{"id":32901,"date":"2024-04-04T09:50:52","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T02:50:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=32901"},"modified":"2025-05-29T23:57:01","modified_gmt":"2025-05-29T16:57:01","slug":"hanh-trinh-thoi-khong-nghe-thuat-1-nam-va-bac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/04\/hanh-trinh-thoi-khong-nghe-thuat-1-nam-va-bac.html","title":{"rendered":"H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt (1): Nam v\u00e0 B\u1eafc"},"content":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/b><\/p>\n

V\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5i sao d\u1eddi, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb5ng \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh huy ho\u00e0ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng thay th\u1ebf n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u0169. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, c\u00e1c di t\u00edch h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 cho ch\u00fang ta con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p thi\u1ec7n m\u1ef9, thu\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ng\u00e0y nay, quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, trang ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u1ebd tranh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a nay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i, k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Aristotle tin r\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u00e0 vui th\u00edch. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y theo \u0111u\u1ed5i t\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m, trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u201ct\u1ea3 \u00fd\u201d, ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u201cth\u1ea7n t\u1ef1\u201d (s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1i) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u201ch\u00ecnh t\u1ef1\u201d (s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng), tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra \u1edf \u201c\u00fd\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ea7n\u201d. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u201cCh\u00e2n\u201d, s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1edbi phong c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

Thu\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u00f3 h\u1eadu hay l\u00e0 \u00e1ng th\u01a1 bi k\u1ecbch khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m th\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc l\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 chung – ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cthi\u1ec7n\u201d, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u00e1i\u201d. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u201ct\u00edn ngh\u0129a\u201d v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u201cb\u00e1c \u00e1i\u201d (t\u00ecnh y\u00eau r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn), nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y chi\u1ebfm tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m theo phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ed9i ho\u1ea1 d\u00e2n gian \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. B\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u1edbn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb quan c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb quan c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 duy ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n sinh. Mong r\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i \u201cH\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Nam v\u00e0 B\u1eafc<\/b><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quay v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i u \u00e1m \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed nghi\u00eam trang c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. \u00c2m thanh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n n\u1ed3ng \u1ea5m v\u00e0 s\u00e2u l\u1eafng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n vang v\u1ecdng quanh nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7y m\u01b0a v\u00e0 s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 mang m\u00e0u s\u1eafc u \u00e1m th\u1ea7n b\u00ed tuy r\u1eb1ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111i h\u1ebft h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi h\u1ed3i k\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh k\u00ednh m\u00e0u trong gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Gothic ghi l\u1ea1i t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Th\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt gia th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 tu s\u0129, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0u, b\u00fat v\u1ebd, \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch d\u00f9ng trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0ng l\u00e1 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3m cho t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf hai v\u00f9ng Nam v\u00e0 B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ca ng\u1ee3i Th\u1ea7n l\u1ea1i mang phong c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

V\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh B\u1eafc \u00c2u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ed7 trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea5m g\u1ed7 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh b\u00e0n th\u1edd c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Scandinavia. Do \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7, l\u1ea1i th\u00eam c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 gh\u00e9p g\u1ed7 ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, n\u00ean kh\u1ed5 tranh b\u00e0n th\u1edd c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1 nh\u1ecf. Qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong nh\u1eefng tranh th\u1edd th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 khan c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc, m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tranh kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c tranh trang tr\u00ed s\u00e1ch. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 phong c\u00e1ch tranh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean tinh t\u1ebf nh\u1edd l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf kh\u1ed5 tranh nh\u1ecf, s\u1ef1 chi ti\u1ebft, t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, nh\u01b0ng so v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u1ecf ra th\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u, kh\u00f4 khan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m do ho\u1ea1 s\u0129 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c trong s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eb3ng b\u00f9 cho m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda Nam ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, n\u01a1i c\u00e1ch xa gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh, c\u00e1ch xa nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00eda B\u1eafc ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y b\u0103ng tuy\u1ebft, th\u00ec kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u00f9ng \u00e1nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u1ea5m \u00e1p c\u00e0ng kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh ca t\u1ee5ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p. B\u00edch h\u1ecda (tranh t\u01b0\u1eddng) k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1ea3i b\u1ed1 (canvas) kh\u1ed5 l\u1edbn r\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00ed h\u1eadu Nam \u00c2u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda \u1edf \u00dd, c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft trong tranh m\u00e0 ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c tranh l\u1edbn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u00f9ng trong v\u1ebd tranh b\u00edch h\u1ecda, tranh c\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u00fac c\u00f2n \u01b0\u1edbt \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 k\u1ebft d\u00ednh v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

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B\u1ee9c tranh gi\u1eefa trong b\u1ed9 ba tranh th\u1edd \u201cGia t\u1ed9c Braque\u201d (Braque Family Triptych) do h\u1ecda s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan Rogier van der Weyden v\u1ebd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1451. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda B\u1eafc \u00c2u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i b\u1ee9c tranh ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn 1 m\u00e9t. Tranh v\u1ebd chi ti\u1ebft t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 nh\u01b0ng do c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c n\u00ean t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4 khan. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u1edf b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Louvre.<\/em><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa hai mi\u1ec1n Nam B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1 s\u0129 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quan s\u00e1t, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u0169ng an b\u00e0i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 nh\u01b0 Cimabue, Messina gi\u00fap cho h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u (tempera) c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Byzantine \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Sau n\u00e0y, Yan van Eyck \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0y. Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tinh x\u1ea3o tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ed1n tr\u1ea3i qua h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u00f2 m\u1eabm, do chi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tham chi\u1ebfu n\u00e0o t\u1eeb ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o n\u00e0y m\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. Ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng tin r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14 t\u1ea1i \u00dd (t\u1eeb \u201cV\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng – Renaissance\u201d xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng \u00dd l\u00e0 Rinascimento, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e1i sinh ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng), sau \u0111\u00f3 lan sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y \u00c2u, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16. N\u0103m 1550, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd Giorgio Vasari \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0m danh x\u01b0ng cho n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi trong cu\u1ed1n “Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129, nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac s\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t” (The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Renaissance v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y l\u00e0m thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chung cho v\u0103n h\u00f3a T\u00e2y \u00c2u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

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\u201c\u0110\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi \u1edf Cana\u201d (The Wedding at Cana) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecda s\u0129 Paolo Veronese ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd v\u1ebd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1562 – 1563. B\u1ee9c tranh c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc 6,77 x 9,94 m\u00e9t, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ee9c tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u tr\u00ean v\u1ea3i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Louvre, kh\u00ed th\u1ebf ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda ph\u00e1i Venice.<\/em><\/p>\n

Khi c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. H\u1ecda ph\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ecf tinh t\u1ebf t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u1ed5 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Antwerp. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u1ed5 l\u1edbn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng m\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 cho t\u1edbi si\u00eau t\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1edbn th\u00ec c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn m\u00e0 nh\u1ecf th\u00ec c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e0ng to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

\u1ede Nam \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ba b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo v\u00e0 Raphael. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1453, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Constantinople (th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Byzantine) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Byzantine s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1n sang \u00dd, mang theo nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, h\u1ecd m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u1edf Rome \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9 h\u01a1n. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t, t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng gian, s\u00e1ng t\u1ed1i, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kho b\u00e1u chung c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: https:\/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/node\/49528<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org] L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u V\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5i sao d\u1eddi, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb5ng \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh huy ho\u00e0ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng thay th\u1ebf n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u0169. 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