{"id":47601,"date":"2025-07-02T12:34:03","date_gmt":"2025-07-02T05:34:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=47601"},"modified":"2025-07-02T12:34:03","modified_gmt":"2025-07-02T05:34:03","slug":"ven-buc-man-van-minh-tien-su-phan-8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2025\/07\/ven-buc-man-van-minh-tien-su-phan-8.html","title":{"rendered":"V\u00e9n b\u1ee9c m\u00e0n v\u0103n minh ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed (Ph\u1ea7n 8)"},"content":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

K\u1ef3 8: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/b><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n \u2161: Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a – M\u1ed9t t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng sai l\u1ea7m<\/b><\/p>\n

II-1: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/b><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n s\u0129 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Hi\u1ec7n nay khi nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cth\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed\u201d, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ngh\u0129 ngay \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u01b0: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00f4ng l\u00e1 x\u1ed3m xo\u00e0m, l\u1ea5y da th\u00fa che th\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u1ea7m gi\u00e1o d\u00e0i, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tay \u00f4m \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ea1nh hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u1edf gi\u1eefa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng l\u1eeda \u0111ang ch\u00e1y; \u00fd ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1ee3i l\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n n\u00e0y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa sinh h\u1ecdc hay b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0o, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng? T\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ai bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

Qua h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u01b0\u1ee3n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, \u2026 bao g\u1ed3m h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, di t\u00edch v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, v.v. D\u00f9 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch th\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trung gian t\u1eeb v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi Java\u201d n\u0103m 1982 t\u1eebng g\u00e2y r\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi. Nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Dubois \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ecd r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ecd c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o Java, c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 40 feet (h\u01a1n 12 m\u00e9t) l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2n l\u1edbn, n\u00ean \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt. Sinh v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111i th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng gi\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ecd gi\u1ed1ng lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u1eaft x\u00edch trung gian \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0ng sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng hai kh\u00fac x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con v\u01b0\u1ee3n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o Java c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u201cLucy\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Donald Johanson ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i h\u1ebbm n\u00fai l\u1edbn \u0110\u00f4ng Phi, t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng Australopithecus afarensis (lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1ed5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam \u2013 ch\u1ee7ng Afar).<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, trong ghi ch\u00e9p h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch k\u00e9o d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t 3,8 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u201cS\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 k\u1ef7 Cambri\u201d (Cambrian Life’s Explosion) hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cB\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Cambri (Cambrian Life’s Big Bang, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u1eddi Cambri \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n gi\u1ed1ng \u201cm\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5\u201d). V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 05 n\u0103m 1995, b\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u1edd \u201cNh\u00e2n D\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a N\u1eefu Duy Cung c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cTh\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch Tr\u1eebng Giang g\u00e2y ch\u00fa \u00fd\u201d, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng: \u201cB\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Cambri\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, n\u1ebfu \u0111i s\u00e2u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m lung lay thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 07 n\u0103m 1995, t\u1edd \u201cNh\u00e2n D\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o\u201d l\u1ea1i \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201cH\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch Tr\u1eebng Giang \u0111\u1eb7t ra th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c cho thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0110inh Bang Ki\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh trong thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin: c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ef7 Cambri c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 530 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n b\u00e0o sang \u0111a b\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u201cQu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch Tr\u1eebng Giang Trung Qu\u1ed1c\u201d \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1eeb truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1edbi kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc. Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch Tr\u1eebng Giang thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ef7 Cambri (550 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc), ngo\u00e0i ra \u1edf Burgess, Canada c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e1 phi\u1ebfn s\u00e9t v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa k\u1ef7 Cambri (530 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc), trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u201cb\u00f9ng n\u1ed5\u201d c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 Cambri (kho\u1ea3ng 570 – 500 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc), g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ri\u00eang. M\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi Cambri, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt \u0111a b\u00e0o r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm, m\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2n Nguy\u00ean Sinh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n cho t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay v\u1edbi ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt Ediacara, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong th\u1eddi Cambri, theo nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Darwin, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111a b\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf k\u1ef7 Cambri \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a trung gian n\u00e0y. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 do h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng? C\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trung gian?<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 lu\u1eadt Phillip Johnson c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California, Berkeley, Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. V\u00ec \u00f4ng t\u1eebng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao Hoa K\u1ef3 Warren, chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 logic m\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn. Khi \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra ngay b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n nh\u01b0ng sai l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 logic v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd l\u1ea3ng tr\u00e1nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. N\u00ean \u00f4ng, v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n, \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n r\u1eb1ng: \u201cCh\u00fang ta l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u2018thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u2019 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang? B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?\u201d \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cCh\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n Darwin\u201d (Darwin on Trial) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng: \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n cho ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh m\u1ec7nh h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc, … Nh\u1eefng sinh m\u1ec7nh h\u1eefu c\u01a1 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, th\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1eefa, d\u00f9 tr\u1ea3i qua h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m hay m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa. N\u1ebfu l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Darwin h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn cho c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o li\u00ean quan v\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ee5c l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Java d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Java \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n, ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f9i, ba chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd. X\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f9i gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f2n h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng hai h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch nhau 14m (45 feet) tr\u00ean l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e1 thu\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb che gi\u1ea5u trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y – \u00f4ng Dubois v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi m\u1edbi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i di c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con v\u01b0\u1ee3n tay d\u00e0i (v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1o) to l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, v\u00ec v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi Java v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 l\u1ed1 b\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u00edt \u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5y, v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eafp v\u00e1 v\u1edbi nhau, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa.<\/p>\n

L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ph\u00eda tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 do v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u01a1 h\u1edf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, th\u1eadt ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c l\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch x\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y k\u1ec3 ra m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c:<\/p>\n

D\u1ea5u gi\u00e0y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb 540 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn 250 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/b><\/p>\n

B\u1ecd ba th\u00f9y l\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb 540 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn 250 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 William J. Meister \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn \u0111i d\u00e9p d\u1eabm l\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n tr\u1ebb em trong l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e1 tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Cambri t\u1ea1i su\u1ed1i Antelope, bang Utah, d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 10,25 inch (26cm), r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 3,5 inch (8,9cm), in h\u1eb1n s\u00e2u trong l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e1, tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch b\u1ecd ba th\u00f9y. Theo gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Melvin A. Cook thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Utah, \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u gi\u00e0y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

D\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb 270 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/b><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1817, nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 Henry R. Schoolcraft v\u00e0 Thomas H. Benton \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n hai d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 10,5 inch (27cm) tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i g\u1ea7n b\u1edd T\u00e2y s\u00f4ng Mississippi \u1edf M\u1ef9, c\u00e1c ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau, l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng, gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n quen kh\u00f4ng \u0111i gi\u00e0y l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y. B\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft sau khi khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y: v\u1ebft l\u00f5m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do gi\u1eabm l\u00ean khi t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t m\u1ec1m. Theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i 270 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

D\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb 235 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/b><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ed1n d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 thu\u1ed9c k\u1ef7 Tam \u0110i\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i huy\u1ec7n Ph\u00fa Nguy\u00ean, t\u1ec9nh V\u00e2n Nam, Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u1ea3o ch\u1ee9ng, phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed 235 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

D\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n, h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e2y b\u00faa s\u1eaft t\u1eeb K\u1ef7 Ph\u1ea5n Tr\u1eafng (t\u1eeb 145 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn 65 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc)<\/b><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng Paluxy \u1edf Glen Rose, bang Texas, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng long t\u1eeb k\u1ef7 Ph\u1ea5n Tr\u1eafng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kinh ng\u1ea1c khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng long kho\u1ea3ng 18 inch r\u01b0\u1ee1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 12 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng long ba ng\u00f3n. Sau khi c\u1eaft \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eabu h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n c\u00f3 v\u1ebft n\u00e9n, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00ean t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u1ea3. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch ng\u00f3n tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00faa s\u1eaft do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00e1n g\u1ed7 v\u1eabn g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00faa. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc b\u00faa n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a 96,6% s\u1eaft, 0,74% l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 2,6% clo. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p kim v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1i kim lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb s\u1eaft v\u00e0 clo gi\u1ed1ng v\u1eady. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc b\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh than. \u0110\u1ec3 n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh than trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i sinh ra nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn. N\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfc b\u00faa b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o trong khe \u0111\u00e1, th\u00ec v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1n b\u00faa bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh than. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y khi t\u1ea7ng nham th\u1ea1ch \u0111ang \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 h\u00f3a r\u1eafn, chi\u1ebfc b\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf trong \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kia v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng long l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng long hay c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o n\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng long th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

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T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1969, Stan Taylor b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khai qu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i s\u00f4ng Paluxy, sau khi di d\u1eddi v\u00e0i t\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea7ng k\u1ef7 Ph\u1ea5n Tr\u1eafng. (Ngu\u1ed3n \u1ea3nh: Dr. Don Patton)<\/i><\/p>\n

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V\u00e0o m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 n\u0103m 1999, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee5p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng long ba ng\u00f3n \u0111an xen r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng tr\u00ean l\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng. Trong b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh, c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 kh\u1ee7ng long ba ng\u00f3n. (Ngu\u1ed3n \u1ea3nh: Dr. Don Patton)<\/i><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00faa s\u1eaft do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t k\u1ef7 Ph\u1ea5n Tr\u1eafng \u1edf Texas. (Ngu\u1ed3n \u1ea3nh: Dr. Don Patton)<\/i><\/p>\n

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Theo ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc b\u00faa s\u1eaft r\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt luy\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y nay. (Ngu\u1ed3n \u1ea3nh: Creation Evidence Museum)<\/i><\/p>\n

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Ph\u1ea7n m\u00e0u \u0111en tr\u00ean c\u00e1n b\u00faa b\u1ecb h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh than, cho th\u1ea5y khi t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 h\u00f3a r\u1eafn th\u00ec chi\u1ebfc b\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed3i. (Ngu\u1ed3n \u1ea3nh: Creation Evidence Museum)<\/i><\/p>\n

H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch ng\u00f3n tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a. (Ngu\u1ed3n \u1ea3nh: Dr. Don Patton)<\/i><\/p>\n

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Sau khi c\u1eaft l\u1edbp h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch ng\u00f3n tay, quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u1ed1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (Ngu\u1ed3n \u1ea3nh: Dr. Don Patton)<\/i><\/p>\n

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Dr. Dale Peterson d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh qu\u00e9t \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c kh\u1edbp v\u00e0 m\u00f4 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch ng\u00f3n tay. (Ngu\u1ed3n \u1ea3nh: Dr. Don Patton)<\/i><\/p>\n

H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1nh tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/b><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1965, nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 Bryan Patterson v\u00e0 W.W.Howells \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1nh tay c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i Kanapoi, Kenya, ch\u00e2u Phi. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Henry M. McHenry v\u00e0 Robert S. Corruccini c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California, Hoa K\u1ef3 cho bi\u1ebft, x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1nh tay n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1nh tay c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hai tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/b><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1972, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f9i gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t v\u1edbi x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i h\u1ed3 Turkana \u1edf Kenya, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb hai tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

D\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 3,4 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn 3,8 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m<\/b><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1976, nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Mary D. Leakey \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Tanzania (ch\u00e2u Phi), thung l\u0169ng t\u00e1ch gi\u00e3n l\u1edbn. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Laetoli, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in tr\u00ean l\u1edbp nham th\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch t\u1eeb tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda. Theo \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1, l\u1edbp nham th\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 3,4 \u0111\u1ebfn 3,8 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. C\u00f3 hai h\u00e0ng d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n, song song c\u1ea1nh nhau, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 27 m\u00e9t. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft t\u00edch tr\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu m\u00f4 m\u1ec1m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n. Tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb g\u00f3t ch\u00e2n, qua c\u1ea1nh ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec7m ng\u00f3n c\u00e1i, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n c\u00e1i, ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n c\u00e1i du\u1ed7i th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f2n khi tinh tinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1ed5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam (Australopithecus) \u0111i \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng, tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb g\u00f3t ch\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng qua r\u00eca ngo\u00e0i b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f3n gi\u1eefa, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n c\u00e1i du\u1ed7i h\u01b0\u1edbng qua m\u1eb7t b\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Khung x\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/b><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1913, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Hans Reck \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh t\u1ea1i h\u1ebbm n\u00fai Olduvai \u1edf Tanzania, ch\u00e2u Phi, thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eadu v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi 300 ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ban Nha thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng n\u00fai Atapuerca, t\u1ec9nh Burgos, mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eadu, x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 t\u1eeb 300 ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

135 b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb 26 ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/b><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng 05 n\u0103m 1998, T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed uy t\u00edn \u201cScience\u201d (Khoa h\u1ecdc) c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a tin r\u1eb1ng, t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c g\u1ea7n h\u1ed3 Mungo v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 Willandra \u1edf New South Wales, \u00dac, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 135 b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c c\u1ed5 v\u1eadt th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed nh\u01b0 l\u00f2 s\u01b0\u1edfi t\u1eeb 26 ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u1ea1i h\u1ed3 Mungo III, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh t\u1eeb 30 ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f4i thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ea5t son, hai c\u00e1nh tay b\u1eaft ch\u00e9o tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t theo \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c nghi th\u1ee9c tang l\u1ec5.<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/20969<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org] K\u1ef3 8: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea7n \u2161: Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a – M\u1ed9t t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng sai l\u1ea7m II-1: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n s\u0129 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[81],"tags":[508],"class_list":["post-47601","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bi-an-khoa-hoc","tag-ven-buc-man-van-minh-tien-su"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nV\u00e9n b\u1ee9c m\u00e0n v\u0103n minh ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed (Ph\u1ea7n 8) - 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