![](\"http:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/2004-10-6-horse1-image.jpg\")
<\/a><\/p>\nKhoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/b><\/p>\n
Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/b><\/p>\n
H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh (683-727) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00f4ng v\u1ed1n h\u1ecd Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00ean To\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi X\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ea1c, Ng\u1ee5y Ch\u00e2u (Nam L\u1ea1c, H\u00e0 Nam ng\u00e0y nay). N\u0103m 724 (n\u0103m Khai Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 12), H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ec7nh To\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o du nghi, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 quan tr\u1eafc v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng, M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. Th\u00f4ng qua quan s\u00e1t, H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1eb1ng tinh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra s\u1edbm h\u01a1n g\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m so v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1c h\u1eb1ng tinh t\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Halley \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1718.<\/p>\n
N\u0103m 724, H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 cao B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i b\u00f3ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u00ed, H\u1ea1 ch\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y Xu\u00e2n ph\u00e2n, Thu ph\u00e2n \u1edf 24 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5c C\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed3, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 cao B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c. Trong l\u1ea7n \u0111o n\u00e0y H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u1eefa B\u1eafc c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 Nam c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 351 d\u1eb7m 80 b\u1ed9 (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 129.22 km ng\u00e0y nay), \u0111\u1ed9 cao B\u1eafc c\u1ef1c ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00fd Ng\u1ecd (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kinh \u0111\u1ed9) m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 sai s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 111.2km c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00fd Ng\u1ecd \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n nay, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00fd Ng\u1ecd l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n
H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi t\u1eeb n\u0103m 725, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 727 (n\u0103m Khai Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 15) th\u00ec ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i Di\u1ec5n l\u1ecbch\u201d. B\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf thi\u00ean v\u0103n, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p sau n\u00e0y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1a theo k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Minh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i do vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp th\u1ee5 l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n
K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7<\/b><\/p>\n
K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t minh l\u1edbn th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 in kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VII, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7. \u0110\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 80 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u201cgi\u1ea5y in\u201d – ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n
N\u0103m 824 (n\u0103m Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kh\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 t\u01b0), nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Nguy\u00ean Ch\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a cho \u201cTr\u01b0\u1eddng Kh\u00e1nh t\u1eadp\u201d c\u1ee7a B\u1ea1ch C\u01b0 D\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft tay v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n in c\u00e1c b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a B\u1ea1ch rao b\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y r\u01b0\u1ee3u tr\u00e0. \u0110\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00f2a th\u1eddi Vua V\u0103n T\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 Giang Ho\u00e0i h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 \u201cd\u00f9ng g\u1ed7 in l\u1ecbch\u201d b\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ee3, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ban h\u00e0nh l\u1ecbch m\u1edbi, \u201cl\u1ecbch in \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i\u201d r\u1ed3i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0nh d\u1ec7t t\u01a1<\/b><\/p>\n
S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Giang Nam c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t t\u01a1 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec ph\u00eda Nam l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n ph\u00eda B\u1eafc. Ng\u00f4 Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m d\u1ec7t t\u01a1 c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Giang Nam, sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Trinh Nguy\u00ean (785-805), Vi\u1ec7t Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng l\u00ean tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u01a1 d\u1ec7t, n\u00ean l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00e2u r\u1eb1ng: \u201cY ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb xe Vi\u1ec7t\u201d. Kinh Ch\u00e2u (Giang L\u0103ng, H\u1ed3 B\u1eafc ng\u00e0y nay) v\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean Ch\u00e2u (Tuy\u00ean Th\u00e0nh, An Huy ng\u00e0y nay) c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng t\u01a1 d\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, c\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a Kinh Ch\u00e2u, th\u1ea3m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Tuy\u00ean Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1ng c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ec7t b\u00f4ng c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n \u1edf Linh Nam.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1ec7t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 s\u01a1 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt d\u1ec7t g\u1ea5m l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt d\u1ec7t s\u1ee3i ngang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt d\u1ec7t s\u1ee3i d\u1ecdc v\u1ed1n c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt d\u1ec7t l\u0129nh c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i hoa v\u0103n. D\u1ec7t s\u1ee3i ngang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i s\u1ee3i m\u00e0u c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, thay th\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ee3i d\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong ba m\u00e0u ban \u0111\u1ea7u. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i \u201cg\u1ea5m hoa v\u0103n\u201d th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh th\u1eddi th\u1ecbnh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa.<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn hoa v\u0103n, trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cL\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea1i danh h\u1ecda k\u00fd\u201d (Ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng danh h\u1ecda qua c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i) do Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u1ea1n Vi\u1ec5n th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 d\u1ec7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0110\u1eadu S\u01b0 Lu\u00e2n \u1edf \u00cdch Ch\u00e2u (Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4 ng\u00e0y nay) th\u1eddi s\u01a1 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Ghi ch\u00e9p n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng trong kho cung \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, c\u00f3 c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng g\u1ea5m l\u0129nh do \u0110\u1eadu S\u01b0 Lu\u00e2n d\u1ec7t, hoa v\u0103n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang phong ph\u00fa, c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i tr\u0129, ch\u1ecdi c\u1eebu, ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng bay, k\u1ef3 l\u00e2n ngao du v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n th\u00fa kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng g\u1ea5m l\u0129nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ee5y g\u1ea5m\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ccung l\u0129nh\u201d. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, v\u00e0o n\u0103m Di\u00ean T\u00e1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (n\u0103m 694), ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ban th\u01b0\u1edfng y b\u00e0o th\u00eau cho c\u00e1c quan v\u0103n v\u00f5 t\u1eeb b\u1eadc tam ph\u1ea9m tr\u1edf l\u00ean, v\u1edbi h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft tr\u00ean y b\u00e0o kh\u00e1c nhau cho m\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt d\u1ec7t t\u01a1 th\u1eddi th\u1ecbnh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i t\u1ea5t g\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt t\u1eeb ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 th\u1eddi n\u0103m \u0110\u1ea1i L\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 ba (n\u0103m 773) \u1edf Astana T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i g\u1ea5m s\u1ee3i ngang v\u00e2n ch\u00e9o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec7t t\u1eeb t\u00e1m s\u1ee3i t\u01a1 m\u00e0u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf t\u01b0\u01a1i, h\u1ed3ng, tr\u1eafng, \u0111en, xanh l\u00e1 m\u1ea1, v\u00e0ng, xanh ng\u1ecdc, t\u00edm th\u1eabm. V\u1edbi h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng hoa nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, \u1edf gi\u1eefa l\u00e0 c\u1ee5m hoa v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng hoa l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c nhau, xung quanh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i chim ch\u00f3c, m\u00e2y tr\u00f4i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng hoa nh\u1ecf r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c. B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00e0nh hoa kh\u00fac khu\u1ef7u l\u1eabn v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1 n\u00fai c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i xa xa. G\u1ea7n m\u00e9p vi\u1ec1n g\u1ea5m c\u00f2n d\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec1n ren d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u0103ng ten v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng hoa nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n xanh ng\u1ecdc r\u1ed9ng ch\u1eebng 2cm, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ph\u1ed1i m\u00e0u r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1, ki\u1ec3u s\u1ee3i kh\u0103ng kh\u00edt.<\/p>\n
V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 d\u1ec7t may, luy\u1ec7n kim, nung s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh d\u1ec7t may. Ph\u00eda B\u1eafc gi\u1ecfi d\u1ec7t l\u1ee5a, v\u00f9ng Giang Nam gi\u00e0u v\u1ea3i v\u00f3c, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00ecn chung l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. T\u01a1 l\u1ee5a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf T\u1ed1ng Ch\u00e2u (Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00e2u, H\u00e0 Nam ng\u00e0y nay) v\u00e0 B\u1eb7c Ch\u00e2u (B\u1eb7c Huy\u1ec7n, An Huy ng\u00e0y nay) c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ecbnh Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, h\u00e0ng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng cho ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf h\u01a1n 1.500 x\u1ebfp l\u1ee5a. Ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t t\u01a1 \u1edf Giang Nam c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u01a1 d\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o Giang Nam (v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda Nam Giang T\u00f4 v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebft Giang nay) r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea9m, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 ba to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 sau H\u00e0 Nam v\u00e0 H\u00e0 B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o. Th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 hoa v\u0103n c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u01a1 d\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc, v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng tinh m\u1ef9. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i lanh c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u1ea3i lanh m\u1ecbn c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u (Ho\u00e0ng C\u01b0\u01a1ng, H\u1ed3 B\u1eafc ng\u00e0y nay) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t. Ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t b\u00f4ng c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf Turfan v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y B\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam nh\u01b0 V\u00e2n Nam, Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u1ed3ng b\u00f4ng v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1ea3i b\u00f4ng. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in nhu\u1ed9m c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0nh g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9<\/b><\/p>\n
V\u00e0o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ee9 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ed3 s\u1ee9 tr\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ee9 tr\u1eafng do l\u00f2 H\u00ecnh Ch\u00e2u (thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n L\u00e2m Th\u00e0nh, H\u00e0 B\u1eafc ng\u00e0y nay) s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u201cnh\u01b0 b\u1ea1c\u201d, \u201cnh\u01b0 tuy\u1ebft\u201d, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t cao. Trong \u201cQu\u1ed1c s\u1eed b\u1ed5\u201d c\u1ee7a L\u00fd Tri\u1ec7u c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft: \u201c\u00c2u s\u1ee9 tr\u1eafng N\u1ed9i Kh\u00e2u, nghi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 t\u00edm \u0110oan Kh\u00ea, thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 sang h\u00e8n \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng\u201d. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ee9 tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a l\u00f2 H\u00ecnh Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. L\u00f2 \u0110\u1ea1i \u1ea4p \u1edf T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1ee9 tr\u1eafng. X\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam tr\u1ea5n (C\u1ea3nh \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u1ea5n) \u1edf Giang T\u00e2y n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1ee9 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ee9 tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ee9 men xanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cng\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3\u201d. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u00f2 chuy\u00ean nung s\u1ee9 men xanh th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam, trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a l\u00f2 Vi\u1ec7t Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. S\u1ee9 men xanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf l\u00f2 Vi\u1ec7t Ch\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u00e2n m\u1ecfng, thanh tho\u00e1t l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng b\u00f3ng l\u00f3ng l\u00e1nh. Th\u01a1 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u \u201cC\u1eedu thu phong l\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t di\u00eau khai, \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eafc thi\u00ean phong th\u00fay s\u1eafc lai\u201d (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a: L\u00f2 Vi\u1ec7t Ch\u00e2u m\u1edf gi\u1eefa tr\u1eddi thu th\u00e1ng ch\u00edn gi\u00f3 s\u01b0\u01a1ng, thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafc xanh c\u1ee7a mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n n\u00fai non), \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p tinh x\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n
Trong th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 tr\u00e1ng men m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng, xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y, tr\u1eafng, \u0111\u1ecf th\u1eabm, xanh lam, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tam th\u1ea3i\u201d. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tam th\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m tr\u00e1ng men ch\u00ec nung \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t tr\u1eafng l\u00e0m th\u00e2n v\u1ecf, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng, s\u1eaft, man-gan, c\u00f4-ban l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o m\u00e0u cho men, ch\u00ec c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ee3 dung cho men v\u00e0 l\u1edbp l\u00f3t, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111em nung \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n
Theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tam th\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m tr\u00e1ng men ba m\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m v\u1edbi s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ba m\u00e0u: tr\u1eafng, xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y v\u00e0 v\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0ng theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m tr\u00e1ng men m\u00e0u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng men \u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc, r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh men hai m\u00e0u, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u1ee9c men nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u, v\u1eady n\u00ean g\u1ed1m tr\u00e1ng men qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung th\u00e0nh \u201c\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tam th\u1ea3i\u201d; c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00f3i, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tam th\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc, song s\u1eafc, tam s\u1eafc v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1eafc, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi m\u00e0u g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf son, v\u00e0ng, xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y, xanh lam, t\u00edm, n\u00e2u, tr\u1eafng v.v., v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ba l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i, cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng tam th\u1ea3i (ba m\u00e0u) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho c\u00e1c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tam th\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p g\u1ed1m tr\u00e1ng men xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y v\u00e0 men v\u00e0ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, l\u1ea1i th\u00eam v\u00e0o k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tr\u00e1ng men xanh lam c\u1ee7a Ba T\u01b0 m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f4-ban m\u00e0u xanh lam trong \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tam th\u1ea3i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u t\u1eeb Ba T\u01b0, cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i \u201cTam th\u1ea3i qu\u00fd \u1edf m\u00e0u xanh lam\u201d. Ngo\u00e0i ra, chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tam th\u1ea3i c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Ba T\u01b0 th\u1eddi Sasan.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tam th\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00f9y t\u00e1ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, \u0111\u1ed3 gia d\u1ee5ng, nhu y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m, gia s\u00fac, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v.v., ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cB\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0\u201d c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tam th\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Khai Nguy\u00ean th\u1ecbnh th\u1ebf, sau th\u1eddi Thi\u00ean B\u1ea3o th\u00ec d\u1ea7n suy t\u00e0n.<\/p>\n
V\u00e0o th\u1eddi th\u1ecbnh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, tam th\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf tam th\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt, m\u00e0u men ch\u1ea3y t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, h\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o nhau, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1, to\u00e1t l\u00ean v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt r\u1ea5t cao. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tam th\u1ea3i khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eadp trung \u1edf hai kinh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 T\u00e2y An v\u00e0 L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt \u1edf D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00e2u. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, l\u00f2 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tam th\u1ea3i duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 l\u00f2 C\u1ee7ng Huy\u1ec7n \u1edf H\u00e0 Nam. Nh\u1eefng \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tam th\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt \u1edf l\u00f2 C\u1ee7ng Huy\u1ec7n g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 b\u00ecnh b\u00e1t, t\u00f4 ch\u00e9n, chai, l\u1ecd v.v. khu\u00f4n g\u1ed1m d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e1n hoa trang tr\u00ed c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tam th\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 sau n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec c\u00f3 Ba T\u01b0 tam th\u1ea3i, Islam tam th\u1ea3i, T\u00e2n La tam th\u1ea3i, Nara tam th\u1ea3i v.v., \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec c\u00f3 Li\u00eau tam th\u1ea3i, T\u1ed1ng tam th\u1ea3i, Minh tam th\u1ea3i, Thanh tam th\u1ea3i v.v., \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tam th\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0nh l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y<\/b><\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0nh l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam. C\u00e1c ch\u00e2u nh\u01b0 Tuy\u00ean, H\u1ea5p, H\u00e0ng, V\u1ee5, Ho\u00e0nh, Vi\u1ec7t, Qu\u00e2n, \u00cdch, Thi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5y n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Gi\u1ea5y gai d\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u00cdch Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y m\u00e2y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Chi\u1ebft Giang, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ecbnh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a \u00cdch Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao h\u01a1n, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 Kinh, D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Giao, v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u d\u00f9ng v\u1ecf c\u00e2y d\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9. Thi\u1ec1u Ch\u00e2u th\u00ec d\u00f9ng tre l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y, m\u1edf ra l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea5y tre sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
Ngo\u00e0i ra, gi\u1ea5y Tuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf K\u00ednh Huy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Tuy\u00ean Ch\u00e2u, c\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u m\u1ecbn m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft, b\u1ec1n m\u00e0u, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea5y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01b0 h\u1ecda r\u1ea5t \u01b0a d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0nh luy\u1ec7n kim<\/b><\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0nh luy\u1ec7n kim c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y v\u00e0 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc c\u1ea5m luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c qu\u1eb7ng ra, th\u00ec c\u00e1c n\u01a1i khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p khai th\u00e1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 do quan thu thu\u1ebf. Theo ghi ch\u00e9p, c\u00f3 168 l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1eaft thi\u1ebfc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 58 l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n b\u1ea1c, 96 l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng, 5 m\u1ecf s\u1eaft, 2 m\u1ecf thi\u1ebfc, 4 m\u1ecf ch\u00ec \u1edf c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u Thi\u1ec3m (Thi\u1ec3m Huy\u1ec7n, H\u00e0 Nam), Tuy\u00ean (Tuy\u00ean Th\u00e0nh, An Huy), Nhu\u1eadn (Tr\u1ea5n Giang, Giang T\u00f4), Nhi\u00eau (Ba D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Giang T\u00e2y), C\u00f9 (C\u00f9 Huy\u1ec7n, Chi\u1ebft Giang), T\u00edn (Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nhi\u00eau, Giang T\u00e2y). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea r\u1ea5t s\u01a1 b\u1ed9, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Tuy\u00ean T\u00f4ng, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ecf s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean t\u1edbi 71 m\u1ecf, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eaft.<\/p>\n
V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u1ea7m ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c v\u0103n v\u1eadt th\u1eddi th\u1ecbnh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i th\u00f4n H\u00e0 Gia v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 ph\u00eda Nam c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y An, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 270 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 t\u00f4 ch\u00e9n, m\u00e2m \u0111\u0129a, chai, l\u1ecd v.v. c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 hoa v\u0103n tinh x\u1ea3o l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1eaft g\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y ti\u1ec7n quay tay hay b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1p ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n
N\u0103m 621 (n\u0103m V\u0169 \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 t\u01b0), nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00fac m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n m\u1edbi, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cKhai Nguy\u00ean Th\u00f4ng B\u1ea3o\u201d, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh t\u00e1m ph\u00e2n, m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n n\u1eb7ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf \u0111i lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n n\u1eb7ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Thanh. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean B\u1ea3o, c\u00f3 99 l\u00f2 \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 327.000 quan ti\u1ec1n (m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n x\u00e2u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i) m\u1ed7i n\u0103m.<\/p>\n
Y h\u1ecdc<\/b><\/p>\n
Trong th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, y h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng khoa nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 danh y n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 T\u00f4n T\u01b0 M\u1ea1c (581~682) ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh Tri\u1ec7u, Hoa Nguy\u00ean (nay l\u00e0 Di\u1ec7u Huy\u1ec7n, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y).<\/p>\n
T\u00f4n T\u01b0 M\u1ea1c l\u00e0 y h\u1ecdc gia ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u201cd\u01b0\u1ee3c V\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d. \u00d4ng th\u00f4ng minh hi\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea3y tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc ngh\u00ecn ch\u1eef m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d; 20 tu\u1ed5i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tinh th\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft B\u00e1ch gia ch\u01b0 t\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p thi\u00ean v\u0103n, gi\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 L\u00e3o T\u1eed v\u00e0 Trang T\u1eed, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng ham th\u00edch Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng s\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng tai th\u00ednh m\u1eaft tinh, \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c minh m\u1eabn s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n uy\u00ean th\u00e2m tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh b\u1ea5t l\u00e3o. T\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ng\u1ee5y Tr\u01b0ng khi bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n s\u1eed k\u00fd Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ea1i (T\u1ec1, L\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tr\u1ea7n, Chu, T\u00f9y) e r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t, n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng lui t\u1edbi h\u1ecfi \u00f4ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i t\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c t\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng sai kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng t\u1eadn m\u1eaft ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn v\u1eady.<\/p>\n
C\u00f3 l\u1ea7n L\u01b0 Chi\u1ebfu L\u00e2n h\u1ecfi T\u00f4n T\u01b0 M\u1ea1c: \u201cV\u00ec sao danh y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ec7nh?\u201d T\u00f4n T\u01b0 M\u1ea1c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \u201cTa nghe n\u00f3i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0m tham chi\u1ebfu c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n h\u1ea1 thu \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh kim m\u1ed9c th\u1ee7y h\u1ecfa th\u1ed5, M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng, M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00f3ng l\u1ea1nh lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean nhau, tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng. Khi kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a th\u00ec th\u00e0nh m\u01b0a r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng, khi n\u1ed9 kh\u00ed b\u1eebng b\u1eebng th\u00ec khua tr\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh gi\u00f3, l\u01a1 l\u1eedng r\u1edbt xu\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh s\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00f4ng k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1 tuy\u1ebft, khi t\u1ecfa ra d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00ec th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7u v\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ee9 chi v\u00e0 ng\u0169 t\u1ea1ng, ng\u1ee7 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c, h\u00edt v\u00e0o v\u00e0 th\u1edf ra, tinh kh\u00ed tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n qua l\u1ea1i, th\u1ee9 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 kh\u00ed huy\u1ebft, th\u1ee9 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ra l\u00e0 kh\u00ed s\u1eafc, th\u1ee9 ph\u00e1t ra l\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o tinh kh\u00ed, \u00e2m th\u00ec d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t khi \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, d\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00ed b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i th\u00ec s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t ra ch\u1ee9ng n\u00f3ng, \u00e2m kh\u00ed \u1ee9 tr\u1ec7 th\u00ec sinh ra ch\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1nh, tinh kh\u00ed \u0111\u00f4ng k\u1ebft th\u00ec s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh kh\u1ed1i u, kh\u00ed h\u01b0 l\u1eafng l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh u nh\u1ecdt, kh\u00ed ch\u1ea1y lo\u1ea1n th\u00ec tim \u0111\u1eadp nhanh kh\u00f3 th\u1edf, kh\u00ed huy\u1ebft suy ki\u1ec7t th\u00ec ti\u1ec1u t\u1ee5y h\u1ed1c h\u00e1c, tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3, quan s\u00e1t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a co gi\u00e3n c\u1ee7a n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh tinh Kim M\u1ed9c Th\u1ee7y H\u1ecfa Th\u1ed5, c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t (Nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c, Nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c), Sao Ch\u1ed5i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t. N\u00f3ng l\u1ea1nh th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng theo m\u00f9a, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh n\u00f3ng l\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t; kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1 d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng, m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ed3i l\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1eddi; n\u00fai s\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00fan, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 u nh\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t; cu\u1ed3ng phong b\u1ea1o v\u0169 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 th\u1edf m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi; tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng m\u01b0a, s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i kh\u00f4 kh\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea1n kh\u00f4. L\u01b0\u01a1ng y d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00f4ng, d\u00f9ng ch\u00e2m c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u, Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n d\u00f9ng ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ee9c khi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 h\u00f2a thu\u1eadn, l\u1ea1i th\u00eam s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho n\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb, th\u00ec tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tai h\u1ecda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau tr\u1eeb, quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4ng\u201d. \u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi ca t\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.<\/p>\n
C\u1ea3 Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Cao T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eebng tri\u1ec7u ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 trao cho \u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c quan, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. N\u0103m 682 T\u00f4n T\u01b0 M\u1ea1c qua \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau s\u1eafc m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, khi nh\u1eadp quan th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 khi m\u1edf quan t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ra th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed7i \u00e1o qu\u1ea7n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Trong \u201cNh\u1ecb th\u1eadp l\u1ee5c s\u1eed\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cTh\u00e1i B\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3ng k\u00fd\u201d \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p.<\/p>\n
N\u0103m 652 (n\u0103m V\u0129nh Huy th\u1ee9 ba), T\u00f4n T\u01b0 M\u1ea1c vi\u1ebft xong b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u201cB\u1ecb c\u1ea5p thi\u00ean kim y\u1ebfu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d g\u1ed3m 30 cu\u1ed1n. 30 n\u0103m sau, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 \u201cThi\u00ean kim d\u1ef1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d g\u1ed3m 30 cu\u1ed1n, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 \u201cThi\u00ean kim ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i t\u00ecm t\u00f2i v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n T\u01b0 M\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n
Trong b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch, T\u00f4n T\u01b0 M\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y h\u1ecdc gia trong c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 5.300 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t coi tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ee5 khoa v\u00e0 nhi khoa, li\u1ec7t k\u00ea ch\u00fang \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh khoa m\u1ee5c ri\u00eang. \u00d4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ea9n tr\u1ecb, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9p, \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c tr\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c, T\u00f4n T\u01b0 M\u1ea1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u00edch n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt.<\/p>\n
\u201cThi\u00ean kim ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d ghi ch\u00e9p t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n 800 lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 b\u00e0o ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n 200 lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c. Do nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p to l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, T\u00f4n T\u01b0 M\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau t\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u201cd\u01b0\u1ee3c V\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a y h\u1ecdc nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2n b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o\u201d, do T\u00f4 K\u00ednh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n, chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 d\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc v\u1eeba c\u00f3 tranh minh h\u1ecda \u0111\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u1eddi v\u0103n hay. B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 53 cu\u1ed1n, thu th\u1eadp 844 lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi do m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ban h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n
Ch\u00e2n Quy\u1ec1n, nh\u00e0 ch\u00e2m c\u1ee9u l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n
Ch\u00e2n Quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ch\u00e2m c\u1ee9u l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c y thu\u1eadt, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n tinh th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng sinh, \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0103n u\u1ed1ng thanh \u0111\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a kh\u00ed v\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng tinh kh\u00ed. Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed L\u1ed7 Ch\u00e2u l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Kh\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ecbch \u1ea2i b\u1ecb tr\u00fang gi\u00f3, tay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o cung, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c n\u00e0o ch\u1eefa kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u00e2n Quy\u1ec1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cGi\u1eef nguy\u00ean t\u01b0 th\u1ebf b\u1eafn cung, ch\u00e2m m\u1ed9t m\u0169i kim v\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eafn cung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i\u201d. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n Quy\u1ec1n ch\u00e2m m\u1ed9t kim v\u00e0o huy\u1ec7t g\u1ea7n vai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, qu\u1ea3 nhi\u00ean kim ch\u00e2m xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eafn cung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Th\u00e2m Ch\u00e2u c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng m\u1eafc ngh\u1eb9n \u0111\u00e3 ba ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0103n u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, Ch\u00e2n Quy\u1ec1n d\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i kim ch\u00e2m ba g\u00f3c ch\u00e2m v\u00e0o ng\u00f3n tay c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, kh\u00ed t\u1ee9c li\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u00e2n Quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n
N\u0103m Trinh Qu\u00e1n th\u1ee9 17, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m nh\u00e0 \u00f4ng, h\u1ecfi \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0103n u\u1ed1ng sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi trao cho \u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c Tri\u1ec1u t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1i phu, ban cho \u00f4ng th\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 y \u00e1o. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u1ea5y Ch\u00e2n Quy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u1eddi, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd 103 tu\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m trong \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u00f3 \u201cMinh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3\u201d, so\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u201cCh\u00e2m kinh sao\u201d, \u201cM\u1ea1ch kinh\u201d, \u201cCh\u00e2m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d, \u201cM\u1ea1ch quy\u1ebft ph\u00fa\u201d, \u201cD\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh lu\u1eadn\u201d v.v., \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 \u201cB\u1ecb c\u1ea5p thi\u00ean kim y\u1ebfu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d, \u201cThi\u00ean kim d\u1ef1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d, \u201cNgo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e0i b\u00ed y\u1ebfu\u201d c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cMinh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, danh y th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00f4n T\u01b0 M\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd th\u00e0nh \u201cNh\u00e2n th\u1ec3 kinh l\u1ea1c du huy\u1ec7t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3\u201d (hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c).<\/p>\n
(H\u1ebft)<\/i><\/p>\n