{"id":3997,"date":"2009-11-20T23:06:32","date_gmt":"2009-11-20T23:06:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=3997"},"modified":"2014-02-24T17:20:15","modified_gmt":"2014-02-24T17:20:15","slug":"hoc-thuyet-darwin-mot-chu-de-cam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2009\/11\/hoc-thuyet-darwin-mot-chu-de-cam.html","title":{"rendered":"H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Darwin \u2013 M\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5m"},"content":{"rendered":"

[Chanhkien.org]<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Darwin b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng khai v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tranh lu\u1eadn h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Darwin tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m. T\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00f4i c\u00f2n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 tin.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i b\u00e1o d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t b\u1edfi t\u1edd b\u00e1o Times Higher Education Supplement (THES) [m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 London chuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a tin c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc]<\/p>\n

(Sau s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Richard Dawkins, nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn b\u00e0i b\u00e1o b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t, chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Scientific Censorship<\/a>)<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a THES (\u0111a ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Anh Qu\u1ed1c) \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i b\u00e1o. Ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin: \u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u00e2n Darwin (neo-darwinism) l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ng\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a Darwin theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc Mendel<\/em>.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 ch\u00f3i l\u1ecdi do khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 mang l\u1ea1i trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 nh\u1edd \u201cph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u00fd t\u00ednh\u201d \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd t\u00ednh trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Theo sau th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a \u201cph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cl\u00fd t\u00ednh\u201d trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u2013 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong y h\u1ecdc \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0: x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf; t\u00e2m l\u00fd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19: Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Freud v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Darwin.<\/p>\n

T\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng minh, c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Victoria v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn b\u1ecb th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a. Hi\u1ec7n nay, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, c\u1ea3 ba h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m b\u1edfi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Marx v\u00e0 Freud, Darwin v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng trong c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh: ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00ean phong, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn (C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng con h\u00e0u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc). Nh\u01b0ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft mang t\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin: h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00e1y, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n gen \u2013 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea; ho\u1eb7c theo l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Jacques, Monnod, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c vi\u1ec7n Pasteur, m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u201cs\u1ef1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft\u201d. [1]<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 trong khi b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y trong ng\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau \u2013 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn di truy\u1ec1n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin, \u0111\u00e3 tan ch\u1ea3y nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ebft v\u00e0o bu\u1ed1i s\u00e1ng m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx, Freud v\u00e0 t\u00e2n Darwin cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1edfi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n: ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a lu\u1eadn c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch theo ki\u1ec3u c\u1ed9ng g\u1ed9p c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy hay kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n b\u00e0o trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng nguy\u00ean sinh, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ng\u00e0y nay theo m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Trong 5 th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 – th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u2013 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu v\u1eadt tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng <\/em>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed <\/em>T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/em> tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi: s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ng\u1ef1a; c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch minh h\u1ecda s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb c\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0, \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa; v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng nh\u01b0 \u201cchim th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5\u2019, tr\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb n\u1eeda b\u00f2 s\u00e1t, n\u1eeda chim.<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i, sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0o t\u1ea7ng h\u1ea7m t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, v\u00ec c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u th\u00eam \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t v\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai h\u1ecdc \u1edf m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong 4 th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u1ef1a t\u1eeb \u2018Eohippus\u2019, m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i ch\u00f3 nh\u1ecf gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 sinh v\u1eadt trong k\u1ef7 Th\u1ee7y T\u00e2n (Eocene) kho\u1ea3ng 50 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u00e0i \u2018Mesohippus\u2019, m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u1ee1 con c\u1eebu kho\u1ea3ng 30 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u00e0i \u2018Dinohippus\u2019, c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u1ef1a nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1950, George Simpson \u2013 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng Harvard \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y. \u0110i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u2013 \u201cLo\u00e0i ng\u1ef1a\u201d \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m g\u1ecdn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean Hoa K\u1ef3<\/em> v\u00e0o n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Simpson \u0111\u00e3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u00e0n c\u00e3i v\u00ec \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: \u201cL\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a <\/em>h\u1ecd ng\u1ef1a v\u1eabn <\/em>c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u2026 Ng\u00e0y nay th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem <\/em>li\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e2u <\/em>h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y <\/em>\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t l\u00e0 c\u00f3\u201d<\/em> [2]<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau khi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, Simpson th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng trong bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng v\u1ebd ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o: m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc lo\u00e0i \u2018Eohippus\u2019 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng n\u1eefa l\u00e0 sau lo\u00e0i \u2018Eohippus\u2019 v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 \u2018Mesohippus\u2019 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 [3]. Tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m khoa h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec li\u00ean k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i ri\u00eang r\u1ebd tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhau trong khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eabu h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0o? V\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen hay s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 hi\u1ec7n nay, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb cho v\u00e0o t\u1ea7ng h\u1ea7m, nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng tr\u00ean v\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u1ed5 tay, s\u00e1ch in, t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n b\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n

Con \u201cChim th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5\u201d kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, tho\u1ea1t nh\u00ecn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb x\u00e1c minh quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin r\u1eb1ng lo\u00e0i chim \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t nh\u1ecf. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec lo\u00e0i coelosaurs, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u1ee7ng long kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 lo\u00e0i \u201cchim th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5\u201d, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim, c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f2n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ng\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. [4] V\u00e0 n\u1eefa, r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng, l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao m\u1ed9t h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch ri\u00eang r\u1ebd l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, h\u1ecd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ADN, b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 gen di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u00ec s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau g\u1ea7n hay xa. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ADN cho ph\u00e9p v\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia ph\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang, th\u00ec c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi nhau, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 hai lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t, th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ADN gi\u1ed1ng nhau nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt m\u00e0 \u00edt li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i chim.<\/p>\n

15 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Morris Goodman t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Michigan \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3m tra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y ADN alpha-Hemoglobin c\u1ee7a hai lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t \u2013 r\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u \u2013 hai lo\u00e0i m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i, v\u00e0 ADN hemoglobin c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i chim, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa g\u00e0 trong tr\u1ea1i ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng hai lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 ADN \u00edt gi\u1ed1ng nhau nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 hai lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t r\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u. Ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 5% tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 ADN gi\u1ed1ng nhau, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 1\/20 ADN hemoglobin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Hai lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 ADN g\u1ea7n nhau nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u v\u00e0 g\u00e0, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 17% tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 ADN gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u2013 g\u1ea7n 1\/5. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u1ee7a ADN l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i so v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin.[5]<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a gen l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nh\u00ecn b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00f4ng b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m chung v\u1ec1 gen. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 3.000 lo\u00e0i \u1ebfch, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ADN gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang c\u00f2n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i d\u01a1i v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 voi xanh.<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i gen d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 ADN \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f3 ADN ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang. Lo\u00e0i giun tr\u00f2n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00ec ADN c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 100.000 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nucleotide. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 23 c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 3 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nucleotide.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c b\u1edfi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i. Trong khi ADN c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9a trong 23 c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3, th\u00ec lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 v\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i, t\u1edbi 47 c\u1eb7p. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, con \u1ed1c s\u00ean trong v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 27 c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i hoa h\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 56 c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0: vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ADN kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin. Trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ADN ch\u1ee9ng minh h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2n th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin – kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, hay s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00edch nghi nh\u1ea5t – l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf ch\u1ed7: l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc (ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u201cth\u00edch nghi\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hay th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt? L\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hay th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt n\u00e0o l\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0: c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch duy l\u00fd h\u1eadu nghi\u1ec7m \u2013 k\u1ebb th\u00edch nghi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t\u201d. Trong khi c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t l\u00e0 \u201ck\u1ebb th\u00edch nghi\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 Darwin n\u00e0y h\u00f3a ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t suy lu\u1eadn l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Edinburgh, C.H. Waddington, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cS\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/em> \u0111ang c\u1ea7n <\/em>ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 <\/em>s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c quan s\u00e1t, h\u00f3a ra khi xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t suy lu\u1eadn <\/em>l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 <\/em>v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i <\/em>t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan <\/em>v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng nghe n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y<\/em> ch\u01b0a <\/em>t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. N\u00f3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi nh\u1ea5t trong qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t) s\u1ebd <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Sau khi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 <\/em>hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean\u201d.<\/em> [6]<\/p>\n

George Simpson, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean khi n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu cha m\u1eb9 t\u00f3c \u0111\u1ecf, <\/em>c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 <\/em>con c\u00e1i trung b\u00ecnh<\/em> l\u1edbn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00f3c m\u00e0u hung ho\u1eb7c \u0111en, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00f3c m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 gen thu\u1eadn tay tr\u00e1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u con, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a s\u1ebd theo h\u01b0\u1edbng thu\u1eadn tay tr\u00e1i. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh <\/em>n\u00e0y b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec c\u1ea3. <\/em>Quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ai <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 <\/em>h\u01a1n qua c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn <\/em>l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi ch\u1ec9 <\/em>khi <\/em>c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi l\u00e0 <\/em>s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 h\u01a1n. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c <\/em>b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n<\/em> h\u1ecdc, s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec <\/em>li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, v\u1ebb <\/em>\u0111\u1eb9p, hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c <\/em>ngo\u00e0i hi\u1ec7u <\/em>n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n\u201d.<\/em> [7]<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u00fd c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb: \u201cNh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh <\/strong>n\u00e0y b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec c\u1ea3.\u201d<\/strong> C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng quan ni\u1ec7m then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Darwin: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00edch nghi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i: c\u00e1i c\u1ed5 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5, \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft tinh c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i chim \u01b0ng, hay t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea1y nhanh t\u1edbi 97 km\/gi\u1edd c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i b\u00e1o g\u00eapa.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Simpson \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean: \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng. X\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sinh s\u1ea3n mau l\u1eb9. V\u1eady l\u00e0m sao h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng kinh kh\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh?<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin b\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng m\u00f9 m\u1edd, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u00f3 theo m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Cairns \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard v\u00e0 Hall \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Rochester cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i theo c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi c\u00e2y thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e2y lanh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i gen th\u00f4ng qua k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u1ee5 tinh \u0111\u01a1n [9]. C\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1ea3i ti\u00eau v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i k\u1ef3 nh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng di truy\u1ec1n [10]. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0i Fred Hoyle \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra, h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch vi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch, ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd may m\u1eafn x\u1ea3y ra trong \u201cb\u00e1t s\u00fap nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y\u201d. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb b\u1edfi ng\u00e0i Francis Crick, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ADN [11]<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n Darwin m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u1eefa. M\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi \u0111ang \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Rupert Sheldrake, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Brian Goodwin, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1edf v\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Peter Saunders, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cao \u0110\u1eb3ng Ho\u00e0ng Gia Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u0169. Khi cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Rupert Sheldrake\u00a0 \u201cM\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng\u201d c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1981, \u00f4ng John Maddox bi\u00ean t\u1eadp vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cT\u1ef1 Nhi\u00ean\u201d, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111em \u0111\u1ed1t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111i \u2013 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng Sheldrake \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng tin quan tr\u1ecdng, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 v\u1eady [12][13]<\/p>\n

T\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n nay trong ng\u00e0nh sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Sheldrake t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau, \u201cKh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Brehznev. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t <\/em>b\u1ed9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m <\/em>n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng <\/em>s\u1edf – <\/em>nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m <\/em>mang t\u00ednh h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 <\/em>m\u1ed9t <\/em>b\u1ed9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c <\/em>– nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng <\/em>nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0ng khi h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i m\u00e1y v\u00f4 <\/em>tri v\u00f4 gi\u00e1c\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 l\u00e0 trong khi v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i cam ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 b\u1ebd b\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u201cs\u00f3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u201ch\u1ea1t \u1ea3o\u201d, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c sinh h\u1ecdc d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd t\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc quan t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng bi-a m\u00e0 va ch\u1ea1m theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Newton, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng b\u00e0n nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel, Max Planck \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng: \u201cM\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 <\/em>v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, m\u00e0 <\/em>ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ebft, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi l\u1edbn l\u00ean v\u00e0 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi n\u00f3<\/em>\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 n\u1eefa, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u1edbn l\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] Monod, Jacques, 1972 edn. Chance and Necessity. William Collins. Glasgow.<\/p>\n

[2] Simpson, George G. 1951. Horses. Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

[3] Simpson, George G. 1951. Horses. Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

[4] Norman, David. 1985. Encyclopaedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books. London.<\/p>\n

[5] Patterson, Colin, presentation to the American Natural History Museum, 5 November 1981.<\/p>\n

[6] Waddington, C.H., 1960, Evolutionary Adaptation in Tax Vol. 1, pp 381-402.<\/p>\n

[7] Simpson, George G. 1964, This View of Life, Harcourt Brace and World. New York.<\/p>\n

[8] Cairns, J., J. Overbaugh, S. Miller. 1988. The origin of mutants. In Nature 335: 142-145.<\/p>\n

Hall, Barry G. Sept. 1990. Spontaneous point mutations that occur more often when advantageous than when neutral. In Genetics Vol. 126, pp. 5-16.<\/p>\n

[9] Durrant, Alan. 1958. Environmental conditioning of flax. in Nature, Vol. 81, p. 928-929.<\/p>\n

Hill, J. 1965. Environmental induction of heritable changes in Nicotiana rustica. in Nature, Vol. 207, pp. 732-734.<\/p>\n

Cullis, C.A. 1977. Molecular aspects of the environmental induction of heritable changes in Flax. in Heredity. Vol. 38, p. 129-154.<\/p>\n

[10] See Koestler, Arthur. 1978. The Case of the Midwife Toad. Hutchinson. London, for an account of the experiments of Paul Kammerer at the Vienna Institute for Experimental Biology 1903-1926.<\/p>\n

[11] Hoyle, F. 1983. The Intelligent Universe. Michael Joseph London.<\/p>\n

See also, Crick, Francis, 1981. Life Itself. Macdonald. London.<\/p>\n

[12] Sheldrake, Rupert, 1988 edn. A New Science of Life, Paladin London.<\/p>\n

[13] Nature 1981, Vol. 293, pp 245-246.
\n(Ngu\u1ed3n: http:\/\/www.alternativescience.com\/darwinism.htm<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch t\u1eeb ban bi\u00ean t\u1eadp Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (uncertainty principle, theo wikipedia<\/a>):\u00a0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, do Werner Heisenberg \u0111\u01b0a ra, ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ea3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1eabn v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c (hay \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ho\u1eb7c xung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. N\u1ebfu ta bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00ec ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kia c\u00e0ng k\u00e9m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i: tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Heisenberg (d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf\u00a0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh Heisenberg), hay tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf thuy\u1ebft x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y\u00a0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh (determinism) m\u00e0 Albert Einstein nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, khoa h\u1ecdc gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi c\u00e2u: ‘Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng ch\u01a1i tr\u00f2 s\u00fac s\u1eafc’, (s\u00fac s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh, an b\u00e0i. \u00d4ng tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy lu\u1eadt, theo m\u1ed9t an b\u00e0i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0 \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 2 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t: s\u00f3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t (hai d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau). Trong m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u00ec \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0\u00a0 s\u00f3ng, m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00eam b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft li\u00ean quan v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft (thuy\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed: “C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi”<\/a><\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb:<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.pureinsight.org\/node\/965 <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Darwin b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng khai v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[85],"tags":[52],"class_list":["post-3997","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-khao-co-hoc","tag-thuyet-tien-hoa"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nH\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Darwin \u2013 M\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5m - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2009\/11\/hoc-thuyet-darwin-mot-chu-de-cam.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Darwin \u2013 M\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5m - 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