{"id":50835,"date":"2025-11-15T09:57:53","date_gmt":"2025-11-15T02:57:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=50835"},"modified":"2025-11-15T09:57:53","modified_gmt":"2025-11-15T02:57:53","slug":"tong-quan-ve-lich-su-nhiep-anh-va-su-chuyen-doi-cua-cac-khai-niem-nghe-thuat-nhiep-anh-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2025\/11\/tong-quan-ve-lich-su-nhiep-anh-va-su-chuyen-doi-cua-cac-khai-niem-nghe-thuat-nhiep-anh-4.html","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh (4)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: L\u00fd Na<\/i><\/p>\n

[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

4. T\u1eeb \u201cHi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh The Linked Ring\u201d nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh<\/b><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh ph\u00e1i \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 s\u1edf trong quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea5y n\u00e9t m\u1ec1m, m\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ea9y chay d\u1eef d\u1ed9i b\u1edfi H\u1ed9i Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh London, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Anh v\u1ed1n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1891, Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh London \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea3y sinh s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m cho Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh. Henry Peach Robinson v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh H\u1ecda \u00fd nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda ph\u00e1i \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u00f4ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi George Davison v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00ec c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0a \u201cNhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh ph\u00e1i \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1edf London g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 The Linked Ring.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh The Linked Ring ra \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0111a s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd xem quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, h\u1ecd d\u1eabn d\u1eaft v\u00e0 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh v\u00e0o v\u1edbi nhau, ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh theo th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1t x\u1ea5u, theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 phong c\u1ea3nh, ch\u00e2n dung v\u00e0 t\u0129nh v\u1eadt; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh k\u00e8m theo \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1t x\u1ea5u cho nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129, nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh. C\u00e1c h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean \u1edf m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo. B\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh H\u1ecda \u00fd b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u0169ng h\u00f9a theo h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u1ea3y ra thay \u0111\u1ed5i. v\u00ec v\u1eady, Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh The Linked Ring n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. Thu\u1eadn theo vi\u1ec7c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb Anh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh The Linked Ring c\u0169ng t\u1eeb Anh qu\u1ed1c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 khi\u1ebfn cho Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh ph\u00e1i \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh H\u1ecda \u00fd m\u1edbi tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, song lo\u1ea1i Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh H\u1ecda \u00fd th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh H\u1ecda \u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Anh, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u0169ng chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh m\u1edbi tr\u00ean qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong su\u1ed1t 20 n\u0103m. Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng thu\u1eadn theo s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh The Linked Ring khi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh \u0111a phong c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y truy\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng ra to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Sau n\u0103m 1909, c\u00e1c nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia mang \u0111\u1eadm phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecda \u00fd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i The Linked Ring, l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Salon Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Salon Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Salon Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh l\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111a phong c\u00e1ch ra \u0111\u1eddi sau th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i H\u1ecda \u00fd th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

5. T\u1eeb \u201cPh\u00e1i Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Ly khai\u201d nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh<\/b><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i The Linked Ring t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 Alfred Stieglitz \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia mang \u0111\u1eadm phong c\u00e1ch Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh H\u1ecda \u00fd t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nghi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh H\u1ecda \u00fd c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh. Sau khi h\u1ecd t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi The Linked Ring, m\u01b0\u1ee3n d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ly khai ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111ang th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ph\u00e1i Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Ly khai t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, h\u1ecd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i H\u1ecda \u00fd kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c khi\u1ebfn Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh H\u1ecda \u00fd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n phong c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh H\u1ecda \u00fd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n cho ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 kh\u1ecfi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u201cNhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Thu\u1ea7n\u201d (Pure Photography), ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh, d\u00f9ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd tranh, khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt s\u1eafc n\u00e9t, nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ph\u1ea3i phong ph\u00fa, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1i Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Ly khai n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf Ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y 291 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 291 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 5, New York. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m theo c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i phong c\u00e1ch, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh H\u1ecda \u00fd ph\u00e1i \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed Trung t\u00e2m Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u sang M\u1ef9, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn quan ni\u1ec7m h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda trong nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n sang tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u01a1n, thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft h\u01a1n. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh The Linked Ring \u1edf Anh c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n chia r\u1ebd v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Davidson c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng t\u00e1ch ra v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Salon, hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, quan ni\u1ec7m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Ph\u00e1i Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Ly khai l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n chia r\u1ebd v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1917, Ph\u00e1i Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Ly khai t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

6. T\u1eeb \u201cNhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u\u201d nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh<\/b><\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u (hay Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u – Documentary photography) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 v\u1edbi Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c. T\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c trong nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi T\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda. T\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, h\u00ecnh dung v\u00e0 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda s\u0129 tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, l\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ebd tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc, g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ebd tranh, t\u1eeb l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c, ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u00e0u kh\u00e1c nhau, cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ee9c tranh ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p. N\u1ed9i dung trong b\u1ee9c tranh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o hay b\u1ecf b\u1edbt \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. \u201cT\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb do ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t ra.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh T\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ee5p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp sao ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan, mang \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trung th\u1ef1c, c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt trong b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng coi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia t\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m salon ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i huy ho\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh H\u1ed9i h\u1ecda ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt sau n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1eadm ch\u00ed cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh t\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u201cnh\u1eadp l\u01b0u\u201d (t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh T\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 70 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh T\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, ghi l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bv\u00e0 s\u1ee9c lan t\u1ecfa m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c b\u00e1o ch\u00ed. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Eug\u00e8ne Atget l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1eeb \u201cT\u00e0i li\u1ec7u\u201d (Documents), c\u00f3 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i tin t\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh \u1edf M\u1ef9, vi\u1ec7c ghi ch\u00e9p chi\u1ebfn tranh, ghi l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh \u1edf M\u1ef9 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n

L\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u00ec theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, khi m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1eb9p (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9). Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e0nh r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u01b0a tin t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i k\u00e8m theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p s\u1ebd t\u0103ng s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn cho n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n, v\u1eady n\u00ean, trong Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u1ef1c quan. Cu\u1ed9c thi nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tin t\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Cu\u1ed9c thi Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea2nh B\u00e1o ch\u00ed Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1edf H\u00e0 Lan, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 duy, n\u1eafm b\u1eaft th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m, s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 quan kh\u00f4ng theo th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf\u2026 Do \u0111\u00f3, trong cu\u1ed9c thi \u1ea2nh B\u00e1o ch\u00ed Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00ec k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u trong b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u1eaft khe, m\u1ed7i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh logic v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u00eam t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0o nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh b\u00e1o ch\u00ed sau khi xem x\u00e9t qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

7. T\u1eeb Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Dada, Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 Si\u00eau th\u1ef1c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh<\/b><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Dada, Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Si\u00eau th\u1ef1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd mang nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y v\u00e0o trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh. Ba phong c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 phi kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 phi l\u00fd t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Dada ra \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u00e2m l\u00fd tr\u1ee5y l\u1ea1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n tr\u1ebb l\u01b0u vong, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, phi logic. \u201cDada\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y g\u00ec, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 h\u01b0 v\u00f4 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. B\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i n\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t vong.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hy v\u1ecdng sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y, khi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1i d\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ef7 qu\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c x\u1ea5u x\u00ed, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0: tr\u00ean c\u00e2y m\u1ecdc ra m\u1ed9t con m\u1eaft, \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, v.v\u2026 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhau, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ch quan, b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Si\u00eau th\u1ef1c, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n trong \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Si\u00eau th\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u00fd tr\u00ed n\u00e0o, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 quan ni\u1ec7m \u200b\u200bth\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 hay \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ea1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, linh c\u1ea3m b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Si\u00eau th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp sau Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Si\u00eau th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111em ph\u00f3ng to ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00f4 \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, h\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i v\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm trong h\u01b0 v\u00f4.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u01a1n, s\u00fac t\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 trong v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u01a1 kh\u00ed v.v. \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u00f3a th\u00ec quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0ng xa r\u1eddi quan ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

(H\u1ebft)<\/i><\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: https:\/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/node\/53118<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: L\u00fd Na [ChanhKien.org] 4. T\u1eeb \u201cHi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh The Linked Ring\u201d nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh ph\u00e1i \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 s\u1edf trong quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea5y […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[550],"tags":[587],"class_list":["post-50835","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nhiep-anh","tag-tong-quan-ve-lich-su-nhiep-anh"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nT\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh (4) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2025\/11\/tong-quan-ve-lich-su-nhiep-anh-va-su-chuyen-doi-cua-cac-khai-niem-nghe-thuat-nhiep-anh-4.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh (4) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: L\u00fd Na [ChanhKien.org] 4. 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