[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n
2. Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/b><\/p>\n
Khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh \u2018d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n h\u1ecdc\u2019 kh\u00f4ng? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng xem x\u00e9t khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 g\u00ec, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n m\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc mang l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n
\u1ede ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4n bi-a, v\u1eady bi-a c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng? Tin r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khoa h\u1ecdc. V\u00ec sao? B\u1edfi v\u00ec bi-a l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c gram, va ch\u1ea1m trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau va ch\u1ea1m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh b\u00e0n bi-a, v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nhau, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u00f4n bi-a.<\/p>\n
T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: khi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i bi-a hay ch\u01b0a?<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n l\u00e0: c\u00f3! Theo ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, m\u00f4n bi-a \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. L\u00fac \u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u01a1i bi-a d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta:<\/p>\n
\u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u00f4n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n
Cho n\u00ean, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan, c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi-a, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n th\u00ec bi-a kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 logic t\u01b0 duy c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y: n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng qua suy x\u00e9t m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn, hay ng\u1ee5y khoa h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy logic khoa h\u1ecdc. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u201cng\u1ee5y hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201cng\u1ee5y khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00f3i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ee5y t\u1ea1o ra, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn sai l\u1ec7ch, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cng\u1ee5y khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d, v\u00ec khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ng\u1ee5y n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u201ckhoa h\u1ecdc\u201d c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb thay th\u1ebf cho ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, th\u00ec d\u00f9 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch sai hay ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cng\u1ee5y khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d hay l\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn. \u201cM\u00ea t\u00edn\u201d v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khoa h\u1ecdc, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \u201cm\u00ea t\u00edn\u201d hay \u201cng\u1ee5y khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n
Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u201cqu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ckhoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u01b0a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, r\u1ed3i quy n\u1ea1p v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra suy lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft (gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft), sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m (\u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt) \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt m\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m vi kh\u00e1c nhau theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u00e0ng \u00edt thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u00ec t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c. Trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tinh c\u1ea7u, thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi quan c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. L\u1ea5y k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1o, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, h\u1ec7 Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do c\u00e1c tinh h\u1ec7 to l\u1edbn t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh, v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 15 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u201ck\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00f4 ngo\u1ea1i\u201d, l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi hay kh\u00f4ng; \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n vi quan kh\u00e1c, t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn proton, electron, quark, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 neutrino – lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng xuy\u00ean qua c\u1ea3 tinh c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb (c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i proton trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 neutrino). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u1ea1p t\u1eed c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1ea1p t\u1eed c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c l\u1ea1p t\u1eed c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00e0ng to l\u1edbn, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201ck\u1ef3 ti\u1ec3u v\u00f4 n\u1ed9i\u201d. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u1ea1i tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n
H\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1o m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft, n\u0103m x\u01b0a khi qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1o r\u01a1i tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ea7u Newton, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1o r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c. Khi Newton mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec sao qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1o r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u xem r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1o r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng, th\u00ec d\u00f9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft n\u00e0o: l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n, l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1eeb c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y, hay l\u1ef1c h\u00fat t\u1eeb r\u1ec5 c\u00e2y v.v. th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u01b0 duy khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111ang m\u00ea t\u00edn, c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 \u201cchuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e2u, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u00f4i\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u01b0 duy khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1o s\u1ebd th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng sao? \u1ede Anh th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1o r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng, v\u1eady \u1edf M\u1ef9 th\u00ec sao? B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c th\u00ec sao? X\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00ec sao? Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9? B\u00faa s\u1eaft v\u00e0 l\u00f4ng chim c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng sao? B\u00faa s\u1eaft r\u01a1i c\u00f3 nhanh h\u01a1n ch\u0103ng? N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1o \u1edf tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng th\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u1ede trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u00ec sao? Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 th\u00ec sao? T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai th\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ch\u00ednh m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra t\u00ednh quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, x\u00e9t theo \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1o v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 0,1 m\u00e9t cho \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 12.756.000 m\u00e9t, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u tu\u00e2n theo quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n
C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o quay quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho v\u1ec7 tinh \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf phi c\u01a1, t\u00e0u con thoi \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t m\u00e0 bay l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng trung, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng cao \u1ed1c ch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi hay t\u00e0u l\u01b0\u1ee3n si\u00eau t\u1ed1c. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng, trong ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc Newton, c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 mang theo n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cthi\u1ebft k\u1ebf\u201d, v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n sao! T\u1eeb th\u00e1p Eiffel t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p (n\u0103m 1889) \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eadp th\u1ee7y \u0111i\u1ec7n Hoover t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 (n\u0103m 1936); t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n; t\u1eeb t\u00e0u th\u1ee7y tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e1y bay tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng trung \u2014 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, qua m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n, \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1eebng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh cho n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n
T\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0129 m\u00f4 m\u00e0 x\u00e9t, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Newton, ch\u00fang ta \u1edf tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 3 \u00d7 10\u2078 m\u00e9t. Cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 h\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u2014 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch. \u201cN\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\u201d l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 3\u00d7108\u00d7365\u00d724\u00d760\u00d760=9.46\u00d71015 m\u00e9t. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 ch\u00f2m sao B\u00e1n Nh\u00e2n M\u00e3 g\u1ea7n h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch 4.2 n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0 l\u00e0 120 ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, c\u00f2n thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 tinh h\u1ec7 xa Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 12 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c si\u00eau kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, khi\u1ebfn cho r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n
May m\u1eafn l\u00e0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00f4m khi \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea1p xe, anh ta t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u00f4ng ra sao? Ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb \u00fd ngh\u0129 \u1ea5y, anh ta \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 ra thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e0i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Time (M\u1ef9) b\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20\u201d n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch hay v\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u2014 Albert Einstein. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u00f4ng qua k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed1 \u0111en v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, h\u1ecd quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n 85% v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111a chi\u1ec1u, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u, n\u0103m chi\u1ec1u, m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5y chi\u1ec1u, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c chi\u1ec1u. Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng gian ba chi\u1ec1u, khi quan s\u00e1t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng \u201cb\u00f3ng \u1ea3nh\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ra nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111a chi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft V\u1ee5 N\u1ed5 L\u1edbn, thuy\u1ebft Si\u00eau D\u00e2y, thuy\u1ebft M\u00e0ng, v.v. \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi quan c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, electron, proton, neutron, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 quark, neutrino, v.v. Trong ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 angstrom (k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u00c5, t\u1ee9c 10-10 m\u00e9t), ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7n nay l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nanomet (10-9 m\u00e9t), th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb picomet (picometer, 10-12 m\u00e9t). K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 0,3 nanomet, c\u00f2n neutron v\u00e0 proton th\u00ec nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, kho\u1ea3ng 10-6 nanomet. \u0110\u00e2y th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eeba nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p, v\u1eeba r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh dung nh\u01b0 v\u1eady?<\/p>\n
Gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 ta ph\u00f3ng to m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00ean k\u00edch c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng g\u00f4n \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf trung t\u00e2m s\u00e2n b\u00f3ng. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng hay c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tinh vi nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi ti\u1ec3u, h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Newton c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong ph\u1ea1m vi n\u00e0y. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u201cc\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed\u201d \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u201cnguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d (Uncertainty Principle) tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh quy t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4 n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7y bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u1eady th\u00ec, c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u201cNguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n
C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cc\u01a1 h\u1ecdc th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea\u201d, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u01a1i x\u00fac x\u1eafc, t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t. C\u00f2n \u201cb\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ea3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t vi l\u1ea1p. L\u1ea5y electron trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u00ec sao l\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \u201cbi\u1ebfn \u1ea3o\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 n\u00f3? Nghi\u00eam t\u00fac m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, ch\u00fang ta c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c electron \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u hay n\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Cho n\u00ean, khi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 electron, ch\u00fang ta d\u00f9ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cqu\u1ef9 v\u1ef1c\u201d (orbital) (l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng gian xung quanh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed m\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y electron trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t), Electron n\u1eb1m trong nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y electron b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 T\u00f4n Ng\u1ed9 Kh\u00f4ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n th\u00e2n, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y, l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00ec sao ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d, v\u00ec sao l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a electron v\u00e0 h\u00e0m s\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea.<\/p>\n
Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n thu nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111a chi\u1ec1u, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ai quen v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gian ba chi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i. Cho n\u00ean c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t vi ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh s\u00f3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00fang v\u1eeba c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u00f3ng, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u1ea1t, ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f3 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u nh\u1ecf, c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng va ch\u1ea1m. L\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u00e0m t\u1ef7 d\u1ee5, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n: n\u1ebfu xem electron nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t ninja \u0111\u00e3 luy\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1eabn thu\u1eadt (ninjutsu). L\u00fac ch\u00fang ta ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u1ea1t, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111i b\u1eaft l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t electron \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t, th\u00ec s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra th\u1ee9 ch\u00fang ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a electron (ninja) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ninja l\u00fac luy\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng phu \u1ea5y th\u00ec trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u0111ang c\u01b0\u1eddi hay \u0111ang kh\u00f3c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfm kh\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7p ngh\u0129a hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t th\u1ee7 m\u00e1u l\u1ea1nh, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a electron. M\u1ed9t khi ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (hay v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c) c\u1ee7a electron, th\u00ec c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ninja v\u1eady, ta s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 tho\u1eaft \u1ea9n tho\u1eaft hi\u1ec7n, l\u00fac \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00fac T\u00e2y, ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n th\u00e2n v\u1eady, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u ninja, khi\u1ebfn ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u hay c\u00e1i n\u00e0o m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 n\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc s\u00f3ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh hay y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai sinh ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00f3ng Erwin Schrodinger \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ccon m\u00e8o c\u1ee7a Schrodinger\u201d, ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0n xem con m\u00e8o l\u00e0 m\u00e8o s\u1ed1ng hay m\u00e8o ch\u1ebft, th\u00ec e r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u01b0 duy, v\u00ec theo quan ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft th\u00ec s\u1ed1ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng con m\u00e8o c\u1ee7a Schrodinger v\u1eeba ch\u1ebft l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng v\u1eeba s\u1ed1ng, trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1edf nh\u1eefng thang \u0111o kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00ec kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n
Sau khi thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n gi\u00fap nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u1edf h\u1eefu ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 trong nh\u00e1y m\u1eaft. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a c\u00f2n khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc, nh\u01b0 tia laser, ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, si\u00eau d\u1eabn, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u00f3a, kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed – vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano, v.v.. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1eeb tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n
Khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n? Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1ecb, theo thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ec7ch nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, do v\u1ec7 tinh c\u00f3 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf so v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u00ean sai bi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ec7ch n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. M\u1ed9t khi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n
T\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, Hollywood (Hoa K\u1ef3) \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 phim tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, quay v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1eeb l\u00fd lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc. N\u1ebfu c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n than th\u1edf r\u1eb1ng \u201cth\u1eddi gian v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh\u201d n\u1eefa, khi \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111i m\u00e3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u1eefa, c\u00e2u th\u01a1 \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i giang \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u1ee9, l\u00e3ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1eadn, thi\u00ean c\u1ed5 phong l\u01b0u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt\u201d (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang cu\u1ed3n cu\u1ed9n ch\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00f4ng, B\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1ecdn s\u00f3ng cu\u1ed1n anh h\u00f9ng) s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u \u201cHo\u00e0ng H\u00e0 t\u00e2y ph\u1ea3n, c\u1ed5 kim phong l\u01b0u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u0103ng th\u1eddi gian v\u0169 \u0111\u00e0i\u201d (T\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 T\u00e2y, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1eebng l\u1eaby ngh\u00ecn x\u01b0a c\u00f9ng b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean v\u0169 \u0111\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian).<\/p>\n
Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng khi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i theo c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c, tr\u1ee5c th\u1eddi gian g\u1ed3m qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c, n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm c\u1ea3nh d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c, gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed quay \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. M\u1ed9t sinh m\u1ec7nh di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1edf k\u1ecbch tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 phim 3D, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111ang h\u00f2a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1ecb kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean nh\u00ecn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111ang th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u k\u1ecbch v\u1edbi khung c\u1ea3nh di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean \u1edf tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u v\u00e0 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn n\u1eefa l\u00e0 phim 3D n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u1eddi gian, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nhanh ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eadm \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc, trong khi k\u1ecbch s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn thu\u1eadn theo d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian r\u1ed3i phai m\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, e r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n \u2018kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng\u2019 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e3o, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a to l\u1edbn, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ed3i t\u00e0u l\u01b0\u1ee3n si\u00eau t\u1ed1c khi m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1i tim c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng d\u1ebbo dai l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u00ec c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang ta e r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 xung k\u00edch m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n
Cho n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n quan ni\u1ec7m c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cl\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quay v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai\u201d, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean suy ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quay v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai hay kh\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, g\u1eb7p v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng trong su\u1ed1t th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t, b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1, cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t sinh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng \u2013 t\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u00f3ng r\u00e2m, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng phong ph\u00fa, r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 v\u00e0 m\u1ef9 l\u1ec7 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t th\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f2n khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y li\u1ec1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Einstein t\u1eebng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh qua th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m: khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng xung quanh, khi \u1ea5y, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 05 n\u0103m 1919, t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Anh Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u Phi th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba, khi h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng quan s\u00e1t nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c th\u00ec ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda sau M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ec7ch v\u1ecb tr\u00ed do \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng b\u1ecb kh\u00fac x\u1ea1, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u201cr\u1ebd ngo\u1eb7t\u201d (nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd minh h\u1ecda d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y)! D\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Einstein \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Newton, c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd ki\u1ebfn r\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng khi g\u1eb7p v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng trong su\u1ed1t s\u1ebd u\u1ed1n cong \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111i th\u00ec e r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng khoa h\u1ecdc. T\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y khi Einstein \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n n\u00e0y, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u00e0i nghi.<\/p>\n
Einstein d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n, m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u2018d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n h\u1ecdc\u2019. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng mang nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft axit-baz\u01a1 trong h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, khi axit (ion hydro) g\u1eb7p baz\u01a1 (ion hydroxide), ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y khi x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a axit c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng, tr\u1eeb ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng trung h\u00f2a axit\u2013baz\u01a1 ra, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng x\u00fac t\u00e1c ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i, tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec7m (duy tr\u00ec c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng). V\u00ec v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft axit-baz\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n li\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u01b0 trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, ph\u00e9p c\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n h\u1ecdc chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c, n\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1 + 1 = 2 th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 359 + 286 = 645, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong b\u1ea5t tri b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng xem 1 + 1 = 2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eddi-kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec 1 + 1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng 2, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi th\u00ec 1 + 1 = 1, m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hydro c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hydro h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed helium, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p c\u1ed9ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u1eebng ph\u00fat t\u1eebng gi\u00e2y tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd \u1edf m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ednh quy lu\u1eadt trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sinh.<\/p>\n
Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/i><\/p>\n
\u201c\u0110\u1ea1i giang \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u1ee9, l\u00e3ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1eadn, thi\u00ean c\u1ed5 phong l\u01b0u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt\u201d l\u00e0 hai c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u201cNi\u1ec7m n\u00f4 ki\u1ec1u – X\u00edch B\u00edch ho\u00e0i c\u1ed5\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00e0o T\u00f4 \u0110\u00f4ng Pha.<\/p>\n
D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: https:\/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/node\/62622<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
[ChanhKien.org] 2. Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh \u2018d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n h\u1ecdc\u2019 kh\u00f4ng? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng xem x\u00e9t khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 g\u00ec, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n m\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc mang l\u1ea1i. \u1ede ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[510],"class_list":["post-49313","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tien-tri","tag-du-ngon-ve-ngay-hom-nay"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n