7841;o tr&#7901;i v&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave;m m&#7897;t. &ldquo;Ch&acirc;n th&agrave;nh&rdquo; l&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o c&#7911;a Tr&#7901;i, th&#7921;c h&agrave;nh &#273;i&#7873;u ch&acirc;n th&agrave;nh l&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i. L&#7845;y s&#7921; ch&iacute; th&agrave;nh l&agrave;m g&#7889;c, h&agrave;nh x&#7917; theo &#273;&#7841;o trung dung.<\/p>\n<p>Kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; g&igrave; ng&#7841;c nhi&ecirc;n khi Tr&igrave;nh T&#7917; xem &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c&rdquo; l&agrave; h&#7885;c v&#7845;n nh&#7853;p m&ocirc;n; c&ograve;n ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#7885;c l&#7845;y &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo; l&agrave;m t&acirc;m ph&aacute;p ch&iacute;nh th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a Nho gia. T&#7915; &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y, v&#259;n h&oacute;a Trung Hoa r&#7921;c r&#7905; l&#7845;p l&aacute;nh, t&#7887;a s&aacute;ng kh&#7855;p b&#7889;n bi&#7875;n, v&#7841;n c&#7893; v&#7851;n lu&ocirc;n m&#7899;i m&#7867;, ch&iacute; th&aacute;nh v&ocirc; c&#7921;c, s&#7869; l&#432;u truy&#7873;n v&#7841;n th&#7871; b&#7845;t di&#7879;t, b&#7903;i v&igrave; &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; do Th&#7847;n truy&#7873;n l&#7841;i!<\/p>\n<p>D&#7883;ch t&#7915;: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/70688\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/70688<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"catlinks\" class=\"catlinks\" data-mw=\"interface\"><\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T&aacute;c gi&#7843;: Qu&yacute; &#272;&#7841;i bi&ecirc;n so&#7841;n [ChanhKien.org] Ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c&rdquo;, &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo; &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c&rdquo; v&#7889;n l&agrave; thi&ecirc;n th&#7913; 42 trong Ti&#7875;u &#272;&aacute;i L&#7877; K&yacute;, &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo; v&#7889;n l&agrave; thi&ecirc;n th&#7913; 31 trong Ti&#7875;u &#272;&aacute;i L&#7877; K&yacute;. Tr&#432;&#7899;c th&#7901;i B&#7855;c T&#7889;ng, hai t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m n&agrave;y ch&#432;a t&#7915;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&aacute;ch ri&ecirc;ng th&agrave;nh kinh th&#432;, ch&#7881; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[103],"tags":[583],"class_list":["post-51901","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vanhoa-truyenthong","tag-thap-nhi-kinh-gian-luoc"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb kinh gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c (Ph\u1ea7n 9): T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc\u201d, \u201cTrung Dung\u201d - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2026\/01\/thap-nhi-kinh-gian-luoc-phan-9-tom-luoc-ve-dai-hoc-trung-dung.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb kinh gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c (Ph\u1ea7n 9): T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc\u201d, \u201cTrung Dung\u201d - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"T&aacute;c gi&#7843;: Qu&yacute; &#272;&#7841;i bi&ecirc;n so&#7841;n [ChanhKien.org] Ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c&rdquo;, &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo; &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c&rdquo; v&#7889;n l&agrave; thi&ecirc;n th&#7913; 42 trong Ti&#7875;u &#272;&aacute;i L&#7877; K&yacute;, &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo; v&#7889;n l&agrave; thi&ecirc;n th&#7913; 31 trong Ti&#7875;u &#272;&aacute;i L&#7877; K&yacute;. 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