{"id":34902,"date":"2024-11-10T09:14:59","date_gmt":"2024-11-10T02:14:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=34902"},"modified":"2025-05-24T23:25:57","modified_gmt":"2025-05-24T16:25:57","slug":"loat-bai-mexico-2012-22-nhan-to-quy-tong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/11\/loat-bai-mexico-2012-22-nhan-to-quy-tong.html","title":{"rendered":"Lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i Mexico 2012 (22): Nh\u1eadn t\u1ed5 quy t\u00f4ng"},"content":{"rendered":"
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[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 vua Hosi v\u00e0 vua Moche<\/b><\/p>\n

Trong kho t\u00e0ng s\u00e1ch qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm t\u1ea1i th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia Chile c\u00f3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 vua Hosi (H\u1ea7u H\u1ec9) v\u00e0 vua Moche (Ma Th\u01b0). Vua Moche kh\u00e9t ti\u1ebfng t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 cho thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tra t\u1ea5n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi \u00c2n-Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: d\u00f9ng s\u1eaft nung \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1t da ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u00ean th\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef \u201cS\u201d. Ngay c\u1ea3 trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cB\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Monte Cristo\u201d c\u1ee7a Alexandre Dumas c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3u tra t\u1ea5n \u201cd\u00f9ng s\u1eaft nung \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1t da ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang. Vua Moche \u0111\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u0169 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh qu\u1ea1t, khi c\u1edfi m\u0169 ra v\u00e0 l\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i th\u00ec tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc r\u00ecu l\u1edbn, r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc \u201cr\u00ecu\u201d th\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Vua Moche \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ebb ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0i, t\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean Moche, b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh gia v\u1ecdng t\u1ed9c, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 hung t\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vua Moche v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Olmec tr\u1ea3i qua h\u01a1n 1000 n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 926 th\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh h\u1eadu Maya c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2n thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Phi \u01afng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, do v\u1eady h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 di c\u01b0 xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda Nam \u0111\u1ebfn Peru, n\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1edd v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a vua Moche, h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea7u xin s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a vua Moche \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u00e0o ng\u1edd, vua Moche tham lam kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1eaft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 h\u1ea7u h\u1ea1 cho v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed9c Moche. Khi tin t\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n t\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p n\u1ea1n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng, l\u00fac n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c Hosi t\u1eeb d\u00e3y n\u00fai Andes xu\u1ed1ng, \u00f4ng v\u1eeba \u0111i v\u1eeba c\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfng h\u00e1t b\u00e0i ca \u201cVua Hosi\u201d, \u201c25 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c anh em c\u00f9ng theo Hosi \u0111i qua \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ea7u n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean nh\u1eefng gian kh\u1ed5 hi\u1ec3m nguy tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t l\u00faa m\u00ec v\u00e0 k\u00ea cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft, anh em ch\u1edb l\u00e0m nh\u1ee5c anh em, Thi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng qua \u0111i v\u00e0 m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn…\u201d. Th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c Hosi h\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a vua Moche, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5. B\u00e0i h\u00e1t truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, vua Moche nghe xong c\u0169ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t, v\u1eeba kh\u00f3c v\u1eeba ngh\u00eanh ti\u1ebfp th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c Hosi. \u00d4ng ta cho ph\u00f3ng th\u00edch n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, t\u1eb7ng v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u cho anh em b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Phi \u01afng v\u00e0 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, Hosi v\u00e0 Moche l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c do Du H\u1ea7u H\u1ec9 v\u00e0 Ma Th\u01b0 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2n-Th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, vua Moche khi nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i ca \u201cVua Hosi\u201d m\u1edbi v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng bi th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u00ecnh \u0110an. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Mexico c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y. B\u00e0i h\u00e1t m\u00e0 th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c Hosi h\u00e1t ngay c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t \u00e2m c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed7i t\u1eeb m\u1ed7i \u00e2m \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n. N\u1ed9i dung m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u1ea5y h\u00e1t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 l\u1edbn tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kinh t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn t\u1ed5 quy t\u00f4ng<\/b><\/p>\n

Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang \u1edf Trung M\u1ef9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1edb m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c. H\u1ecd v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t Trung Th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y sang \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u00c2u D\u01b0\u01a1ng Canh (1858-1941) t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00ecnh, hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Thi\u1ebfu B\u00e1, qu\u00ea qu\u00e1n \u1edf th\u00f4n \u0110\u1ea1i L\u0129nh, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Gia Bi\u00ean, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Trung S\u01a1n. C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c. \u00c2u D\u01b0\u01a1ng Canh l\u00e0m quan cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Thanh 39 n\u0103m v\u00e0 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c trong 16 n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1911 \u0111\u1ebfn 1927, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 55 n\u0103m. N\u0103m 1910, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Thanh c\u1eed \u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn Mexico \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1ee5 \u00e1n \u201c311 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft trong c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Mexico n\u0103m 1908\u201d, Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh v\u01b0\u01a1ng ra l\u1ec7nh cho \u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u201cli\u1ec7u trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng Hoa ki\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2n di c\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng hay kh\u00f4ng\u201d. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m, h\u01a1n 100 gia \u0111\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c \u00c2n Ph\u00fac B\u1ed1 (INFUBU) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang s\u1ed1ng \u1edf 17 khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a bang Chihuahua, Mexico (Chihuahua trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ngo\u1ea1i giao l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201cTrung Hoa Hoa\u201d, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201cMexico\u201d) \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e2y quanh \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Thanh \u1edf Mexico \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng: \u201cTrong c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Mexico, 750 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Trung Qu\u1ed1c, l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ed9c \u00c2n Ph\u00fac B\u1ed1, h\u1ecd t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ea7u n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi v\u00e0o 3000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Thanh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7\u201d. \u00c2u D\u01b0\u01a1ng Canh vui m\u1eebng kh\u00f4n xi\u1ebft, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00ean B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i v\u1ee5 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Thanh v\u00e0 xin ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh v\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e1i Phong. \u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 T\u00e1i Phong – t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Thanh l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 ph\u00fac \u0111\u00e1p r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c \u00c2n Ph\u00fac B\u1ed1 (INFUBU) ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9, chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 \u00e1n n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0110\u00e0i Loan.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1922, \u00c2u D\u01b0\u01a1ng Canh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m C\u00f4ng s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Chile, \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y ph\u00eda sau nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 xe ng\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n c\u00f3 ba b\u00fap m\u0103ng tre, \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u0103ng tre v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Trung Qu\u1ed1c. N\u1ebfu c\u1eaft c\u00e2y tre th\u00e0nh hai \u0111o\u1ea1n r\u1ed3i ch\u1ebb l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f4i, gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thuy\u1ec1n, ch\u1eef \u201cChu\u201d (\u821f) trong gi\u00e1p c\u1ed1t v\u0103n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n tre. \u00d4ng h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u Anh-\u0111i\u00eang r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u00fap m\u0103ng tre n\u00e0y t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u n\u00f3i: \u201cTr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y n\u01a1i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t San Diago n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda l\u00e0 tre, sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, tre c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u00edt, m\u0103ng l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng ngo\u00e0i da c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i, do vua Hosi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u mang \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb 3000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c Hosi c\u1ee7a Inca d\u00f9ng m\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng ngo\u00e0i da v\u00e0 lao h\u1ea1ch, v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e2m c\u1ee9u ch\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh n\u1ed9i khoa\u201d. \u00c2u D\u01b0\u01a1ng Canh nghe nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00e0y m\u00e0 trong l\u00f2ng ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong \u201cTh\u1ea7n D\u1ecbch Kinh\u201d n\u00f3i m\u0103ng tre c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb lao h\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c Trung y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang n\u00e0y sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? Vua Hosi ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 Du H\u1ea7u H\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ea1t \u0110\u00f4ng Di cu\u1ed1i tri\u1ec1u \u00c2n? Sau khi nh\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7t vong, c\u00e2y tre c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n \u00c2n-Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n \u1edf b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng, v\u00ec H\u00e0 Nam \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Chu chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quay v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, cho n\u00ean d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u00c2n b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129 ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi r\u1eddi \u0111i, h\u1ecd ch\u1eb7t h\u1ebft tre v\u00e0 m\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u00e0u v\u00e0 l\u00e0m thu\u1ed1c. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 h\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2n l\u00e0 Li\u00eau \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng sau khi h\u01a1n 100.000 qu\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111i t\u00e0u ra bi\u1ec3n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i d\u00f2ng h\u1ea3i l\u01b0u Kuroshio v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng h\u1ea3i l\u01b0u Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 ch\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u00c2n-Th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng ra kh\u1eafp l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, con ch\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2n c\u0169ng sinh s\u00f4i n\u1ea3y n\u1edf \u1edf v\u00f9ng Trung v\u00e0 Nam M\u1ef9, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra sau \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 13 khi H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t chinh ph\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o \u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4i theo d\u00f2ng h\u1ea3i l\u01b0u Kuroshio \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Queen Charlotte \u1edf l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. \u201cNguy\u00ean s\u1eed – Th\u1ebf t\u1ed5 b\u1ed5n k\u00fd\u201d ghi ch\u00e9p: N\u0103m Ch\u00ed Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 11 (th\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ebf T\u1ed5, 1274), 15.000 qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 900 t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1i \u0111i t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. V\u00ec g\u1eb7p m\u01b0a b\u00e3o b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd \u1eadp t\u1edbi, t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn va v\u00e0o v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb l\u1eadt, b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn tr\u1edf v\u1ec1. N\u0103m Ch\u00ed Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 18 (1281), 100 t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng L\u1ed9 v\u00e0 3.500 t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Giang Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i b\u00e3o n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafm. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng hai n\u0103m sau, 1.000 t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn v\u1eabn \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf Cam S\u01a1n, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 3.000 t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00e2u, B\u00ecnh Loan (V\u0129nh B\u00ecnh, H\u00e0 B\u1eafc) v\u00e0 Long H\u01b0ng (Nam X\u01b0\u01a1ng, Giang T\u00e2y), nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba. K\u1ef5 binh M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 do Th\u00e0nh C\u00e1t T\u01b0 H\u00e3n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13 t\u1eebng c\u00e0n qu\u00e9t kh\u1eafp l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c1-\u00c2u. Th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng, ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh t\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, ph\u00eda Nam \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea3o Java c\u1ee7a Indonesia. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cTh\u1ea7n gi\u00f3\u201d \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u h\u1ecd. Do b\u1ecb m\u01b0a b\u00e3o b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m t\u00e0n qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 c\u0169ng tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t sang ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang. M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00ean l\u00e0 Mikey Way (Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Victoria) \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cChuy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch British Columbia\u201d, trong s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Queen Charlotte tr\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda T\u00e2y British Columbia, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn trong cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 13, tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

V\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u1eafc tr\u1edf<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u201cQuan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi\u201d cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cN\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Trung Hoa r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 tinh th\u00e2m, nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3n dung n\u1ea1p tr\u0103m s\u00f4ng, d\u1eabn d\u1eaft nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ea3i qua h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d. T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 qua con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i qua eo bi\u1ec3n Bering, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng h\u1ea3i l\u01b0u, hay nh\u1eefng h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o tr\u00ean Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eebng \u0111o\u00e0n h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn mang ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn cho l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n Ch\u00e2u hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n ch\u0103m lo b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9. Sau khi r\u1eddi xa m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t Th\u1ea7n Ch\u00e2u, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi xa s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang Th\u1ea7n. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Th\u1ea7n, ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00fac ph\u1eadn. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Anh-\u0111i\u00eang tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 k\u00e9m xa so v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi l\u00e0 v\u0169 \u0111\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, v\u1edf k\u1ecbch l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec5n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh Th\u1ea7n, ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1o (Ph\u1eadt, \u0110\u1ea1o, Nho) t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh can nhi\u1ec5u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0169 \u0111\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang) \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 s\u0103n s\u00f3c chu \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Th\u1ea7n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u1eafc tr\u1edf.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da v\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, \u0110\u1ea1o, Nho \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 Thi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng tr\u00ean Thi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i h\u00e0nh tinh l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 h\u1edf n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Anh-\u0111i\u00eang bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i h\u00e0nh tinh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 \u00fd truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n. V\u00ec v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang n\u00e0y am hi\u1ec3u thu\u1eadt chi\u00eam tinh cao th\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn kinh ng\u1ea1c, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 05 th\u00e1ng 06 n\u0103m 1952, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t phi h\u00e0nh gia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111ang l\u00e1i t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ean phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt l\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Th\u1ea7n \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Palenque c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c hoa v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00fat gi\u00f3, \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3, c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1p, b\u00e1nh l\u00e1i, \u0103ng-ten, \u1ed1ng m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Hoa, k\u0129 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i h\u00e0nh tinh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u thu\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh qu\u1ea3. Theo c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i h\u00e0nh tinh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0 ma ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi xa ch\u00ednh Th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf \u201cTh\u1ea7n\u201d, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u00e1c li\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed1i, vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, tr\u00e1i tim ho\u1eb7c m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf cho Th\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c \u201cV\u0169 X\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n\u201d Quetzalcoatl, v.v. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aztec tin r\u1eb1ng: nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng m\u00e1u t\u01b0\u01a1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 cung ph\u1ee5ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi th\u00ec n\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ecdc l\u00ean t\u1eeb ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 thu ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd v\u00e0o hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf m\u00e1u t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed9t da, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb moi tim khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng. H\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p (n\u01a1i g\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t), \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e1u theo b\u1eadc thang \u0111\u00e1 ch\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng. Chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn thi \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ec3 thao kinh ho\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 g\u1eady l\u00e0m binh kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 b\u1eaft t\u00f9 binh v\u00e0 giao b\u1ecdn h\u1ecd cho c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y t\u1ebf phe m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf cho Th\u1ea7n. Tr\u00ean v\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n r\u1ea5t d\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u1ea7u m\u1ee1, v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf v\u00e0 nhang kh\u00f3i qua th\u1eddi gian l\u00e2u t\u00edch t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, khi t\u1ed9i \u00e1c g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd b\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n Thi\u00ean l\u00fd n\u1eefa r\u1ed3i. V\u1eady n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t \u00edt th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban Nha ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban Nha l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u201cx\u00f3a s\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec7n tay ng\u1eaft m\u1ed9t b\u00f4ng hoa h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00ean v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d. Ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi v\u00e0i tr\u0103m k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh-\u0111i\u00eang v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban Nha s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t hung t\u00e0n v\u00e0 h\u00e8n h\u1ea1, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7 v\u00e0 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1520, b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2y lan t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aztec, trong v\u00f2ng hai tu\u1ea7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aztec l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft. N\u0103m 1521, b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Aztec v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb 300.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3m h\u1eb3n xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 150.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm. H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Howard Michael trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cC\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh\u201d \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Hernan Cortes r\u1eb1ng: \u201cTr\u1eeb phi b\u1ea1n gi\u1eabm gi\u00e0y l\u00ean x\u00e1c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang), n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n, ban \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh-\u0111i\u00eang th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a v\u00e0 ph\u00e1o s\u00fang li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cL\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a\u201d ghi ch\u00e9p r\u1eb1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Pizarro x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Inca, b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n n\u1ed5 ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. Khi Pizarro \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Inca, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf, ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi canh g\u00e1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn cho \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o m\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Inca. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang ph\u1ea3i di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i r\u1ea5t xa, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp trung, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m l\u00e2y lan d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cS\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh suy c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha\u201d c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cTrong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 b\u00f2n r\u00fat\/b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2,5 tri\u1ec7u kg v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 100 tri\u1ec7u kg b\u1ea1c t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 … Kho\u1ea3ng 8,08 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u00f4n th\u00e2y trong c\u00e1c h\u1ea7m m\u1ecf\u201d. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ph\u00e2n chia ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang th\u00e0nh nh\u00f3m 50 ho\u1eb7c 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f9ng d\u00e2y th\u1eebng ho\u1eb7c x\u00edch s\u1eaft tr\u00f3i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf Anh-\u0111i\u00eang b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ea7m m\u1ecf l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea7m m\u1ecf r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u, th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf ph\u1ea3i leo thang d\u00e2y l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng da trong su\u1ed1t 5-6 gi\u1edd, do s\u1ee9c y\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c thang d\u00e2y b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t m\u00e0 b\u1ecb r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng gi\u1ebfng nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 xi\u1ebft. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf n\u00e0y cao t\u1edbi 70%. V\u00ec v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang n\u00e0o b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf h\u1ea7m m\u1ecf th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 s\u1ebd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1m tang tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho anh ta. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Anh-\u0111i\u00eang n\u1ebfu sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e9 trai s\u1ebd gi\u1ebft \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh sau n\u00e0y n\u00f3 l\u1edbn l\u00ean ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o h\u1ea7m m\u1ecf l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u00f2n l\u1ea5y danh ngh\u0129a \u201cch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 do t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. Tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Trung M\u1ef9, b\u1ecdn h\u1ecd v\u01a1 v\u00e9t c\u00e1c v\u0103n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ch\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1ng r\u1ed3i ph\u00f3ng h\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ed1t s\u1ea1ch. B\u1ecdn h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 07 n\u0103m 1562, t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Maul n\u1eb1m \u1edf qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 ph\u00eda Nam th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Merida tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Yucatan ng\u00e0y nay, linh m\u1ee5c Fr Diego de landa \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 tay thi\u00eau h\u1ee7y h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n b\u1ea3n ch\u00e9p tay, s\u00e1ch tranh v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch cu\u1ed9n ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean da h\u01b0\u01a1u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng t\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn: ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tra x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch (to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang). V\u00ec trong s\u00e1ch ghi ch\u00e9p to\u00e0n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ea t\u00edn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ma qu\u1ef7, n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em ch\u00fang thi\u00eau h\u1ee7y. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba tr\u01a1 m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9ng nh\u00ecn, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111au bu\u1ed3n. Tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Trung M\u1ef9 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng T\u00e2y Ban Nha c\u00f2n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u201cgi\u00e1o s\u0129\u201d, nh\u01b0 Juan de Zumarraga \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng l\u1eeda l\u1edbn \u1edf qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee3 Texcoco \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u00eau s\u1ea1ch nh\u1eefng v\u0103n v\u1eadt qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 qu\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u1eeb tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aztec trong 11 n\u0103m qua nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thi\u00ean v\u0103n, tranh v\u1ebd, b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9n s\u00e1ch ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Trong ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda b\u1ed1c ng\u00f9n ng\u1ee5t v\u00e0 tro b\u1ee5i bay kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, nh\u1eefng trang ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean Trung Qu\u1ed1c khai s\u00e1ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 tan th\u00e0nh m\u00e2y kh\u00f3i. Nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ghi ch\u00e9p do c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf Trung M\u1ef9 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch cu\u1ed9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn 20 quy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: http:\/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/node\/110224<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org] C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 vua Hosi v\u00e0 vua Moche Trong kho t\u00e0ng s\u00e1ch qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm t\u1ea1i th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia Chile c\u00f3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 vua Hosi (H\u1ea7u H\u1ec9) v\u00e0 vua Moche (Ma Th\u01b0). Vua Moche kh\u00e9t ti\u1ebfng t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 cho thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tra t\u1ea5n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi \u00c2n-Th\u01b0\u01a1ng […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[304,544],"tags":[451],"class_list":["post-34902","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loat-bai","category-van-hoc","tag-loat-bai-mexico"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i Mexico 2012 (22): Nh\u1eadn t\u1ed5 quy t\u00f4ng - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/11\/loat-bai-mexico-2012-22-nhan-to-quy-tong.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i Mexico 2012 (22): Nh\u1eadn t\u1ed5 quy t\u00f4ng - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[ChanhKien.org] C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 vua Hosi v\u00e0 vua Moche Trong kho t\u00e0ng s\u00e1ch qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm t\u1ea1i th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia Chile c\u00f3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 vua Hosi (H\u1ea7u H\u1ec9) v\u00e0 vua Moche (Ma Th\u01b0). 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