[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n
K\u1ef3 9: Sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/b><\/p>\n
Ph\u1ea7n \u2161: Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a – M\u1ed9t t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng sai l\u1ea7m<\/b><\/p>\n
II-2: Sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/b><\/p>\n
1. C\u01a1 s\u1edf logic kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/b><\/p>\n
N\u0103m 1859, trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Darwin \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n trong v\u00f2ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed xoay v\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nay l\u1ea1i t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a: sinh m\u1ec7nh r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? Trong 20 n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nguy c\u01a1 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. V\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1n c\u00e2n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u1ec7ch h\u1eb3n v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 logic c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a – lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n<\/b><\/p>\n
Trong khoa h\u1ecdc, n\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c logic th\u00ec l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i logic c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec n\u1ebfu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n
R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kinh ng\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Th\u1ef1c ra, khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean h\u01a1n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n
D\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc so s\u00e1nh bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, th\u00ec n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0: \u201cN\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 do v\u01b0\u1ee3n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau; v\u00e0 v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau, n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh\u201d.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, v\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 logic (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 logic kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt), nh\u01b0ng v\u1ebf sau ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 ng\u1ee5y bi\u1ec7n. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n l\u00e0: \u201cN\u1ebfu A l\u00e0 em trai c\u1ee7a B, A s\u1ebd \u00edt tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n B; v\u00ec A \u00edt tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n B, n\u00ean A ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 em trai c\u1ee7a B\u201d. V\u1eeba nghe v\u1ebf sau th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang r\u1ed3i, v\u00ec A \u00edt tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n B, A v\u00e0 B c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, ho\u1eb7c A c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a B (n\u1ebfu A c\u00f3 vai v\u1ebf l\u1edbn). Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p quy n\u1ea1p? Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1, c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quy n\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/b><\/p>\n
T\u1eebng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p quy n\u1ea1p, l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy logic n\u00e0y tuy h\u01a1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p quy n\u1ea1p s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy n\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan v\u00e0o trong, th\u00ec m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quy n\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o trong! X\u00e9t t\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u00f3a ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt, x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, v.v kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng quy n\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ee9ng minh thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p quy n\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, th\u1eadt ra v\u1eabn l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n. \u201cLu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n\u201d nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 sai \u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1n xuy\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 quen v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y l\u1ea1 n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nghi\u00eam t\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kinh ng\u1ea1c! D\u00f9 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng am hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 logic c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u1ee5y bi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1i tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1 s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t sinh m\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Darwin d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 khi\u00ean c\u01b0\u1ee1ng, lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i v\u1eady? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 sau: Trong b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d, Darwin \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i g\u1ea5u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt to l\u1edbn gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 voi. N\u00ean \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian, th\u00f4ng qua ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, g\u1ea5u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1 voi. Trong b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh sau n\u00e0y, Darwin \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3. Sau khi suy x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng g\u1ea5u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1 voi th\u00f4ng qua ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a: m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 voi n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. T\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c Darwin lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 nghi ng\u1edd l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e9n b\u1ecf b\u1ee9c m\u00e0n b\u00ed \u1ea9n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9.<\/p>\n
2. T\u00ednh to\u00e1n x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a – C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen<\/b><\/p>\n
\u1ede th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Darwin, khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111ang trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u00f2n thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 lai gi\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u1ee7ng (t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nu\u00f4i trong nh\u00e0, li\u1ec1n cho r\u1eb1ng lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c theo c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Sau n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gen, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu gen kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, th\u00ec cho d\u00f9 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. M\u00e0 gen l\u1ea1i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u201cgen \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn\u201d b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra thay \u0111\u1ed5i, tuy v\u1eady \u201cgen \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn\u201d l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u1eadp trung ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
T\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh gen c\u1ee7a gi\u1ed1ng lo\u00e0i l\u00e0 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/b><\/p>\n
T\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a gen l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i, vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i gen gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng lo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia lai t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, ph\u1ea1m vi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lai t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c s\u1ebd b\u1ecb v\u00f4 sinh, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ebd l\u1ea1i quay v\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t c\u1eb7p b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Meier c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 gen. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u00f3 d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lai t\u1ea1o gi\u1ed1ng ra sao \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ch\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cao nh\u1ea5t gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n
V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sao ch\u00e9p gen hay s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng ADN, n\u00ean c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd. X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng th\u1ea5p, x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 t\u1eeb 1\/10.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 1\/1.000.000.000. X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n s\u01a1 b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p kh\u00e1 cao, kho\u1ea3ng 1\/1.000, m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc cao t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 1\/100.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 1\/100.000.000.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng (t\u00ednh tr\u1ea1ng) v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 gen ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng: x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng th\u1ea5p. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 gen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi v\u00e0i tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn baz\u01a1 (nucleotit) x\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh chu\u1ed7i, b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i baz\u01a1 nit\u01a1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eefng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 m\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 tinh vi. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n:<\/p>\n
Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng xem x\u00e9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sau: m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 tinh vi, t\u00f9y \u00fd s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t, hai k\u00fd t\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh cao c\u1ea5p h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng? \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn do sai s\u00f3t th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t baz\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, d\u1ecb t\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1eed vong, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf sinh t\u1ed3n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc d\u00f9ng m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn, t\u1ea1o ra l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i n\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a theo h\u01b0\u1edbng cao c\u1ea5p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n
B\u1ea3ng t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t cho th\u1ea5y, t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sinh h\u1ecdc nh\u1ecf t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra<\/b><\/p>\n
Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng, v.v. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0: ng\u00e0y nay khi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c sinh h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n n\u00e0o, t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t t\u1eeb l\u00fac x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, v\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n
R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ra x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t n\u00e0y nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. Trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cH\u1ed9p \u0111en c\u1ee7a Darwin\u201d (Darwin’s Black Box), nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Behe, M.J, l\u1ea5y chu\u1ed7i c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a sinh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4ng m\u00e1u l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 tinh vi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 do ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh. Trong \u0111\u00f3, x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i protein (TPA) x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 1\/10\u00b9\u2078 (10 m\u0169 18), theo t\u00ednh to\u00e1n th\u00ec c\u1ea7n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 10 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi x\u1ea3y ra ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00eam m\u1ed9t protein c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1edbi n\u00f3, th\u00ec x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 1\/10\u00b3\u2076 (10 m\u0169 36)\u2026 \u00d4ng cho bi\u1ebft: \u201c\u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i\u201d.<\/p>\n
\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n
P=(M C R E S) n<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb (x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t M=0.001), h\u01a1n n\u1eefa gen sau \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gen kh\u00e1c trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau (\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i C = 0,01). M\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t trong c\u1ea1nh tranh sinh t\u1ed3n, c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i sinh s\u1ea3n (R=0,1), h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a d\u1ecdc (hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh E=0,001). Ngo\u00e0i ra, gen \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan r\u1ed9ng trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 (\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i S=0,1); b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i gen m\u1edbi. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed c\u1ea7n 10 gen m\u1edbi (s\u1ed1 m\u0169 n = 10, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 gen nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady). V\u1eady th\u00ec x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ra m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi l\u00e0:<\/p>\n
P =\uff080.001 x 0.01 x 0.1 x 0.001 x 0.1)10 = 10-100<\/p>\n
Theo gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m sinh s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 10 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 trong qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t 1.000, ngay c\u1ea3 khi t\u00ednh to\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean t\u1edbi 10\u2079\u2076 n\u0103m. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 20 t\u1ef7 (t\u1ee9c 2 \u00d7 10\u00b9\u2070) n\u0103m, th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ra m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ea5p 10 l\u1ea7n tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ee7 cho th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n
Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt g\u1ea7n nhau nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau 10 gen, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 gen gi\u1eefa sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 b\u1eadc cao l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n gen, th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt b\u1eadc cao th\u00ec c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
Vi\u1ec7c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh l\u1eafp r\u00e1p m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay \u2014 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p th\u00eam b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean sinh m\u1ec7nh nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ed7i nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u201cl\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f3a\u201d nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed3i, Fred Hoyle t\u1eebng n\u00f3i: \u201cKh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y \u0111\u1ec3 thu gom ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u r\u1ed3i l\u1eafp r\u00e1p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc Boeing 747 v\u1eady\u201d.<\/p>\n
Gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 suy \u0111o\u00e1n li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m minh ch\u1ee9ng?<\/b><\/p>\n
M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng: \u201c\u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3\u201d. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 5 gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft), cho d\u00f9 m\u1ed7i gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 70%, th\u00ec t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft (khi nh\u00e2n 5 l\u1ea7n x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t 70%) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 16,8%. M\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed trong thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft, v\u1edbi t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y th\u1ea5p xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i n\u1ed5i. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 khi m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. V\u1eady th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? T\u00ednh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn n\u00f3.<\/p>\n