[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n
7. Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/b><\/p>\n
7.1. \u0110\u1ea1i n\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/b><\/p>\n
Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi 5000 n\u0103m. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u00ean nh\u00e2n h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u201cph\u1ea3n b\u1ed5n quy ch\u00e2n\u201d (tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o, thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c b\u00e1o \u1ee9ng, sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e2n, ngh\u0129a, l\u1ec5, tr\u00ed, t\u00edn\u201d c\u1ee7a Nho gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng nhau t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Hoa. L\u00f2ng trung hi\u1ebfu ti\u1ebft ngh\u0129a, s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00f4n nghi\u00eam, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y sang \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa qua h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m.<\/p>\n
Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u201cC\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a\u201d ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e0n qu\u00e9t kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 phong ki\u1ebfn m\u00ea t\u00edn, c\u00e1c danh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 y\u00eau ma qu\u1ef7 qu\u00e1i, c\u00e1c di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i. V\u00f4 s\u1ed1 b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tranh v\u1ebd qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thi\u00eau h\u1ee7y, kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201ct\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng\u201d lan r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3n v\u00f4 ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 thi\u00ean. \u201cThuy\u1ebft v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh thay th\u1ebf cho t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o Th\u1ea7n. L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh V\u1ea1n Th\u1ecd S\u01a1n \u1edf Di H\u00f2a Vi\u00ean, B\u1eafc Kinh c\u00f3 1.000 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ea1m n\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng men l\u01b0u ly. Sau phong tr\u00e0o \u201cPh\u00e1 T\u1ee9 c\u1ef1u\u201d, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n. \u1ede huy\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i, t\u1ec9nh S\u01a1n T\u00e2y c\u00f3 ch\u00f9a Thi\u00ean Thai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 1600 n\u0103m, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 b\u00edch h\u1ecda r\u1ea5t qu\u00fd gi\u00e1. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u trong khe n\u00fai c\u00e1ch xa khu v\u1ef1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u201cph\u00e1 t\u1ee9 c\u1ef1u\u201d v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3n ng\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda.<\/p>\n
Hang \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u1ea1c Cao \u1edf \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng nh\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 g\u1eb7p ch\u00fat nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ecf, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c may m\u1eafn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n
Th\u1eadp ni\u00ean tai h\u1ecda<\/p>\n
Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ea7n Kh\u00e1c, b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n d\u00e3 man. \u0110i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng \u0111au l\u00f2ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o th\u01a1 v\u0103n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef bao nhi\u00eau n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. \u00d4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi trong u\u1ea5t h\u1eadn t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 07 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1969.<\/p>\n
V\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ecdng D\u00e2n, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng v\u1eeba tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb Paris trong vinh quang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u201cc\u00e1nh h\u1eefu\u201d n\u0103m 1957, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m \u201cc\u00e1nh h\u1eefu\u201d n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong gi\u1edbi s\u1eed h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 treo c\u1ed5 t\u1ef1 t\u1eed v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 04 n\u0103m 1975.<\/p>\n
H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ea1t, nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e3 ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng trong l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng c\u00f4ng k\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1966, khi \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng m\u1edbi 66 tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n
V\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00e1nh Th\u1ee5c, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kho t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng do Anh qu\u1ed1c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb g\u00e1n cho nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed9i danh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ec9 nh\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tra t\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n
Giang L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Phu, b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch 24 t\u1eadp \u201cDoanh Nhai \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng v\u1eadn t\u1eadp\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng – Kho b\u00e1u v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ec9 nh\u1ee5c trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a, b\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 qu\u00e9t d\u1ecdn c\u1ea7u thang.<\/p>\n
Trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cTh\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u01b0 H\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadt b\u00ecnh\u201d, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 h\u01b0u L\u00fd X\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u1ecdc \u1edf t\u1ec9nh S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 sau: Cao Nh\u1ea5t H\u00e0m, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u01b0 H\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd qu\u00ean.<\/p>\n
V\u1eady Cao Nh\u1ea5t H\u00e0m l\u00e0 ai? \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9. \u00d4ng t\u1eebng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ng\u0169 t\u1ec9nh Thi\u1ec3m, Cam, Ninh, Thanh, T\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u1ee6y ban Tr\u00f9 b\u1ecb cho Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng. \u00d4ng t\u1eebng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \u201cL\u1ea5y l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta\u201d. \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta coi tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n tr\u1ecb, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh\u201d.<\/p>\n
Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201cT\u1eeb chuy\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u1edf \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nguy c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Ngh\u00ecn Ph\u1eadt\u201d, Th\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u01b0 H\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng: \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00f4ng Cao Nh\u1ea5t H\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebfn hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Ngh\u00ecn Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 03 n\u0103m 1943, \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa\u201d. … \u201cKhi chia tay, \u00f4ng Cao Nh\u1ea5t H\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i: \u2018B\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00e1c anh ph\u1ea3i mang tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng, khai ph\u00e1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Ngh\u00ecn Ph\u1eadt!\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n
Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n \u201c90 m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n thu – 50 n\u0103m \u1edf \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng\u201d vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, Th\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u01b0 H\u1ed3ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean c\u1ee7a Cao Nh\u1ea5t H\u00e0m. T\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y? Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n?<\/p>\n
L\u00fd X\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u1ecdc c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft: \u201c\u00d4ng ta mu\u1ed1n x\u00f3a s\u1ea1ch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00ec b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eedi r\u1ee7a th\u00ec ch\u1eedi r\u1ee7a. \u00d4ng ta mu\u1ed1n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e2ng b\u1ed1c th\u00ec t\u00e2ng b\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ecbnh n\u1ecdt th\u00ec n\u1ecbnh n\u1ecdt\u201d. \u201cTh\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u01b0 H\u1ed3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ea5u, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u2018\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c\u2019 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ra s\u1ee9c truy c\u1ea7u th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn, v\u00ec v\u1eady, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1ecf r\u01a1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i v\u1eabn cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ea5u, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m\u201d. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1949, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t h\u1ecda s\u1ef9, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c nho nh\u00e3, l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1, d\u1ec5 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i\u201d, \u201cTh\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u01b0 H\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tha h\u00f3a b\u1edfi phong tr\u00e0o t\u1ea9y n\u00e3o\u201d.<\/p>\n
S\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u01b0 H\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n dung \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft qua h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 b\u1ecb k\u00ecm h\u00e3m, b\u00f3p m\u00e9o. Trong s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1eeb b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, trong s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o Th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do tinh th\u1ea7n, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n
7.2. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt thu\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n, thu\u1ea7n thi\u1ec7n, thu\u1ea7n m\u1ef9<\/b><\/p>\n
Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i?<\/p>\n
Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p h\u00e0i h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh Th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n
Trong d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed 5000 n\u0103m v\u0103n minh Trung Hoa, v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i: \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ee9, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc, tranh v\u1ebd, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5, \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00faa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c… Trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edd c\u00fang Th\u1ea7n linh, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y Th\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i di ch\u1ec9 Tam Tinh \u0110\u00f4i, t\u1ec9nh T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean, g\u1eedi g\u1eafm kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Thi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5c c\u1ed5 tin r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi \u201cc\u00e2y Th\u1ea7n\u201d l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1edd c\u00fang \u201cc\u00e2y Th\u1ea7n\u201d th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean Thi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n
Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00e2ng t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n m\u00ecnh l\u00ean t\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi thu\u1ea7n t\u1ecbnh, d\u00f9ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p, d\u00f9ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ca ng\u1ee3i Th\u1ea7n linh, tu\u00e2n theo Thi\u00ean \u00fd, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb Th\u1ea7n linh, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0u danh mu\u00f4n thu\u1edf.<\/p>\n
Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u1ea1n Vi\u1ec5n trong \u201cL\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea1i danh h\u1ecda k\u00fd\u201d vi\u1ebft: \u201cTh\u01b0 (v\u0103n t\u1ef1) v\u00e0 h\u1ecda l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, n\u00ean m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u0103n t\u1ef1, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, n\u00ean m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda … \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n\u201d.<\/p>\n
Giorgio Vasari, nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng – \u00dd \u0111\u00e3 ca ng\u1ee3i Leonardo da Vinci, b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 sau: \u201c\u0110\u00f4i khi \u00f4ng Tr\u1eddi ban cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p, s\u1ef1 tao nh\u00e3 v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c anh \u1ea5y l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1u v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng thi\u00ean b\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 do tr\u1eddi ban ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb s\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d.<\/p>\n
Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ghi ch\u00e9p r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi Quang \u00c2m, do ham mu\u1ed1n d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m ph\u00e0m ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb gi\u00e1ng xu\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea7n gian. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n si\u00eang n\u0103ng tu luy\u1ec7n, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ph\u00e0m t\u1ee5c, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m t\u00edn Ph\u1eadt, \u201cPh\u1eadt\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec qu\u00e1 b\u00ed \u1ea9n, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu th\u00e0nh. Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u1ea1 khi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecda s\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng trong kinh Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c. T\u00e0o B\u1ea5t H\u01b0ng, C\u1ed1 Kh\u1ea3i Chi, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u0103ng Di\u00eau, Tri\u1ec3n T\u1eed Ki\u1ec1n, Di\u00eam L\u1eadp B\u1ea3n, Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u1ea1o T\u1eed… c\u00e1c danh h\u1ecda n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1edbi s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u01b0u danh thi\u00ean c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n
Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n Th\u1ea7n, nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t, s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1ebd Th\u1ea7n. Th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9, v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ecfa ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n v\u1ebd. Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 trang nghi\u00eam th\u00f9 th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n th\u00ec h\u1ecda s\u1ef9 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tinh x\u1ea3o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh th\u00ec Th\u1ea7n s\u1ebd ban cho h\u1ecd thi\u1ec7n ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 linh c\u1ea3m, tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n cho h\u1ecd c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi thi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 mu\u00f4n m\u00e0u, tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 huy ho\u00e0ng, khi\u1ebfn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f3 \u00fd c\u1ea3nh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn s\u00e2u xa, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1, t\u1ecfa \u00e1nh h\u00e0o quang x\u00e1n l\u1ea1n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a theo \u0111u\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n
Lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a th\u1ea7n v\u1eadn v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc hi\u1ec1n t\u00e0i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. H\u1ecd r\u1ea5t coi tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, trong \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu \u0110\u1ea1o, h\u1ecd coi \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong vi\u1ec7c tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n
Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed n\u00f3i: \u201cCh\u00ed \u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1o, c\u1ee9 \u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c, y \u01b0 nh\u00e2n, du \u01b0 ngh\u1ec7\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: \u201cL\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0m ch\u00ed h\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, l\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a, s\u1ebd th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o l\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec7\u201d. Do \u0111\u00f3, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u1ea1n Vi\u1ec5n l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi v\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao sang, cao nh\u00e2n \u1ea9n s\u0129, rung \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u1ef3 t\u00e0i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi, truy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfng th\u01a1m mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m\u201d. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p cao \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda s\u1ef9 ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t cao.<\/p>\n
S\u1ef1 coi tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong vi\u1ec7c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i t\u00ednh ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c trong s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c. \u0110i\u00eau kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng th\u1ea7n v\u1eadn, \u201cd\u00f9ng \u00fd vi\u1ebft th\u1ea7n\u201d, t\u1eeb \u00fd c\u1ea3nh s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra th\u1ea7n th\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c. B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n truy\u1ec1n, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 thi\u00ean ph\u00fa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh quy. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e1i h\u00e0n l\u00e2m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o k\u1ef9 ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, tinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh quy, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt, v\u1eadt th\u1eadt, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai phong c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau.<\/p>\n
C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u1ed1c, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111i xa kh\u1ecfi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o Th\u1ea7n, ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, b\u1ecf r\u01a1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang \u00fd th\u1ee9c, theo \u0111u\u1ed5i tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u1ed1i t\u0103m, k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Arthur Danto ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \u201cB\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u1eefa, th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 s\u1edbm \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac r\u1ed3i\u201d.<\/p>\n
Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 m\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n linh ban t\u1eb7ng cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9 th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i tim th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n linh. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u1ea1c Cao \u1edf \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng, hay nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c theo th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u00fap cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y nay th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn Th\u1ea7n th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o d\u00f9ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quy ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t m\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u00ed thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed m\u1ef9 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang. S\u1ef1 k\u00ednh Tr\u1eddi k\u00ednh Th\u1ea7n m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean theo \u0111u\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n
Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng \u00fd c\u1ea3nh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng s\u00e2u xa. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ed3i sinh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u00f4ng qua ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft, thu\u1ea7n m\u1ef9 m\u00e0 c\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n
(C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/i><\/p>\n