{"id":35179,"date":"2024-12-05T09:17:42","date_gmt":"2024-12-05T02:17:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=35179"},"modified":"2025-05-30T00:30:17","modified_gmt":"2025-05-29T17:30:17","slug":"cong-xa-paris-lan-thu-nhat-va-my-thuat-tan-co-dien-phan-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/12\/cong-xa-paris-lan-thu-nhat-va-my-thuat-tan-co-dien-phan-2.html","title":{"rendered":"C\u00f4ng\u200c \u200cx\u00e3\u200c \u200cParis\u200c \u200cl\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u200cv\u00e0\u200c \u200cm\u1ef9\u200c \u200cthu\u1eadt\u200c \u200cT\u00e2n\u200c \u200cc\u1ed5\u200c \u200c\u0111i\u1ec3n (Ph\u1ea7n 2)"},"content":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng Phong tr\u00e0o Khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t. T\u1ea1i sao? B\u1edfi v\u00ec trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa \u0111\u1ec1u vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Phong tr\u00e0o Khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o t\u1ea9y n\u00e3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, nh\u1eb1m g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf ch\u00ednh t\u00edn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong Phong tr\u00e0o Khai s\u00e1ng kia \u1edf trong \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m chung r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. B\u1ecdn h\u1ecd m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111en t\u1ed1i, t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng\u201d (Hommes des Lumi\u00e8res) nh\u1eb1m ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, \u0111em \u201c\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a ma qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n gian, d\u1ef1ng x\u00e2y \u201cTh\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t quen thu\u1ed9c, k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa. L\u1ea5y gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 danh nh\u00e2n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0o s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n sinh quan l\u1ecbch s\u1eed do t\u00e0 \u00e1c ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngay t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1edfi m\u1edf ng\u00e0y nay, s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Tam \u0110i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 Illuminati trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng khai, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed m\u1eadt g\u00ec gh\u00ea g\u1edbm n\u1eefa. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quen thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Tam \u0110i\u1ec3m, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Voltaire, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n l\u0103ng m\u1ea1 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, Paul Thiry d\u2019Holbach, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u00f4 Th\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 Montesquieu \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng khai ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Th\u1ea7n th\u1ee5, v.v.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 100% b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Tam \u0110i\u1ec3m, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt Denis Diderot, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng thuy\u1ebft v\u00f4 Th\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u00ec l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n b\u1ecb c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng cho truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f9y \u00fd khinh nh\u1eddn Th\u1ea7n linh \u1edf m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Voltaire \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0 Friedrich Nietzsche \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi Vua Louis IX (v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafc phong l\u00e0m Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb, \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u00fd ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd nghi\u00eam t\u00fac nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111i\u00ean cu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t th\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t \u00edt.<\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1i \u201cqu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o\u201d v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n lu\u1eadn \u201cs\u00f9ng b\u00e1i l\u00fd t\u00ednh\u201d ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin ph\u1ee5c n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd \u0111o\u1ea3n m\u1ec7nh. Sau khi b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Eber th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed9c tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1794, Robespierre cho r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u00f4ng ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c, ph\u00e1t minh ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1edbi \u2013 S\u00f9ng b\u00e1i t\u1ed1i cao (Culte de l\u2019 \u00catre supr\u00eame) l\u00e0m qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 ra m\u1eaft \u201cT\u1ebft T\u1ed1i cao\u201d (F\u00eate de l\u2019\u00catre supr\u00eame) v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1794. Khu v\u1ef1c Paris v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean do David ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c xung quanh nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o tr\u00ean Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Champ-de-Mars v\u00e0o n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

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B\u1ee9c tranh \u201cF\u00eate de l\u2019\u00catre supr\u00eame au Champ-de-Mars\u201d (T\u1ebft T\u1ed1i cao tr\u00ean Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chi\u1ebfn Th\u1ea7n), T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Pierre-Antoine Demachy, v\u1ebd n\u0103m 1794.<\/i><\/p>\n

Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Voltaire qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1. Voltaire l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i cao m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n t\u00edch tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. \u00d4ng ta tin r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t do c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u00f4ng ta c\u0103m th\u00f9 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 g\u00e1n cho C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng. Trong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1eedi Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric II, \u00f4ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft: \u201cCh\u1eebng n\u00e0o c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 ng\u1edb ng\u1ea9n, th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f2n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u201d (Tant qu\u2019 il yaura des fripons et des imb\u00e9ciles,il yaura des religions).<\/p>\n

S\u1edf d\u0129 \u00f4ng ta d\u00e1m to gan l\u1edbn m\u1eadt t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ee9ng sau h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1eeb \u201cB\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0\u201d (Encyclop\u00e9die) m\u00e0 Diderot, Voltaire, Holbach, Jean Le Rond d\u2019Alembert v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m thuy\u1ebft v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 qu\u00e1i d\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, b\u1ecdn ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 ph\u00f9 dung s\u1edbm n\u1edf t\u1ed1i t\u00e0n, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, s\u1ef1 uy hi\u1ebfp v\u00e0 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c l\u01b0u manh. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 Paris v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1795 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u201d do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia t\u1ea1o ra n\u1eefa. V\u00e0i n\u0103m sau, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 \u201cB\u00e1c \u00e1i gi\u00e1o\u201d (Th\u00e9ophilanthropie) c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng l\u1edbn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee9 sau m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian l\u1ea1i ra \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u201ct\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3\u201d, t\u1eeb tr\u1ef1c quan l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c<\/b><\/p>\n

Trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m t\u1eeb m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1793 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1794, ph\u00e1i Jacobins ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 Paris, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e0m qu\u1ed1c s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh \u1edf Paris l\u00e0 2.639 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft \u1edf Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 16.594 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n \u00e1n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f2a tuy\u00ean \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1794, \u1ee6y ban An to\u00e0n C\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua Lu\u1eadt Khai s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1\u201d (Grande Terreur). T\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 6 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 7 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Robespierre s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1eaft gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 giao nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft cho c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c an ninh. C\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c an ninh ph\u1ea3i ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u201cT\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\u201d kh\u00e9t ti\u1ebfng (Tribunal r\u00e9volutionnaire) c\u1ea5m b\u1ecb c\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u00ea lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c t\u1ef1 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1o b\u1ea3n \u00e1n v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t duy nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft s\u1ebd b\u1ecb quy v\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1edf h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, lo\u1ea1i lu\u1eadt bi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ed5 v\u0169 t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p T\u00f2a \u00e1n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tuy\u00ean \u00e1n v\u00e0 x\u1eed t\u1eed h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u00e1y ch\u00e9m. C\u00e1c b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e1n cho kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cph\u1ea7n t\u1eed ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\u201d, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec b\u1ecb t\u00ecnh nghi. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u00e2n o\u00e1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 b\u1ecb m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1edb di\u1ec7t kh\u1ea9u. Trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1m l\u01b0u manh t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng k\u1ebb y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 xi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, th\u1ee9 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u00ean cu\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1t m\u00e1u v\u00e0 ham mu\u1ed1n m\u00e1u t\u01b0\u01a1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng linh h\u1ed3n ma qu\u1ef7. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra l\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t \u0111ang t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc leo thang theo c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do linh h\u1ed3n ma qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb l\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

V\u1eabn l\u1ea5y h\u1ecda s\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 David l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a David l\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u00edch v\u1ebd ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1794, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 \u201cC\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a XX\u201d, v\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n

\u201cC\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a S\u00e9n\u00e8que\u201d (La Mort de S\u00e9n\u00e8que, 1773)
\n\u201cTang l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a Patrocle\u201d (Les Fun\u00e9railles de Patrocle, 1778)
\n\u201c\u0110\u1ea5ng Christ tr\u00ean Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1\u201d (Le Christ en croix, 1782)
\n\u201cN\u1ed7i bi ai c\u1ee7a Andromaque tr\u01b0\u1edbc thi th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng\u201d (La Douleur et les Regrets d\u2019Andromaque sur le Corps d\u2019Hector son mari, 1783)
\n\u201cC\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Socrate\u201d (La Mort de Socrate, 1787)
\n\u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u mang x\u00e1c con trai tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 cho Brutus\u201d (Les licteurs rapportent\u00e0 Brutus les Corps de ses fils, 1789)
\n\u201cC\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Lepeletier\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cNh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Lepeletier\u201d (La Mort de Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau ou Les Derniers Moments de Michel Lepeletier, 1793)
\n\u201cC\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Marat\u201d (La Mort de Marat, 1793)
\n\u201cMarie-Antoinette t\u1edbi M\u00e1y ch\u00e9m\u201d (Marie-Antoinette conduite\u00e0l\u2019\u00e9chafaud 1793)
\n\u201cC\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Bara th\u1eddi tr\u1ebb\u201d (La Mort du jeune Bara, 1794)
\nB\u1ee9c tranh \u201cL\u1eddi th\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Horatii\u201d (Le Serment des Horaces)<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

B\u1ee9c tranh \u201cL\u1eddi th\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Horatii\u201d (Le Serment des Horaces), T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: David (Jacques-Louis David), v\u1ebd n\u0103m 1784.<\/i><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u1ed9i dung kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau ch\u00fang c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u201cL\u1eddi th\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Horatii\u201d (Le Serment des Horaces, 1784) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n: V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u1ed5 ra gi\u1eefa La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng Albalonga, hai b\u00ean nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed m\u1ed7i b\u00ean ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ba anh em, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u1eadn ba ch\u1ecdi ba quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eafng thua.<\/p>\n

B\u00ean La M\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn ba anh em Horace, b\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1eed ba anh em Curiace. K\u1ebft th\u00fac tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u l\u00e0 ba anh em c\u1ee7a Curiace \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ebft trong tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn, c\u00f2n ba anh em c\u1ee7a Horace th\u00ec ch\u1ebft hai. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh trai Horace duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong ni\u1ec1m h\u00e2n hoan tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, em g\u00e1i anh ta l\u00e0 Camille \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o kho\u00e1c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a anh trai ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o m\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 may cho m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng anh em nh\u00e0 Curiace. Th\u00ec ra c\u00f4 l\u00e0 h\u00f4n th\u00ea c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00e0y. Camille \u0111au kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f3c th\u1ea3m thi\u1ebft khi\u1ebfn anh trai c\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft c\u00f4 v\u00e0 n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef La M\u00e3 d\u00e1m kh\u00f3c cho k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y\u201d.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

B\u1ee9c tranh \u201cNh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Brutus \u0111em x\u00e1c con trai tr\u1edf v\u1ec1\u201d (Les licteurs rapportent\u00e0Brutus les Corps de ses fils), T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: David, v\u1ebd n\u0103m 1789.<\/i><\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh, c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a di\u1ec7t th\u00e2n\u201d, c\u00e0ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cNh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Brutus \u0111em x\u00e1c con trai tr\u1edf v\u1ec1\u201d (The Attendant Brutus Back the Corpses of His Sons, n\u0103m 1789) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1789 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a: N\u0103m 509 TCN, Lucius Junius Brutus ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng binh bi\u1ebfn, tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t vua La M\u00e3 Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3. Nh\u01b0ng hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con trai, Brutus \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft hai con trai ru\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

(C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/i><\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: http:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/258121<\/a><\/p>\n

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