{"id":34603,"date":"2024-10-04T11:23:34","date_gmt":"2024-10-04T04:23:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=34603"},"modified":"2025-05-29T23:55:56","modified_gmt":"2025-05-29T16:55:56","slug":"hanh-trinh-thoi-khong-nghe-thuat-6-phac-hoa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/10\/hanh-trinh-thoi-khong-nghe-thuat-6-phac-hoa.html","title":{"rendered":"H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt (6): Ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda"},"content":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

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B\u1ee9c ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u201cTuileries\u201d (Vue du jardin des Tuileries) l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 GEOFFROY Jean-Baptiste (1). H\u1ecda s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t v\u1ebd nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng b\u00fat ch\u00ec v\u00e0 m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea1t tr\u00ean kh\u1ed5 gi\u1ea5y 19,5cm x 25cm \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt xinh \u0111\u1eb9p, thanh nh\u00e3 trong khu v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ee7a cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Tuileries, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p.<\/i><\/p>\n

Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Tuileries \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1564 theo \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng \u200b\u200bc\u1ee7a N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Ph\u00e1p Catherine de’ Medici, do n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Louvre (sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Louvre) n\u00ean Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Tuileries \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ea9m cung (ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a vua v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu) c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p sau n\u00e0y. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, n\u01a1i n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n thu th\u1eadp, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cung \u0111i\u1ec7n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 05 n\u0103m 1871, C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 Paris – s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n khi \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00f3ng h\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ed1t Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Tuileries v\u00e0 Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Louvre li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1, quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m d\u00f9ng \u201ckh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u00eau r\u1ee5i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u00e1u v\u1eadt ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, (th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 Paris c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed1t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u00f3 t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 T\u00f2a th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh Paris, V\u01b0\u01a1ng cung Palais Royal, v.v. v\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qu\u00fd gi\u00e1), v\u00ec v\u1eady Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Tuilerie \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, Ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y Flore (Pavillon de Flore, ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y l\u1edbn n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Louvre v\u00e0 Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Tuileries) v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh lang Marsan (Pavillon de Marsan, \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00eda B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Tuileries) c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Louvre may m\u1eafn tho\u00e1t n\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u v\u1ebd \u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u \u01b0\u1edbt. Trong \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 b\u00fat ch\u00ec, b\u00fat than, ph\u1ea5n m\u00e0u, s\u00e1p m\u00e0u, ch\u00ec than th\u1ecfi, b\u00fat gel b\u1ea1c, v.v.; ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u \u01b0\u1edbt g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u00fat m\u00e1y, b\u00fat d\u1ea1, b\u00fat s\u1eady, b\u00fat tre, v.v.. Theo th\u00f3i quen, tranh ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 tranh \u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi phong c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 t\u00f9y \u00fd c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tranh ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda.<\/p>\n

Khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda, nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ebd k\u00fd h\u1ecda ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda mang t\u00ednh k\u00fd h\u1ecda. (V\u1ebd k\u00fd h\u1ecda t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1ebd nhanh, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n k\u00fd h\u1ecda th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda v\u1ebd v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t nhanh, ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i chung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00eam c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i). B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ed3n tinh l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1ebd m\u00e0u nghi\u00eam t\u00fac ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc, n\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n nh\u00e1p nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n nh\u00e1p \u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m k\u00fd h\u1ecda.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9 ch\u1ec9 v\u1ebd tranh ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9 ch\u1ec9 v\u1ebd nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc, \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, phong c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m k\u00fd h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda s\u0129 chuy\u00ean v\u1ebd tranh m\u00e0u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd nh\u00e1p c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. T\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung trong tranh k\u00fd h\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd r\u1ea5t s\u01a1 s\u00e0i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng sao, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n nh\u00e1p cho t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0u, v\u1eady n\u00ean \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd ngu\u1ec7ch ngo\u1ea1c, s\u01a1 s\u00e0i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec7m cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd s\u01a1 s\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i Graffiti (tranh v\u1ebd tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng) th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i v\u1ebd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda m\u00e0u \u0111en tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda th\u00e2m di\u1ec5n) ho\u1eb7c v\u1ebd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m k\u00fd h\u1ecda nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i kh\u00e1 ch\u1ec9n chu v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 h\u01a1n. Ki\u1ec3u v\u1ebd ngu\u1ec7ch ngo\u1ea1c \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda th\u00e2m di\u1ec5n n\u00e0y k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 coi b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tranh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00ec v\u1eady th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c tranh mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 (s\u00e1ng t\u1ed1i, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u, kh\u00f4ng gian) b\u1eb1ng ba s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u \u0111en tr\u1eafng x\u00e1m. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tranh k\u00fd h\u1ecda ho\u1eb7c tranh ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai m\u00e0u \u0111en tr\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd nh\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ban \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh m\u00e0u, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi hai m\u00e0u \u0111en tr\u1eafng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng chi ti\u1ebft tr\u00ean canvas v\u00e0 xem \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u1edbp n\u1ec1n m\u00e0u \u0111en tr\u1eafng, nh\u1eb1m thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u01a1n ph\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp m\u00e0u trong su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u1ee9c tranh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khi n\u00e0y b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1edbp m\u00e0u ban \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u1edbp n\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c tranh m\u00e0u keo (Tempera).<\/p>\n

Trong vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n th\u00ec ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm v\u1eefng k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u00e1ng t\u1ed1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung kh\u00e1c th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c tranh t\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u00fap m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng khung h\u1ecda s\u0129 qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecda s\u0129 khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ebd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb n\u00e0o, trong \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9, sau \u0111\u00f3 anh ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n t\u00f4 m\u00e0u, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i m\u00e0u l\u00ean canvas v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c\u2026 Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi anh ta ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u00e1ng t\u1ed1i, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u, t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp, v.v. \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7, b\u1ee9c tranh r\u1ea5t ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u1ecda s\u0129 c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m b\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o ra nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ebd th\u1ee9 g\u00ec nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebft th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ecda s\u0129\u201d, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng th\u00edch v\u1ebd lo\u1ea1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n suy ngh\u0129. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9 kia \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m c\u1ea7n c\u00f9, ngh\u00ecn v\u1ea1n l\u1ea7n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp gian kh\u1ed5 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i m\u00faa b\u00fat nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i chung, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i th\u1eadt k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng, chi ti\u1ebft ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean m\u00e0u \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i n\u1eefa; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho b\u1ee9c tranh (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng t\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng gian, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u\u2026), \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh sau n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 \u201ckhung l\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1eaft\u201d, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tranh m\u00e0u ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda th\u00e2m di\u1ec5n cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian, l\u00fac ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3i c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd bao qu\u00e1t (h\u00ecnh l\u1edbn) m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng h\u1ecda s\u0129 v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201ch\u00ecnh l\u1edbn\u201d. B\u1edfi v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng t\u1ed1i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb (tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t). N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh m\u00e0u lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda t\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c (\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u, kh\u00f4ng gian, …) ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i v\u1eadt th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ee9c tranh l\u1edbn n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n v\u1ebd nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u00ec h\u1ecda s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi m\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 sau, do \u0111\u00f3 khi v\u1ebd ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cho n\u00f3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n v\u1ebd ph\u00e1c h\u00ecnh l\u1edbn t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecda s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng ng\u0169 quan, tay, ch\u00e2n, m\u00f3ng v.v. kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd ra, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh nh\u1ecf, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n v\u1ebd chi ti\u1ebft khi ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda s\u0129.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecda s\u0129 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00edch g\u1ed9p hai qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean m\u00e0u v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u00f4 m\u00e0u, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n k\u00e9m. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 d\u00f9ng m\u00e0u keo tr\u1ee9ng l\u00e0m tr\u1eafng (1) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, v.v. \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t – v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tranh nh\u01b0 tranh m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc, tranh c\u00f4ng b\u00fat Trung Qu\u1ed1c v.v. do \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u n\u00ean l\u00fac l\u00ean m\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i, v\u1eady n\u00ean l\u00fac ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t l\u1edbp n\u1ec1n b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y; tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u, tranh ph\u1ea5n m\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbp m\u00e0u ph\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n th\u00ec kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00f4 m\u00e0u m\u1ecfng v\u00e0 tr\u01a1n nh\u1eb5n th\u00ec khi ph\u00e1c h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o kh\u1ed1i \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1ecbn, s\u00e1ng; tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00f4 m\u00e0u d\u00e0y v\u00e0 s\u1ea7n h\u01a1n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/p>\n

(1) L\u00e0m tr\u1eafng: M\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ebd tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, xem chi ti\u1ebft \u1edf Ph\u1ea7n 9<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: https:\/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/node\/49541<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org] B\u1ee9c ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u201cTuileries\u201d (Vue du jardin des Tuileries) l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 GEOFFROY Jean-Baptiste (1). H\u1ecda s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t v\u1ebd nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng b\u00fat ch\u00ec v\u00e0 m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea1t tr\u00ean kh\u1ed5 gi\u1ea5y 19,5cm x 25cm \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt xinh […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[551,304],"tags":[486],"class_list":["post-34603","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-hoa","category-loat-bai","tag-hanh-trinh-thoi-khong-nghe-thuat"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nH\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt (6): Ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/10\/hanh-trinh-thoi-khong-nghe-thuat-6-phac-hoa.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt (6): Ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[ChanhKien.org] B\u1ee9c ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u201cTuileries\u201d (Vue du jardin des Tuileries) l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 GEOFFROY Jean-Baptiste (1). 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