{"id":35155,"date":"2024-12-01T07:45:04","date_gmt":"2024-12-01T00:45:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=35155"},"modified":"2025-05-30T00:30:23","modified_gmt":"2025-05-29T17:30:23","slug":"cong-xa-paris-lan-thu-nhat-va-my-thuat-tan-co-dien-phan-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/12\/cong-xa-paris-lan-thu-nhat-va-my-thuat-tan-co-dien-phan-1.html","title":{"rendered":"C\u00f4ng\u200c \u200cx\u00e3\u200c \u200cParis\u200c \u200cl\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u200cv\u00e0\u200c \u200cm\u1ef9\u200c \u200cthu\u1eadt\u200c \u200cT\u00e2n\u200c \u200cc\u1ed5\u200c \u200c\u0111i\u1ec3n (Ph\u1ea7n 1)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n<p>N&oacute;i v&#7873; C&ocirc;ng x&atilde; Paris, nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7869; ngh&#297; &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t ch&iacute;nh quy&#7873;n ng&#7855;n ng&#7911;i c&#432;&#7899;p &#273;o&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&ocirc;ng qua v&#7909; th&#7843;m s&aacute;t &#273;&#7851;m m&aacute;u n&#259;m 1871. Nh&#432;ng ai &#273;&atilde; t&#7915;ng nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u l&#7883;ch s&#7917; &#273;&#7873;u bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng, trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917; n&#432;&#7899;c Ph&aacute;p th&#7921;c t&#7871; &#273;&atilde; t&#7915;ng c&oacute; hai l&#7847;n &ldquo;C&ocirc;ng x&atilde; Paris&rdquo; (Commune de Paris). Cu&#7889;i th&#7871; k&#7927; XVIII, C&ocirc;ng x&atilde; Paris l&#7847;n th&#7913; nh&#7845;t xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n trong &#272;&#7841;i C&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng Ph&aacute;p, C&ocirc;ng x&atilde; Paris n&#259;m 1871 th&#7921;c s&#7921; k&#7871; th&#7915;a t&ecirc;n g&#7885;i C&ocirc;ng x&atilde; Paris trong &#272;&#7841;i C&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng v&agrave; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng c&#417; c&#7845;u t&#7893; ch&#7913;c c&#361;ng nh&#432; ph&#432;&#417;ng th&#7913;c b&#7841;o l&#7921;c c&#7911;a n&oacute;.<\/p>\n<p>R&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u d&#7919; li&#7879;u l&#7883;ch s&#7917; hi&#7879;n c&oacute; v&agrave; nhi&#7873;u nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u kh&aacute;c nhau cho th&#7845;y, sau hai l&#7847;n C&ocirc;ng x&atilde; Paris &#273;&#7873;u xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n t&#7893; ch&#7913;c gi&aacute;o ph&aacute;i b&iacute; m&#7853;t Illuminati (hay Quang chi&#7871;u bang), v&agrave; H&#7897;i Tam &#272;i&#7875;m (Freemasonry, hay C&#7897;ng t&#7871; h&#7897;i). &#272;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i, C&ocirc;ng x&atilde; Paris n&#259;m 1792 v&agrave; C&ocirc;ng x&atilde; Paris n&#259;m 1871 r&#7845;t gi&#7889;ng nhau t&#7915; t&ecirc;n t&#7893; ch&#7913;c, c&#432;&#417;ng l&#297;nh h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng cho &#273;&#7871;n &aacute;p d&#7909;ng nh&#7919;ng th&#7911; &#273;o&#7841;n &#273;&#7851;m m&aacute;u c&#7909; th&#7875;. C&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng, tuy c&aacute;ch nhau h&agrave;ng ch&#7909;c n&#259;m nh&#432;ng ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n c&oacute; th&#7875; coi hai s&#7921; ki&#7879;n n&agrave;y l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng vi&#7879;c t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nhau do qu&#7847;n th&#7875; c&oacute; t&iacute;nh ch&#7845;t gi&#7889;ng nhau l&agrave;m ra.<\/p>\n<p>M&#7897;t s&#7889; l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n hi&#7879;n c&oacute; &#273;&atilde; quen v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7883;nh ngh&#297;a C&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng Ph&aacute;p l&agrave; m&#7897;t &ldquo;Cu&#7897;c c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng t&#432; s&#7843;n&rdquo;. Tr&ecirc;n th&#7921;c t&#7871;, c&aacute;i g&#7885;i l&agrave; s&#7921; ph&acirc;n chia &ldquo;giai c&#7845;p t&#432; s&#7843;n&rdquo; v&agrave; &ldquo;giai c&#7845;p v&ocirc; s&#7843;n&rdquo; t&#7921; b&#7843;n th&acirc;n n&oacute; ch&#7881; l&agrave; m&#7897;t kh&#7849;u hi&#7879;u ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; do <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#ta_linh\" 28738 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">t&agrave; linh<\/a> c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n l&#7853;p ra v&agrave; mi&#7877;n c&#432;&#7905;ng g&aacute;n gh&eacute;p cho m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch gi&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7889;i l&#7853;p m&agrave; th&ocirc;i. Trong nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i gi&agrave;u c&oacute; v&agrave; quy&#7873;n l&#7921;c trong &#272;&#7843;ng C&#7897;ng s&#7843;n Trung Qu&#7889;c c&oacute; ai l&agrave; &ldquo;giai c&#7845;p v&ocirc; s&#7843;n&rdquo; ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; t&agrave;i s&#7843;n g&igrave;? <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#ta_linh\" 28738 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">T&agrave; linh<\/a> c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n &#273;&atilde; c&#432;&#7905;ng &eacute;p chia &#273;&aacute;m &#273;&ocirc;ng th&agrave;nh nhi&#7873;u c&aacute;i g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;giai c&#7845;p&rdquo; &#273;&#7889;i l&#7853;p nhau, h&#417;n n&#7919;a c&ograve;n ch&#7911; tr&#432;&#417;ng &ldquo;&#273;&#7845;u tranh giai c&#7845;p&rdquo; &#273;&#7875; l&#7915;a g&#7841;t khi&#7871;n cho nh&oacute;m n&agrave;y gi&#7871;t nh&oacute;m kh&aacute;c, r&#7891;i l&#7845;y c&aacute;i t&ecirc;n m&#7929; mi&#7873;u l&agrave; &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng&rdquo; &#273;&#7875; &ldquo;ng&#432; &ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#7907;i&rdquo;. Ch&uacute;ng ta c&#7847;n bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng &yacute; ngh&#297;a c&#7911;a t&#7915; &ldquo;c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng&rdquo; c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c hi&#7875;u l&agrave; &ldquo;c&#7855;t b&#7887; m&#7841;ng s&#7889;ng&rdquo;, hay n&oacute;i m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch th&ocirc;ng t&#7909;c th&igrave; ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; &ldquo;gi&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i&rdquo;. V&#7853;y th&igrave; &ldquo;Cu&#7897;c c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng v&#297; &#273;&#7841;i&rdquo; ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; &ldquo;Cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7841;i th&#7843;m s&aacute;t&rdquo;, &#273;&acirc;y c&#361;ng l&agrave; m&#7897;t s&#7921; th&#7853;t l&#7883;ch s&#7917;.<\/p>\n<p>Trong th&#7901;i k&#7923; C&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng Ph&aacute;p, ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t v&#7915;a v&#7863;n n&#7857;m d&#432;&#7899;i l&agrave;n s&oacute;ng T&acirc;n c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n (N&eacute;o-classicisme) &#273;ang d&acirc;ng tr&agrave;o, s&#7921; can thi&#7879;p c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#ta_linh\" 28738 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">t&agrave; linh<\/a> &aacute;c qu&#7927; c&ugrave;ng nhi&#7873;u nh&acirc;n t&#7889; b&ecirc;n trong l&#7851;n b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i &#273;&atilde; khi&#7871;n tr&agrave;o l&#432;u ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t n&agrave;y r&#417;i v&agrave;o trong tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p. Tr&#432;&#7901;ng ph&aacute;i Hi&#7879;n th&#7921;c (R&eacute;alisme) &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&aacute;c h&#7885;a s&#7929; C&ocirc;ng x&atilde; Paris ng&#432;&#7905;ng m&#7897; v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1871 v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; sau n&agrave;y k&#7871; th&#7915;a, t&#7915; phong c&aacute;ch k&#7929; x&#7843;o &#273;&#7871;n n&#7897;i dung th&#7875; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7873;u tr&agrave;n ng&#7853;p nh&acirc;n t&#7889; <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#ta_linh\" 28738 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">t&agrave; linh<\/a>, &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; c&#7863;n b&atilde; &#273;&aacute;ng v&#7913;t b&#7887;.<\/p>\n<p>Ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a T&acirc;n c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p trong b&agrave;i vi&#7871;t n&agrave;y, b&#7843;n th&acirc;n n&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; do <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#ta_linh\" 28738 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">t&agrave; linh<\/a> sinh ra, m&agrave; trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n n&oacute; &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#ta_linh\" 28738 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">t&agrave; linh<\/a> t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng v&agrave; l&#7907;i d&#7909;ng. V&igrave; v&#7853;y, n&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; &#273;em so s&aacute;nh v&agrave; &#273;&#7889;i &#273;&atilde;i ngang b&#7857;ng v&#7899;i lo&#7841;i h&igrave;nh ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t thu&#7847;n t&uacute;y Ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a C&#7897;ng s&#7843;n &ndash; c&aacute;i g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;Ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a hi&#7879;n th&#7921;c x&atilde; h&#7897;i ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a&rdquo; (Socialist realism). Nh&#432;ng ch&iacute;nh v&igrave; v&#7853;y, &#273;&#7875; tr&aacute;nh b&#7883; &ocirc; nhi&#7877;m b&#7903;i <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#ta_linh\" 28738 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">t&agrave; linh<\/a> trong vi&#7879;c nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&agrave; t&igrave;m hi&#7875;u ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t T&acirc;n c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n th&igrave; vi&#7879;c l&agrave;m r&otilde; c&aacute;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; c&#7909; th&#7875; trong &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; v&ocirc; c&ugrave;ng quan tr&#7885;ng. M&#7863;c d&ugrave; n&oacute;i &#273;&#7871;n c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i nh&acirc;n t&#7889; r&#7855;c r&#7889;i ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p, nh&#432;ng l&#7883;ch s&#7917; l&agrave; nh&#432; v&#7853;y, c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng ph&aacute;i ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t v&agrave; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t gia trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917; c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i kh&ocirc;ng &#273;en th&igrave; &#7855;t s&#7869; tr&#7855;ng, r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u s&#7921; vi&#7879;c c&#7847;n t&#7915;ng b&#432;&#7899;c l&agrave;m r&otilde; t&#7915; &#273;&#7847;u &#273;&#7871;n cu&#7889;i.<\/p>\n<p><b>T&oacute;m t&#7855;t b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh sinh ra ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t phong c&aacute;ch T&acirc;n c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n<\/b><\/p>\n<p>V&agrave;o cu&#7889;i th&#7871; k&#7927; XVI, &#273;&#7875; k&igrave;m h&atilde;m nh&#7919;ng c&#7843;i c&aacute;ch t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng m&#7841;nh m&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#417;ng th&#7901;i, Gi&aacute;o h&#7897;i C&ocirc;ng gi&aacute;o &#273;&atilde; khuy&#7871;n kh&iacute;ch c&aacute;c ngh&#7879; s&#7929; th&#7875; hi&#7879;n c&#7843;m x&uacute;c Th&#7847;n th&aacute;nh trong c&aacute;c t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m c&#7911;a h&#7885; khi mi&ecirc;u t&#7843; c&aacute;c ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o, t&#7915; &#273;&oacute; kh&#417;i d&#7853;y l&ograve;ng khao kh&aacute;t h&#432;&#7899;ng t&#7899;i Thi&ecirc;n &#272;&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7911;a c&aacute;c t&iacute;n &#273;&#7891;, b&#7903;i v&#7853;y &#273;&atilde; th&uacute;c &#273;&#7849;y s&#7921; ra &#273;&#7901;i v&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a phong c&aacute;ch Baroque v&agrave;o th&#7871; k&#7927; XVII. C&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&oacute; qua m&#7897;t s&#7889; b&#7913;c h&#7885;a tr&ecirc;n tr&#7847;n nh&agrave; th&#7901; ho&#7863;c c&aacute;c t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t th&#7875; hi&#7879;n s&#7921; t&#7921; t&#7841;i trong th&#7871; gi&#7899;i c&#7911;a Thi&ecirc;n Ch&uacute;a, k&#7871;t c&#7845;u tr&agrave;n ng&#7853;p s&#7921; sinh &#273;&#7897;ng, khung c&#7843;nh linh thi&ecirc;ng tr&aacute;ng l&#7879; v&agrave; nguy nga, l&#7889;i trang tr&iacute; tinh t&#7871; duy&ecirc;n d&aacute;ng v&agrave; sang tr&#7885;ng, m&agrave;u s&#7855;c &aacute;nh s&aacute;ng c&oacute; s&#7913;c cu&#7889;n h&uacute;t s&acirc;u s&#7855;c. C&aacute;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t n&agrave;y khi&#7871;n cho ng&#432;&#7901;i ta c&#7843;m th&#7845;y th&#7871; gi&#7899;i Thi&ecirc;n qu&#7889;c hi&#7879;n ra nguy nga tr&aacute;ng l&#7879;, t&#7915; &#273;&oacute; bi&#7875;u &#273;&#7841;t t&#7845;m l&ograve;ng th&agrave;nh k&iacute;nh v&agrave; ca t&#7909;ng c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i Th&#7847;n.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#432;&#417;ng nhi&ecirc;n, c&aacute;c phong c&aacute;ch bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n v&agrave; ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t r&#7845;t &#273;a d&#7841;ng. &#272;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&agrave; trong th&#7871; gi&#7899;i con ng&#432;&#7901;i, b&igrave;nh th&#7843;n l&yacute; t&iacute;nh ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i chu&#7849;n m&#7921;c, &#273;i&#7875;m n&agrave;y th&#7875; hi&#7879;n nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n trong phong c&aacute;ch Ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a C&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n (Classicisme) song song v&#7899;i Baroque trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917; m&#7929; thu&#7853;t. Ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a C&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n l&#7845;y ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t Hy L&#7841;p v&agrave; La M&atilde; c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i l&agrave;m h&igrave;nh m&#7851;u, t&ocirc;n tr&#7885;ng l&yacute; t&iacute;nh, tu&acirc;n theo quy ph&#7841;m, t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m ch&acirc;n l&yacute; trong ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t trang nh&atilde; v&agrave; h&agrave;i h&ograve;a.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, s&#7921; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n c&#7911;a Phong tr&agrave;o Khai s&aacute;ng (Lumi&egrave;res) &#273;&atilde; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c th&#7921;c ch&#7913;ng, th&uacute;c &#273;&#7849;y c&aacute;c t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng khai s&aacute;ng, v&ocirc; th&#7847;n lu&#7853;n v&agrave; ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a duy v&#7853;t bi&#7879;n ch&#7913;ng kh&aacute;c nhau &#273;&#7875; l&agrave;m suy y&#7871;u t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i Th&#7847;n, khi&#7871;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7883; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng b&#7903;i n&oacute; m&agrave; ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng xa r&#7901;i Th&#7847;n, ch&uacute; tr&#7885;ng hi&#7879;n th&#7921;c. &#272;&#7871;n th&#7871; k&#7927; XVIII l&agrave; th&#7901;i k&#7923; phong c&aacute;ch Rococo, v&#7889;n k&#7871; th&#7915;a phong c&aacute;ch Baroque, th&igrave; c&aacute;c t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t &#273;&atilde; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n theo hai ph&#432;&#417;ng di&#7879;n.<\/p>\n<p>Trong ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o, c&aacute;c ngh&#7879; s&#7929; ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c th&#7875; hi&#7879;n s&#7921; Th&#7847;n th&aacute;nh v&agrave; huy ho&agrave;ng c&#7911;a Thi&ecirc;n qu&#7889;c nh&#432; tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y. V&#7873; h&igrave;nh th&#7913;c ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t, ngo&agrave;i vi&#7879;c k&#7871; th&#7915;a v&#7867; ngo&agrave;i tr&aacute;ng l&#7879; huy ho&agrave;ng, t&#432; th&#7871; sinh &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a phong c&aacute;ch Baroque tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&oacute;, c&ograve;n ch&uacute; tr&#7885;ng nh&#7919;ng nh&acirc;n t&#7889; s&aacute;ng t&#7841;o nh&#432; s&#7921; nh&#7865; nh&agrave;ng tinh x&#7843;o c&#7911;a ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t v&agrave; s&#7921; phong ph&uacute; tinh t&#7871; c&#7911;a c&aacute;c chi ti&#7871;t trang tr&iacute;.<\/p>\n<p>Trong ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t &#273;&#7901;i th&#432;&#7901;ng, c&aacute;c h&#7885;a s&#7929; ch&uacute; tr&#7885;ng m&ocirc; t&#7843; s&#7921; h&agrave;o nho&aacute;ng c&#7911;a cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; s&#7921; tinh t&#7871; l&atilde;ng m&#7841;n c&#7911;a c&#7843;m x&uacute;c. So v&#7899;i c&aacute;c t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m c&#7911;a c&aacute;c h&#7885;a s&#7929; th&#7901;i k&#7923; tr&#432;&#7899;c, c&aacute;c ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; &#273;&#7901;i th&#432;&#7901;ng th&#7901;i n&agrave;y h&#7847;u h&#7871;t th&#7875; hi&#7879;n cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng vui v&#7867; c&#7911;a x&atilde; h&#7897;i th&#432;&#7907;ng l&#432;u, truy c&#7847;u t&igrave;nh y&ecirc;u v&agrave; c&aacute;c n&#7897;i dung kh&aacute;c, ho&#7863;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&aacute;c ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; th&#7847;n tho&#7841;i l&agrave;m &#7849;n d&#7909; &#273;&#7875; th&#7875; hi&#7879;n ni&#7873;m vui cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng. &#272;&#7875; ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i th&#7883; hi&#7871;u th&#7849;m m&#7929; c&#7911;a x&atilde; h&#7897;i l&uacute;c b&#7845;y gi&#7901;, H&#7885;c vi&#7879;n H&#7897;i h&#7885;a v&agrave; &#272;i&ecirc;u kh&#7855;c Ho&agrave;ng gia Ph&aacute;p (Acad&eacute;mie royale de peinture et de sculpture), n&#417;i lu&ocirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c bi&#7871;t &#273;&#7871;n v&#7899;i truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n, &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; m&#7897;t s&#7889; vi&#7879;n tr&#432;&#7903;ng v&agrave; m&#7897;t s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n gi&aacute;o vi&ecirc;n l&agrave; c&aacute;c ngh&#7879; s&#7929; s&aacute;ng t&#7841;o theo phong c&aacute;ch Rococo. Fran&ccedil;ois Boucher, h&#7885;a s&#7929; ti&ecirc;u bi&#7875;u c&#7911;a phong c&aacute;ch n&agrave;y, t&#7915;ng l&agrave; vi&#7879;n tr&#432;&#7903;ng t&#7915; n&#259;m 1765 &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m 1768.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i phong c&aacute;ch ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t n&agrave;o &#273;&oacute;, c&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i th&iacute;ch th&igrave; c&#361;ng t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n c&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng th&iacute;ch. M&#7897;t s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i trong th&#7871; gi&#7899;i ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t c&oacute; gu c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n h&#417;n c&#7843;m th&#7845;y m&#7879;t m&#7887;i v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7891; trang tr&iacute; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p v&agrave; t&#7847;m th&#432;&#7901;ng c&#361;ng nh&#432; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng xa hoa h&#432;&#7903;ng l&#7841;c theo phong c&aacute;ch Rococo, h&#7885; t&igrave;m c&aacute;ch ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n phong c&aacute;ch c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n nguy&ecirc;n b&#7843;n. &#272;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i, khi phong tr&agrave;o Khai s&aacute;ng th&uacute;c &#273;&#7849;y m&#7841;nh m&#7869; vi&#7879;c ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a duy l&yacute;, xu h&#432;&#7899;ng n&agrave;y d&#7847;n d&#7847;n b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#417;n. C&aacute;c chuy&ecirc;n gia, &#273;&#7841;i di&#7879;n l&agrave; Johann Joachim Winckelmann (nh&agrave; kh&#7843;o c&#7893; h&#7885;c v&agrave; s&#7917; h&#7885;c ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t ng&#432;&#7901;i Ph&#7893;), &#273;&atilde; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n c&aacute;c chuy&#7871;n &#273;i th&#7921;c t&#7871; &#273;&#7871;n t&agrave;n t&iacute;ch c&#7911;a c&aacute;c th&agrave;nh ph&#7889; c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i Pompeii v&agrave; Herculaneum, m&#7897;t l&#7847;n n&#7919;a kh&#417;i d&#7853;y ni&#7873;m &#273;am m&ecirc; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t Hy L&#7841;p v&agrave; La M&atilde; c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i. &#272;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n b&#7903;i c&aacute;c h&#7885;a s&#7929; n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng nh&#432; Joseph-Marie Vien &#7903; Ph&aacute;p v&agrave; Pompeo Batoni &#7903; &Yacute;, phong c&aacute;ch T&acirc;n c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n d&#7847;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh.<\/p>\n<p>Winckelmann hy v&#7885;ng l&#7845;y v&#259;n h&oacute;a l&yacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7875; t&aacute;i t&#7841;o l&#7841;i n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a v&agrave; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t Hy L&#7841;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i, nh&#432;ng nh&#7919;ng t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m &#273;i&ecirc;u kh&#7855;c v&agrave; ki&#7871;n &#8203;&#8203;tr&uacute;c c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i m&agrave; &ocirc;ng v&agrave; m&#7897;t s&#7889; nh&agrave; kh&#7843;o c&#7893; h&#7885;c kh&aacute;c t&igrave;m th&#7845;y th&#7921;c s&#7921; ch&#7881; c&ograve;n s&oacute;t l&#7841;i sau m&#7897;t th&#7901;i gian l&#7883;ch s&#7917; d&agrave;i &#273;&#7857;ng &#273;&#7861;ng. Ng&agrave;y nay, th&ocirc;ng qua nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u khoa h&#7885;c v&agrave; c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta &#273;&atilde; ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n ra r&#7857;ng c&aacute;c c&ocirc;ng tr&igrave;nh ki&#7871;n &#8203;&#8203;tr&uacute;c v&agrave; t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m &#273;i&ecirc;u kh&#7855;c Hy L&#7841;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&#7873;u th&#7921;c s&#7921; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n th&#7901;i &#273;&oacute; v&#7869; b&#7857;ng nhi&#7873;u m&agrave;u s&#7855;c phong ph&uacute;, tuy nhi&ecirc;n do qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh b&agrave;o m&ograve;n v&agrave; phong h&oacute;a c&#7911;a c&aacute;c ch&#7845;t li&#7879;u m&agrave;u trong h&#417;n 2000 n&#259;m, n&ecirc;n v&#7873; c&#417; b&#7843;n ch&uacute;ng &#273;&atilde; m&#7845;t &#273;i m&agrave;u s&#7855;c v&#7889;n c&oacute;. Do &#273;&oacute;, phong c&aacute;ch h&agrave;i h&ograve;a, ng&#7855;n g&#7885;n, &#273;&#417;n nh&#7845;t v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng m&agrave;u s&#7855;c do th&#7901;i gian g&acirc;y ra kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; di&#7879;n m&#7841;o ch&acirc;n ch&iacute;nh c&#7911;a ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t Hy L&#7841;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i nguy&ecirc;n b&#7843;n &#273;&#7847;y m&agrave;u s&#7855;c. Nh&#432;ng Winckelmann, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; hi&#7875;u l&#7847;m &#273;i&#7875;m n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7873; xu&#7845;t r&#7857;ng l&yacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t T&acirc;n c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n ph&#7843;i l&agrave; &ldquo;S&#7921; &#273;&#417;n thu&#7847;n cao qu&yacute; v&agrave; trang nghi&ecirc;m v&#297; &#273;&#7841;i&rdquo; (Edle Einfalt und stille Gr&ouml;&szlig;e). T&#7915; nh&#7919;ng n&eacute;t m&#7897;c m&#7841;c, r&otilde; r&agrave;ng v&agrave; trang tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7875; hi&#7879;n trong nhi&#7873;u t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t ti&#7871;p theo c&#7911;a th&#7875; lo&#7841;i n&agrave;y, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&aacute;nh gi&aacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#7843;m th&#7909; tr&#7921;c quan m&agrave; l&yacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t n&agrave;y mang l&#7841;i cho con ng&#432;&#7901;i trong th&#7921;c ti&#7877;n.<\/p>\n<p><b>Ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t v&agrave; ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883;<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Khi <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#ta_linh\" 28738 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">t&agrave; linh<\/a> c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n c&ograve;n ch&#432;a tr&#7855;ng tr&#7907;n x&acirc;m l&#7845;n v&agrave; kh&#7889;ng ch&#7871; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i, ch&uacute;ng ta &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; th&#7875; gi&#7919; th&aacute;i &#273;&#7897; khoan dung khi nh&igrave;n nh&#7853;n c&aacute;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng ph&aacute;i xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t, trong &#273;&oacute; c&#361;ng bao g&#7891;m s&#7921; bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n c&#7911;a c&aacute;c phong c&aacute;ch ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t &#273;a d&#7841;ng. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, m&#7897;t khi nh&#7919;ng nh&acirc;n t&#7889; t&agrave; &aacute;c b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u ti&#7871;p qu&#7843;n ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch c&oacute; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng, tuy&ecirc;n truy&#7873;n cu&#7897;c c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng gi&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i, th&igrave; nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; n&agrave;y v&#7873; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n gi&#7889;ng v&#7899;i ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng n&#7919;a. Trong m&#7897;t th&#7871; c&#7909;c h&#7895;n lo&#7841;n, cho d&ugrave; l&agrave; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t gia hay l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n t&#7915; c&aacute;c ng&agrave;nh c&aacute;c ngh&#7873; kh&aacute;c nhau &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; th&#7875; g&acirc;y ra m&#7897;t s&#7889; h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;i&ecirc;n cu&#7891;ng, tr&ecirc;n th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; do t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng b&#7883; t&agrave; &aacute;c thao t&uacute;ng, kh&#7889;ng ch&#7871;.<\/p>\n<p>N&#7897;i dung b&agrave;i vi&#7871;t n&agrave;y t&#7853;p trung v&agrave;o th&#7901;i k&#7923; l&#7883;ch s&#7917; cu&#7891;ng lo&#7841;n c&#7911;a C&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng Ph&aacute;p, do &#273;&oacute;, m&#7897;t s&#7889; t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m, t&#432; li&#7879;u l&#7883;ch s&#7917; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c li&#7879;t k&ecirc; kh&ocirc;ng tr&aacute;nh kh&#7887;i mang theo &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a th&#7901;i k&#7923; n&agrave;y. Nh&#432;ng &#273;i&#7873;u c&#7847;n nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh &#7903; &#273;&acirc;y ch&iacute;nh l&agrave;, ch&uacute;ng ta c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng cho r&#7857;ng nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7883; t&agrave; &aacute;c thao t&uacute;ng t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; &aacute;c ma, b&#7903;i r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p k&#7923; th&#7921;c h&#7885; ch&#7881; l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7883; t&agrave; &aacute;c l&#7907;i d&#7909;ng. B&#7903;i v&igrave; con ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng t&#7841;i c&otilde;i m&ecirc;, trong tr&agrave;o l&#432;u v&agrave; s&oacute;ng gi&oacute; c&#7911;a x&atilde; h&#7897;i, nhi&#7873;u khi l&agrave; kh&oacute; l&ograve;ng t&#7921; ch&#7911;, th&acirc;n b&#7845;t do k&#7927;, n&ecirc;n d&#7877; d&agrave;ng b&#7883; <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#ta_linh\" 28738 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">t&agrave; linh<\/a> l&#7907;i d&#7909;ng. V&igrave; v&#7853;y, th&#432;&#7901;ng l&agrave; <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#ta_linh\" 28738 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">t&agrave; linh<\/a> l&#7907;i d&#7909;ng nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7883; m&ecirc; ho&#7863;c &#273;&#7875; l&agrave;m vi&#7879;c x&#7845;u, nh&#432;ng b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng h&#7859;n l&agrave; x&#7845;u. &#272;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i, ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t th&#7901;i k&#7923; n&agrave;y kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7841;i di&#7879;n cho to&agrave;n b&#7897; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t T&acirc;n c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n. B&#7903;i tr&#432;&#7899;c v&agrave; sau C&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng Ph&aacute;p, &#7903; Ph&aacute;p c&#361;ng nh&#432; tr&ecirc;n to&agrave;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i trong c&ugrave;ng th&#7901;i k&#7923; c&#361;ng c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m T&acirc;n c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n xu&#7845;t s&#7855;c kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7883;u t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#ta_linh\" 28738 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">t&agrave; linh<\/a>, ch&uacute;ng r&#7845;t &#273;&aacute;ng &#273;&#7875; tham kh&#7843;o v&agrave; h&#7885;c h&#7887;i.<\/p>\n<p>C&#7909; th&#7875; c&#7847;n n&oacute;i &#273;&#7871;n h&#7885;a s&#7929; T&acirc;n c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng nh&#7845;t th&#7901;i k&#7923; n&agrave;y l&agrave; Jacques-Louis David. N&oacute;i v&#7873; David, r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i Trung Qu&#7889;c kh&ocirc;ng hi&#7875;u m&#7929; thu&#7853;t c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#7873;u bi&#7871;t: &#273;&acirc;y ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; h&#7885;a s&#7929; c&#7911;a b&#7913;c tranh &ldquo;La Mort de Marat&rdquo; trong s&aacute;ch gi&aacute;o khoa m&#7929; thu&#7853;t c&#7911;a h&#7885;c sinh Trung Qu&#7889;c. B&#7903;i v&igrave; trong b&#7913;c h&#7885;a, David &#273;&atilde; m&#7929; h&oacute;a t&ecirc;n &#273;&#7891; t&#7875; c&#7893; x&uacute;y b&#7841;o l&#7921;c, gi&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&#432; ng&oacute;e Marat n&agrave;y th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t nh&acirc;n v&#7853;t anh h&ugrave;ng nh&acirc;n t&#7915; v&agrave; d&#361;ng c&#7843;m. Ch&iacute;nh quy&#7873;n <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#trung_cong\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Trung C&#7897;ng<\/a> &#273;&atilde; tuy&ecirc;n truy&#7873;n b&#7913;c tranh n&agrave;y nh&#7857;m tuy&ecirc;n d&#432;&#417;ng &ldquo;&#273;&#7845;u tranh c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng&rdquo;, &#273;&#7875; m&#7895;i h&#7885;c sinh Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#7873;u ph&#7843;i h&#7885;c t&#7853;p n&oacute;, d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; t&#7849;y n&atilde;o c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng.<\/p>\n<p>David l&agrave; m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng h&#7885;a s&#7929; c&oacute; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t &#7903; ch&acirc;u &Acirc;u v&agrave;o cu&#7889;i th&#7871; k&#7927; 18 v&agrave; 19. Tranh c&atilde;i v&#7873; &ocirc;ng trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917; c&#361;ng t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i l&#7899;n, bao g&#7891;m vi&#7879;c &#273;&aacute;nh gi&aacute; cao k&#7929; n&#259;ng h&#7897;i h&#7885;a tuy&#7879;t v&#7901;i c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng, v&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&aacute;ng bu&#7891;n l&agrave; &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; bi&#7871;n ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t th&agrave;nh c&ocirc;ng c&#7909; tuy&ecirc;n truy&#7873;n c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng b&#7841;o l&#7921;c.<\/p>\n<p>Ngay t&#7915; thu&#7903; s&#417; khai, ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n trong &#273;i&#7879;n th&#7901; Th&#7847;n v&#7899;i m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch th&#7875; hi&#7879;n c&aacute;c v&#7883; Th&#7847;n, v&igrave; v&#7853;y, &#273;&#7883;a v&#7883; c&#7911;a c&aacute;c ngh&#7879; s&#7929; v&#7899;i s&#7913; m&#7879;nh ca ng&#7907;i c&aacute;c v&#7883; Th&#7847;n v&agrave; &#273;&#7873; cao &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c lu&ocirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7873; cao. C&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t, nh&#7919;ng ngh&#7879; s&#7929; tr&#7913; danh th&#7901;i k&#7923; &#273;&#7847;u lu&ocirc;n c&oacute; m&#7889;i li&ecirc;n h&#7879; v&#7899;i t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o, gi&aacute;o ho&agrave;ng, gi&aacute;m m&#7909;c, ho&agrave;ng &#273;&#7871;, qu&yacute; t&#7897;c&hellip; C&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y &#273;&#7883;a v&#7883; x&atilde; h&#7897;i v&agrave; t&#7847;m nh&igrave;n c&#7911;a c&aacute;c ngh&#7879; s&#7929; l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng h&#7873; th&#7845;p. C&aacute;c ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t ban &#273;&#7847;u v&#7873; c&#417; b&#7843;n l&agrave; c&aacute;c ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o, v&agrave; sau &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; c&aacute;c ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; v&#7873; v&#432;&#417;ng quy&#7873;n th&#7871; t&#7909;c, c&#361;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng tr&ecirc;n c&#417; s&#7903; l&yacute; lu&#7853;n &ldquo;Qu&acirc;n quy&#7873;n Th&#7847;n th&#7909;&rdquo; (quy&#7873;n l&#7921;c vua l&agrave; do Th&#7847;n ban cho), suy cho c&ugrave;ng v&#7851;n l&agrave; c&oacute; m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; v&#7899;i Th&#7847;n.<\/p>\n<p>Gi&#7919;a nh&#7919;ng d&acirc;n ch&uacute;ng b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng, nh&#7919;ng ngh&#7879; s&#7929; ki&#7879;t xu&#7845;t lu&ocirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&ocirc;n s&ugrave;ng. Ngay t&#7915; th&#7901;i Trung c&#7893; &#7903; ch&acirc;u &Acirc;u, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta v&#7851;n lu&ocirc;n ngh&#297; r&#7857;ng h&#7897;i h&#7885;a l&agrave; ng&agrave;nh ngh&#7873; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng n&#7893;i: m&#7897;t h&#7885;a s&#7929; c&oacute; th&#7875; bi&#7871;n m&#7897;t t&#7901; gi&#7845;y tr&#7855;ng ho&#7863;c m&#7897;t m&#7843;nh g&#7895; th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t t&#7845;m g&#432;&#417;ng ph&#7843;n chi&#7871;u phong c&#7843;nh thi&ecirc;n nhi&ecirc;n ho&#7863;c ch&acirc;n dung c&#7911;a m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7853;t. &#272;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&agrave; khi c&aacute;c b&#7913;c h&#7885;a nh&igrave;n gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; th&#7853;t, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta l&uacute;c &#7845;y v&#7851;n cho r&#7857;ng k&#7929; thu&#7853;t c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i ngh&#7879; s&#7929; th&#7921;c ra l&agrave; ph&eacute;p thu&#7853;t do Th&#7847;n ban t&#7863;ng. V&igrave; v&#7853;y, m&#7897;t h&#7885;a s&#7929; c&oacute; tay ngh&#7873; cao s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c coi l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c Th&#7847;n quan t&acirc;m, lu&ocirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i k&iacute;nh tr&#7885;ng v&agrave; tin t&#432;&#7903;ng, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i c&oacute; quy&#7873;n t&#7921; do s&aacute;ng t&aacute;c t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i cao.<\/p>\n<p>N&oacute;i c&aacute;ch kh&aacute;c, ng&#432;&#7901;i ngh&#7879; s&#7929; c&oacute; ni&#7873;m ki&ecirc;u h&atilde;nh ri&ecirc;ng c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, trong khu&ocirc;n kh&#7893; l&yacute; thuy&#7871;t ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t &#273;&atilde; ho&agrave;n thi&#7879;n, h&#7885; s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng d&#7877; d&agrave;ng b&#7883; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng b&#7903;i c&aacute;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; v&agrave; quy&#7873;n l&#7921;c m&agrave; nh&#432;&#7907;ng b&#7897; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t. L&#7845;y v&iacute; d&#7909; v&#7873; m&#7897;t nh&agrave; &#273;i&ecirc;u kh&#7855;c: Sau khi Napol&eacute;on l&ecirc;n n&#7855;m quy&#7873;n, &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u nh&agrave; &#273;i&ecirc;u kh&#7855;c Antonio Canova l&agrave;m m&#7897;t b&#7913;c t&#432;&#7907;ng v&#7873; &ocirc;ng. Canova &#273;&atilde; l&agrave;m cho Napol&eacute;on m&#7897;t b&#7913;c t&#432;&#7907;ng kh&#7887;a th&acirc;n d&#7921;a theo phong c&aacute;ch &#273;i&ecirc;u kh&#7855;c c&#7911;a th&#7901;i k&#7923; Hy L&#7841;p h&oacute;a. Napol&eacute;on kh&ocirc;ng mu&#7889;n m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y b&#7913;c t&#432;&#7907;ng b&#7843;n th&acirc;n m&igrave;nh kh&#7887;a th&acirc;n, v&igrave; v&#7853;y &#273;&#7873; ngh&#7883; nh&agrave; &#273;i&ecirc;u kh&#7855;c kh&#7855;c th&ecirc;m qu&#7847;n &aacute;o cho b&#7913;c t&#432;&#7907;ng, nh&#432;ng Canova kh&ocirc;ng h&agrave;i l&ograve;ng v&agrave; tr&#7843; l&#7901;i: &ldquo;Gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; c&aacute;c nh&agrave; th&#417;, ch&uacute;ng t&ocirc;i c&oacute; ti&#7871;ng n&oacute;i ri&ecirc;ng c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh. N&#7871;u nh&#432; m&#7897;t nh&agrave; th&#417; &#273;em nh&#7919;ng c&acirc;u n&oacute;i v&agrave; ti&#7871;ng &#273;&#7883;a ph&#432;&#417;ng quen d&ugrave;ng c&#7911;a c&aacute;c t&#7847;ng l&#7899;p th&#7845;p trong x&atilde; h&#7897;i l&agrave;m l&#7901;i d&#7851;n cho m&#7897;t v&#7903; bi k&#7883;ch, anh ta s&#7869; b&#7883; l&ecirc;n &aacute;n l&agrave; l&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#417;ng nhi&ecirc;n. T&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; v&#7853;y, c&aacute;c nh&agrave; &#273;i&ecirc;u kh&#7855;c ch&uacute;ng t&ocirc;i kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; n&agrave;o &#273;&#7863;t c&aacute;c b&#7913;c t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng t&ocirc;i trong trang ph&#7909;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng b&#7883; l&ecirc;n &aacute;n nh&#432; v&#7853;y&rdquo;. Cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng, Napol&eacute;on, k&#7867; b&#7845;t kh&#7843; chi&#7871;n b&#7841;i tr&ecirc;n chi&#7871;n tr&#432;&#7901;ng, bu&#7897;c ph&#7843;i ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n th&#7921;c t&#7871; r&#7857;ng b&#7913;c t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh kh&#7887;a th&acirc;n.<\/p>\n<p>David lu&ocirc;n b&#7883; ch&#7881; tr&iacute;ch v&igrave; &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; c&ocirc;ng khai tuy&ecirc;n d&#432;&#417;ng ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t &#273;&#7875; ph&#7909;c v&#7909; ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng trong th&#7901;i k&#7923; c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng, v&agrave; &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u m&agrave; h&#7847;u h&#7871;t c&aacute;c ngh&#7879; s&#7929; kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&aacute;nh gi&aacute; cao. Khi c&aacute;c nh&agrave; s&#7917; h&#7885;c ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t nh&#7853;n x&eacute;t v&#7873; David, h&#7885; th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n &#273;i&#7873;u g&igrave; &#273;&oacute; kh&aacute;c ngo&agrave;i ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t &ndash; ngh&#297;a l&agrave; &ocirc;ng &#7845;y c&oacute; &yacute; th&#7913;c r&#7845;t m&#7841;nh &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883;, nh&#7841;y c&#7843;m v&agrave; th&#7901;i c&#417;. Khi Louis XVI v&#7851;n c&ograve;n n&#7855;m quy&#7873;n, David c&#361;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7885;n v&agrave;o H&#7885;c vi&#7879;n H&#7897;i h&#7885;a v&agrave; &#272;i&ecirc;u kh&#7855;c V&#432;&#417;ng gia. V&agrave; khi &aacute;nh &#273;&egrave;n s&acirc;n kh&#7845;u nghi&ecirc;ng v&#7873; phe c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng, David &#273;&atilde; quay sang phe c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng v&agrave;o &#273;&uacute;ng th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m v&agrave; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#7883; th&#7871; ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh. Trong C&ocirc;ng x&atilde; Paris, &ocirc;ng tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh b&#7841;n th&acirc;n c&#7911;a Maximilien de Robespierre, m&#7897;t th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n c&#7911;a ph&aacute;i Jacobins, v&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7847;u l&agrave;m &#273;&#7841;i bi&#7875;u Qu&#7889;c h&#7897;i. Do nhu c&#7847;u ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883;, David &#273;&atilde; b&#7887; phi&#7871;u cho vi&#7879;c h&agrave;nh quy&#7871;t vua Louis XVI v&agrave; &#273;&oacute;ng c&#7917;a H&#7885;c vi&#7879;n H&#7897;i h&#7885;a v&agrave; &#272;i&ecirc;u kh&#7855;c V&#432;&#417;ng gia. Trong th&#7901;i k&#7923; &ldquo;th&#7889;ng tr&#7883; kh&#7911;ng b&#7889;&rdquo; c&#7911;a C&ocirc;ng x&atilde; Paris (Terreur, 1793-1794, &#272;&#7843;ng C&#7897;ng s&#7843;n Trung Qu&#7889;c g&#7885;i n&oacute; l&agrave; &ldquo;chuy&ecirc;n ch&iacute;nh ph&aacute;i Jacobin&rdquo;), David t&#7915;ng l&agrave; &#7911;y vi&ecirc;n c&#7911;a &ldquo;&#7910;y ban An ninh C&ocirc;ng c&#7897;ng&rdquo; (Comit&eacute; de salut public) &ndash; m&#7897;t c&#417; c&#7845;u th&#7889;ng tr&#7883; kh&#7911;ng b&#7889;, &ocirc;ng ph&#7909; tr&aacute;ch tuy&ecirc;n truy&#7873;n c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng b&#7841;o l&#7921;c.<\/p>\n<p><b>&#272;&#7857;ng sau c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i &ldquo;t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o qu&#7889;c gia m&#7899;i&rdquo;<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917;, c&oacute; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ngh&#7879; s&#7929; c&oacute; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng nghi&ecirc;ng v&#7873; quy&#7873;n l&#7921;c v&agrave; l&#7907;i &iacute;ch, nh&#432;ng l&yacute; do khi&#7871;n David g&acirc;y tranh c&atilde;i nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n trong th&#7901;i k&#7923; n&agrave;y li&ecirc;n quan nhi&#7873;u &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; &#273;&agrave;n &aacute;p t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng ch&iacute;nh th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a c&aacute;c th&#7871; l&#7921;c ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; m&agrave; &ocirc;ng ph&#7909;c v&#7909;. D&ugrave; sao, v&agrave;o h&#417;n 200 n&#259;m tr&#432;&#7899;c, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i tin v&agrave;o Th&#7847;n v&#7851;n c&ograve;n r&#7845;t ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n, v&agrave; vi&#7879;c ca t&#7909;ng v&agrave; tuy&ecirc;n truy&#7873;n cho m&#7897;t ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n Th&#7847;n th&aacute;nh, ch&agrave; &#273;&#7841;p l&ecirc;n t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng v&agrave; ph&#7841;m ph&#7843;i t&#7897;i &aacute;c th&#7843;m s&aacute;t, qu&#7843; th&#7921;c l&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u m&agrave; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i c&ograve;n c&oacute; ch&iacute;nh ni&#7879;m kh&oacute; c&oacute; th&#7875; ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c.<\/p>\n<p>C&aacute;c s&aacute;ch gi&aacute;o khoa l&#7845;y t&agrave; thuy&#7871;t c&#7911;a Marx l&agrave;m t&ocirc;n ch&#7881; lu&ocirc;n xu&#7845;t ph&aacute;t t&#7915; g&oacute;c &#273;&#7897; quan &#273;i&#7875;m duy v&#7853;t, cho r&#7857;ng C&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng Ph&aacute;p l&agrave; do xung &#273;&#7897;t l&#7907;i &iacute;ch kinh t&#7871; c&#7911;a c&aacute;c t&#7847;ng l&#7899;p x&atilde; h&#7897;i kh&aacute;c nhau, mi&ecirc;u t&#7843; m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i thu&#7897;c m&#7885;i t&#7847;ng l&#7899;p trong x&atilde; h&#7897;i th&agrave;nh coi ti&#7873;n l&agrave; m&#7841;ng s&#7889;ng v&agrave; m&#7885;i th&#7913; &#273;&#7873;u xu&#7845;t ph&aacute;t t&#7915; ti&#7873;n. &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y khi&#7871;n cho ng&#432;&#7901;i ta trong ti&#7873;m th&#7913;c c&#7843;m th&#7845;y nh&#432; th&#7875; nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i t&#7915; x&#432;a &#273;&#7871;n nay ch&#7881; t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng ti&#7873;n t&agrave;i. Th&#7921;c t&#7871;, &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng l&#7901;i n&oacute;i d&#7889;i l&#7915;a b&#7883;p v&agrave; th&#7911; &#273;o&#7841;n t&#7849;y n&atilde;o. Gi&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#432;&#7899;p &#273;o&#7841;t c&#7911;a c&#7843;i th&#432;&#7901;ng l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng m&agrave; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng ho&#7863;c nh&#7919;ng tay s&uacute;ng c&#7845;p d&#432;&#7899;i say m&ecirc;, h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; thay &#273;&#7893;i x&atilde; h&#7897;i n&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; m&#7897;t &yacute; th&#7913;c c&#7889;t l&otilde;i nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh v&agrave; m&#7897;t t&#7893; ch&#7913;c l&atilde;nh &#273;&#7841;o tu&acirc;n theo &yacute; th&#7913;c n&agrave;y. T&#7915; cu&#7889;i th&#7871; k&#7927; th&#7913; 18 cho &#273;&#7871;n ng&agrave;y nay, lu&ocirc;n c&oacute; l&yacute; lu&#7853;n cho r&#7857;ng C&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng Ph&aacute;p &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&uacute;c &#273;&#7849;y v&agrave; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n b&#7903;i H&#7897;i Tam &#272;i&#7875;m do Illuminati ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t, v&agrave; c&oacute; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n H&#7897;i Tam &#272;i&#7875;m trong ph&aacute;i Jacobins, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; tu&acirc;n th&#7911; nghi&ecirc;m ng&#7863;t m&#7897;t s&#7889; y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u c&oacute; t&iacute;nh tinh th&#7847;n khi x&#7917; l&yacute; m&#7885;i m&#7863;t c&ocirc;ng vi&#7879;c.<\/p>\n<p>Theo s&#7917; li&#7879;u, r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u nh&agrave; l&atilde;nh &#273;&#7841;o c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng v&agrave;o th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m &#273;&oacute; &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; m&#7897;t s&#7921; li&ecirc;m ch&iacute;nh v&#7873; t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o trong cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i c&#7911;a h&#7885;. M&#7863;c d&ugrave; h&#7885; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng l&#7907;i &iacute;ch v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t &#273;&#7875; k&iacute;ch &#273;&#7897;ng nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i Sans-culottes (d&acirc;n ngh&egrave;o) thu&#7897;c t&#7847;ng l&#7899;p th&#7845;p h&#417;n v&agrave; c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i l&#432;u manh t&#7841;o ph&#7843;n trong x&atilde; h&#7897;i, nh&#432;ng h&#7885; l&#7841;i c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u nghi&ecirc;m ng&#7863;t &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i h&agrave;nh vi c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh. &#272;&atilde; c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u l&#7901;i bu&#7897;c t&#7897;i kh&aacute;t m&aacute;u ho&#7863;c c&#7921;c &#273;oan ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nh&oacute;m ng&#432;&#7901;i Robespierre, nh&#432;ng l&#7841;i kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i n&agrave;o n&oacute;i cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng c&aacute; nh&acirc;n c&#7911;a h&#7885; xa x&#7881; h&#7911; h&oacute;a nh&#432; th&#7871; n&agrave;o. Ng&agrave;y nay, m&#7897;t s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n c&aacute;c nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u l&#7883;ch s&#7917; &#7903; ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y &#273;&atilde; ch&#7881; ra r&otilde; r&agrave;ng r&#7857;ng, &#273;&#7857;ng sau C&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng Ph&aacute;p c&oacute; m&#7897;t th&#7913; c&oacute; t&iacute;nh tinh th&#7847;n xuy&ecirc;n su&#7889;t t&#7915; &#273;&#7847;u &#273;&#7871;n cu&#7889;i, v&agrave; t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng ch&#7881; &#273;&#7841;o c&#7911;a n&oacute; c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; ti&#7873;n b&#7841;c. Ngay t&#7915; &#273;&#7847;u c&aacute;c th&#7871; l&#7921;c c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng &#273;&atilde; nh&#7855;m v&agrave;o t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng, y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u c&aacute;c linh m&#7909;c ho&agrave;n t&#7909;c, &#273;&oacute;ng c&#7917;a nh&agrave; th&#7901;, r&#7891;i ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c t&agrave;n s&aacute;t gi&aacute;o s&#297;, r&#7891;i l&#7841;i &#273;&#7871;n th&agrave;nh l&#7853;p qu&#7889;c gi&aacute;o m&#7899;i&hellip; T&#7845;t c&#7843; h&agrave;ng lo&#7841;t nh&#7919;ng h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng n&agrave;y &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; th&#7875; cho ng&#432;&#7901;i ta m&#7897;t c&#7843;m gi&aacute;c r&otilde; r&#7879;t: n&#7871;u nh&#432; n&oacute;i c&#432;&#7899;p &#273;o&#7841;t ch&iacute;nh quy&#7873;n ch&#7881; l&agrave; h&agrave;nh vi th&#7911; &#273;o&#7841;n, th&#7871; th&igrave; ti&ecirc;u di&#7879;t ch&iacute;nh t&iacute;n c&oacute; l&#7869; m&#7899;i l&agrave; m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch th&#7921;c s&#7921; c&#7911;a b&#7885;n h&#7885;.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7875; ti&ecirc;u di&#7879;t t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i Th&#7847;n, th&#7871; l&#7921;c c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng do ph&aacute;i Jacobins &#273;&#7913;ng &#273;&#7847;u kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; th&#7911; ti&ecirc;u c&aacute;c t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng, &eacute;p bu&#7897;c c&aacute;c gi&aacute;o s&#297; ho&agrave;n t&#7909;c, m&agrave; c&ograve;n t&agrave;n s&aacute;t c&aacute;c gi&aacute;o s&#297; v&agrave; t&iacute;n &#273;&#7891;. Ch&#7881; ri&ecirc;ng trong &ldquo;Th&#7843;m s&aacute;t th&aacute;ng 9&rdquo; n&#259;m 1792, g&#7847;n 1.400 t&ugrave; nh&acirc;n &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; gi&#7871;t, m&agrave; h&#7847;u h&#7871;t nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i trong &#273;&oacute; &#273;&#7873;u b&#7883; b&#7855;t t&#7841;m th&#7901;i v&#7899;i nhi&#7873;u t&#7897;i danh v&ocirc; l&yacute;. Trong s&#7889; &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; 233 ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7915; ch&#7889;i tuy&ecirc;n th&#7879; ph&#7909;c t&ugrave;ng &ldquo;Hi&#7871;n ph&aacute;p d&acirc;n s&#7921; c&#7911;a c&aacute;c gi&aacute;o s&#297;&rdquo; (Constitution civile du clerg&eacute;). Tr&ecirc;n th&#7921;c t&#7871;, nhi&#7873;u linh m&#7909;c &#273;&atilde; ho&agrave;n th&agrave;nh th&#7911; t&#7909;c tuy&ecirc;n th&#7879; c&#361;ng b&#7883; b&#7855;t v&agrave; b&#7883; gi&#7871;t trong phong tr&agrave;o n&agrave;y. C&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng, nh&#7919;ng c&aacute;i g&#7885;i l&agrave; t&#7897;i danh v&agrave; l&yacute; do &#273;&oacute; ch&#7881; l&agrave; m&#7897;t c&aacute;i c&#7899; m&agrave; &aacute;c ma kh&aacute;t m&aacute;u t&ugrave;y ti&#7879;n vin v&agrave;o.<\/p>\n<p>Vi&#7879;c &#273;&agrave;n &aacute;p c&aacute;c t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng c&#361;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#7843;n &aacute;nh trong vi&#7879;c ban h&agrave;nh l&#7883;ch m&#7899;i. Ngh&#7883; s&#297; v&ocirc; th&#7847;n ph&aacute;i Jacobin Charles-Gilbert Romme v&agrave; ngh&#7883; s&#297; Claude Joseph Ferry ph&aacute;i Girondins, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; b&#7887; phi&#7871;u h&agrave;nh quy&#7871;t qu&#7889;c v&#432;&#417;ng, &#273;&atilde; t&#7893; ch&#7913;c m&#7897;t nh&oacute;m h&#7885;c gi&#7843; v&agrave; nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c &#273;&#7875; c&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7863;t ra l&#7883;ch. L&#7883;ch ph&aacute;p truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng l&#7845;y n&#259;m sinh c&#7911;a Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su l&agrave;m n&#259;m b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u, ng&agrave;y nay &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; sau C&ocirc;ng Nguy&ecirc;n. &#272;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i, m&#7895;i m&#7897;t ng&agrave;y &#7903; ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y c&#361;ng t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng v&#7899;i t&ecirc;n c&#7911;a m&#7897;t v&#7883; Th&aacute;nh, nh&#7919;ng truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng n&agrave;y t&#7891;n t&#7841;i cho &#273;&#7871;n ng&agrave;y nay. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, l&#7883;ch m&#7899;i l&uacute;c &#273;&oacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;L&#7883;ch C&#7897;ng h&ograve;a Ph&aacute;p&rdquo; (Calendrier r&eacute;publicain) ho&#7863;c &ldquo;L&#7883;ch C&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng Ph&aacute;p&rdquo; (Calendrier r&eacute;volutionnaire fran&ccedil;ais). B&#7903;i v&igrave; coi t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o l&agrave; k&#7867; th&ugrave;, th&#7871; n&ecirc;n h&#7885; l&#7845;y ng&agrave;y ra &#273;&#7901;i c&#7911;a n&#432;&#7899;c C&#7897;ng h&ograve;a Ph&aacute;p l&agrave; ng&agrave;y 22\/09\/1792 ch&#7881; &#273;&#7883;nh l&agrave; &ldquo;Ng&agrave;y &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n c&#7911;a n&#259;m &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n c&#7911;a n&#432;&#7899;c C&#7897;ng h&ograve;a&rdquo;, h&#417;n n&#7919;a c&ograve;n thay th&#7871; c&aacute;c t&ecirc;n t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o ho&#7863;c th&#7847;n tho&#7841;i c&#7911;a ng&agrave;y v&agrave; th&aacute;ng ban &#273;&#7847;u b&#7857;ng t&ecirc;n c&#7911;a th&#7921;c v&#7853;t, kho&aacute;ng s&#7843;n, &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7853;t, hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n v&agrave; c&aacute;c t&#7915; ng&#7919; duy v&#7853;t v&agrave; v&ocirc; th&#7847;n kh&aacute;c. &#272;&#7897;ng th&aacute;i n&agrave;y nh&#7857;m c&#7855;t &#273;&#7913;t m&#7889;i li&ecirc;n h&#7879; gi&#7919;a l&#7883;ch ph&aacute;p v&agrave; t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng c&#361;ng nh&#432; x&oacute;a b&#7887; d&#7845;u v&#7871;t c&#7911;a t&iacute;n ng&#432;&#7905;ng ch&iacute;nh gi&aacute;o trong &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n. V&iacute; d&#7909;, c&aacute;c t&#7915; &ldquo;Brumaire&rdquo; (Th&aacute;ng s&#432;&#417;ng m&ugrave;) v&agrave; &ldquo;Thermidor&rdquo; (Th&aacute;ng n&oacute;ng n&#7921;c) th&#432;&#7901;ng xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917; C&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng Ph&aacute;p kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; c&aacute;c t&#7915; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a Ph&aacute;p, m&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra &#273;&#7875; b&agrave;i tr&#7915; c&aacute;c t&#7915; g&#7889;c c&#7911;a th&aacute;ng truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng. Lo&#7841;i l&#7883;ch ph&aacute;p n&agrave;y c&oacute; hi&#7879;u l&#7921;c t&#7915; ng&agrave;y 6 th&aacute;ng 10 n&#259;m 1793 th&ocirc;ng qua m&#7897;t &#273;&#7841;o lu&#7853;t, v&agrave; ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7871;n ng&agrave;y 9 th&aacute;ng 9 n&#259;m 1805, sau &#273;&oacute; b&#7883; Napol&eacute;on b&atilde;i b&#7887;. Nh&#432;ng v&agrave;o n&#259;m C&ocirc;ng x&atilde; Paris 1871 n&oacute; &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; m&#7897;t s&#7921; h&#7891;i sinh ng&#7855;n ng&#7911;i, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng trong t&aacute;m ng&agrave;y v&agrave;o th&aacute;ng N&#259;m.<\/p>\n<p>T&#7915; m&#7897;t s&#7889; t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#432;u truy&#7873;n v&agrave;o th&#7901;i &#273;&oacute;, ch&uacute;ng ta v&#7851;n c&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng v&igrave; t&#7847;ng l&#7899;p th&#7845;p &#273;&#7889; k&#7925; v&#7899;i phong c&aacute;ch hoa l&#7879; c&#7911;a gi&#7899;i qu&yacute; t&#7897;c, b&#7903;i v&#7853;y phong t&#7909;c x&atilde; h&#7897;i, sinh ho&#7841;t v&agrave; th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&#7843; qu&#7847;n &aacute;o &#273;&#7873;u b&#7883; c&aacute;ch m&#7841;ng h&oacute;a, v&iacute; d&#7909; nh&#432; m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7883; y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u ph&#7843;i h&#7911;y b&#7887; t&oacute;c gi&#7843; v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng b&#7897; &#273;&#7891; th&#7901;i trang l&#7897;ng l&#7851;y&hellip; Kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; v&#7853;y, c&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y trong c&aacute;c t&agrave;i li&#7879;u l&#7883;ch s&#7917;, khi n&oacute;i chuy&#7879;n m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7917; d&#7909;ng thu&#7853;t ng&#7919; h&agrave;nh ch&iacute;nh &ldquo;c&ocirc;ng d&acirc;n&rdquo; (Citoyen, Citoyenne) &#273;&#7875; thay th&#7871; c&aacute;ch x&#432;ng h&ocirc; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng nh&#432; &ldquo;Monsieur&rdquo; (qu&yacute; &ocirc;ng) v&agrave; &ldquo;Madame&rdquo; (qu&yacute; b&agrave;), v&agrave; m&#7897;t s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i thu&#7897;c b&egrave; c&aacute;nh c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n th&#7901;i k&#7923; &#273;&#7847;u th&igrave; g&#7885;i nhau l&agrave; &ldquo;&#273;&#7891;ng ch&iacute;&rdquo; (Camarade)&hellip;<\/p>\n<p>M&#7863;c d&ugrave; nh&#7919;ng hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng x&atilde; h&#7897;i h&#7895;n lo&#7841;n n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n suy ngh&#297; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i, nh&#432;ng quan ni&#7879;m c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; thay &#273;&#7893;i ngay l&#7853;p t&#7913;c. V&igrave; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7893; th&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7841;i ch&uacute;ng khi &#273;&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; ngay l&#7853;p t&#7913;c th&iacute;ch nghi v&#7899;i cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; C&#417; &#272;&#7889;c gi&aacute;o, <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#ta_linh\" 28738 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">t&agrave; linh<\/a> th&#7845;y kh&oacute; m&agrave; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch ti&ecirc;u di&#7879;t ch&iacute;nh t&iacute;n, th&#7871; l&agrave; t&agrave; &aacute;c li&#7873;n l&#7853;p ra m&#7897;t s&#7889; t&agrave; gi&aacute;o &#273;&#7875; thay th&#7871; c&aacute;c t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng v&#7889;n c&oacute; ban &#273;&#7847;u.<\/p>\n<p>V&agrave;o m&ugrave;a thu n&#259;m 1793, Jacques-Ren&eacute; H&eacute;bert v&agrave; Pierre-Gaspard Chaumette, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i v&ocirc; th&#7847;n &#7903; C&ocirc;ng x&atilde; Paris, &#273;&atilde; gi&#7899;i thi&#7879;u m&#7897;t t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o v&ocirc; th&#7847;n lu&#7853;n s&ugrave;ng b&aacute;i l&yacute; t&iacute;nh (Culte de la Raison) l&agrave;m qu&#7889;c gi&aacute;o c&#7911;a Ph&aacute;p. Trong &#273;&oacute;, lo&#7841;i &ldquo;t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o&rdquo; n&agrave;y ph&#7911; &#273;&#7883;nh t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&aacute;c v&#7883; Th&#7847;n, ch&#7881; t&ocirc;n tr&#7885;ng l&yacute; t&iacute;nh c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i. B&#7903;i v&igrave; &#273;&#7875; th&#7911; ti&ecirc;u C&#417; &#272;&#7889;c gi&aacute;o, m&#7897;t s&#7889; t&ograve;a nh&agrave; t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o ban &#273;&#7847;u nh&#432; Nh&agrave; th&#7901; &#272;&#7913;c B&agrave; Paris &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c bi&#7871;n th&agrave;nh &ldquo;&#272;&#7873;n th&#7901; L&yacute; t&iacute;nh&rdquo; (Temple de la Raison), &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7875; c&#7917; h&agrave;nh nghi th&#7913;c c&uacute;ng b&aacute;i m&#7897;t &ldquo;N&#7919; th&#7847;n L&yacute; t&iacute;nh&rdquo; (D&eacute;esse de la Raison) h&#432; c&#7845;u v&agrave;o ng&agrave;y &ldquo;T&#7871;t L&yacute; t&iacute;nh&rdquo; (F&ecirc;te de la Raison).<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/258121_1585752357-image.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/258121_1585752357-image.jpg\" width=\"450\" height=\"292\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>B&#7913;c tranh kh&#7855;c &ldquo;F&ecirc;te de la Raison&rdquo; (T&#7871;t L&yacute; t&iacute;nh), 15 &times; 9,5cm, kh&ocirc;ng r&otilde; t&aacute;c gi&#7843;, v&#7869; n&#259;m 1793.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Nh&#7919;ng ai t&#7915;ng nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c c&oacute; th&#7875; d&#7877; d&agrave;ng nh&#7853;n th&#7845;y d&#7845;u v&#7871;t c&#7911;a t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng Phong tr&agrave;o Khai s&aacute;ng &#273;&#7857;ng sau t&agrave; gi&aacute;o c&#7921;c &#273;oan &#273;&#7873; cao l&yacute; t&iacute;nh c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&#432;ng l&#7841;i ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n Th&#7847;n n&agrave;y. T&ecirc;n ti&#7871;ng Ph&aacute;p ch&iacute;nh th&#7913;c c&#7911;a &ldquo;K&#7927; nguy&ecirc;n Khai s&aacute;ng&rdquo; l&agrave; &ldquo;Si&egrave;cle des Lumi&egrave;res&rdquo;, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&#7883;ch theo ngh&#297;a &#273;en l&agrave; &ldquo;K&#7927; nguy&ecirc;n c&#7911;a &aacute;nh s&aacute;ng&rdquo;; v&agrave;o n&#7917;a sau c&#7911;a th&#7871; k&#7927; XVII, thu&#7853;t ng&#7919; &ldquo;Si&egrave;cle &eacute;clair&eacute;&rdquo; c&#361;ng xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n, c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&#7883;ch theo ngh&#297;a &#273;en l&agrave; &ldquo;K&#7927; nguy&ecirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chi&#7871;u s&aacute;ng b&#7903;i &aacute;nh s&aacute;ng&rdquo;. &ldquo;Quang Minh H&#7897;i&rdquo; ho&#7863;c &ldquo;Quang chi&#7871;u bang&rdquo; (Illuminati) c&#361;ng v&igrave; v&#7853;y m&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7863;t t&ecirc;n &ndash; &ldquo;Th&#7901;i k&#7923; Khai s&aacute;ng&rdquo; (Aevum Illuminationis) trong ti&#7871;ng Latin v&agrave; &ldquo;Quang minh h&#7897;i&rdquo; (Illuminati) trong ti&#7871;ng Latin v&#7873; t&#7915; g&#7889;c l&agrave; ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n nh&#432; nhau. &#272;i&#7873;u &#273;&aacute;ng n&oacute;i l&agrave; t&ecirc;n c&#7911;a &aacute;c qu&#7927; Lucifer trong v&#259;n h&oacute;a ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y c&oacute; ngh&#297;a l&agrave; &ldquo;Porteur de lumi&egrave;re&rdquo;, t&#7913;c l&agrave; &ldquo;K&#7867; mang l&#7841;i &aacute;nh s&aacute;ng&rdquo;. V&#7853;y &ldquo;Quang minh h&#7897;i&rdquo; (Illuminati) v&agrave; Phong tr&agrave;o Khai s&aacute;ng l&agrave; do ai mang &#273;&#7871;n? Li&#7879;u &ldquo;&aacute;nh s&aacute;ng&rdquo; do ma qu&#7927; mang &#273;&#7871;n c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave; &aacute;nh s&aacute;ng ch&acirc;n ch&iacute;nh kh&ocirc;ng?<\/p>\n<p><i>(C&ograve;n ti&#7871;p)<\/i><\/p>\n<p>D&#7883;ch t&#7915;: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/258121\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/258121<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[ChanhKien.org] N&oacute;i v&#7873; C&ocirc;ng x&atilde; Paris, nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7869; ngh&#297; &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t ch&iacute;nh quy&#7873;n ng&#7855;n ng&#7911;i c&#432;&#7899;p &#273;o&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&ocirc;ng qua v&#7909; th&#7843;m s&aacute;t &#273;&#7851;m m&aacute;u n&#259;m 1871. Nh&#432;ng ai &#273;&atilde; t&#7915;ng nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u l&#7883;ch s&#7917; &#273;&#7873;u bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng, trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917; n&#432;&#7899;c Ph&aacute;p th&#7921;c t&#7871; &#273;&atilde; t&#7915;ng c&oacute; hai l&#7847;n &ldquo;C&ocirc;ng x&atilde; Paris&rdquo; (Commune [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[551,304],"tags":[512],"class_list":["post-35155","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-hoa","category-loat-bai","tag-my-thuat-tan-co-dien"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>C\u00f4ng\u200c \u200cx\u00e3\u200c \u200cParis\u200c \u200cl\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u200cv\u00e0\u200c \u200cm\u1ef9\u200c \u200cthu\u1eadt\u200c \u200cT\u00e2n\u200c \u200cc\u1ed5\u200c \u200c\u0111i\u1ec3n (Ph\u1ea7n 1) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/12\/cong-xa-paris-lan-thu-nhat-va-my-thuat-tan-co-dien-phan-1.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"C\u00f4ng\u200c \u200cx\u00e3\u200c \u200cParis\u200c \u200cl\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u200cv\u00e0\u200c \u200cm\u1ef9\u200c \u200cthu\u1eadt\u200c \u200cT\u00e2n\u200c \u200cc\u1ed5\u200c \u200c\u0111i\u1ec3n (Ph\u1ea7n 1) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[ChanhKien.org] N&oacute;i v&#7873; C&ocirc;ng x&atilde; Paris, nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7869; ngh&#297; &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t ch&iacute;nh quy&#7873;n ng&#7855;n ng&#7911;i c&#432;&#7899;p &#273;o&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&ocirc;ng qua v&#7909; th&#7843;m s&aacute;t &#273;&#7851;m m&aacute;u n&#259;m 1871. 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