{"id":47066,"date":"2025-06-12T10:32:18","date_gmt":"2025-06-12T03:32:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=47066"},"modified":"2025-06-12T18:34:29","modified_gmt":"2025-06-12T11:34:29","slug":"tong-quan-ve-lich-su-nhiep-anh-va-su-chuyen-doi-cua-cac-khai-niem-nghe-thuat-nhiep-anh-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2025\/06\/tong-quan-ve-lich-su-nhiep-anh-va-su-chuyen-doi-cua-cac-khai-niem-nghe-thuat-nhiep-anh-2.html","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh (2)"},"content":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

2. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i <\/b><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1840 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng theo \u0111\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ti\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, nh\u1ecbp s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng nhanh, khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u00eam \u00e1i nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hay phong c\u1ea3nh g\u00ec, ch\u1ec9 v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 l\u01b0\u1edbt qua, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00fd t\u00ednh m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Ki\u1ec3u nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i to l\u1edbn trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1ea1ch ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ed1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00fd t\u00ednh, nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00f3a x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Khi nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn trong ch\u1ee5p h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 r\u1eeda \u1ea3nh, th\u00ec lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh v\u1ed1n ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u201cTr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d, d\u1eabn theo s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i to l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ng\u00e0nh nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n k\u1ebft th\u00fac xu h\u01b0\u1edbng nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda. V\u00ec sao n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? B\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb khi Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 trong nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n theo, sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh T\u1ee9c th\u1eddi (Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u), Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay (hay Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt) n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, qua c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111ang tho\u00e1t ly kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

V\u1eady quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u201c\u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 xem c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u1ea7u nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia, r\u1ed3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ea3m quan \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o trong b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh. Phong c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n khung c\u1ea3nh v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1ea1nh k\u00e8m theo \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eafc n\u00e9t, \u0111\u1eb7t ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m ngo\u00e0i b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh, c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 d\u00f9ng \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh l\u1ea5y n\u00e9t m\u1ec1m, d\u00f9ng k\u00ednh l\u1ecdc filter, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng t\u1ea5m kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee5c l\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh, t\u1ea1o \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh, ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

Sau khi quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng sang h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp trung, quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o quan ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh n\u1ea3y sinh nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u201cnhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh h\u00f3a\u201d h\u01a1n, th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn h\u01a1n, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp bi\u1ebfn m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ghi ch\u00e9p th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh, nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh c\u0169ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c tham gia v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh tin t\u1ee9c, nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1, k\u00fd s\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh c\u0169ng v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo. Sau khi \u201cTr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u201cNhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Si\u00eau th\u1ef1c\u201d, \u201cNhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d, v.v. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0 duy d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng, g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 logic, nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia qu\u00e1 d\u1ef1a d\u1eabm v\u00e0o suy ngh\u0129 ch\u1ee7 quan \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh g\u00f3c ch\u1ee5p v.v. Cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m m\u1edd, nh\u00f2e, bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng hay t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 ng\u1edd. \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Si\u00eau th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gh\u00e9p c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng linh c\u1ea3m ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh trong m\u1ed9ng, mang s\u1eafc th\u00e1i hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Si\u00eau th\u1ef1c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Dada v\u00e0 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh C\u1eaft gh\u00e9p (Photomontage), nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Dada l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 logic, h\u01b0 v\u00f4 m\u1edd m\u1ecbt, ch\u1eb3ng ai hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 r\u1ea5t hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh C\u1eaft gh\u00e9p (Photomontage) d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m phim \u00e2m b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc cho t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh, \u0111em gh\u00e9p nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0o trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh. B\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ph\u00e1t huy kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, ng\u00e0y nay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c phim truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111a s\u1ed1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb suy ngh\u0129 ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng \u00fd th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p; ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u01a1n, s\u00fac t\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 trong v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u01a1 kh\u00ed v.v. \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00ec quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0ng xa r\u1eddi quan ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

3. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/b><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh m\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0a ngh\u1ec1 ch\u1ee5p h\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ee5p h\u00ecnh, nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh, hi\u1ec7n nay, nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u1eed th\u00e1ch to l\u1edbn. Sau khi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kia tranh gi\u00e0nh nhau trong su\u1ed1t 170 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i h\u1ecda \u00fd ch\u1ecdn v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i x\u1ea5u x\u00ed th\u00f4 t\u1ee5c, ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p l\u00fd tr\u00ed; \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ef7 qu\u00e1i phi l\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng si\u00eau th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i to l\u1edbn trong h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Ng\u00e0y nay, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111ang ng\u1eadp trong mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i quan ni\u1ec7m h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh quay l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh \u2013 tr\u1ee5 \u2013 ho\u1ea1i. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o n\u1eefa r\u1ed3i, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u1eefa r\u1ed3i, v\u1eady ph\u1ea3i quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m thu\u1ea7n thi\u1ec7n thu\u1ea7n m\u1ef9 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00e2m b\u00ecnh kh\u00ed h\u00f2a.<\/p>\n

K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 mu\u00f4n h\u00ecnh v\u1ea1n tr\u1ea1ng ra sao, th\u00ec trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed 170 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh, s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u2013 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111em c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u00f3 mang t\u00ednh logic v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng. B\u1edfi v\u00ec quan ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf Ch\u1ee7 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea5p cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t? N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1eeb khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n nghi\u00eam t\u00fac chi\u1ec3u theo quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c cho ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u1eady n\u00ean m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ea3i Oscar cho quay phim c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c quay d\u1ef1ng phim l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng bao nhi\u00eau. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00f3i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf quan ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh, c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh logic v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, n\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m so v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i cao h\u01a1n, m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t h\u01a1n, ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9 h\u01a1n, t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh h\u01a1n, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3i mang quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, gi\u00fap cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn \u0111oan trang. Ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 duy\u2026<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh \u0111ang ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00ec c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng duy tr\u00ec qua h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea5u tranh quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0 duy b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i quan ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh, nh\u1eb1m thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ngh\u0129a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/53116<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org] 2. 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