T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Qu\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/i><\/p>\n
[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n
L\u1ec5 tr\u1ecb<\/b><\/p>\n
T\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay, l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng nhau. L\u1ec5, nh\u1ea1c, h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 l\u1eabn nhau, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh th\u00ec l\u1ec5, nh\u1ea1c t\u1ea5t s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n; c\u00f2n l\u1ec5, nh\u1ea1c suy t\u00e0n th\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn suy \u0111\u1ed3i. \u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 trong \u201cL\u1ec5 K\u00fd – Nh\u1ea1c K\u00fd\u201d \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201c\u00c2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb th\u00ec y\u00ean b\u00ecnh vui v\u1ebb, ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a thu\u1eadn; \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi lo\u1ea1n th\u00ec ai o\u00e1n ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9, ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 r\u1ed1i ren; \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1eafp di\u1ec7t vong th\u00ec bi th\u01b0\u01a1ng u s\u1ea7u, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5\u201d. Qu\u00fd Tr\u00e1t xem nh\u1ea1c m\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ec5, Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cKh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb thi, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng nh\u1edd l\u1ec5, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u b\u1edfi nh\u1ea1c\u201d. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a xem l\u1ec5 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecb lo\u1ea1n, ph\u00e2n ra qu\u00fd ti\u1ec7n. L\u1edbn nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1; vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp lu\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c, t\u1eadn s\u1ee9c l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Vua nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb, th\u1ea7n t\u1eed trung th\u00e0nh; cha t\u1eeb \u00e1i, con hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o; anh em h\u00f2a thu\u1eadn; v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 th\u00ec k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eabn nhau, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cvua ra vua, t\u00f4i ra t\u00f4i, cha ra cha, con ra con\u201d. Trong m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfn lui, \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u00e2n x\u1eed th\u1ebf, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c, gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang l\u1ec5 ti\u1ebft; c\u00e1c nghi th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 c\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ecfi, tang l\u1ec5, t\u1ebf t\u1ef1, l\u1ec5 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, l\u1ec5 \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n, v.v. \u0111\u1ec1u tu\u00e2n theo l\u1ec5 nghi, tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Nh\u1edd v\u1eady m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i y\u00ean b\u00ecnh h\u00f2a thu\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng sinh ra bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 tr\u1ecb. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, y\u00eau k\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 trong nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh, r\u1ed3i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra l\u00e0 y\u00eau k\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 trong thi\u00ean h\u1ea1; y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng con tr\u1ebb trong nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh, r\u1ed3i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra l\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng con tr\u1ebb trong thi\u00ean h\u1ea1, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n
Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a L\u1ec5<\/b><\/p>\n
L\u1ec5 v\u1ed1n b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5, khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01a1 khai c\u1eed h\u00e0nh nghi l\u1ec5 t\u1ebf Tr\u1eddi. Trong \u201cThuy\u1ebft v\u0103n gi\u1ea3i t\u1ef1\u201d c\u00f3 n\u00f3i: \u201cL\u1ec5, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang m\u1ef1c; l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng Th\u1ea7n linh v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u ph\u00fac l\u00e0nh\u201d. V\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u1eef l\u1ec5 \u201c\u79ae\u201d g\u1ed3m b\u1ed9 th\u1ecb \u201c\u793a\u201d, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 th\u1edd c\u00fang, t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201c\u531a\u201d, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a l\u1ec5 kh\u00ed, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ebf l\u1ec5. Khi Ai C\u00f4ng h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 l\u1ec5, Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed \u0111\u00e1p: \u201cL\u1ec5 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1edbn lao m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ed1ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang Tr\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n linh\u201d. N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Th\u1ea7n \u201c\u795e\u201d, trong \u201cThuy\u1ebft Uy\u1ec3n \u2013 Tu V\u0103n\u201d c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p: \u201cTh\u1ea7n l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt\u201d. Trong \u201cKinh D\u1ecbch\u201d, H\u1ec7 T\u1eeb c\u00f3 c\u00e2u: \u201c\u00c2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a kh\u00f4n l\u01b0\u1eddng, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n\u201d. M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed n\u00f3i: \u201cL\u1edbn lao m\u00e0 sinh h\u00f3a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh; Th\u00e1nh m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n\u201d. Do \u0111\u00f3, Th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea5ng ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt trong c\u00f5i u minh, l\u00e0 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh m\u00e0 huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed kh\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1eddng, ho\u1eb7c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Tr\u1eddi \u201c\u5929\u201d. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 nghi t\u00f4n k\u00ednh Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n
Trong \u201cH\u00e1n Th\u01b0 \u2013 Giao T\u1ebf Ch\u00ed\u201d c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p: \u201cVi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec to l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng thu\u1eadn theo Tr\u1eddi, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u1eadn theo Tr\u1eddi th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec to l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ebf Tr\u1eddi t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh\u201d. \u201cB\u1ea1ch H\u1ed5 Th\u00f4ng\u201d vi\u1ebft: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a, t\u1eeb thi\u00ean t\u1eed cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ebf Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u ph\u00fac\u201d. Ch\u1eef x\u00e3 \u201c\u793e\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ebf Tr\u1eddi; c\u00f2n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u201d l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ng\u00e0y t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng t\u1ee5 h\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i. Trong \u201cTrung Dung\u201d c\u00f3 c\u00e2u: \u201cL\u1ec5 t\u1ebf x\u00e3 \u1edf v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 l\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf\u201d. Trong \u201cLu\u1eadn Ng\u1eef\u201d c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p: \u201cPh\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i v\u1edbi Tr\u1eddi th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa\u201d. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n, khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0: Thi\u00ean l\u00fd (l\u1ebd tr\u1eddi), thi\u00ean m\u1ec7nh (m\u1ec7nh tr\u1eddi), thi\u00ean sinh (b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh tr\u1eddi sinh), Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o (\u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1eddi). Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
\u201cThi Kinh \u2013 Chu T\u1ee5ng\u201d vi\u1ebft: \u201cTh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf l\u00e2m nh\u1eef, v\u00f4 nh\u1ecb nh\u0129 t\u00e2m\u201d (Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf gi\u00e1ng l\u00e2m n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u01a1i, ng\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u1edb hai l\u00f2ng), cho th\u1ea5y Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Thi\u00ean l\u00fd v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng tri v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh; Tr\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o; Tr\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean; Tr\u1eddi \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb tr\u00ean th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i thu\u1eadn theo Tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb; ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i thu\u1eadn theo Tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn ngh\u0129a l\u00fd.<\/p>\n
Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef l\u1ec5 nghi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m t\u00ecnh l\u00fd; vi ph\u1ea1m t\u00ecnh l\u00fd, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi Tr\u1eddi! Cho n\u00ean t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb v\u00f4 ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 thi\u00ean, th\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u00ean h\u1ea1i l\u00fd, l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e1i ngh\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc nh\u00e2n lu\u00e2n, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ta, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i, \u1ee9ng x\u1eed l\u00fac ti\u1ebfn tho\u00e1i, kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y l\u1ec5 l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n; c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ec5. Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec5 nghi\u201d (ch\u1ec9 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5) kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi t\u1ee9 di v\u1eady.<\/p>\n
S\u00e1ch \u201cL\u1ec5 K\u00fd\u201d ch\u00e9p: \u201cL\u1ec5, v\u1ed1n b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Tr\u1eddi, h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea5t, b\u00e0y t\u1ecf v\u1edbi qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n, th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t trong c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 nghi tang l\u1ec5, mai t\u00e1ng, b\u1eafn cung, c\u01b0\u1ee1i xe, h\u00f4n l\u1ec5, l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, l\u1ec5 l\u00e2m tri\u1ec1u, th\u0103m h\u1ecfi. V\u00ec v\u1eady, b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n d\u00f9ng l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a, th\u00ec thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 quy ch\u00ednh\u201d. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, l\u1ec5 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh Tr\u1eddi, t\u00f4n k\u00ednh Th\u1ea7n, r\u1ed3i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n lu\u00e2n, quy ph\u1ea1m trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tam c\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u0169 th\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n Trung Hoa nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh Tr\u1eddi, k\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Th\u1ea7n linh m\u00e0 t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng l\u1ec5 ngh\u0129a. Khi dung h\u1ee3p t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng k\u00ednh Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0o trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tinh t\u00fay c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n Trung Hoa.<\/p>\n
Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 Tam L\u1ec5<\/b><\/p>\n
T\u1eeb sau \u0111\u1eddi T\u00e2y H\u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi Chu L\u1ec5, Nghi L\u1ec5, L\u1ec5 K\u00fd l\u00e0 Tam L\u1ec5. Nay xin l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n
Chu L\u1ec5<\/b><\/p>\n
S\u00e1ch \u201cH\u00e1n K\u00fd\u201d c\u1ee7a Tu\u00e2n Duy\u1ec7t ch\u00e9p: \u201cL\u01b0u H\u00e2m d\u00e2ng t\u1ea5u xin l\u1ea5y s\u00e1u thi\u00ean \u2018Chu Quan\u2019 li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018Chu L\u1ec5\u2019\u201d. S\u00e1ch \u201cTh\u00edch V\u0103n\u201d l\u1ea1i ghi: \u201cTh\u1eddi V\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00e3ng, L\u01b0u H\u00e2m l\u00e0m qu\u1ed1c s\u01b0, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1eadp s\u00e1ch \u2018Chu Quan Kinh\u2019, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018Chu L\u1ec5\u2019\u201d. \u201cTh\u00f4ng Ch\u00ed Ngh\u1ec7 V\u0103n L\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d vi\u1ebft: \u201cTh\u1eddi H\u00e1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018Chu Quan\u2019, th\u1eddi Giang T\u1ea3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018Chu Quan L\u1ec5\u2019, th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \u2018Chu L\u1ec5\u2019\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Chu L\u1ec5 nguy\u00ean ch\u1ec9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cChu Quan\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cChu Quan Kinh\u201d, ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong Ng\u0169 Kinh. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi V\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00e3ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n. Th\u1eddi H\u00e1n, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 M\u00e3 Dung, Tr\u1ecbnh Huy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1u xem Chu Quan l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong Tam L\u1ec5, v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i cho b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y. Khi K\u1ef7 V\u00e2n \u0111\u1eddi Thanh bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n T\u1ee9 Kh\u1ed1 To\u00e0n Th\u01b0, kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u c\u1ed5 s\u1eed Xu\u00e2n Thu, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u01b0, qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 Chu Quan. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi Thanh, khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u0103n t\u1ef1 tr\u00ean gi\u00e1p c\u1ed1t v\u00e0 kim v\u0103n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u00e1u quan, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u00e1ch Chu Quan.<\/p>\n
C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo Chu Quan, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 quan l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Chu, g\u1ed3m t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng s\u00e1u thi\u00ean, m\u1ed7i thi\u00ean m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i quan, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi s\u00e1u b\u1ed9 th\u1eddi Minh Thanh:<\/p>\n
Thi\u00ean Quan (\u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u1ee7ng T\u1ec3): t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi T\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng \u2013 Nguy\u00ean, ho\u1eb7c B\u1ed9 L\u1ea1i th\u1eddi Minh \u2013 Thanh.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ecba Quan (\u0110\u1ea1i T\u01b0 \u0110\u1ed3): qu\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 H\u1ed9.<\/p>\n
Xu\u00e2n Quan (\u0110\u1ea1i T\u00f4ng B\u00e1): qu\u1ea3n l\u1ec5 nghi, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 L\u1ec5.<\/p>\n
Thu Quan (\u0110\u1ea1i T\u01b0 Kh\u1ea5u): qu\u1ea3n h\u00ecnh lu\u1eadt, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 H\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n
H\u1ea1 Quan (\u0110\u1ea1i T\u01b0 M\u00e3): qu\u1ea3n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 Binh.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00f4ng Quan (\u0110\u1ea1i T\u01b0 Kh\u00f4ng): qu\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, t\u00e0i v\u1ee5, v\u1eadt t\u01b0, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 C\u00f4ng (c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p).<\/p>\n
Thi\u00ean Quan \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong s\u00e1u quan, t\u1ed5ng qu\u1ea3n m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a s\u00e1u quan, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u1ee7ng T\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c Th\u00e1i T\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ecba Quan \u0110\u1ea1i T\u01b0 \u0110\u1ed3, chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ki\u00eam qu\u1ea3n d\u00e2n ch\u00ednh. Thu Quan \u0110\u1ea1i T\u01b0 Kh\u1ea5u, ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh lu\u1eadt, ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. H\u1ea1 Quan \u0110\u1ea1i T\u01b0 M\u00e3, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, lo ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m, d\u1eb9p ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn b\u1edd c\u00f5i qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110\u00f4ng Quan \u0110\u1ea1i T\u01b0 Kh\u00f4ng, ch\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ki\u00eam qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a d\u00f9ng, quan l\u1ea1i y\u00ean \u1ed5n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang no \u0111\u1ee7, kho t\u00e0ng sung t\u00fac, t\u00e0i v\u1eadt d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, d\u00e2n sinh an l\u1ea1c. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1122 TCN, khi to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n \u0111ang \u1edf v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0103n l\u00f4ng \u1edf l\u1ed7, s\u1ed1ng trong hang h\u1ed1c tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5, th\u00ec n\u1ec1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n quan c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, chia quan l\u1eadp ch\u1ee9c, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c. L\u1ebd n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a huy ho\u00e0ng m\u00e0 Tr\u1eddi cao h\u1eefu \u00fd b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 cho nh\u00e2n gian hay sao? L\u00e0 con d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n Ch\u00e2u, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o hay sao?<\/p>\n
Nghi L\u1ec5<\/b><\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, khi nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef \u201cL\u1ec5\u201d, t\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u201cNghi L\u1ec5\u201d v\u1eady. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 do Chu C\u00f4ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec5 nghi th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 m\u00e0 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh. Trong \u201cH\u00e1n Th\u01b0 Ngh\u1ec7 V\u0103n Ch\u00ed\u201d, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cL\u1ec5 Kinh\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cC\u1ed5 L\u1ec5\u201d. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n Nguy\u00ean \u0110\u1ebf, Tu\u00e2n Tung t\u00e2u xin l\u1eadp ch\u1ee9c \u201cnghi l\u1ec5 b\u00e1c s\u0129\u201d, th\u00ec danh x\u01b0ng \u201cNghi L\u1ec5\u201d m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi L\u1ec5 K\u00fd v\u00e0 Chu L\u1ec5 m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi C\u1ed5 L\u1ec5 Kinh l\u00e0 \u201cNghi L\u1ec5\u201d, nh\u1eb1m ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. C\u00e2u: \u201cB\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc l\u1ec5, v\u00f4 d\u0129 l\u1eadp\u201d (kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc l\u1ec5 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp th\u00e2n) c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, hay trong Kinh Thi vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: \u201cNh\u00e2n nhi v\u00f4 l\u1ec5, h\u1ed3 b\u1ea5t tuy\u00ean t\u1eed\u201d (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ec5, th\u00ec sao ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ebft \u0111i cho r\u1ed3i), \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed khi truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 nghi c\u1ed5, h\u1eb3n c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y \u201cNghi L\u1ec5\u201d l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n
Nghi L\u1ec5 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y thi\u00ean (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c), do ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t L\u1ed7 th\u1eddi T\u00e2y H\u00e1n l\u00e0 Cao \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Sinh v\u00e0 H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c nhau. Sau n\u00e0y, H\u00e0 Gian Hi\u1ebfn V\u01b0\u01a1ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 C\u1ed5 L\u1ec5 Kinh g\u1ed3m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u thi\u00ean, to\u00e0n vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef tri\u1ec7n c\u1ed5, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u1ed5 L\u1ec5 Kinh. So v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n Nghi L\u1ec5 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y thi\u00ean \u0111ang l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ba m\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u00edn thi\u00ean. C\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u00f3 n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 ch\u00ednh: c\u00e1t l\u1ec5 (l\u1ec5 l\u00e0nh), hung l\u1ec5 (l\u1ec5 tang ch\u1ebf), t\u00e2n l\u1ec5 (l\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3i kh\u00e1ch), qu\u00e2n l\u1ec5 (l\u1ec5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1), gia l\u1ec5 (l\u1ec5 vui m\u1eebng trong nh\u00e0). Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng trong m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y thi\u00ean Nghi L\u1ec5 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebfu m\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n l\u1ec5, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf b\u1ea3n m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y thi\u00ean n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a th\u1eadt ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi h\u1eadu th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 tranh lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa C\u1ed5 V\u0103n Kinh v\u00e0 Kim V\u0103n Kinh. T\u1eeb sau nh\u00e0 T\u00e2y H\u00e1n, nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn C\u1ed5 V\u0103n Kinh, cho l\u00e0 ng\u1ee5y t\u1ea1o, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Tr\u1ecbnh Huy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i Nghi L\u1ec5, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00eam tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a C\u1ed5 V\u0103n L\u1ec5 Kinh, ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4i ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n
Nghi L\u1ec5 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, nghi th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i nghi l\u1ec5 quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a, g\u1ed3m: tang l\u1ec5, t\u1ebf l\u1ec5, x\u1ea1 l\u1ec5 (l\u1ec5 b\u1eafn cung), h\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ec5 (l\u1ec5 l\u00e0ng), h\u00f4n l\u1ec5, qu\u00e1n l\u1ec5 (l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 \u2013 l\u1ec5 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh), tri\u1ec1u l\u1ec5 (l\u1ec5 tri\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn) v\u00e0 t\u00e2n l\u1ec5 (l\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i). Tuy x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u01b0a v\u00e0 nay kh\u00e1c nhau, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb trong \u0111\u00f3, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u0169 ph\u1ee5c (n\u0103m c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 tang ph\u1ee5c) trong tang l\u1ec5, \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Nay xin l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u00e1m l\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n
Qu\u00e1n l\u1ec5: khi nam t\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i hai m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd c\u1eed h\u00e0nh qu\u00e1n l\u1ec5 (l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169). Sau l\u1ec5 n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. \u201cLu\u1eadn Ng\u1eef\u201d c\u00f3 c\u00e2u: \u201cTh\u1ea5y l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a, th\u1ea5y nguy hi\u1ec3m ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft hi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n, vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft giao l\u00e2u d\u00e0i ch\u1edb qu\u00ean l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a thu\u1edf ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u1eady\u201d. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a coi tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c giao ph\u00f3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng l\u1eadp th\u00e2n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1eadn h\u1ebft tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, gia \u0111\u00ecnh; l\u1eadp n\u00ean s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 trang tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf v\u00e0 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i d\u1eabn d\u1eaft v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Ng\u00e0y nay, nghi l\u1ec5 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 coi tr\u1ecdng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n
H\u00f4n l\u1ec5 (ch\u1eef h\u00f4n \u201c\u660f\u201d th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi ch\u1eef h\u00f4n \u201c\u5a5a\u201d): h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u00e2m lo\u1ea1n ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u00f3 \u201cl\u1ec5\u201d. V\u00ec v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 mai m\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng, c\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng th\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u1eadp n\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eddi x\u01b0a v\u1ed1n nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, n\u00ean l\u1ec5 c\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u00e1u nghi l\u1ec5 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1ee5c l\u1ec5\u201d, g\u1ed3m: \u201cn\u1ea1p th\u00e1i\u201d (nh\u00e0 trai mang s\u00ednh l\u1ec5 sang h\u1ecfi), \u201cv\u1ea5n danh\u201d (h\u1ecfi t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u00f4 g\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ec3 xem tu\u1ed5i h\u1ee3p h\u00f4n), \u201cn\u1ea1p c\u00e1t\u201d (nh\u00e0 g\u00e1i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi thu\u1eadn h\u00f4n, b\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1m l\u00e0nh), \u201cn\u1ea1p chinh\u201d (trao s\u00ednh l\u1ec5 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c), \u201cth\u1ec9nh k\u1ef3\u201d (b\u00e0n ng\u00e0y c\u01b0\u1edbi), v\u00e0 \u201cth\u00e2n ngh\u00eanh\u201d (nh\u00e0 trai sang \u0111\u00f3n d\u00e2u). Hai b\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean qua l\u1ea1i, quan s\u00e1t l\u1eabn nhau trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi c\u1eed h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 th\u00e0nh h\u00f4n, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh v\u1ee3 th\u00e0nh ch\u1ed3ng. Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, trong s\u00e1u l\u1ec5 \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng ng\u1ed7ng tr\u1eddi l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt, n\u00ean c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1ea1n l\u1ec5\u201d, l\u1ea5y \u00fd chim nh\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ef1 trinh khi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng hai l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p s\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f4i. V\u1ec1 sau, ng\u1ed7ng tr\u1eddi kh\u00f3 ki\u1ebfm, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta thay b\u1eb1ng ng\u1ed7ng nh\u00e0, g\u00e0 v\u1ecbt, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n
Tang l\u1ec5: m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a tang l\u1ec5 x\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u1ed1t \u1edf ch\u1ed7 gi\u1eef tang tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ea1o hi\u1ebfu. C\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u0169 ph\u1ee5c (n\u0103m m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 tang), g\u1ed3m: tr\u1ea3m th\u00f4i ba n\u0103m, t\u1ec1 th\u00f4i m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ch\u00edn th\u00e1ng, ti\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng, t\u01b0 ma ba th\u00e1ng. T\u00f9y theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n s\u01a1 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh tang ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc. Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ng\u0169 ph\u1ee5c, th\u00ec khi cha m\u1eb9 qua \u0111\u1eddi, con trai ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tang tr\u1ea3m th\u00f4i trong ba n\u0103m, m\u1eb7c \u00e1o tang may b\u1eb1ng v\u1ea3i gai th\u00f4, kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ec1n m\u00e9p, bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb n\u1ed7i \u0111au bu\u1ed3n t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 trong l\u00f2ng, v\u00e0 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1eb3ng m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n trang ph\u1ee5c. C\u00f2n con g\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t gi\u00e1 th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 d\u00e2u con nh\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cha m\u1eb9 ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 tang cha m\u1eb9 ru\u1ed9t theo nghi l\u1ec5 tr\u1ea3m th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n
Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1eed h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 tang \u201cd\u1eef k\u1ef3 b\u1ea5t t\u1ed1n nhi ninh c\u1ed1\u201d (th\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m c\u00f2n h\u01a1n xa hoa qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c). \u201cB\u1ea5t t\u1ed1n\u201d t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, c\u00f2n \u201cc\u1ed1\u201d (\u56fa) l\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t. Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed cho r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu c\u00f2n h\u01a1n d\u01b0, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd n\u00e0y. Trong Lu\u1eadn Ng\u1eef, Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed d\u1ea1y T\u1ec3 Ng\u00e3 r\u1eb1ng: \u201cK\u1ebb qu\u00e2n t\u1eed gi\u1eef tang, th\u00ec \u0103n ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y ngon, nghe nh\u1ea1c ch\u1eb3ng vui tai, ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng y\u00ean, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m. C\u00f2n nay tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00e3 y\u00ean l\u00f2ng, th\u00ec c\u1ee9 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111i\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef tang c\u1ed1t \u1edf ch\u1ed7 thu\u1eadn theo s\u1ef1 \u0111au bu\u1ed3n trong l\u00f2ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e9p mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd g\u00ec? Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed t\u1eebng b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed: \u201cTa th\u00e0 ch\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi tay c\u00e1c tr\u00f2, c\u00f2n h\u01a1n ch\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi tay b\u1ecdn quan l\u1ea1i. Hu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3, d\u00f9 ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mai t\u00e1ng long tr\u1ecdng, l\u1ebd n\u00e0o ta l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i lo ch\u1ebft b\u01a1 v\u01a1 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 hay sao?\u201d Qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ea5y, Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 tang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1ng, h\u1eadu t\u00e1ng cho b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u00fac cha m\u1eb9 c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cha m\u1eb9, l\u00fac cha m\u1eb9 ch\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ti\u1ec5n chu t\u1ea5t, c\u1ed1t gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u1ebd, kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n
T\u1ebf l\u1ec5: Trung Dung c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p: \u201cL\u1ec5 t\u1ebf Tr\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea5t \u1edf ngo\u00e0i th\u00e0nh, c\u1ed1t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edd th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf\u201d. L\u1ec5 K\u00fd – T\u1ebf Th\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft: \u201cVi\u1ec7c t\u1ebf t\u1ef1, v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i mang \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, sinh kh\u1edfi trong l\u00f2ng. Khi trong l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng c\u00fang, \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang l\u1ec5. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ebf l\u1ec5\u201d. Trong Lu\u1eadn Ng\u1eef, Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u1ebf Th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 Th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3\u201d. S\u00e1ch T\u1ebf Ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i b\u00e0n: \u201cVi\u1ec7c t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec sinh phi\u1ec1n, m\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n cung k\u00ednh. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 \u00edt, \u00edt th\u00ec sinh l\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec s\u1ebd qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t\u201d. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c t\u1ebf Tr\u1eddi, t\u1ebf Th\u1ea7n, tr\u1ecdng \u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 nghi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nghi th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu l\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u201ct\u1ebf nh\u01b0 Th\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i\u201d. T\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1t \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u, phi\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5u t\u1ea5t s\u1ebd b\u1ea5t k\u00ednh; nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 th\u01b0a, b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1ebd qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng, v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 nghi \u1ea5y r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng di\u1ec7t m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n
N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Tr\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n Th\u1ea7n, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 Thi\u00ean l\u00fd, thi\u00ean t\u00ednh, thi\u00ean m\u1ec7nh, Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u0103n nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Th\u1eddi H\u1eadu H\u00e1n c\u00f3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u201cb\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft\u201d c\u1ee7a D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5n (d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng Tr\u1eddi bi\u1ebft, \u0110\u1ea5t bi\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u01a1i bi\u1ebft, ta bi\u1ebft), ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i quan ni\u1ec7m tin r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean cao c\u00f3 Tr\u1eddi nghe, Tr\u1eddi th\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 \u201cqu\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c khu\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t d\u00f9 \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai\u201d. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Thi\u00ean l\u00fd b\u00e1o \u1ee9ng, th\u00ec ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eebng. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00e0ng tinh x\u1ea3o, m\u01b0u m\u1eb9o c\u00e0ng cao, quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, th\u00ec t\u1ed9i \u00e1c g\u00e2y h\u1ecda cho thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u n\u1eb7ng. M\u1ed9t khi Thi\u00ean l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n, th\u00ec sinh m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec c\u1ecf r\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2ng l\u00ean nh\u01b0 s\u00f3ng d\u1eef ph\u00e1 tan \u0111\u00ea \u0111i\u1ec1u, m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u1ea5y, th\u00ec cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 c\u00f9ng qu\u1eabn v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t vong. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 nghi c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u01b0 k\u00ednh Tr\u1eddi, t\u1ebf Tr\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn.<\/p>\n
H\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ec5 (l\u1ec5 u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u1edf h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4n): l\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh trong l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea. Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed n\u00f3i: \u201cTa quan s\u00e1t \u1edf l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea, m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp\u201d. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4n h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c d\u00e2n gian l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, k\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n phong.<\/p>\n
X\u1ea1 l\u1ec5 (l\u1ec5 b\u1eafn cung): kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c so t\u00e0i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hay s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, m\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u1eb1m r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n v\u00f5 ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. V\u00ec v\u1eady Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed n\u00f3i: \u201cVi\u1ec7c b\u1eafn cung gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n t\u1eed, n\u1ebfu t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng tr\u00fang \u0111\u00edch, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 x\u00e9t l\u1ed7i n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh\u201d. L\u1ea1i n\u00f3i: \u201cQu\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng tranh \u0111o\u1ea1t, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 trong l\u1ec5 b\u1eafn cung m\u00e0 th\u00f4i; tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eafn th\u00ec khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eddi nhau l\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i, sau khi b\u1eafn th\u00ec c\u00f9ng nhau u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u, \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 tranh \u0111ua c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc qu\u00e2n t\u1eed\u201d. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean ng\u00e0y nay. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1 cao l\u1ec5 b\u1eafn cung c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd s\u00e2u xa: n\u1ebfu trong l\u00fac thi \u0111\u1ea5u m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft nh\u00fan nh\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u1ec5 ph\u00e9p m\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i b\u1eafn, th\u00ec trong giao ti\u1ebfp th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y h\u00e1 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u0169ng s\u1ebd h\u00f2a nh\u00e3, \u00eam \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ea3 sao? Th\u1eadt ra, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00e9t phong nh\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed5 phong Trung Hoa x\u01b0a, trong m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c so t\u00e0i v\u00f5 ngh\u1ec7, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i khi\u00eam cung, nh\u00e3 nh\u1eb7n, cung k\u00ednh c\u00fai ch\u00e0o, gi\u1eef tr\u1ecdn l\u1ec5 nghi qu\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u1eady.<\/p>\n
L\u1ec5 tri\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn: l\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn vua ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n
L\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9: l\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, khi s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1i phu qua l\u1ea1i th\u0103m h\u1ecfi, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o tin t\u1ee9c v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n
L\u1ec5 tri\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9, c\u1ed1t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3, khinh su\u1ea5t, ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang, n\u00ean m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u1ec5 tri\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn. Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi nhau, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m l\u1eabn nhau, n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9. Tuy l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 ti\u1ebft nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c cai tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia. N\u1ebfu qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ee7ng t\u00edn k\u1ebb gian th\u1ea7n, bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 cho b\u1ecdn ti\u1ec3u nh\u00e2n l\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m lo\u1ea1n tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh, th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c coi nh\u1eb9, ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf l\u1ec5 tri\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn, r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u00e0 th\u00e2n m\u1eadt b\u1eeba b\u00e3i v\u1edbi k\u1ebb ti\u1ec3u nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh h\u1ecda. Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi nhau khi \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec1m kh\u00edch, hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m, th\u00ec n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u00e0nh h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, bi\u1ebfn o\u00e1n th\u00f9 th\u00e0nh h\u1eefu h\u1ea3o, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 bang giao th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m l\u1eabn nhau m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh. Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xem nh\u1eb9 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n
L\u1ec5 l\u00e0 l\u00fd, l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. N\u1ebfu \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd, tr\u00e1i ngh\u0129a, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c!<\/p>\n
L\u1ec5 K\u00fd<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng ban chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n \u201cNg\u0169 Kinh Ch\u00ednh Ngh\u0129a\u201d, trong ph\u1ea7n \u201cL\u1ec5\u201d ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u201cL\u1ec5 K\u00fd Ch\u00ednh Ngh\u0129a\u201d, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Chu L\u1ec5 v\u00e0 Nghi L\u1ec5, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y L\u1ec5 K\u00fd chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong ba b\u1ed9 L\u1ec5 Kinh. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi H\u00e1n, trong Ng\u0169 Kinh v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m Chu L\u1ec5 v\u00e0 Nghi L\u1ec5. V\u1ec1 sau, ba truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Xu\u00e2n Thu l\u00e0 T\u1ea3 Truy\u1ec7n, C\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, C\u1ed1c L\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f9ng ba L\u1ec5 l\u00e0 Chu L\u1ec5, Nghi L\u1ec5, L\u1ec5 K\u00fd, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o Ng\u0169 Kinh, h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh C\u1eedu Kinh. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, Chu L\u1ec5 v\u00e0 Nghi L\u1ec5 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c xem l\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ebfn ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Khai Th\u00e0nh (836-841) th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng V\u0103n T\u00f4ng, khi Qu\u1ed1c T\u1eed Gi\u00e1m kh\u1eafc v\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00ean bia \u0111\u00e1, th\u00ec th\u00eam v\u00e0o Lu\u1eadn Ng\u1eef, Hi\u1ebfu Kinh, Nh\u0129 Nh\u00e3 th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Kinh, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u00eam M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed, th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadp Tam Kinh.<\/p>\n
\u201cL\u1ec5 K\u00fd\u201d, theo nh\u01b0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed v\u1ec1 \u201cl\u1ec5\u201d. Nguy\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 130 thi\u00ean (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi sau. \u201cK\u00fd\u201d kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 do m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft, \u201ctruy\u1ec1n\u201d c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n duy nh\u1ea5t; m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p bi\u00ean tuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1ea3n v\u0103n r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u0103n t\u1eadp t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi H\u00e1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng truy\u1ec1n L\u1ec5 K\u00fd ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 hai nh\u00e0 l\u00e0 Th\u00fac T\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 L\u01b0u H\u01b0\u1edbng. V\u1ec1 sau, hai ch\u00fa ch\u00e1u \u0110\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c (t\u1ef1 Di\u00ean Qu\u00e2n, l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i ph\u00f3 c\u1ee7a T\u00edn \u0110\u00f4 V\u01b0\u01a1ng) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1edbi Th\u00e1nh (t\u1ef1 Th\u1ee9 Qu\u00e2n, l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i th\u00fa C\u1eedu Giang), \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u00f4n h\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f9ng theo H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Nghi L\u1ec5 trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1a theo ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, cho r\u1eb1ng L\u1ec5 K\u00fd v\u1edbi 130 thi\u00ean l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 r\u01b0\u1eddm r\u00e0, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1ng tin. V\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u1ecd l\u1eadp ch\u00ed mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh bi\u00ean t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i, l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc tinh g\u1ecdn h\u01a1n. V\u1ec1 sau, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh cai qu\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 qua l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 85 thi\u00ean, \u0111\u1eddi sau g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1edbi L\u1ec5 K\u00fd\u201d, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n, hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 39 thi\u00ean. C\u00f2n \u0110\u1edbi Th\u00e1nh bi\u00ean t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh 49 thi\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cTi\u1ec3u \u0110\u1edbi L\u1ec5 K\u00fd\u201d. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi H\u00e1n, s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u00e3 Dung truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp trong thi\u00ean h\u1ea1. T\u1ea5m bia kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1 th\u1eddi Nam T\u1ed1ng li\u1ec7t L\u1ec5 K\u00fd v\u00e0o Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Kinh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u201cTi\u1ec3u \u0110\u1edbi L\u1ec5 K\u00fd\u201d ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1edbi. Trong c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Minh v\u00e0 Thanh, k\u1ef3 thi khoa c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y \u201cTi\u1ec3u \u0110\u1edbi L\u1ec5 K\u00fd\u201d l\u00e0m chu\u1ea9n. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i, khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cL\u1ec5 K\u00fd\u201d, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang \u201cTi\u1ec3u \u0110\u1edbi L\u1ec5 K\u00fd\u201d m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n
L\u1ec5 K\u00fd g\u1ed3m 49 thi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n
Th\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn ngh\u0129a \u201cL\u1ec5\u201d, g\u1ed3m 11 thi\u00ean, nh\u01b0: L\u1ec5 V\u1eadn, H\u1ecdc K\u00fd, Nh\u1ea1c K\u00fd, \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc, Trung Dung, Nho H\u00e0nh, v.v..<\/p>\n
Ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u201cL\u1ec5\u201d, g\u1ed3m 25 thi\u00ean, nh\u01b0: Kh\u00fac L\u1ec5 (th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u1ea1), V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ebf, L\u1ec5 Kh\u00ed, v.v..<\/p>\n
Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 nghi th\u1ee9c \u201cL\u1ec5\u201d (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i \u201cNghi L\u1ec5\u201d), g\u1ed3m t\u00e1m quy\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0: Qu\u00e1n Ngh\u0129a, H\u00f4n Ngh\u0129a, T\u1ebf Ngh\u0129a, X\u1ea1 Ngh\u0129a, v.v..<\/p>\n
B\u1ed5 sung c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e1p v\u1ec1 \u201cL\u1ec5\u201d, g\u1ed3m n\u0103m quy\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0: Ai C\u00f4ng V\u1ea5n, T\u0103ng T\u1eed V\u1ea5n, V\u1ea5n Tang, v.v..<\/p>\n
C\u00f2n L\u01b0u H\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0: Ch\u1ebf \u0110\u1ed9, Th\u00f4ng Lu\u1eadn, Minh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00c2m D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tang Ph\u1ee5c, T\u1eed Ph\u00e1p, C\u00e1t S\u1ef1, T\u1ebf T\u1ef1, Nh\u1ea1c K\u00fd. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a L\u1ec5 K\u00fd. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 sau n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a L\u1ec5 K\u00fd. V\u1ec1 sau, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tranh lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ba thi\u00ean Nguy\u1ec7t L\u1ec7nh, Danh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng V\u1ecb, v\u00e0 Nh\u1ea1c K\u00fd l\u00e0 do M\u00e3 Dung th\u00eam v\u00e0o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng trong b\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c L\u1ec5 K\u00fd do Tr\u1ecbnh Huy\u1ec1n truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y ban \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean ba thi\u00ean n\u00e0y, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do M\u00e3 Dung th\u00eam v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n
D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc trong L\u1ec5 K\u00fd:<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc: l\u00e0 c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 d\u1eabn v\u00e0o B\u00e1t \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u00ecnh T\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1 cao, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Chu Hy li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong T\u1ee9 Th\u01b0.<\/p>\n
Trung Dung: l\u00e0 t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Nho gia, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Chu T\u1eed bi\u00ean v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong T\u1ee9 Th\u01b0.<\/p>\n
L\u1ec5 V\u1eadn: tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cao nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed.<\/p>\n
H\u1ecdc K\u00fd: gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00ean d\u00f9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u00e1o h\u00f3a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh phong t\u1ee5c, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc\u201d. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c g\u1ee3i m\u1edf t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i thay v\u00ec h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n
Kinh Gi\u1ea3i: l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i kinh v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u00e1u kinh g\u1ed3m Thi, Th\u01b0, D\u1ecbch, L\u1ec5, Nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 Xu\u00e2n Thu.<\/p>\n
Ai C\u00f4ng V\u1ea5n: l\u00e0 thi\u00ean l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ec5, n\u00eau r\u00f5 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 Th\u1ea7n linh c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d, hay c\u00e2u: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n th\u1ea7n, tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi, l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf\u201d, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y l\u1ec5 l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u: \u201cTr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y l\u1ec5 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u1ec5 l\u00e0 c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 v\u1eady\u201d.<\/p>\n
Bi\u1ec3u K\u00fd: tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u00e2n Ngh\u0129a, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u nh\u00e2n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: \u201cNh\u00e2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eady, \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1eady\u201d. \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean h\u1ea1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean h\u1ea1\u201d. V\u00e0 \u201cQu\u00e2n t\u1eed k\u1ebft giao nh\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ti\u1ec3u nh\u00e2n k\u1ebft giao ng\u1ecdt nh\u01b0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u n\u1ed3ng; qu\u00e2n t\u1eed tuy nh\u1ea1t m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh (ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh), ti\u1ec3u nh\u00e2n tuy ng\u1ecdt m\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i (x\u1ea5u xa)\u201d.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e0n Cung: l\u1ea5y t\u00ean t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t S\u01a1n D\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u1ed7 l\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0n Cung, thi\u00ean n\u00e0y t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5. V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y, h\u00e0m s\u00fac th\u00fa v\u1ecb, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau khen ng\u1ee3i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean U\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ebft v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00e2u n\u1ec7 theo l\u1ec5 tang d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft tr\u1ebb, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u1ec5 tang d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n
Tri Y: tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ec5, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: \u201cD\u00e2n xem qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim, qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea5y d\u00e2n l\u00e0m th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, \u2026 tr\u00e1i tim y\u00eau th\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 \u1eaft s\u1ebd chi\u1ec3u theo \u0111\u00f3\u201d. \u201cT\u00e2m to\u00e0n nh\u1edd v\u00e0o th\u00e2n, c\u0169ng b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00ec th\u00e2n; qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1edd v\u00e0o d\u00e2n, c\u0169ng s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t v\u00ec d\u00e2n\u201d. L\u1ea1i n\u00f3i: \u201cD\u00e2n ch\u00fang, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh t\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng l\u1ec5 th\u00ec l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a; n\u1ebfu d\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh t\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t th\u00ec l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n s\u1ebd ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3\u201d. Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1eeb l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed trong Lu\u1eadn Ng\u1eef: \u201cD\u1eabn d\u1eaft d\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ch\u1ec9nh t\u1ec1 h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t, th\u00ec d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft tr\u00e1nh t\u1ed9i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5; d\u1eabn d\u1eaft h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c, ch\u1ec9nh t\u1ec1 h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng l\u1ec5, th\u00ec d\u00e2n bi\u1ebft x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d. Ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Nho gia v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p gia.<\/p>\n
Ph\u01b0\u1eddng K\u00fd: tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a L\u1ec5, ph\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m v\u1edbi ph\u00f2ng (ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba). Nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u: \u201cQu\u00e2n t\u1eed d\u00f9ng l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ee9c, d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng d\u00e2m, d\u00f9ng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng\u201d. \u201cL\u1ec5 l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 l\u1eadp n\u00ean quy ph\u1ea1m, nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o ng\u0103n gi\u1eef cho d\u00e2n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n d\u00f9ng l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ph\u00fa qu\u00fd, khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ki\u00eau c\u0103ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean; nh\u1edd v\u1eady, lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t\u201d. N\u1ebfu x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh theo \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, khi\u1ebfn cho gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng ki\u00eau c\u0103ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f4ng t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu, th\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u1ebd an vui, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, y\u00ean \u1ed5n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c, xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n
Nho H\u00e0nh (\u5112\u884c): ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Nho gia. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cNho gia kh\u00f4ng qu\u00fd v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u, m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u00edn ngh\u0129a l\u00e0m b\u00e1u v\u1eadt\u201d. \u201cNho gia l\u1ea5y trung th\u00e0nh t\u00edn ngh\u0129a l\u00e0m gi\u00e1p tr\u1ee5, l\u1ec5 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0m khi\u00ean m\u1ed9c\u201d. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1eddi, vi ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd, th\u00ec \u201cNho gia c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c thi\u00ean t\u1eed, d\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00e1c ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u\u201d. Tinh th\u1ea7n ngh\u0129a kh\u00ed hi\u00ean ngang, s\u1ef1 trinh khi\u1ebft c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi! C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed, ph\u00fa qu\u00fd b\u1ea5t d\u00e2m, b\u1ea7n ti\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t di, uy v\u0169 b\u1ea5t khu\u1ea5t v\u1eady (khi ph\u00fa qu\u00fd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang, ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ti\u1ebft th\u00e1o thay \u0111\u1ed5i, quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ch\u00ed).<\/p>\n
L\u1eddi k\u1ebft<\/b><\/p>\n
Nh\u1ea1c K\u00fd c\u00f3 c\u00e2u: \u201cL\u1ec5 l\u00e0 l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i\u201d. L\u1ec5 V\u1eadn n\u00f3i: \u201cL\u1ec5 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a\u201d. V\u00ec v\u1eady, l\u1ec5 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a l\u00fd, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ngh\u0129a l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n! D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn tr\u00ean, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tam l\u1ec5 (Chu L\u1ec5, Nghi L\u1ec5, L\u1ec5 K\u00fd), c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tinh t\u00fay c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n Trung Hoa, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u1ecdng l\u1ec5 ngh\u0129a. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa v\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u Hoa H\u1ea1 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c man di b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f3c x\u00f5a, m\u1eb7c \u00e1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, x\u0103m m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng hoang d\u00e3; v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t n\u0103m ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00f9ng c\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1eebng s\u1eefng gi\u1eefa tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n
Gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 l\u1ec5 ngh\u0129a lu\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng; th\u00ec trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef t\u00edn ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec h\u00f2a thu\u1eadn, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi an \u1ed5n v\u1edbi b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, l\u1ea5y d\u00e2n l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdng d\u1ee5ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec coi tr\u1ecdng ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n l\u1ee3i, ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p b\u1ecb mai m\u1ed9t, ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t. Kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a d\u1eabm v\u00e0o c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft n\u1ea1t k\u1ebb y\u1ebfu. \u0110\u1ea1o trung t\u00edn khoan dung, t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u00e1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1ec5, ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nh\u1edd l\u1ec5.<\/p>\n
N\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u coi tr\u1ecdng l\u1ec5, m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng l\u1ec5, bi\u1ebft k\u00ednh gi\u00e0 nh\u01b0 k\u00ednh cha m\u1eb9 m\u00ecnh, th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ebb nh\u01b0 con ch\u00e1u m\u00ecnh, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec1 cao l\u1ec5 nghi v\u00e0 coi tr\u1ecdng ngh\u0129a l\u00fd, th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00f4m nay s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed5i thay! L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n lo \u00e2u, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tai h\u1ecda, chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh!<\/p>\n