{"id":35213,"date":"2024-12-09T09:17:58","date_gmt":"2024-12-09T02:17:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=35213"},"modified":"2025-05-30T00:30:09","modified_gmt":"2025-05-29T17:30:09","slug":"cong-xa-paris-lan-thu-nhat-va-my-thuat-tan-co-dien-phan-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/12\/cong-xa-paris-lan-thu-nhat-va-my-thuat-tan-co-dien-phan-3.html","title":{"rendered":"C\u00f4ng\u200c \u200cx\u00e3\u200c \u200cParis\u200c \u200cl\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u200cv\u00e0\u200c \u200cm\u1ef9\u200c \u200cthu\u1eadt\u200c \u200cT\u00e2n\u200c \u200cc\u1ed5\u200c \u200c\u0111i\u1ec3n (Ph\u1ea7n 3)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n<p>David c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; t&#7915;ng n&#7871;m tr&aacute;i &#273;&#7855;ng nh&#432; v&#7853;y, ch&#7881; l&agrave; &ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t r&otilde; nh&#7919;ng b&#7913;c tranh &ocirc;ng v&#7869; n&agrave;y &#273;&#7873;u d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; tuy&ecirc;n truy&#7873;n ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883;, &ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng nhi&ecirc;n s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7889;c &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c &#273;i gi&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&agrave; m&igrave;nh. Nh&#432;ng sau khi &ocirc;ng b&#7887; phi&#7871;u t&aacute;n th&agrave;nh vi&#7879;c &#273;&#432;a Vua Louis XVI l&ecirc;n m&aacute;y ch&eacute;m, v&#7907; &ocirc;ng Charlotte (t&ecirc;n Charlotte David sau khi k&#7871;t h&ocirc;n v&agrave; t&ecirc;n Marguerite Charlotte P&eacute;coul l&uacute;c c&ograve;n tr&#7867;) c&#7843;m th&#7845;y ch&aacute;n gh&eacute;t cu&#7897;c c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng n&agrave;y, cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng &#273;&atilde; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; ch&#7883;u &#273;&#7921;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&agrave; ly h&ocirc;n v&#7899;i &ocirc;ng.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, theo t&agrave;i li&#7879;u l&#7883;ch s&#7917;, Charlotte c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; kh&ocirc;ng t&#7915; b&#7887; vi&#7879;c k&eacute;o David tr&#7903; v&#7873; con &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng ch&iacute;nh &#273;&#7841;o. David &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; b&#7887; t&ugrave; hai l&#7847;n sau khi m&#7845;t quy&#7873;n l&#7921;c v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1794. Trong kho&#7843;ng th&#7901;i gian &#273;&oacute;, Charlotte v&agrave; c&aacute;c h&#7885;c tr&ograve; c&#7911;a David &#273;&atilde; b&ocirc;n ba c&#7847;u vi&#7879;n, cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng &#273;&atilde; c&#7913;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7841;ng s&#7889;ng c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng, v&agrave; m&#7895;i l&#7847;n &#273;&#7873;u ch&#7881; trong m&#7897;t kho&#7843;ng th&#7901;i gian ng&#7855;n &#273;&atilde; gi&uacute;p &ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7843;. Hai ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#7885; t&aacute;i h&ocirc;n v&agrave;o ng&agrave;y 12 th&aacute;ng 11 n&#259;m 1796, v&agrave; s&#7889;ng c&ugrave;ng nhau &#273;&#7871;n gi&agrave;, c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n c&#7911;a h&#7885; c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t giai tho&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/258121_1585752357_3-image.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/258121_1585752357_3-image.jpg\" width=\"450\" height=\"552\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>Tranh s&#417;n d&#7847;u &ldquo;La Libert&eacute; ou la Mort&rdquo; (T&#7921; do hay l&agrave; ch&#7871;t) &ndash; B&#7913;c tranh c&#7911;a H&#7885;a s&#7929; Ph&aacute;p Jean-Baptiste Regnault s&aacute;ng t&aacute;c n&#259;m 1793 &ndash; 1795.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Trong th&#7901;i k&#7923; n&agrave;y, ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n c&aacute;i ch&#7871;t kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#7843;n &aacute;nh trong c&aacute;c s&aacute;ng t&aacute;c c&#7911;a David. D&#432;&#7899;i &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#ta_linh\" 28738 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">t&agrave; linh<\/a> v&agrave; b&#7847;u kh&ocirc;ng kh&iacute; ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; th&#7889;i n&aacute;t, kh&ocirc;ng &iacute;t ngh&#7879; s&#7929; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7863;t ch&acirc;n v&agrave;o ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; n&agrave;y. V&iacute; d&#7909;, b&#7913;c &ldquo;La Libert&eacute; ou la Mort&rdquo; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#7869; b&#7903;i Jean-Baptiste Regnault, b&#7841;n h&#7885;c c&#7911;a David, ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; lo&#7841;i t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m l&#7845;y l&ograve;ng ch&iacute;nh quy&#7873;n t&agrave; &aacute;c: h&igrave;nh ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; &#273;&ocirc;i c&aacute;nh &#7903; gi&#7919;a l&agrave; bi&#7875;u t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a n&#432;&#7899;c Ph&aacute;p, &#273;ang bay ph&iacute;a tr&ecirc;n Tr&aacute;i &#272;&#7845;t. Hai b&ecirc;n th&igrave; m&#7897;t b&ecirc;n l&agrave; N&#7919; Th&#7847;n t&#432;&#7907;ng tr&#432;ng cho n&#7873;n c&#7897;ng h&ograve;a t&#7921; do, v&agrave; m&#7897;t b&ecirc;n l&agrave; Th&#7847;n Ch&#7871;t. Ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; hi&#7875;n l&#7897; m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch r&otilde; r&agrave;ng m&agrave;u s&#7855;c ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; r&#7857;ng: kh&ocirc;ng tham gia v&agrave;o cu&#7897;c c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng c&#7897;ng h&ograve;a ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; ch&#7885;n c&aacute;i ch&#7871;t. M&#7863;c d&ugrave; c&aacute;c nh&acirc;n v&#7853;t trong tranh c&oacute; s&#7921; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n c&#7911;a Thi&ecirc;n s&#7913; ho&#7863;c nh&acirc;n v&#7853;t th&#7847;n tho&#7841;i, nh&#432;ng ai c&#361;ng bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng trong b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh c&#7845;m ch&#7881; t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng ch&iacute;nh gi&aacute;o v&agrave; c&#7893; v&#361; b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh x&atilde; h&#7897;i s&aacute;t h&#7841;i t&iacute;n &#273;&#7891;, th&igrave; nh&#7919;ng h&igrave;nh &#7843;nh n&agrave;y tuy&#7879;t kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; &#273;&#7875; ca ng&#7907;i c&aacute;c v&#7883; Th&#7847;n, m&agrave; l&agrave; b&#7883; &#273;&aacute;nh c&#7855;p &#273;&#7875; ch&#7889;ng l&#7841;i &#273;&#7913;c tin v&agrave; &#7911;ng h&#7897; cu&#7897;c c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng gi&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/258121_1585752357_4-image.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/258121_1585752357_4-image.jpg\" width=\"450\" height=\"280\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>B&#7913;c tranh &ldquo;C&aacute;i ch&#7871;t c&#7911;a Gaius Gracchus&rdquo;&#65288;La Mort de Caius Gracchus) do t&aacute;c gi&#7843; Fran&ccedil;ois Topino-Lebrun ho&agrave;n th&agrave;nh v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1798.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>B&#7903;i v&igrave; David ph&#7909; tr&aacute;ch b&#7897; ph&#7853;n tuy&ecirc;n truy&#7873;n v&agrave; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t, c&ugrave;ng v&#7899;i t&agrave;i n&#259;ng h&#7897;i h&#7885;a si&ecirc;u ph&agrave;m c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, &ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng nhi&ecirc;n c&oacute; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u &#273;&#7891; &#273;&#7879;. Trong &#273;&oacute;, c&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng &iacute;t h&#7885;c tr&ograve; c&#361;ng ti&#7871;p b&#432;&#7899;c th&#7847;y gi&aacute;o m&igrave;nh, tham gia v&agrave;o ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng. V&iacute; d&#7909;, Fran&ccedil;ois Topino-Lebrun, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; ti&#7871;p nh&#7853;n tr&#432;&#7901;ng ph&aacute;i c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n s&#417; khai &ldquo;Babouvisme&rdquo;, l&agrave; m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng m&ocirc;n sinh &#273;&#7855;c &yacute; c&#7911;a David, v&agrave; t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m ti&ecirc;u bi&#7875;u c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng c&#361;ng l&agrave; t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m c&oacute; ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; ch&#7871;t ch&oacute;c &ldquo;C&aacute;i ch&#7871;t c&#7911;a Gaius Gracchus&rdquo; (La Mort de Caius Gracchus). Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, &ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c bi&#7871;t &#273;&#7871;n nhi&#7873;u nh&#7845;t v&igrave; &#273;&atilde; &acirc;m m&#432;u v&#7899;i nh&agrave; &#273;i&ecirc;u kh&#7855;c Giuseppe Ceracchi &#273;&#7875; &aacute;m s&aacute;t Napol&eacute;on v&agrave;o m&ugrave;a thu n&#259;m 1800 v&#7899;i s&#7921; tr&#7907; gi&uacute;p t&#7915; th&#7871; l&#7921;c phe Jacobin c&ograve;n s&oacute;t l&#7841;i. Sau khi v&#7909; vi&#7879;c th&#7845;t b&#7841;i, &ocirc;ng b&#7883; x&#7917; t&#7917; c&ugrave;ng v&#7899;i &#273;&#7891;ng b&#7885;n.<\/p>\n<p>M&#7897;t m&ocirc;n sinh kh&aacute;c c&#7911;a David, h&#7885;a s&#7929; ph&aacute;i Jacobin Philippe-Auguste Hennequin c&#361;ng t&#7915;ng tham gia v&agrave;o cu&#7897;c ch&iacute;nh bi&#7871;n ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n th&#7901;i k&#7923; &#273;&#7847;u. V&agrave;o th&aacute;ng 9 n&#259;m 1796, h&agrave;ng tr&#259;m th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n c&#7911;a nh&oacute;m ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n s&#417; khai Les &Eacute;gaux &#273;&atilde; gia nh&#7853;p l&#7921;c l&#432;&#7907;ng v&#7899;i t&agrave;n d&#432; c&#7911;a nh&oacute;m Montagnards &ndash; &#273;&#7843;ng c&#7911;a ph&aacute;i Jacobin tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y, &#273;&oacute;ng qu&acirc;n t&#7841;i Grenelle ph&iacute;a T&acirc;y Nam Paris. T&#7841;i &#273;&acirc;y, h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; k&iacute;ch &#273;&#7897;ng ph&#7843;n lo&#7841;n, m&#432;u &#273;&#7891; x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng l&#7841;i c&ocirc;ng x&atilde; &#273;&atilde; s&#7909;p &#273;&#7893;, th&#7921;c h&agrave;nh ch&iacute;nh s&aacute;ch ru&#7897;ng &#273;&#7845;t c&#7911;a ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n, nh&#432;ng nhanh ch&oacute;ng b&#7883; d&#7853;p t&#7855;t, Hennequin c&#361;ng b&#7883; b&#7887; t&ugrave; v&igrave; c&oacute; li&ecirc;n quan.<\/p>\n<p><b>S&#7921; kh&aacute;c bi&#7879;t v&agrave; m&#7889;i li&ecirc;n h&#7879;<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Sau khi Napol&eacute;on l&ecirc;n n&#7855;m quy&#7873;n, nh&#7919;ng s&#7921; &#273;i&ecirc;n cu&#7891;ng n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7845;m d&#7913;t. V&agrave;o ng&agrave;y 15 th&aacute;ng 7 n&#259;m 1801, Napol&eacute;on v&agrave; Gi&aacute;o ho&agrave;ng &#273;&atilde; k&yacute; m&#7897;t hi&#7879;p &#273;&#7883;nh ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; &ndash; t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o, t&#7913;c &ldquo;&#272;i&#7873;u &#432;&#7899;c gi&aacute;o v&#7909;&rdquo; (R&eacute;gime concordataire fran&ccedil;ais), d&#432;&#7899;i s&#7921; b&#7843;o h&#7897; c&#7911;a ph&aacute;p lu&#7853;t &#273;&atilde; kh&ocirc;i ph&#7909;c &#273;&#7883;a v&#7883; c&#7911;a Gi&aacute;o h&#7897;i Thi&ecirc;n Ch&uacute;a gi&aacute;o l&agrave; qu&#7889;c gi&aacute;o &#7903; Ph&aacute;p v&agrave; cho ph&eacute;p nh&agrave; th&#7901; t&#7893; ch&#7913;c c&aacute;c nghi th&#7913;c t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch c&ocirc;ng khai; &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i kh&ocirc;i ph&#7909;c gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng trong c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng ti&#7875;u h&#7885;c c&ocirc;ng l&#7853;p, v&agrave; thu&ecirc; c&aacute;c nh&acirc;n s&#297; gi&aacute;o h&#7897;i l&agrave;m gi&aacute;o vi&ecirc;n. K&#7875; t&#7915; &#273;&oacute;, gi&aacute;o h&#7897;i &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7897;t &#273;&#7883;a v&#7883; t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t trong gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c ti&#7875;u h&#7885;c, c&aacute;c ch&#7913;c s&#7855;c t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7893; nhi&#7879;m l&agrave;m hi&#7879;u tr&#432;&#7903;ng c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng ti&#7875;u h&#7885;c c&ocirc;ng l&#7853;p.<\/p>\n<p>Ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t trong b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh t&#7841;i th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m n&agrave;y c&#361;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c quay tr&#7903; v&#7873; ch&iacute;nh th&#7889;ng. C&aacute;c ngh&#7879; s&#7929; cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; m&#7897;t l&#7847;n n&#7919;a kh&#7855;c h&#7885;a c&aacute;c v&#7883; ch&iacute;nh Th&#7847;n m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng b&#7883; &#273;e d&#7885;a b&#7903;i &aacute;n t&#7917; h&igrave;nh &ndash; m&#7863;c d&ugrave; ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng c&oacute; &iacute;t t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m mi&ecirc;u t&#7843; c&aacute;c v&#7883; Th&#7847;n v&agrave;o th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m n&agrave;y, nh&#432;ng &iacute;t nh&#7845;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n &#273;&#7847;y r&#7851;y nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7897;c t&#7889; ma t&iacute;nh c&#7893; v&#361; cho cu&#7897;c c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng gi&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>Ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t ch&iacute;nh th&#7889;ng t&#7915;ng b&#432;&#7899;c &#273;i v&#7873; &#273;&uacute;ng qu&#7929; &#273;&#7841;o, v&agrave; ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a t&acirc;n c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n t&#7915; th&#7901;i k&#7923; &#273;&#7871; qu&#7889;c v&#7873; sau c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c coi l&agrave; s&#7921; quay tr&#7903; l&#7841;i ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&oacute;, t&#7913;c l&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n v&agrave; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng c&#7911;a ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n th&#7871; k&#7927; 17 v&agrave; 18. R&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ngh&#7879; s&#7929; kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n t&#7853;p trung s&aacute;ng t&aacute;c v&agrave;o ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; hi&#7879;n th&#7921;c m&agrave; d&#7847;n h&#432;&#7899;ng &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t s&#7889; ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; th&#7847;n tho&#7841;i v&agrave; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t thu&#7847;n t&uacute;y. &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7875; hi&#7879;n r&otilde; r&agrave;ng trong c&aacute;c t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m c&#7911;a c&aacute;c ngh&#7879; s&#7929; ti&ecirc;u bi&#7875;u c&#7911;a ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a t&acirc;n c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n sau n&agrave;y nh&#432; Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, v.v.<\/p>\n<p>N&#7871;u nh&igrave;n l&#7841;i &ldquo;Ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng&rdquo; tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y, kh&ocirc;ng kh&oacute; &#273;&#7875; nh&#7853;n th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u s&#7921; kh&aacute;c bi&#7879;t v&#7873; k&#7929; ph&aacute;p m&#7929; thu&#7853;t gi&#7919;a nh&#7919;ng t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m c&#7893; v&#361; b&#7841;o l&#7921;c gi&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng. M&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u t&#7841;o n&ecirc;n s&#7921; kh&aacute;c bi&#7879;t m&#7897;t tr&#7901;i m&#7897;t v&#7921;c gi&#7919;a ch&uacute;ng ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; &yacute; ngh&#297;a c&#7911;a t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m, t&#7913;c m&#7897;t t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m mu&#7889;n bi&#7875;u &#273;&#7841;t c&aacute;i g&igrave;, &#273;&acirc;y ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; c&#7889;t l&otilde;i c&#7911;a s&aacute;ng t&aacute;c ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i m&#7897;t ngh&#7879; s&#7929;, t&#7847;m quan tr&#7885;ng c&#7911;a n&#7897;i h&agrave;m t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; thay th&#7871;. Ch&uacute;ng ta c&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng, d&ugrave; x&#432;a hay nay, n&#7871;u nh&#432; m&#7897;t ngh&#7879; s&#7929; ca ng&#7907;i m&#7897;t ch&iacute;nh quy&#7873;n ch&agrave; &#273;&#7841;p l&ecirc;n &#273;&#7913;c tin v&agrave; t&agrave;n s&aacute;t ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n v&ocirc; t&#7897;i, th&igrave; t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m c&#7911;a anh ta d&ugrave; c&oacute; hay &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&acirc;u c&#361;ng s&#7869; m&#7845;t &#273;i &yacute; ngh&#297;a, v&igrave; &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; tr&aacute;i v&#7899;i Thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7841;o. Ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t t&#7915; ban s&#417; &#273;&atilde; b&#7855;t ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; Th&#7847;n, v&agrave; c&oacute; th&#7875; gi&uacute;p cho con ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#259;ng ti&#7871;n v&#7873; &#273;&#7913;c h&#7841;nh, m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; ph&aacute; h&#7911;y &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c ph&#7893; qu&aacute;t. V&igrave; v&#7853;y, &yacute; ngh&#297;a c&#7911;a m&#7897;t t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t &#273;&oacute;ng vai tr&ograve; c&#7921;c k&#7923; tr&#7885;ng y&#7871;u trong vi&#7879;c quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh linh h&#7891;n c&#7911;a t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m &#273;&oacute;.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;i&#7873;u c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i ch&#7881; ra l&agrave;, ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t t&acirc;n c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n n&oacute;i chung s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&aacute;c k&#7929; ngh&#7879; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng v&agrave; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&aacute;c c&aacute;ch di&#7877;n &#273;&#7841;t h&agrave;n l&acirc;m, cho n&ecirc;n kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; b&#7883; coi l&agrave; c&#7863;n b&atilde;. R&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ngh&#7879; s&#7929;, bao g&#7891;m c&#7843; David, &#273;&atilde; th&#7921;c s&#7921; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7919;ng th&agrave;nh t&#7921;u tr&aacute;c tuy&#7879;t trong k&#7929; ph&aacute;p m&#7929; thu&#7853;t, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y l&agrave; ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n. Ch&#7881; l&agrave; trong c&aacute;c nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&#7909; th&#7875;, b&#7903;i v&igrave; ch&uacute;ng ta h&ocirc;m nay &#273;ang h&#7885;c h&#7887;i t&#7915; c&aacute;c b&#7853;c ti&#7873;n nh&acirc;n thay v&igrave; ch&#7881; r&#7853;p khu&ocirc;n thu&#7847;n t&uacute;y, &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i c&aacute;c t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m c&#7911;a h&#7885; ch&uacute;ng ta c&#361;ng c&#7847;n ph&acirc;n bi&#7879;t v&agrave; l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n. Ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; b&#7913;c h&#7885;a &ldquo;The Death of Marat&rdquo; (C&aacute;i ch&#7871;t c&#7911;a Marat) t&ocirc;n s&ugrave;ng t&agrave; &aacute;c, l&agrave;m &ocirc; nhi&#7877;m t&acirc;m tr&iacute; con ng&#432;&#7901;i, l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m r&#7845;t kh&ocirc;ng th&iacute;ch h&#7907;p &#273;&#7875; l&agrave;m nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u ch&iacute;nh di&#7879;n.<\/p>\n<p>C&oacute; l&#7869; m&#7897;t s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7869; cho r&#7857;ng m&#7897;t s&#7889; t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m th&#7875; hi&#7879;n c&aacute;i ch&#7871;t v&agrave;o th&#7901;i &#273;&oacute; &#273;i theo tr&agrave;o l&#432;u truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng v&#7873; ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; bi k&#7883;ch. Nh&igrave;n v&#7873; m&#7863;t h&igrave;nh th&#7913;c l&agrave; c&oacute; nh&acirc;n t&#7889; v&#7873; ph&#432;&#417;ng di&#7879;n n&agrave;y, nh&#432;ng v&#7873; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t n&oacute; c&aacute;ch bi&#7879;t m&#7897;t tr&#7901;i m&#7897;t v&#7921;c v&#7899;i truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng ch&acirc;n ch&iacute;nh. M&#7863;c d&ugrave; t&#7915; xa x&#432;a &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m l&#7845;y &#273;&#7873; t&agrave;i bi k&#7883;ch, nh&#432;ng m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c s&aacute;ng t&aacute;c bi k&#7883;ch truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng l&agrave; kh&#417;i d&#7853;y l&ograve;ng tr&#7855;c &#7849;n, s&#7921; c&#7843;m th&ocirc;ng v&agrave; thi&#7879;n l&#432;&#417;ng b&ecirc;n trong nh&acirc;n t&iacute;nh, ho&#7863;c l&agrave; g&#7907;i l&ecirc;n suy ngh&#297; c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7873; &yacute; ngh&#297;a sinh m&#7879;nh v&agrave; theo &#273;u&#7893;i ch&acirc;n l&yacute;. &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y l&agrave; kh&aacute;c nhau c&#259;n b&#7843;n gi&#7919;a tr&#432;&#7899;c v&agrave; sau &#272;&#7841;i c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng, khi nhi&#7873;u b&#7897; m&ocirc;n ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t b&#7883; ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; h&oacute;a ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n v&agrave; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh c&ocirc;ng c&#7909; &#273;&#7875; tuy&ecirc;n truy&#7873;n ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883;. Nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; h&#7885; th&#7875; hi&#7879;n l&agrave; &#273;&#7875; ph&#7909;c v&#7909; ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; b&#7873; ngo&agrave;i, kh&aacute;c h&#7859;n v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y. Trong c&aacute;c t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m n&agrave;y kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; &yacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng ch&#7911; &#273;&#7841;o, t&aacute;c gi&#7843; th&#7875; hi&#7879;n quan ni&#7879;m n&ocirc;ng c&#7841;n m&#7897;t chi&#7873;u v&#7873; ho&agrave;n c&#7843;nh x&atilde; h&#7897;i m&agrave; &#273;&aacute;nh m&#7845;t &#273;i con ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7853;t c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh trong ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7883; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng b&#7903;i c&aacute;i g&#7885;i l&agrave; ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; bi k&#7883;ch nh&#432; v&#7853;y kh&ocirc;ng th&#432;&#417;ng ti&#7871;c sinh m&#7879;nh, h&#417;n n&#7919;a c&ograve;n ca ng&#7907;i ch&iacute;nh quy&#7873;n l&#432;u manh b&#7857;ng vi&#7879;c x&uacute;i gi&#7909;c v&agrave; k&iacute;ch th&iacute;ch vi&#7879;c truy c&#7847;u gi&#7871;t ch&oacute;c d&acirc;n ch&uacute;ng. C&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng &iacute;t t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m l&agrave; l&#7845;y s&#7921; l&#7841;nh l&ugrave;ng t&agrave;n s&aacute;t nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i mang t&iacute;nh &ldquo;c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng&rdquo; l&agrave;m &yacute; ngh&#297;a ch&iacute;nh, th&#7893;i ph&#7891;ng quy&#7873;n l&#7921;c t&#7889;i cao c&#7911;a nh&agrave; n&#432;&#7899;c, k&iacute;ch &#273;&#7897;ng nhi&#7879;t t&igrave;nh b&#7841;o l&#7921;c c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c &ldquo;qu&acirc;n ph&aacute;p b&#7845;t v&#7883; th&acirc;n&rdquo; (ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m &ldquo;Le Serment des Horaces&rdquo;- L&#7901;i th&#7873; c&#7911;a Horati v&agrave; &ldquo;Les licteurs rapportent &agrave; Brutus les Corps de ses fils&rdquo; &ndash; Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#7847;u c&#7853;n c&#7911;a Brutus &#273;em x&aacute;c con trai tr&#7903; v&#7873;, v.v.). Nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y ph&#7843;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&acirc;n bi&#7879;t c&#7849;n th&#7853;n &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i t&#7915;ng t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m c&#7909; th&#7875;.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i, ch&uacute;ng ta c&#361;ng th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng c&aacute;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; l&#7883;ch s&#7917; ch&#7891;ng ch&eacute;o r&#7845;t ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p, trong m&#7897;t &#273;&#7901;i ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; l&agrave;m &#273;i&#7873;u thi&#7879;n v&agrave; c&#361;ng c&oacute; l&agrave;m &#273;i&#7873;u &aacute;c. Nh&#432; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&oacute;, c&aacute;c ngh&#7879; s&#7929; trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917; kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i t&#7845;t c&#7843; &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; &#273;en ho&#7863;c tr&#7855;ng. V&iacute; d&#7909;, David, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; v&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng &iacute;t b&#7913;c tranh tuy&ecirc;n truy&#7873;n b&#7841;o l&#7921;c c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n &#273;&#7847;u, c&#361;ng c&oacute; l&uacute;c suy ngh&#297; l&#7841;i v&#7873; h&agrave;nh vi c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh. Trong th&#7901;i gian b&#7883; giam c&#7847;m sau khi m&#7845;t quy&#7873;n l&#7921;c, &ocirc;ng l&#7841;i c&acirc;n nh&#7855;c &#273;&#7871;n h&#432;&#7899;ng s&aacute;ng t&aacute;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh. Qua t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m &ldquo;Les Sabines&rdquo; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&iacute;nh th&#7913;c b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u s&aacute;ng t&aacute;c v&agrave;o &#273;&#7847;u n&#259;m 1796, ch&uacute;ng ta c&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y s&#7921; chuy&#7875;n bi&#7871;n ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t c&#7911;a h&#7885;a s&#7929; sang ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; &ldquo;ch&#7845;m d&#7913;t xung &#273;&#7897;t b&#7857;ng t&igrave;nh y&ecirc;u&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/258121_1585752357_5-image.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/258121_1585752357_5-image.jpg\" width=\"450\" height=\"337\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>B&#7913;c tranh &ldquo;Ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; c&#7911;a Sabines&rdquo; (Les Sabines) do David s&aacute;ng t&aacute;c t&#7915; n&#259;m 1796 &#273;&#7871;n 1799.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Khi Napol&eacute;on m&#7897;t l&#7847;n n&#7919;a ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c b&#7893; nhi&#7879;m David l&agrave;m h&#7885;a s&#7929; cung &#273;&igrave;nh, c&aacute;c t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; t&#7841;m bi&#7879;t ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; k&iacute;ch &#273;&#7897;ng c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng ban &#273;&#7847;u. M&#7863;c d&ugrave; nh&#7919;ng b&#7913;c tranh ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; ca ng&#7907;i ho&agrave;ng &#273;&#7871; c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; coi l&agrave; n&#7897;i dung ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883;, nh&#432;ng Napol&eacute;on &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; ch&#7913;ng nh&#7853;n c&#7911;a Gi&aacute;o ho&agrave;ng, l&ecirc;n ng&ocirc;i x&#432;ng &#273;&#7871; theo &#273;&uacute;ng th&#7911; t&#7909;c ph&aacute;p l&yacute;. C&#259;n c&#7913; nguy&ecirc;n t&#7855;c &ldquo;qu&acirc;n quy&#7873;n th&#7847;n th&#7909;&rdquo;, Napol&eacute;on thu&#7897;c v&#7873; ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; qu&acirc;n ch&#7911; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&ocirc;ng nh&#7853;n, v&igrave; v&#7853;y, m&#7863;c d&ugrave; c&aacute;c t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m cung &#273;&igrave;nh th&#7871; k&#7927; 19 c&#7911;a David v&#7851;n mang &#273;&#7847;y kh&ocirc;ng kh&iacute; ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883;, nh&#432;ng ch&uacute;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n thu&#7897;c v&#7873; &ldquo;ly kinh ph&#7843;n &#273;&#7841;o&rdquo; n&#7919;a. Trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh v&#7869; b&#7913;c &ldquo;Le Sacre de Napol&eacute;on&rdquo; (L&#7877; &#273;&#259;ng quang c&#7911;a Napol&eacute;on), David c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7863;p Gi&aacute;o ho&agrave;ng Pius PP. VII v&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ng&agrave;i ban ph&#432;&#7899;c l&agrave;nh. S&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n t&#7915;ng b&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a chu&#7895;i s&#7921; ki&#7879;n n&agrave;y c&#361;ng gi&uacute;p cho ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#7885;a s&#7929; v&#7889;n l&agrave; nh&agrave; c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng n&agrave;y d&#7847;n d&#7847;n t&igrave;m th&#7845;y v&#7883; tr&iacute; c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh trong cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng.<\/p>\n<p>T&#7915; c&aacute;c lu&#7853;n thu&#7853;t c&#7911;a nh&agrave; ph&ecirc; b&igrave;nh ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t ng&#432;&#7901;i Ph&aacute;p &Eacute;tienne-Jean Del&eacute;cluze (1781-1863), ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; David nhi&#7873;u n&#259;m, c&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y David h&#7847;u nh&#432; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng g&igrave; &#273;&#7871;n ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng. H&#7847;u h&#7871;t c&aacute;c b&agrave;i ph&aacute;t bi&#7875;u c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t, c&aacute;c t&#7893; ch&#7913;c ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t v&agrave; c&aacute;c l&#7877; h&#7897;i m&agrave; &ocirc;ng t&#7893; ch&#7913;c. V&igrave; v&#7853;y, c&oacute; quan &#273;i&#7875;m cho r&#7857;ng trong m&#7897;t th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i cu&#7891;ng lo&#7841;n nh&#432; &#272;&#7841;i C&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng Ph&aacute;p, David, v&#7899;i t&#432; c&aacute;ch l&agrave; m&#7897;t quan ch&#7913;c ph&#7909; tr&aacute;ch ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t l&uacute;c b&#7845;y gi&#7901;, nhi&#7873;u khi c&#361;ng l&agrave; &ldquo;ng&#432;&#7901;i trong giang h&#7891;, th&acirc;n b&#7845;t do k&#7927;&rdquo;. &Ocirc;ng &#7845;y kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; m&#7897;t t&ecirc;n &#273;&#7891; t&#7875; &#273;i&ecirc;n cu&#7891;ng, nh&#432;ng khi nh&#7919;ng t&ecirc;n &#273;&#7891; t&#7875; n&#7855;m trong tay quy&#7873;n l&#7921;c v&agrave; gi&#417; con dao &#273;&#7891; t&#7875;, v&igrave; &#273;&#7875; b&#7843;o v&#7879; m&igrave;nh, &ocirc;ng c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7909;c v&#7909; cho nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&oacute;.<\/p>\n<p>C&#361;ng c&oacute; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u cho r&#7857;ng, h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a David th&#7921;c s&#7921; b&#7855;t ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; &yacute; th&#7913;c ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; nh&#7841;y b&eacute;n c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng &mdash; &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n &ocirc;ng r&#417;i v&agrave;o tay nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng v&agrave;o &#273;&uacute;ng th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m, v&agrave; sau khi ph&aacute;i Jacobin s&#7909;p &#273;&#7893;, t&#7841;i m&#7897;t th&#7901;i c&#417; th&iacute;ch h&#7907;p kh&aacute;c &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; t&igrave;m th&#7845;y ch&#7895; d&#7921;a m&#7899;i l&agrave; Napol&eacute;on &ndash; ch&#7913; kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; th&#7921;c s&#7921; &yacute; th&#7913;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7841;o l&#7921;c c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng t&agrave; &aacute;c. N&oacute;i m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch logic, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n c&oacute; th&#7875; x&#7843;y ra. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u l&#7883;ch s&#7917;, nhi&#7873;u chuy&#7879;n t&#7889;t nh&#7845;t l&agrave; n&ecirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;o l&#432;&#7901;ng d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n h&agrave;nh vi th&#7921;c t&#7871; c&#7911;a c&aacute;c nh&acirc;n v&#7853;t l&#7883;ch s&#7917; h&#417;n l&agrave; suy ngh&#297; c&#7911;a h&#7885;. B&#7903;i v&igrave; suy ngh&#297; c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i qu&aacute; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p, nhi&#7873;u khi &#273;&#7911; lo&#7841;i &yacute; ngh&#297; &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave; s&#7921; ph&#7843;n &aacute;nh c&#7911;a c&aacute;c nh&acirc;n t&#7889; kh&aacute;c trong n&atilde;o ng&#432;&#7901;i, khi&#7871;n suy ngh&#297; c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7903; tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i kh&ocirc;ng &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh. M&agrave; vi&#7879;c &#273;&aacute;nh gi&aacute; th&#7921;c s&#7921; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7851;n ph&#7843;i d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n h&agrave;nh vi c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&oacute;. Nh&igrave;n t&#7915; m&#7897;t g&oacute;c &#273;&#7897; kh&aacute;c, con &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng nh&acirc;n sinh m&#7895;i ng&#432;&#7901;i k&#7923; th&#7921;c &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c an b&agrave;i, v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng &yacute; ngh&#297; trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh n&agrave;y c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c qu&aacute; nhi&#7873;u th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873;.<\/p>\n<p>Ch&iacute;nh v&igrave; vi&#7879;c l&yacute; gi&#7843;i l&#7883;ch s&#7917; c&#361;ng l&agrave; vi&#7879;c &ldquo;nh&acirc;n gi&#7843; ki&#7871;n nh&acirc;n, tr&iacute; gi&#7843; ki&#7871;n tr&iacute;&rdquo; (ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&acirc;n th&#7845;y g&igrave; c&#361;ng l&agrave; nh&acirc;n, ng&#432;&#7901;i tr&iacute; th&#7845;y g&igrave; c&#361;ng l&agrave; tr&iacute;), cho n&ecirc;n, thay v&igrave; &#273;o&aacute;n suy ngh&#297; c&#7911;a c&aacute;c nh&acirc;n v&#7853;t l&#7883;ch s&#7917; l&uacute;c b&#7845;y gi&#7901;, chi b&#7857;ng b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#7915; s&#7921; th&#7853;t l&#7883;ch s&#7917;, xem x&eacute;t v&agrave; ph&aacute;n &#273;o&aacute;n d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n h&agrave;nh vi c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i th&igrave; c&oacute; th&#7875; chu&#7849;n x&aacute;c h&#417;n, r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u s&#7921; vi&#7879;c c&oacute; th&#7875; l&#7853;p t&#7913;c hi&#7875;u ra ngay.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#417;n c&#7917; m&#7897;t v&iacute; d&#7909; r&#7845;t n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng: Philat&ocirc; (Pontius Pilate) l&agrave; th&#7889;ng &#273;&#7889;c th&agrave;nh Rome, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; ra l&#7879;nh h&agrave;nh quy&#7871;t Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su. &Ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su l&agrave; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i v&ocirc; t&#7897;i v&agrave; l&#432;&#417;ng thi&#7879;n, v&agrave; r&#7857;ng Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su &#273;&atilde; d&ugrave;ng ph&eacute;p thu&#7853;t &#273;&#7875; ch&#7919;a kh&#7887;i b&#7879;nh nan y cho con trai duy nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng, b&#7903;i v&#7853;y &ocirc;ng kh&ocirc;ng mu&#7889;n h&agrave;nh h&igrave;nh Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, tr&#432;&#7899;c &aacute;p l&#7921;c ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883;, Philat&ocirc; &#273;&atilde; l&#7845;y n&#432;&#7899;c r&#7917;a tay tr&#432;&#7899;c m&#7863;t &#273;&#7841;i ch&uacute;ng v&agrave; n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;L&agrave;m &#273;&#7893; m&aacute;u ng&#432;&#7901;i c&ocirc;ng ch&iacute;nh n&agrave;y, t&#7897;i kh&ocirc;ng t&#7841;i ta, c&aacute;c ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&#7883;u &#273;i!&rdquo;, sau &#273;&oacute; &ocirc;ng m&#7899;i ph&aacute;n quy&#7871;t t&#7917; h&igrave;nh Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su.<\/p>\n<p>M&#7863;c d&ugrave; Philat&ocirc; trong l&ograve;ng ngh&#297; r&#7857;ng Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7889;t, ngo&agrave;i mi&#7879;ng c&#361;ng n&oacute;i Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i c&ocirc;ng ch&iacute;nh, nh&#432;ng tr&ecirc;n h&agrave;nh vi v&#7851;n l&agrave; l&agrave;m vi&#7879;c &aacute;c, do &#273;&oacute; &ocirc;ng ta v&#7851;n ph&#7843;i g&aacute;nh ch&#7883;u t&#7897;i nghi&#7879;p to l&#7899;n. Sau khi Philat&ocirc; k&#7871;t &aacute;n t&#7917; h&igrave;nh Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su, ng&#432;&#7901;i con trai &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7919;a kh&#7887;i ban &#273;&#7847;u c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng ng&atilde; xu&#7889;ng &#273;&#7845;t v&agrave; ch&#7871;t. Sau &#273;&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng l&acirc;u, Philat&ocirc; b&#7883; s&#7889;t cao v&agrave; h&ocirc;n m&ecirc;. V&#7873; sau, s&#7921; nghi&#7879;p &ocirc;ng c&#361;ng s&#7899;m g&#7863;p r&#7855;c r&#7889;i v&agrave; b&#7883; l&#432;u &#273;&agrave;y &#273;&#7871;n Gaul, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i t&agrave;i s&#7843;n c&#361;ng b&#7883; t&#7883;ch thu, khi&#7871;n &ocirc;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n m&#7897;t xu d&iacute;nh t&uacute;i v&agrave; s&#7889;ng cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i n&ocirc; l&#7879;. Nh&#432;ng chuy&#7879;n n&agrave;y v&#7851;n ch&#432;a k&#7871;t th&uacute;c, Philat&ocirc; v&#7873; sau b&#7883; h&#7841; l&#7879;nh &ldquo;&#273;&#432;&#7907;c ban c&aacute;i ch&#7871;t&rdquo;. Khi bi&#7871;t hung tin, &ocirc;ng ch&#7881; bi&#7871;t <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#tu_thieu\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">t&#7921; thi&ecirc;u<\/a> m&igrave;nh trong c&#417;n tuy&#7879;t v&#7885;ng, n&eacute;m t&#7845;m th&acirc;n t&agrave;n t&#7841; xu&#7889;ng s&ocirc;ng cho b&#7847;y c&aacute; &#259;n th&#7883;t.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i c&aacute;c nh&acirc;n v&#7853;t l&#7883;ch s&#7917;, &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i con ng&#432;&#7901;i ng&agrave;y nay ch&#7859;ng ph&#7843;i c&#361;ng gi&#7889;ng nhau hay sao? Ng&agrave;y nay, r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i Trung Qu&#7889;c trong l&ograve;ng &#273;&#7873;u bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng &#272;&#7843;ng C&#7897;ng s&#7843;n Trung Qu&#7889;c l&agrave;m r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u vi&#7879;c &aacute;c, v&agrave; th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&ograve;n &acirc;m th&#7847;m m&#7855;ng ch&#7917;i n&oacute; t&agrave; &aacute;c. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, h&#7885; l&#7841;i kh&ocirc;ng t&igrave;nh nguy&#7879;n <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#thoai_dang\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">tho&aacute;i &#273;&#7843;ng<\/a>, r&uacute;t lui kh&#7887;i c&aacute;c t&#7893; ch&#7913;c li&ecirc;n &#273;&#7899;i c&#7911;a n&oacute;. H&#7885; kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng, m&#7897;t khi &#273;&#7913;ng d&#432;&#7899;i l&aacute; c&#7901; m&aacute;u m&agrave; th&#7889;t l&ecirc;n l&#7901;i th&#7873; &#273;&#7897;c &ldquo;&#273;em sinh m&#7879;nh c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh hi&#7871;n cho &#273;&#7843;ng, ph&#7845;n &#273;&#7847;u m&#7897;t &#273;&#7901;i v&igrave; &#273;&#7843;ng&rdquo;, th&igrave; h&#7885; ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n c&#7911;a &#273;&#7843;ng v&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c coi l&agrave; m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n t&#7917; c&#7911;a t&#7893; ch&#7913;c n&agrave;y. Nh&#432; v&#7853;y, v&agrave;o l&uacute;c &#272;&#7843;ng C&#7897;ng s&#7843;n Trung Qu&#7889;c b&#7883; ti&ecirc;u di&#7879;t, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&#432;a tho&aacute;i kh&#7887;i n&oacute; s&#7869; b&#7883; li&ecirc;n l&#7909;y v&agrave; g&#7863;p nguy hi&#7875;m.<\/p>\n<p>C&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y, t&agrave; &aacute;c th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t l&agrave; <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#ta_linh\" 28738 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">t&agrave; linh<\/a> chuy&ecirc;n h&#7841;i ng&#432;&#7901;i. &#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i con ng&#432;&#7901;i m&agrave; n&oacute;i, d&ugrave; l&agrave; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t gia hay nh&#7919;ng chuy&ecirc;n gia kh&aacute;c, d&ugrave; &#7903; th&#7901;i x&#432;a hay th&#7901;i nay, tr&#7843;i qua nh&#7919;ng gian tru&acirc;n c&#7911;a cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i trong ho&agrave;n c&#7843;nh h&#7895;n lo&#7841;n cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng t&igrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#7883; tr&iacute; nh&acirc;n sinh c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, qu&#7843; th&#7921;c kh&ocirc;ng h&#7873; d&#7877; d&agrave;ng. V&#7873; c&aacute;c t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t trong th&#7901;i k&#7923; C&ocirc;ng x&atilde; Paris &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n, t&#7915; quan &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a c&aacute;c l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t hi&#7879;n c&oacute;, &#273;&#7913;ng t&#7915; g&oacute;c &#273;&#7897; con ng&#432;&#7901;i, m&#7863;c d&ugrave; c&oacute; s&#7921; qu&#7845;y nhi&#7877;u c&#7911;a t&agrave; ma, nh&#432;ng ch&uacute;ng kh&ocirc;ng ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&#7871;p v&agrave;o l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n &#7903; th&#7871; gian. Ch&uacute;ng ta c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng nh&#7853;n &#273;&#7883;nh nh&#7919;ng t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m n&agrave;y t&#7915; &#273;&#7847;u &#273;&#7871;n cu&#7889;i &#273;&#7873;u ch&#7883;u &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n, ch&#7881; l&agrave; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i t&#7915;ng t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m c&#7909; th&#7875; c&#7847;n ph&acirc;n bi&#7879;t r&otilde; nh&#7919;ng nh&acirc;n t&#7889; t&agrave; ma &#273;&#7875; tr&aacute;nh b&#7883; l&#7907;i d&#7909;ng s&#417; h&#7903; khi nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t. &#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t gia trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917;, n&#7871;u c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m ch&iacute;nh di&#7879;n, truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng v&agrave; xu&#7845;t s&#7855;c m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng mi&ecirc;u t&#7843; t&agrave; &aacute;c, th&igrave; ch&uacute;ng ta v&#7851;n c&#7847;n &#273;&#7889;i &#273;&atilde;i b&#7857;ng t&#7915; bi. Ch&#7881; khi nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&aacute;c t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m c&#7911;a c&aacute;c b&#7853;c ti&#7873;n b&#7889;i m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch r&otilde; r&agrave;ng, to&agrave;n di&#7879;n, ch&uacute;ng ta m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; d&#7877; d&agrave;ng tham kh&#7843;o &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7915; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng, t&#7915; &#273;&oacute; quay tr&#7903; v&#7873; v&#7899;i ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t Th&#7847;n truy&#7873;n.<\/p>\n<p>T&agrave;i li&#7879;u tham kh&#7843;o:<\/p>\n<p>Augustin Barruel, &#12298; M&eacute;moires pour servir &agrave; l&rsquo;histoire du jacobinisme &#12299;, 1798<br>\n&Eacute;tienne-Jean Del&eacute;cluze, &#12298; Louis David, son &eacute;cole et son temps&nbsp;: Souvenirs &#12299;, 1855<br>\nEpoch Times, &#12298; Comment le spectre du communisme dirige le monde &#12299;, 2018<br>\nEpoch Times, &#12298; Neuf commentaires sur le Parti communiste &#12299;, 2004<br>\nFrans de Haes, &#12298; Aux sources du XIXe si&egrave;cle&nbsp;: les M&eacute;moires du peintre Philippe-Auguste Hennequin (1762-1833) &#12299;, 2007<br>\nJoshua Philipp, &#12298; The Dark Origins of Communism &#12299;, 2017<br>\nTite-Live, &#12298; Histoire romaine &#12299;, 1940<br>\nVoltaire, &#12298; Lettre &agrave; Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric II, roi de Prusse &#12299;, 1767<br>\nWilliam Fleming, &#12298; Arts and Ideas &#12299;, 1955<\/p>\n<p><i>(Ho&agrave;n)<\/i> D&#7883;ch t&#7915;: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/258121\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/258121<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[ChanhKien.org] David c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; t&#7915;ng n&#7871;m tr&aacute;i &#273;&#7855;ng nh&#432; v&#7853;y, ch&#7881; l&agrave; &ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t r&otilde; nh&#7919;ng b&#7913;c tranh &ocirc;ng v&#7869; n&agrave;y &#273;&#7873;u d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; tuy&ecirc;n truy&#7873;n ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883;, &ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng nhi&ecirc;n s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7889;c &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c &#273;i gi&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&agrave; m&igrave;nh. Nh&#432;ng sau khi &ocirc;ng b&#7887; phi&#7871;u t&aacute;n th&agrave;nh vi&#7879;c &#273;&#432;a Vua Louis XVI l&ecirc;n [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[551,304],"tags":[512],"class_list":["post-35213","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-hoa","category-loat-bai","tag-my-thuat-tan-co-dien"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>C\u00f4ng\u200c \u200cx\u00e3\u200c \u200cParis\u200c \u200cl\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u200cv\u00e0\u200c \u200cm\u1ef9\u200c \u200cthu\u1eadt\u200c \u200cT\u00e2n\u200c \u200cc\u1ed5\u200c \u200c\u0111i\u1ec3n (Ph\u1ea7n 3) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/12\/cong-xa-paris-lan-thu-nhat-va-my-thuat-tan-co-dien-phan-3.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"C\u00f4ng\u200c \u200cx\u00e3\u200c \u200cParis\u200c \u200cl\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u200cv\u00e0\u200c \u200cm\u1ef9\u200c \u200cthu\u1eadt\u200c \u200cT\u00e2n\u200c \u200cc\u1ed5\u200c \u200c\u0111i\u1ec3n (Ph\u1ea7n 3) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[ChanhKien.org] David c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; t&#7915;ng n&#7871;m tr&aacute;i &#273;&#7855;ng nh&#432; v&#7853;y, ch&#7881; l&agrave; &ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t r&otilde; nh&#7919;ng b&#7913;c tranh &ocirc;ng v&#7869; n&agrave;y &#273;&#7873;u d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; tuy&ecirc;n truy&#7873;n ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883;, &ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng nhi&ecirc;n s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7889;c &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c &#273;i gi&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&agrave; m&igrave;nh. 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