{"id":33735,"date":"2024-08-16T09:31:48","date_gmt":"2024-08-16T02:31:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=33735"},"modified":"2025-05-12T10:17:40","modified_gmt":"2025-05-12T03:17:40","slug":"khai-quat-ve-van-hoa-trung-quoc-11-nghe-thuat-hang-dong-trung-quoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/08\/khai-quat-ve-van-hoa-trung-quoc-11-nghe-thuat-hang-dong-trung-quoc.html","title":{"rendered":"Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (11): Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c"},"content":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hang \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec1n ch\u00f9a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111a ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o v\u00e1ch n\u00fai. Lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u00edch h\u1ecda. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng, n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u m\u00e1i v\u00f2m g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda; c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 trang tr\u00ed cho hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, chi\u1ebfm di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, n\u1ed9i dung t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n; t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n linh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, do t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn, v\u00ec v\u1eady lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh hang \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gian.<\/p>\n

Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hang \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ed5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 3 sau c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. T\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ng\u1ee5y T\u1ea5n Nam B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec9nh cao v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; v\u00e0o n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 8, \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 9 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 13, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1 l\u1edbn \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean v\u00e1ch \u201cNg\u0169 S\u01a1n\u201d l\u00e0m ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u00eam l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hang \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c h\u01a1n 400 n\u0103m. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7, v\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00eam b\u1ea5t k\u00ec hang \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn n\u00e0o n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hang \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec9nh cao \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: Th\u1eddi Ng\u1ee5y-T\u1ea5n-Nam B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u.<\/b><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ng\u1ee5y T\u1ea5n Nam B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u tuy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chia r\u1ebd v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m cao m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean phong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o ri\u00eang cho \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i cho h\u1eadu th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hang \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 hang M\u1ea1c Cao \u1edf \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng, Cam T\u00fac, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 k\u1ef3 quan th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ng\u1ee5y T\u1ea5n Nam B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o r\u1ea5t h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh, nhi\u1ec1u Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u tin theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh \u0111i kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i m\u1edf n\u00fai, \u0111\u00e0o hang v\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hang \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng V\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng, S\u01a1n T\u00e2y, hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Long M\u00f4n \u1edf L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, H\u00e0 Nam v\u00e0 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u1ea1c Cao \u1edf \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng, Cam T\u00fac – c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e0n Ph\u1eadt. Trong c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i tr\u00ed r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1eeb ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hang \u0111\u1ed9ng T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ch\u00fang ta bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111i s\u00e2u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, mang di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi m\u00e1i t\u00f3c g\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng, v\u1ea7ng tr\u00e1n cao, m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn, m\u00f4i m\u1ecfng, h\u1ed1c m\u1eaft s\u00e2u. V\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y, di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a, \u0111\u00e3 mang n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

Hang \u0111\u1ed9ng T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 d\u1ecdc theo tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc l\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3o Tarim t\u1eeb Kashgar v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. Hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n di t\u00edch hang \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u1edf b\u1ed1n khu v\u1ef1c, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1eeb t\u00e2y sang \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c Shule c\u1ed5 (nay l\u00e0 Kashgar), khu v\u1ef1c Quy T\u1eeb c\u1ed5 (nay l\u00e0 Kuchar, B\u00e1i Th\u00e0nh), khu v\u1ef1c Karasahr c\u1ed5 (nay l\u00e0 Y\u00ean K\u1ef3) v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c Cao X\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5 (nay l\u00e0 Turfan).<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, \u1edf T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u hang th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed xung quanh tr\u1ee5 th\u00e1p trung t\u00e2m. Hang \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, hang d\u00e0nh cho t\u0103ng nh\u00e2n sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, hang thi\u1ec1n cho t\u0103ng nh\u00e2n tu thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea3 t\u1ecda v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p hang \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hang thi\u1ec1n. Sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hang c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean, c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 hang Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0n c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0n th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m. T\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c An K\u1ef3, Turfan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch b\u00f9n \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch b\u00f9n. Trong nh\u1eefng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ebd nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda, ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eafp (hi\u1ec7n nay ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y). C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt Di L\u1eb7c.<\/p>\n

Hang \u0111\u1ed9ng V\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

N\u00fai V\u0169 Ch\u00e2u \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng, t\u1ec9nh S\u01a1n T\u00e2y c\u00f3 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng V\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 460 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 465), do v\u1ecb h\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u00e0m Di\u1ec7u ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o n\u0103m hang \u0111\u1ed9ng. Hi\u1ec7n nay, hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 16 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 c\u1ee7a V\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201chang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0110\u00e0m Di\u1ec7u\u201d. C\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m Th\u00e1i H\u00f2a th\u1ee9 18 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y (n\u0103m 494) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Hi\u1ebfu V\u0103n \u0110\u1ebf d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 sang L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

Hang \u0111\u1ed9ng V\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i 1.000 m\u00e9t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f4ng sang t\u00e2y, hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 45 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh, 252 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 51 ngh\u00ecn t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt cao nh\u1ea5t 17 m\u00e9t, th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i cm.<\/p>\n

Hang \u0111\u1ed9ng V\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p h\u00f9ng v\u0129, n\u1ed9i dung phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc tinh x\u1ea3o. Nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i L\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ea1o Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 sau: \u201c\u0110\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1 khai s\u01a1n, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi, s\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y \u0111i\u1ec7n, h\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00f9a n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb9p r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a hang \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eeba ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Gandhara (Ki\u1ec1n \u0110\u00e0 La) \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u1eeba dung h\u00f2a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n phong c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c, chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Hang M\u1ea1c Cao \u1edf \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng, Cam T\u00fac \u2013 \u0110\u1ed9ng Ng\u00e0n Ph\u1eadt<\/b><\/p>\n

Hang M\u1ea1c Cao n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a, l\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n n\u00fai Minh Sa. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Ti\u1ec1n T\u1ea7n (n\u0103m 366), m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 t\u00ean l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c T\u00f4n \u0111i qua n\u00fai Tam Nguy \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0o l\u00fac ho\u00e0ng h\u00f4n, \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean n\u00fai Tam Nguy ph\u00e1t ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0ng kim r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1, v\u1ea1n Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n ra trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u1ea5y. L\u1ea1c T\u00f4n v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f3a duy\u00ean v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Sau \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 kh\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p L\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9 hai. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Nam B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u hang \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi T\u00f9y-\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a hang M\u1ea1c Cao \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao.<\/p>\n

Hang M\u1ea1c Cao tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n hai kilom\u00e9t t\u1eeb b\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng nam, chia th\u00e0nh n\u0103m t\u1ea7ng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp cao th\u1ea5p xen k\u1ebd nhau, v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u00f9ng v\u0129. V\u00ec \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc, n\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t. Nh\u1eefng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt tr\u00f2n, sau n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n sang t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt cao, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt b\u00f3ng, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 7 th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u1edf M\u1ea1c Cao \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Ph\u1eadt, v\u00ec v\u1eady, hang \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u1ea1c Cao c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ed9ng Ng\u00e0n Ph\u1eadt\u201d. Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 492 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 32 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Nam B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u. C\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eddi B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u201cth\u00e1p tr\u1ee5 trung t\u00e2m\u201d. \u201cTh\u00e1p tr\u1ee5 trung t\u00e2m\u201d t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t vu\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1edf trung t\u00e2m hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho kh\u00f4ng gian b\u00ean trong th\u00e1p Ph\u1eadt. Ki\u1ec3u hang \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb th\u00e1p gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ed5. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca ho\u1eb7c Ph\u1eadt Di L\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, hai b\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hai v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt, hai \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0111i theo. Ph\u1ea7n l\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi b\u00edch h\u1ecda.<\/p>\n

Hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Long M\u00f4n, L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, H\u00e0 Nam<\/b><\/p>\n

Hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Long M\u00f4n \u1edf L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau khi B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y Hi\u1ebfu V\u0103n \u0110\u1ebf d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng (n\u0103m 494). Tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Ng\u1ee5y, T\u00e2y Ng\u1ee5y, B\u1eafc T\u1ec1, B\u1eafc Chu, T\u00f9y, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y v\u00e0 th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n h\u01a1n 2.100 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u01a1n 40 th\u00e1p Ph\u1eadt, h\u01a1n 3.600 bia k\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 100.000 pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 khu v\u1ef1c n\u00fai. C\u1ed5 D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, T\u00e2n D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 Li\u00ean Hoa \u0111\u1ed9ng thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec9nh cao \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tri\u1ec1u.<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y, do T\u00f9y V\u0103n \u0110\u1ebf ra s\u1ee9c h\u1ed3ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, hang \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u1ea1c Cao c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 tr\u00f9ng tu l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y l\u00ean t\u1edbi 94 hang, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i s\u1ed1 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf M\u1ea1c Cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong su\u1ed1t 200 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ed7ng ch\u1ed1c tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u1ebb l\u1ea1nh l\u1ebdo hoang s\u01a1 n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t, Kim Cang r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 s\u1eafc m\u00e0u, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed7ng ch\u1ed1c c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n linh t\u1ee5 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t Hoa H\u1ea1. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc \u1edf Long M\u00f4n<\/b><\/p>\n

Hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc \u1edf Long M\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y v\u00e0 th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 2.100 hang th\u1edd c\u00fang, h\u01a1n 40 t\u00f2a th\u00e1p Ph\u1eadt, kho\u1ea3ng 3.600 t\u1ea5m bia k\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 100.000 pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 khu v\u1ef1c n\u00fai. Trong \u0111\u00f3, gian th\u1edd t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt L\u01b0 X\u00e1 Na \u1edf ch\u00f9a Ph\u1ee5ng Ti\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u00ed th\u1ebf h\u00f9ng v\u0129, ch\u1ea1m tr\u1ed5 tinh x\u1ea3o, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 2 th\u1eddi vua \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Cao T\u00f4ng L\u00fd Tr\u1ecb (n\u0103m 675), l\u00e0 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tinh m\u1ef9 v\u00e0 c\u00f2n mang t\u00ednh ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u trong c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Long M\u00f4n th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt L\u01b0 X\u00e1 Na cao 17,14 m\u00e9t, khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n thanh t\u00fa, \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng, kh\u00f3e mi\u1ec7ng kh\u1ebd m\u1ec9m c\u01b0\u1eddi. Hai b\u00ean l\u00e0 Ca Di\u1ebfp trang nghi\u00eam v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u0129nh, A Nan \u0111i\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ea1m v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t trang nghi\u00eam v\u00e0 nh\u00e3 nh\u1eb7n, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00edu m\u00e0y gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb l\u1ef1c s\u0129 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 uy nghi. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong ch\u00f9a Ph\u1ee5ng Ti\u00ean c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed7i b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mang m\u1ed9t phong th\u00e1i ri\u00eang, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc cao si\u00eau th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed9ng V\u1ea1n Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m V\u0129nh Long th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (n\u0103m 680) ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Cao T\u00f4ng L\u00fd Tr\u1ecb. Do tr\u00ean v\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng hai b\u00ean Nam B\u1eafc c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7y t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt nh\u1ecf, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 15.000 b\u1ee9c, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng V\u1ea1n Ph\u1eadt. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt \u1edf b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh ng\u1ed3i trang nghi\u00eam tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i sen t\u00e1m c\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 b\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ee1, v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt ch\u00ednh trong hang n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt A Di \u0110\u00e0, ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea3 t\u1ecda tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i sen h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 n\u00fai Tu Di, m\u1ed9t tay \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t tay kh\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201c\u1ea4n thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p\u201d. V\u00e1ch sau c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc 54 b\u00f4ng hoa sen, tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i b\u00f4ng sen c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1ed3i l\u00ean, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. Tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n v\u00e1ch hai b\u00ean Nam B\u1eafc kh\u1eafc c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng, v\u0169 c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi t\u00e0 \u00e1o ph\u1ea5p ph\u1edbi, d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng; c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9 c\u1ea7m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 trong tay, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tr\u00ean b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda nam b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Quan Th\u1ebf \u00c2m B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t, tay tr\u00e1i c\u1ea7m b\u00ecnh t\u1ecbnh, tay ph\u1ea3i n\u00e2ng ph\u1ea5t tr\u1ea7n, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, th\u1ea7n th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Th\u00e1p g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean b\u1ec7 cao, b\u1ec7 cao h\u01a1n b\u1ed1n m\u00e9t, chia th\u00e0nh hai t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi. B\u1ec7 \u1edf t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a nguy\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1 g\u00f3c, nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng con s\u01b0 t\u1eed nh\u00f4 ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1 g\u00f3c, phong c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc c\u1ed5 k\u00ednh, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u1eadt qu\u00fd t\u1eeb th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Li\u00eau. Chi\u1ec1u cao t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e1p g\u1ed7 l\u00e0 67,31 m\u00e9t, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00f3p th\u00e1p cao kho\u1ea3ng 10 m\u00e9t. M\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng th\u00e1p h\u00ecnh b\u00e1t gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00e1y l\u00e0 30,27 m\u00e9t. Th\u00e1p c\u00f3 n\u0103m t\u1ea7ng l\u1ed9 thi\u00ean, xen k\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng \u1ea9n, th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 ch\u00edn t\u1ea7ng. T\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00e1y c\u00f3 m\u00e1i x\u1ebfp t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh lang, do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00e1p c\u00f3 s\u00e1u t\u1ea7ng m\u00e1i hi\u00ean. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e1p c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng to\u00e1t l\u00ean v\u1ebb trang nghi\u00eam.<\/p>\n

Hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc \u1edf \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng<\/b><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 T\u00f9y-\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 to\u00e0n th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a hang M\u1ea1c Cao, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t. Trong s\u1ed1 492 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1c Cao, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 247 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a hang \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb ki\u1ec3u th\u00e1p trung t\u00e2m th\u1eddi B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u sang b\u00e0n th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt trung t\u00e2m, c\u00e1c pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi Nam B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt, hai \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed, hai Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c hai l\u1ef1c s\u0129. C\u00e1c pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh \u201cg\u1ea7y g\u00f2 thanh t\u00fa\u201d ban \u0111\u1ea7u sang \u201cto cao v\u1ea1m v\u1ee1\u201d. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda trong hang ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 tranh l\u1edbn khung c\u1ea3nh thuy\u1ebft Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tranh kinh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf hang M\u1ea1c Cao \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt \u1edf hang 96 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong khu hang \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u1ea1c Cao. B\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 tranh kinh bi\u1ebfn \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, quy m\u00f4 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u00f9ng v\u0129, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt L\u1ea1c S\u01a1n<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 c\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef \u201c\u0110\u1ebfn n\u00fai Nga Mi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt L\u1ea1c S\u01a1n\u201d. \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt L\u1ea1c S\u01a1n t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 L\u1ea1c S\u01a1n, t\u1ec9nh T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean, tr\u00ean n\u00fai L\u0103ng V\u00e2n, n\u01a1i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ba con s\u00f4ng M\u00e2n Giang, Thanh Y Giang v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed9 H\u00e0. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean v\u00e1ch n\u00fai nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i ven s\u00f4ng L\u0103ng V\u00e2n, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebdo m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao 71 m\u00e9t, \u0111\u1ea7u cao 14,7 m\u00e9t, tai d\u00e0i 6,12 m\u00e9t, m\u0169i d\u00e0i 5,33 m\u00e9t, vai r\u1ed9ng 24 m\u00e9t, ng\u00f3n tay d\u00e0i 8,3 m\u00e9t, mu b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng 9 m\u00e9t v\u00e0 d\u00e0i 11 m\u00e9t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt n\u00e0y hai tay \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i, th\u1ea7n th\u00e1i trang nghi\u00eam, h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn ra s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f2n s\u1edf h\u1eefu k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc cao si\u00eau, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t m\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00e0. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f2n \u1ea9n t\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y x\u00f3i m\u00f2n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 phong h\u00f3a. Tr\u00ean v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 b\u00ean tr\u00e1i hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00fai hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt, do u\u1ed1n l\u01b0\u1ee3n ch\u00edn kh\u00fac n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cC\u1eedu Kh\u00fac S\u1ea1n \u0110\u1ea1o\u201d. T\u1eeb con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt L\u1ea1c S\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m Khai Nguy\u00ean \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Cao T\u00f4ng (n\u0103m 713), ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh sau 90 n\u0103m. Khi \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ecb t\u0103ng nh\u00e2n H\u1ea3i Th\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00f9a L\u0103ng V\u00e2n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i t\u1ee5 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ba con s\u00f4ng m\u1ed7i khi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c x\u1ea3y ra l\u0169 l\u1ee5t, n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea3y sinh \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea5n y\u1ec3m th\u1ee7y qu\u00e1i. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua bao gian kh\u1ed5, \u0111i kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i h\u00f3a duy\u00ean trong 20 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u00ean g\u00f3p ti\u1ec1n. S\u01b0 H\u1ea3i Th\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh th\u00ec qua \u0111\u1eddi. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 Ki\u1ebfm Nam Xuy\u00ean T\u00e2y l\u00e0 Vi Cao, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. Hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111\u1ed9ng H\u1ea3i S\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai L\u0103ng V\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 H\u1ea3i Th\u00f4ng, trong \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00f4ng cao hai m\u00e9t, ng\u1ed3i x\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng, tay b\u01b0ng khay \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u00e3n c\u1ea7u, khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u01b0\u01a1ng ngh\u1ecb, uy nghi\u00eam.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec9nh cao \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba: T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u T\u1ed1ng.<\/b><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1 \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00fac Tr\u00f9ng Kh\u00e1nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hang \u0111\u1ed9ng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau n\u00e0y (t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 9 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u1eadu \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn Nam T\u1ed1ng), tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 dung h\u1ee3p tinh hoa ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hang \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9. V\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u00f3a v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hang \u0111\u1ed9ng mang phong c\u00e1ch Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

Trong khu v\u1ef1c huy\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00fac, Tr\u00f9ng Kh\u00e1nh, c\u00f3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 60 ngh\u00ecn b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00fac Th\u1ea1ch Kh\u1eafc (Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00fac). Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 tr\u00ean n\u00fai B\u1eafc S\u01a1n v\u00e0 B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ec9nh S\u01a1n c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, mang t\u00ednh quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 tr\u00ean n\u00fai B\u1eafc S\u01a1n, n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t kil\u00f4m\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nam T\u1ed1ng, ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt, B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t, v.v., v\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 10 ngh\u00ecn b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thanh l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 tao nh\u00e3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111oan trang \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n, kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ea7n ph\u00e1c; k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc tinh x\u1ea3o, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Th\u1ea7n linh.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u1ea3i qua h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m b\u1ecb b\u00e0o m\u00f2n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0n ph\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p ban \u0111\u1ea7u, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00f4 song tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua n\u1ed9i dung \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc trong c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: https:\/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/node\/48625<\/a><\/p>\n

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[ChanhKien.org] Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hang \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec1n ch\u00f9a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111a ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o v\u00e1ch n\u00fai. Lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u00edch h\u1ecda. 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