![](\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/2003-4-4-mayawenming1-image.jpg\")
<\/a><\/p>\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi Maya d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5m, m\u1ed9t g\u1ea1ch ngang v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh v\u1ecf s\u00f2 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 0 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t con s\u1ed1.<\/i><\/p>\n
Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng h\u1ea1t t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n t\u00ednh. H\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ba k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u: m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5m, m\u1ed9t g\u1ea1ch ngang v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh v\u1ecf s\u00f2 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 0 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi con s\u1ed1. H\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ng\u00e0y nay c\u0169ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n, tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cbia \u0111\u00e1\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Quirigua, Guatemala, c\u00f3 ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 90 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, 400 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m.<\/p>\n
L\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi Maya v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, l\u1ecbch Tzolk\u2019in v\u1edbi chu k\u1ef3 260 ng\u00e0y, l\u1ecbch th\u00e1i \u00e2m c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng, l\u1ecbch th\u00e1i \u00e2m nguy\u1ec7t theo chu k\u1ef3 29 v\u00e0 30 ng\u00e0y, l\u1ecbch th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi chu k\u1ef3 365 ng\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng chu k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau. Ng\u00e0y nay nh\u1edd c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb quan s\u00e1t thi\u00ean v\u0103n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t n\u0103m d\u00e0i 365,2422 ng\u00e0y, trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u0103m d\u00e0i 365,2420 ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ra c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c Sao Kim n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng:<\/p>\n
(M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng) 20×13=260\u3000260x2x73=37,960<\/p>\n
(M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi) 8×13=104 \u3000104x5x73=37,960<\/p>\n
(Sao Kim) 5×13=65 65x8x73=37,960<\/p>\n
C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1c nhau sau 37,960 ng\u00e0y s\u1ebd h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, m\u00e0 theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya, l\u00fac \u1ea5y \u201cTh\u1ea7n Ch\u1ec9\u201d (ph\u00fac Th\u1ea7n ban) s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i thanh t\u1ecbnh ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i. N\u0103m sao Kim l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian sao Kim quay m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng quanh M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t 384 n\u0103m quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh ra m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sao Kim d\u00e0i 584 ng\u00e0y (h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng trong t\u00e1m n\u0103m theo th\u1eddi gian Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, sao Kim v\u1eeba \u0111\u00fang \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m v\u00f2ng quanh M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, sau \u0111\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. H\u1ecd l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u00e1m n\u0103m Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t (2.920 ng\u00e0y) chia cho n\u0103m v\u00f2ng quay \u0111\u1ec3 ra 584 ng\u00e0y cho m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sao Kim. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 583,92 ng\u00e0y, sai s\u1ed1 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y ch\u01b0a t\u1edbi 12 gi\u00e2y, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u00eanh kho\u1ea3ng s\u00e1u ph\u00fat. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m sao Kim v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 tin.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00ednh ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kinh ng\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0:<\/p>\n
20 ng\u00e0y = 1 Vinal<\/p>\n
18 Vinal = 1 Tun = 360 ng\u00e0y<\/p>\n
20 Tun = 1 Katun = 7.200 ng\u00e0y<\/p>\n
20 Katun = 1 Baktun = 144.000 ng\u00e0y<\/p>\n
20 Baktun = 1 Piktun = 2.880.000 ng\u00e0y<\/p>\n
20 Piktun = 1 Kalabtun = 57.600.000 ng\u00e0y<\/p>\n
20 Kalabtun = 1 K\u2019inchiltun = 1.152.000.000 ng\u00e0y<\/p>\n
20 K\u2019inchiltun = 1 Alautun = 23.040.000.000<\/span> ng\u00e0y<\/p>\n T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady? Con s\u1ed1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn. D\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn con s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u201cnh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n\u201d trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady.<\/p>\n L\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya trong l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p Maya<\/b><\/p>\n Trong l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p Maya, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cTzolk\u2019in\u201d, lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t n\u0103m c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 260 ng\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 l\u00e0, trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch Tzolk\u2019in, h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa sao Kim v\u00e0 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u trong l\u1ecbch Tzolk\u2019in bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya v\u1ec1 trung t\u00e2m h\u1ec7 Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0, r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00ecnh \u00c2m D\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00e1i C\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t quen thu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n C\u00f3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n minh Maya cho r\u1eb1ng, l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p \u201cTzolk\u2019in\u201d \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u201cchu k\u1ef3 thi\u00ean v\u0103n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ec7 Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0\u201d, m\u00e0 theo l\u1ecbch \u201cTzolk\u2019in\u201d: Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cChu k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 5 c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi\u201d, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. Trong chu k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0 n\u00e0y, h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i chu k\u1ef3\u201d k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 5100 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 3113 TCN \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2012 SCN. Trong \u0111\u1ea1i chu k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m tia ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a d\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0. Ch\u00f9m tia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 5.125 n\u0103m Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n 5.125 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i qua h\u1ebft ch\u00f9m tia n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya chia \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i chu k\u1ef3\u201d n\u00e0y l\u00e0m 13 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng chi ti\u1ebft. M\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trong 13 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kia l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh 20 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 20 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u201cThi\u00ean can\u201d, \u201c\u0110\u1ecba chi\u201d c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh theo chu k\u1ef3 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i theo m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi khai thi\u00ean l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ebfn nay, Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua b\u1ed1n k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n Sau khi c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi tr\u1ea3i qua \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i chu k\u1ef3\u201d d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00f9m tia Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0 n\u00e0y, s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0\u201d.<\/p>\n Theo l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i chu k\u1ef3\u201d, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nay, th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. Trong 20 n\u0103m t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1992-2012, Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i chu k\u1ef3\u201d. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u1ea3y ra \u201c\u0110\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0\u201d. H\u1ecd g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u1eddi k\u1ef3 canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u\u201d. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u1ea5y, Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Sau khi \u0111i qua \u201cTh\u1eddi k\u1ef3 canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u\u201d, Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t s\u1ebd b\u01b0\u1edbc ra ngo\u00e0i ch\u00f9m tia Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi \u201c\u0110\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0\u201d.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady, th\u00ec d\u1ef1 ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1eaft h\u1eb3n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u00e0y nay khi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, thi\u00ean tai nh\u00e2n h\u1ecda kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y suy ngh\u0129 xem, l\u1eddi d\u1ef1 ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111ang nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec?<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/b><\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn ra nh\u1eefng manh m\u1ed1i trong quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 sau:<\/p>\n V\u0103n t\u1ef1: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n g\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi H\u00e1n t\u1ef1, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0103n t\u1ef1 Maya.<\/p>\n Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt: L\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfc v\u00f2 g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n h\u00ecnh quai t\u00fai l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5: ph\u1ea7n u\u1ed1n cong nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh nh\u0169 hoa c\u00f9ng gam m\u00e0u r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hoa v\u0103n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecf \u2013 \u0111en \u0111\u1ea7y t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt. Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, ch\u00e2n quai h\u00ecnh nh\u0169 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m th\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed3 ng\u1ecdc: Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c v\u0103n v\u1eadt th\u1eddi Maya l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng b\u1eb1ng ng\u1ecdc, tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya t\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c y\u00eau th\u00edch ng\u1ecdc th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc ng\u1ecdc tinh x\u1ea3o. \u0110i\u1ec1u tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa ng\u1ecdc v\u1edbi sinh m\u1ec7nh, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c v\u1edbi trang s\u1ee9c ng\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1eed \u2013 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed \u1edf v\u00f9ng Giang Nam.<\/p>\n T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng: H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ea7n R\u1eafn v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh (Th\u1ea7n Kukulkan) trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Maya kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ed3ng c\u01b0\u1ee1i m\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1p gi\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u Th\u1ea7n R\u1eafn tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a Maya, v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1eafn tr\u00ean c\u00e2y g\u1eady hai \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y t\u1ebf Maya, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ed3ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ebf b\u00e1i Th\u1ea7n R\u1eafn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u00e1i r\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u1ea7u m\u01b0a.<\/p>\n Nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng: X\u00e9t t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 tay c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed3 h\u00ecnh Th\u00e1i C\u1ef1c: Trong \u0111\u1ed1ng t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh Maya, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00ecnh Th\u00e1i C\u1ef1c gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1 \u00c2m D\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn quen thu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng v\u0103n v\u1eadt b\u00ed \u1ea9n<\/b><\/p>\n Ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau t\u00ean l\u1eeda<\/b><\/p>\n Qua bao nhi\u00eau n\u0103m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm trong nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Maya \u0111\u1ea7y b\u00ed \u1ea9n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n v\u1eadt, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m kh\u00f3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kinh ng\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec9nh cao hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1948-1952, trong khi khai qu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n Inscriptions thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd Palenque, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mexico, Alberto Ruz Lhuillier \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gian th\u1ea1ch th\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc h\u00ecnh ch\u00edn v\u1ecb t\u01b0 t\u1ebf trong y ph\u1ee5c trang tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f9ng ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau m\u1ed9t ch\u00e0ng trai tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfc m\u0169 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u. Sau khi quan s\u00e1t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng, \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7n nay! H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trong ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e0ng trai \u0111ang \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y, v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng thu\u00f4n nh\u1ecdn, tr\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t tinh vi v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111o. Ch\u00e0ng trai \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9, tr\u00ean m\u0169 c\u00f3 g\u1eafn hai \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u1ed1i. Anh c\u00fai ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i, hai tay \u0111ang n\u1eafm c\u00e1c c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, m\u1ed9t tay n\u00e2ng l\u00ean \u0111ang \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tay c\u1ea7m, b\u1ed1n ng\u00f3n \u1edf tay kia \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, th\u00ec \u0111ang \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u01b0 tay l\u00e1i xe m\u00e1y. Hai m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, g\u00f3t ch\u00e2n tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1p c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u r\u00e3nh kh\u00eda, ph\u00eda sau ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong, \u0111\u1eb1ng sau bu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 tia l\u1eeda phun ra.<\/p>\n Trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc trong c\u00e1c bia \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7t trong \u0111i\u1ec7n Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya, c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t ch\u00e0ng trai \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9, \u0111ang \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y gi\u1ed1ng t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/i><\/p>\n B\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Lhuillier ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ec1n Palenque c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u0103n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean bia \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya. Trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m bia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3, c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 sau: \u201c\u0110\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng theo Th\u1ea7n S\u1ea5m, d\u00f9ng hai tay ph\u00f3ng l\u1eeda\u2026\u201d Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tin s\u1ebd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Lhuillier t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong bia k\u00fd, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1eadt\u201d.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu ng\u1eabm ngh\u0129 k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u00ean ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau n\u00e0y th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 l\u00ean M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng. N\u1ebfu h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1eady th\u00ec v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u1ea5y h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng gian. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u1eefng l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p tinh vi kia ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya du h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n H\u1ed9p s\u1ecd pha l\u00ea<\/b><\/p>\n N\u0103m 1927, t\u1ea1i di t\u00edch Maya \u1edf Belize, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c t\u1eeb pha l\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ee1 ng\u00e0ng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 tinh m\u1ef9. Chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c v\u00e0 m\u00e0i b\u00f3ng t\u1eeb th\u1ea1ch anh, k\u00edch c\u1ee1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 s\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt, cao 12,7cm, n\u1eb7ng 5,2kg, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c d\u1ef1a theo h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc th\u00e0nh h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd pha l\u00ea, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt quang h\u1ecdc. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00f2n n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. (Ngu\u1ed3n \u1ea3nh: tr\u00edch t\u1eeb \u201cB\u00ed \u1ea9n h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd pha l\u00ea\u201d c\u1ee7a Chris Morton & Ceri Louise, b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Trung do Shanghai Bertelsmann Culture Industry xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, b\u1ea3n gi\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 do Current Affairs Publishing House xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n)<\/i><\/p>\n T\u1eeb b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ecd b\u00ean trong c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ecd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t cao, c\u00e1c l\u0103ng k\u00ednh \u1ea9n trong ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1y v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh m\u00e0i th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng trong h\u1ed1c m\u1eaft k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i l\u00f3a.<\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt quang h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, sau khi ng\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01b0ng kh\u1edfi. H\u1ed9p s\u1ecd pha l\u00ea n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd quang h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 quang h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu cao si\u00eau nh\u01b0 v\u1eady?<\/p>\n H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, pha l\u00ea ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ec3 th\u1ea1ch anh, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t cao, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 hoa c\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 l\u00e0m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng, s\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gia c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd n\u00e0y. Ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m pha l\u00ea nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebdo g\u1ecdt. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng, h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd pha l\u00ea n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c va ch\u1ea1m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd pha l\u00ea k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 n\u00e0y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya n\u1eafm gi\u1eef tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ef1c cao. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, e r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 50 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m m\u1edbi theo k\u1ecbp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya.<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea7n 19 (Ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i)<\/b><\/p>\n C\u00e1c di t\u00edch v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a d\u1ea1ng kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng l\u01b0u gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9ng t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t m\u1ef9 nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch c\u00f3 t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n v\u1ea1n n\u0103m \u1ea5y, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i n\u1ed5i r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0 c\u1edb g\u00ec ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9 qua bao b\u1ec3 d\u00e2u v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi? Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c di t\u00edch t\u1ea1i kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i \u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady?<\/p>\n L\u1ea5y kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u01b0 Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Ai C\u1eadp, Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Maya hay kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p ch\u00ecm s\u00e2u d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n v\u00f9ng Tam gi\u00e1c Bermuda, tuy \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. D\u1ef1a theo ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi gian ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1ch nhau r\u1ea5t xa.<\/p>\n N\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Maya, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inca \u1edf Nam M\u1ef9, di t\u00edch Tiwanaku \u1edf Trung M\u1ef9 \u2014 tuy \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng phong c\u00e1ch, ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn, t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u00e1c di t\u00edch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c sinh s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 l\u1edbn, kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00e1ch nhau r\u1ea5t xa. V\u1eady th\u00ec l\u00e0 ai, trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u1ef1ng l\u1eadp n\u00ean nh\u1eefng huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh?<\/p>\n Bi\u1ebft bao n\u0103m qua, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00ecn v\u1ea7ng tr\u0103ng s\u00e1ng tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y ai bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a t\u1ea1o n\u00ean? V\u0103n minh th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay, v\u1eady th\u00ec gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3 \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/p>\n V\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi, tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec9? M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng \u201cth\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y\u201d, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00e2n tay, c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1c. Sau \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t minh ra m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c h\u01a1n v\u1edbi \u00edt s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n. Khi n\u00e0y cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n an nh\u00e0n h\u01a1n, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n xem nh\u1eb9 quy ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c (ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi), v\u00ec ham h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi m\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i tai n\u1ea1n h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong nh\u00e1y m\u1eaft. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y\u2026<\/p>\n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp theo ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/b><\/p>\n 1. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd v\u00e0 kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda B\u1eafc Yilan (\u0110\u00e0i Loan) (http: \/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/articles\/2001\/1\/5\/6933.html )<\/p>\n 2. Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (http:\/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/articles\/2001\/1\/5\/5579.html<\/a> )<\/p>\n 3. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 bi\u1ec3n v\u1ea1n n\u0103m \u1edf B\u00e0nh H\u1ed3, \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u2014 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c. (http:\/\/www.epochtimes.com\/b5\/1\/8\/27\/n123301.htm<\/a>)<\/p>\n 4. Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n Bermuda (http:\/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/articles\/2001\/8\/3\/10836.html<\/a> )<\/p>\n 5. Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1eebng b\u1ecb hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t: Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng (http:\/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/articles\/2000\/12\/22\/6156.html<\/a>)<\/p>\n 6. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (Ph\u1ea7n 7) – M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng l\u00e0 thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o n\u00ean (http: \/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/articles\/2001\/1\/29\/7727.html)<\/p>\n 7. T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 b\u00ed \u1ea9n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Maya c\u1ed5 (http:\/\/www.epochtimes.com\/b5\/1\/8\/31\/n124607.htm<\/a> )<\/p>\n 8. Ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y n\u00ean Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Giza v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nh\u00e2n s\u01b0 \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp? (http: \/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/articles\/2002\/2\/20\/13876.html)<\/p>\n 9. Graham Hancock, D\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf (\u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc: Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Ti\u00ean Tr\u00ed \u0110\u00e0i Loan, n\u0103m D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c 87 [1998])<\/p>\n 10. B\u1ee9c tranh kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed \u1edf Nam M\u1ef9 (http:\/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/articles\/2000\/12\/17\/5869.html<\/a> )<\/p>\n 11. H\u00ecnh kh\u1ee7ng long tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 Ica, Peru (http:\/\/www.omniology.com\/IcaPeruDinoArt.htm<\/a> )<\/p>\n 12. Thu\u1edf \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t (http:\/\/www.omniology.com\/Joe+GiantLeg.html<\/a>)<\/p>\n 13. Di t\u00edch d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n (http: \/\/www.bihou.com\/iseki\/top\/hom.htm)<\/p>\n D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb:<\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n