{"id":34959,"date":"2024-11-18T10:55:19","date_gmt":"2024-11-18T03:55:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=34959"},"modified":"2025-05-12T21:12:42","modified_gmt":"2025-05-12T14:12:42","slug":"dau-chan-lich-su-cua-phu-hieu-chu-phan-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/11\/dau-chan-lich-su-cua-phu-hieu-chu-phan-1.html","title":{"rendered":"D\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d (Ph\u1ea7n 1)"},"content":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

1. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d. Ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d (ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 Swastika) trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n l\u00e0 Srivatsa, phi\u00ean \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Trung l\u00e0 \u201cSh\u00ec l\u00ec j\u00f9 cu\u014d lu\u00f2 ch\u00e0 n\u00e0\u201d, c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch c\u0169 trong ti\u1ebfng Trung l\u00e0 \u201cC\u00e1t t\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea3i v\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cN\u01a1i t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 may m\u1eafn\u201d. Trong quy\u1ec3n 12 c\u1ee7a \u201cTh\u1eadp \u0110\u1ecba Kinh Lu\u1eadn\u201d do B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 L\u01b0u Chi d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y, k\u00fd t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201c\u842c\u201d (V\u1ea1n). C\u00f2n C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp v\u00e0 Huy\u1ec1n Trang \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201c\u5fb7\u201d (\u0110\u1ee9c), mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201cV\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee9c trang nghi\u00eam\u201d, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. Hi\u1ec7n nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d, \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u201cV\u1ea1n\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c V\u00f5 T\u1eafc Thi\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ecd th\u1ee9 hai (n\u0103m 693) quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. Trong quy\u1ec3n 6 c\u1ee7a \u201cPhi\u00ean D\u1ecbch Danh Ngh\u0129a T\u1eadp\u201d do ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u201cCh\u1ee7 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (V\u00f5 T\u1eafc Thi\u00ean) ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh ra k\u00fd t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf Thi\u00ean Xu, \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 v\u1ea1n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee9c may m\u1eafn\u201d.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: \u201c\u534d\u201d h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u201c\u5350\u201d h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3i. Trong \u201cNh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft Kinh \u00c2m Ngh\u0129a\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Hu\u1ec7 L\u00e2m, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u00ean l\u1ea5y ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d l\u00e0m chu\u1ea9n. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng coi ch\u1eef \u201c\u5350\u201d quay ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d gi\u1eefa v\u00f9ng H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 Bon gi\u00e1o l\u1ea1i coi ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n th\u1edd. Trong ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, \u201c\u534d\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cYungdrung\u201d, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cki\u00ean c\u1ed1\u201d, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f2n mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng.<\/p>\n

2. Ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/b><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady. Trong c\u00e1c di t\u00edch c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d. \u1ede c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Crete v\u00e0 Troy, hay Scandinavia, Scotland, Ireland, th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Maya \u1edf Nam M\u1ef9, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, Mesopotamia, La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o s\u01a1 khai, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Byzantine, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Ai C\u1eadp, v.v., \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ecda ti\u1ebft ch\u1eef th\u1eadp\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201ch\u1ecda ti\u1ebft M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi\u201d, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Hassuna \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c1 Mesopotamia kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 5000 TCN, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n hai ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d.<\/p>\n

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Hoa v\u0103n ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Hassuna \u1edf Mesopotamia kho\u1ea3ng 5000 n\u0103m TCN<\/i><\/p>\n

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Hoa v\u0103n ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Troy<\/i><\/p>\n

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Chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh g\u1ed1m Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh Troy v\u1edbi ba ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d ph\u00eda tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng ng\u1ef1a<\/i><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c1, di ch\u1ec9 Bakun \u1edf Iran \u0111\u00e3 khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m m\u00e0u c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n 3500 n\u0103m TCN, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eef th\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed1m t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ef1 sinh s\u1ea3n, tr\u00ean vai c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 k\u00fd t\u1ef1 ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d. Trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n v\u1eadt Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d.<\/p>\n

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B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00ecnh chu\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc hai ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nhau kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 900 TCN<\/i><\/p>\n

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Chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c kho\u1ea3ng 700 n\u0103m TCN \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt \u1edf Hy L\u1ea1p, xung quanh h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd Artemis (Th\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n s\u0103n b\u1eafn) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d.<\/i><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c con d\u1ea5u kho\u1ea3ng 2000 n\u0103m TCN \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cMohenjodaro and the Indus Civilization\u201d c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 J. Marshall c\u0169ng \u0111\u0103ng nhi\u1ec1u con d\u1ea5u hoa v\u0103n ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt t\u1eeb thung l\u0169ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng 2000 n\u0103m TCN.<\/p>\n

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Hoa v\u0103n ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d tr\u00ean con d\u1ea5u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a di t\u00edch Mohenjo-Daro t\u1ea1i thung l\u0169ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb 4000 \u0111\u1ebfn 5000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/i><\/p>\n

Trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Sumer kho\u1ea3ng 5000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a may m\u1eafn c\u00e1t t\u01b0\u1eddng. Theo nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5, ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trang tr\u00ed trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Byzantine. \u1ede Hy L\u1ea1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Crete c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Troy \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 trang tr\u00ed. \u1ede c\u00e1c khu m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt \u1edf v\u00f9ng Caucasus c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hoa v\u0103n ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Indian \u1edf Navajo thu\u1ed9c B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Indian coi ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho th\u1ea7n gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n m\u01b0a), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya v\u00e0 Polynesia \u1edf Nam v\u00e0 Trung M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u \u201c\u534d\u201d. \u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy ng\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

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Tr\u00ean t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Yorkshire n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc hoa v\u0103n ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 kh\u1eafc v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2000 TCN. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 kh\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u1edf Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u00dd.<\/i><\/p>\n

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Ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d \u1edf Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i (tranh g\u1ed1m)<\/i><\/p>\n

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Ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i (tranh g\u1ed1m)<\/i><\/p>\n

3. Ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/b><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n cho r\u1eb1ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u201c\u534d\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m l\u1edbn. Theo c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7n nay, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 9000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c hoa v\u0103n c\u00f3 k\u00fd t\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d. Hoa v\u0103n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c di t\u00edch c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, bao g\u1ed3m Cam T\u00fac, Thanh H\u1ea3i (v\u0103n h\u00f3a M\u00e3 Gia Di\u00eau), Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng (v\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ea1ch H\u1ea1p), N\u1ed9i M\u00f4ng (v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ti\u1ec3u H\u00e0 Di\u00ean), H\u1ed3 Nam (v\u0103n h\u00f3a B\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea7u S\u01a1n, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Cao Mi\u1ebfu), Chi\u1ebft Giang (v\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e0 M\u1ed7 \u0110\u1ed9), S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng (v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ea1i V\u1ea5n Kh\u1ea9u), v.v. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng xa l\u1ea1 g\u00ec v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang n\u00e0y. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a k\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u201c\u534d\u201d \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1edbm h\u01a1n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u00e0, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n s\u1edbm h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u201c\u534d\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a B\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea7u S\u01a1n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 9000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Cao Mi\u1ebfu \u1edf H\u1ed3 Nam kho\u1ea3ng 7400 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e0 M\u1ed7 \u0110\u1ed9 (kho\u1ea3ng 6900 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc), ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u0129a g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n con chim t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d v\u1edbi m\u1ecf chim l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trung t\u00e2m. C\u00e1c hoa v\u0103n ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i M\u00e3 X\u01b0\u1edfng trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a M\u00e3 Gia Di\u00eau \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Cam T\u00fac v\u00e0 Thanh H\u1ea3i, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 4000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc; trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ea1ch H\u1ea1p \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng kho\u1ea3ng 4800 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 hoa v\u0103n ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d; trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ti\u1ec3u H\u00e0 Di\u00ean t\u1ea1i N\u1ed9i M\u00f4ng c\u0169ng khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh l\u1edbn mi\u1ec7ng r\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebd k\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u201c\u534d\u201d, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 4870 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u00edt: v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ti\u1ec3u H\u00e0 Di\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt \u1edf khu m\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1 Th\u1ea1ch B\u1ed3ng S\u01a1n, Ng\u1ea1o H\u00e1n K\u1ef3, Li\u00eau Ninh, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y k\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u201c\u534d\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u1ebd. Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf n\u00fai Burhantu, Urat h\u1eadu k\u1ef3 N\u1ed9i M\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 kh\u1eafc nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o th\u1eddi H\u00e1n Ng\u1ee5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt \u1edf Shaya, T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n k\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u201c\u534d\u201d.<\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m m\u00e0u v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a k\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u201c\u534d\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt t\u1eeb di t\u00edch v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ea1i V\u1ea5n Kh\u1ea9u M2007 (V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ea1i V\u1ea5n Kh\u1ea9u, kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 4300 TCN ~2500 TCN).<\/i><\/p>\n

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B\u00ecnh g\u1ed1m lo\u1ea1i M\u00e3 X\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt t\u1eeb Quan H\u1ed9 \u0110\u00e0i, huy\u1ec7n D\u00e2n H\u00f2a, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 6300 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/i><\/p>\n

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K\u00fd t\u1ef1 may m\u1eafn \u201c\u534d\u201d tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ti\u1ec3u H\u00e0 Di\u00ean, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 4500 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/i><\/p>\n

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B\u00ecnh g\u1ed1m lo\u1ea1i M\u00e3 X\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt t\u1eeb khu m\u1ed9 Li\u1ec5u Loan, huy\u1ec7n L\u1ea1c \u0110\u00f4, t\u1ec9nh Thanh H\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1975, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 4300 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/i><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1980, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh g\u1ed1m c\u1ed5 d\u00e0i c\u00f3 hoa v\u0103n \u201c\u534d\u201d t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i huy\u1ec7n D\u00e2n H\u00f2a, t\u1ec9nh Thanh H\u1ea3i. Xung quanh b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 hoa v\u0103n b\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u201c\u534d\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t tr\u00f2n tr\u1ecba, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c r\u1ea5t tinh x\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

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B\u00ecnh c\u1ed5 d\u00e0i c\u00f3 hoa v\u0103n ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a M\u00e3 Gia Di\u00eau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi.<\/i><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u201c\u534d\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, tr\u00ean m\u00f3c \u0111ai b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ba Th\u1ee5c c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d (ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d k\u00e8m theo khung vu\u00f4ng). \u1ede th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ee9c T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn g\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d, nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khai qu\u1eadt t\u1eeb khu m\u1ed9 L\u01b0u Gia C\u1eeb, huy\u1ec7n Thi\u1ec3m, t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam, c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d r\u1ed7ng, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef \u201cV\u0129nh Th\u1ecd Chi K\u00ednh\u201d. Chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1t s\u1ee9 th\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng khai qu\u1eadt \u1edf Hu\u1ec7 D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d (ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d k\u00e8m theo hai v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n). T\u1ea1i di ch\u1ec9 l\u00f2 g\u1ed1m Kh\u00fac \u0110\u1ea5u Cung, \u0110\u1ee9c H\u00f3a, Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed9p ph\u1ea5n trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Minh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u0169 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u0103n tr\u00f9m \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1eef \u534d\u201d, b\u00e1t c\u00e1nh hoa sen, \u0111\u0129a hoa xanh th\u1eddi V\u1ea1n L\u1ecbch c\u0169ng c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d l\u00e0m trang tr\u00ed. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u0129a s\u1ee9 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u201cs\u1ee9 Kraak\u201d c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec1n trang tr\u00ed, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi v\u1ebd \u1edf gi\u1eefa \u0111\u0129a l\u00e0m hoa v\u0103n ch\u00ednh. Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1ec7t g\u1ea5m, c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc th\u1eddi Thanh th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hoa v\u0103n \u201cV\u1ea1n b\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n\u201d li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d, tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng c\u1ed5 qua c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u mang ng\u1ee5 \u00fd may m\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

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\u0110\u0129a s\u1ee9 Kraak men xanh th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 Thanh c\u1ee7a l\u00f2 g\u1ed1m \u0110\u1ee9c H\u00f3a (l\u1ea5y hoa v\u0103n ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d l\u00e0m h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft ch\u00ednh).<\/i><\/p>\n

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K\u00edp n\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ee9 28 (n\u0103m 1940) c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc k\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u201c\u534d\u201d.<\/i><\/p>\n

(C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/i><\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: https:\/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/node\/35250<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org] 1. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d. Ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d (ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 Swastika) trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n l\u00e0 Srivatsa, phi\u00ean \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Trung l\u00e0 \u201cSh\u00ec l\u00ec j\u00f9 cu\u014d lu\u00f2 ch\u00e0 n\u00e0\u201d, c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch c\u0169 trong ti\u1ebfng Trung l\u00e0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":44352,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[81],"tags":[511],"class_list":["post-34959","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bi-an-khoa-hoc","tag-dau-chan-lich-su-cua-phu-hieu-chu"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nD\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d (Ph\u1ea7n 1) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/11\/dau-chan-lich-su-cua-phu-hieu-chu-phan-1.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"D\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef \u201c\u534d\u201d (Ph\u1ea7n 1) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[ChanhKien.org] 1. 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