[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n
Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u00fa \u00e2m<\/b><\/p>\n
\u582f(\u3127\u3120\u02ca) \u5e1d(\u3109\u3127\u02cb) \u4f5c(\u3117\u3128\u311b\u02cb) \u570d(\u3128\u311f\u02ca) \u68cb(\u3111\u3127\u02ca)\uff0c\u4ee5(\u3127\u02c7) \u6559(\u3110\u3127\u3120\u02cb) \u4e39(\u3109\u3122) \u6731(\u3113\u3128)\uff1b<\/p>\n
\u6b66(\u3128\u02c7) \u738b(\u3128\u3124\u02ca) \u4f5c(\u3117\u3128\u311b\u02cb) \u8c61(\u3112\u3127\u3124\u02cb) \u68cb(\u3111\u3127\u02ca)\uff0c \u4ee5(\u3127\u02c7) \u8c61(\u3112\u3127\u3124\u02cb) \u6230(\u3113\u3122\u02cb) \u7fbf(\u3127\u02cb)\u3002<\/p>\n
\u2026\u2026\u7b46(\u3105\u3127\u02c7) \u4e43(\u310b\u311e\u02c7) \u8499(\u3107\u3125\u02ca) \u606c(\u310a\u3127\u3122\u02ca) \u6240(\u3119\u3128\u311b\u02c7) \u9020(\u3117\u3120\u02cb)\uff0c<\/p>\n
\u7eb8(\u3113\u02c7) \u4e43(\u310b\u311e\u02c7) \u8521(\u3118\u311e\u02cb) \u502b(\u310c\u3128\u3123\u02ca) \u6240(\u3119\u3128\u311b\u02c7) \u70ba(\u3128\u311f\u02ca)\u3002<\/p>\n
B\u00ednh \u00e2m<\/b><\/p>\n
\u5c27(Y\u00e1o) \u5e1d(D\u00ec) \u4f5c(zu\u00f2) \u56f4(w\u00e9i) \u68cb(q\u00ed\u02ca)\uff0c\u4ee5(y\u01d0) \u6559(ji\u00e0o) \u4e39(D\u0101n) \u6731(Zh\u016b)\uff1b<\/p>\n
\u6b66(W\u01d4) \u738b(W\u00e1ng) \u4f5c(zu\u00f2) \u8c61(xi\u00e0ng) \u68cb(q\u00ed)\uff0c \u4ee5(y\u01d0) \u8c61(xi\u00e0ng) \u6218(zh\u00e0n) \u7fbf(y\u00ec)\u3002<\/p>\n
\u2026\u2026\u7b14(b\u01d0) \u4e43(n\u01cei) \u8499(M\u00e9ng) \u606c(Ti\u00e1n) \u6240(su\u01d2) \u9020(z\u00e0o)\uff0c<\/p>\n
\u7eb8(zh\u01d0) \u4e43(n\u01cei) \u8521(C\u00e0i) \u4f26(L\u00fan) \u6240(su\u01d2) \u4e3a(w\u00e9i)\u3002<\/p>\n
Ch\u00fa \u00e2m<\/b><\/p>\n
\u00c2m H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t<\/p>\n
Nghi\u00eau \u0110\u1ebf t\u00e1c vi k\u1ef3, d\u0129 gi\u00e1o \u0110an Chu;<\/p>\n
V\u0169 V\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ef3, d\u0129 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec7;<\/p>\n
b\u00fat n\u00e3i M\u00f4ng \u0110i\u1ec1m s\u1edf t\u1ea1o;<\/p>\n
ch\u1ec9 n\u00e3i Th\u00e1i Lu\u00e2n s\u1edf vi.<\/p>\n
Gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/b><\/p>\n
\uff081\uff09\u582f\u5e1d (Nghi\u00eau \u0110\u1ebf): M\u1ed9t trong Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf, h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf, s\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, si\u00eang n\u0103ng tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n
\uff082\uff09\u4e39\u6731 (\u0110an Chu)\uff1aCon trai Nghi\u00eau \u0110\u1ebf.<\/p>\n
\uff083\uff09\u6b66\u738b (V\u0169 V\u01b0\u01a1ng): Chu V\u0169 V\u01b0\u01a1ng, con trai Chu V\u0103n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, di\u1ec7t nh\u00e0 \u00c2n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eadp ra tri\u1ec1u Chu.<\/p>\n
\uff084\uff09\u8c61 (T\u01b0\u1ee3ng): T\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng.<\/p>\n
\uff085\uff09\u4e43 (n\u00e3i)\uff1aL\u00e0.<\/p>\n
\uff086\uff09\u8499\u606c (M\u00f4ng \u0110i\u1ec1m): Danh t\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n, gi\u00fap T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c, t\u1eebng d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh lui Hung N\u00f4, tu s\u1eeda Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n
B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch tham kh\u1ea3o<\/b><\/p>\n
T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n, vua Nghi\u00eau ph\u00e1t minh ra c\u1edd v\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y cho con l\u00e0 \u0110an Chu, gi\u00fap \u0110an Chu m\u1edf mang tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc th\u00fac th\u00e2n t\u00e2m. Chu V\u0169 V\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t minh ra c\u1edd t\u01b0\u1edbng, d\u00f9ng qu\u00e2n c\u1edd t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho hai qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi, qua \u0111\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Danh t\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n l\u00e0 M\u00f4ng \u0110i\u1ec1m t\u1ea1o ra b\u00fat l\u00f4ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. Th\u00e1i Lu\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1n quan th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn b\u00fat<\/b><\/p>\n
Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng trong b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y th\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quen thu\u1ed9c, m\u1ed7i ph\u00e1t minh \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Th\u00e1i Lu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u00f4n k\u00ednh h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u1ea7n gi\u1ea5y\u201d. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch “B\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi” c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 Michael H. Hart, Th\u00e1i Lu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc Columbus v\u00e0 Einstein. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Gi\u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n
B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00e2u th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef \u201cH\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m xe\u201d<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n
N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ba c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef: h\u1ecdc ph\u00fa ng\u0169 xa (h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m xe), vi bi\u00ean tam tuy\u1ec7t (\u0111\u1ee9t d\u00e2y s\u00e1ch ba l\u1ea7n), h\u00e3n ng\u01b0u sung \u0111\u1ed1ng (tr\u00e2u k\u00e9o xe s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, s\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ed9t nh\u00e0).<\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng c\u00e2u \u201ch\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m xe\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c uy\u00ean b\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec sao ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng n\u0103m xe \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c uy\u00ean b\u00e1c? B\u1edfi v\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u00e1t minh ra gi\u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a th\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u1ebb tre hay th\u1ebb g\u1ed7, nh\u1eefng th\u1ebb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u201cquy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch\u201d hay m\u1ed9t \u201ccu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch\u201d. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 th\u1eed, n\u1ebfu vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch d\u00e0i, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh g\u00f3i \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n \u0111em theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch b\u00ean m\u00ecnh, ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn xe \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n
Nghe k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00ean l\u00e0 Hu\u1ec7 Thi, \u00f4ng ta gi\u1ecfi bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn, vi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch, th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi ra ngo\u00e0i d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u00f4ng mang theo b\u00ean m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u00e0i cu\u1ed1n, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea7y n\u0103m xe, n\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ed1 \u201ch\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m xe\u201d.<\/p>\n
C\u00f2n c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed \u0111\u1ecdc \u201cKinh D\u1ecbch\u201d, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecdc qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n n\u00ean s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y th\u1eebng n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ebb tre \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t ba l\u1ea7n, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e2u th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef \u201cvi bi\u00ean tam tuy\u1ec7t\u201d, vi:\u97e6 l\u00e0 s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y th\u1eebng b\u1eb1ng da b\u00f2 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t ba l\u1ea7n, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9, ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f3.<\/p>\n
V\u00e0o th\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u00f3c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y xe ch\u1edf di\u1ec7u k\u1ebf tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o cung, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf. B\u1ea3n t\u1ea5u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ba ngh\u00ecn th\u1ebb tre, ph\u1ea3i do hai v\u00f5 s\u0129 c\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1ng m\u1edbi khi\u00eang v\u00e0o cung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u0103n nh\u00e2n vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t t\u1ea5u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3, c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn th\u1ebb tre, s\u00e1ch v\u1edf kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f3 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc, b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t d\u00e2y th\u1eebng, c\u1ea7n s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ebb tre khi b\u1ecb r\u1eddi ra, n\u00ean th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n, nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 g\u1eb7p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, cho n\u00ean r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n
T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean khi c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef \u201ch\u00e3n ng\u01b0u\u201d (tr\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i h\u1ed9t) v\u00e0 \u201csung \u0111\u1ed1ng\u201d (\u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0) \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef “h\u00e3n ng\u01b0u sung \u0111\u1ed1ng”. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m chung, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u vi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n
Ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean mai r\u00f9a ho\u1eb7c x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1p c\u1ed1t v\u0103n (ch\u1eef gi\u00e1p c\u1ed1t). \u0110\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Chu, ch\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 chu\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh, ho\u1eb7c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chung \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u0103n hay Th\u1ea1ch c\u1ed5 v\u0103n. X\u01b0\u01a1ng, mai r\u00f9a, \u0111\u00e1 r\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng n\u00ean h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc l\u00ean ch\u00fang v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111em theo. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 b\u00f3i to\u00e1n. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f9ng \u201cS\u00e1ch th\u1ebb tre\u201d (gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9c) thay cho mai r\u00f9a v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00fa. \u201c\u0110\u1ed9c\u201d (th\u1ebb g\u1ed7) ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u00e1n in hay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n
V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebb tre d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t x\u00edch (1\/3m) \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef n\u00ean sau n\u00e0y th\u01b0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cx\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9c\u201d. Th\u1ebb tre nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi mai r\u00f9a v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00fa nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh. \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u00f3 r\u1ebb.<\/p>\n
Th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ee5a c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ee5a gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecf, th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n, gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m l\u1ee5a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 720 c\u00e2n g\u1ea1o. V\u00ec v\u1eady gi\u1ea5y th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 v\u1ea3i l\u1ee5a, lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea5y c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb l\u1ee5a.<\/p>\n
C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i Lu\u00e2n truy\u1ec1n ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n
M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, Th\u00e1i Lu\u00e2n m\u1edbi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1ecf c\u00e2y, v\u1ea3i, l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh ra k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y l\u00e0m cho gi\u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u r\u1ebb v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft. Lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea5y l\u00e0m ra n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u00e1i Lu\u00e2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ec9\u201d (\u7eb8). Nh\u01b0ng sau n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201cch\u1ec9\u201d (\u7d19) \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea5y do Th\u00e1i Lu\u00e2n l\u00e0m ra.<\/p>\n
Ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd, quy tr\u00ecnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5y v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i Lu\u00e2n 1900 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n
K\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua nhi\u1ec1u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng lan truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n
N\u0103m 1276, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u00dd \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5y gai d\u1ea7u. Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf Anh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1494, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00e9m. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi C\u00e0n Long, h\u1ecda s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p t\u00ean Michel Benoist, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Thanh \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 Paris, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n
Cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1690, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y gi\u1ea5y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea1i Philadelphia Hoa K\u1ef3, mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i Lu\u00e2n tr\u00f2n 1.585 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n
K\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n<\/b><\/p>\n
C\u1edd v\u00e2y<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n
C\u00e1c v\u0103n nh\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1ed1n t\u00e0i ngh\u1ec7 \u201cc\u1ea7m k\u1ef3 th\u01b0 h\u1ecda\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 tu th\u00e2n, d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh. Trong \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1edd v\u00e2y. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n, con trai c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf Nghi\u00eau l\u00e0 \u0110an Chu, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00ed b\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0110an Chu t\u0129nh t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, \u0110\u1ebf Nghi\u00eau \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra c\u1edd v\u00e2y, d\u1ea1y \u0110an Chu ch\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u00ednh kh\u00ed. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u1edd v\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c x\u01b0a tu t\u00e2m d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tinh hoa c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c t\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1edd v\u00e2y nh\u01b0 \u201cD\u1ecbch\u201d, \u201cS\u1eeb\u201d, \u201cTh\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0m\u201d, \u201cT\u1ecda \u1ed5n\u201d, \u201cH\u1eafc B\u1ea1ch\u201d, \u201cPh\u01b0\u01a1ng vi\u00ean\u201d, \u201cL\u1ea1n Kha\u201d… G\u1ecdi \u201cH\u1eafc B\u1ea1ch\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u00ean c\u1edd c\u00f3 hai m\u00e0u \u0111en v\u00e0 tr\u1eafng, \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00c2m D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Qu\u00e2n \u0111en 181 vi\u00ean, qu\u00e2n tr\u1eafng 180 vi\u00ean. G\u1ecdi \u201cPh\u01b0\u01a1ng vi\u00ean\u201d, \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1eddi tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea5t vu\u00f4ng. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vu\u00f4ng, l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0n c\u1edd, do 19 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngang v\u00e0 19 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecdc t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh. \u201cVi\u00ean\u201d (\u5706) ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00f2n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n c\u1edd h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n.<\/p>\n
Bi\u1ec7t danh \u201cL\u1ea1n Kha\u201d xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3, trong \u201cThu\u1eadt d\u1ecb k\u00fd\u201d c\u1ee7a Nam tri\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ghi r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 T\u1ea5n, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1u phu t\u00ean l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u00fai Th\u1ea1ch Th\u1ea5t (nay l\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng Nam C\u00f9 Ch\u00e2u, t\u1ec9nh Chi\u1ebft Giang) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1n c\u1ee7i, anh ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111ang ch\u01a1i c\u1edd v\u00e0 ca h\u00e1t. V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5t xem \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1edd v\u00e0 nghe ti\u1ebfng h\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00ea m\u1ea9n, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian tr\u00f4i qua, c\u0169ng qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3i b\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 \u0111\u01b0a cho anh ta m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i ti\u00ean tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t t\u00e1o. V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5t ng\u1eadm n\u00f3 trong mi\u1ec7ng, b\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u1eadu b\u00e9 b\u1ea3o anh ta r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0. V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i r\u00ecu d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1n c\u1ee7i \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t b\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t. Sau khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ebft, c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ai nh\u1eadn ra anh ta, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng tu\u1ed5i v\u1edbi anh \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 sau, c\u1edd v\u00e2y c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cL\u1ea1n Kha\u201d.<\/p>\n
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u01a1i c\u1edd v\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n c\u1edd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00e0u, \u0111en \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eafng, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n c\u1edd tr\u00ean giao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb.<\/p>\n
K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u00e1t minh ra gi\u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n tr\u00ean th\u1ebb tre, th\u1ebb g\u1ed7, kim th\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c mai r\u00f9a x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00fa, sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f9ng d\u00e2y th\u1eebng b\u1eb1ng da thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ebb tre v\u00e0 th\u1ebb g\u1ed7 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0ng s\u00e1ch th\u1ebb tre r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh, kh\u00f3 mang theo, \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n. Th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, tuy s\u00e1ch l\u1ee5a l\u00e0m t\u1eeb t\u01a1 r\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i, nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.<\/p>\n
Sau n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t minh ra gi\u1ea5y l\u00e0m t\u1eeb s\u1ee3i gai d\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c s\u1ee3i gai, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea5y gai d\u1ea7u th\u00f4 r\u00e1p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft. Th\u1eddi H\u00e1n H\u00f2a \u0110\u1ebf tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i gi\u00e1m t\u00ean l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i Lu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ti\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y, t\u1ea1o ra lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea5y nh\u1eb9, ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n
Sau khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, Th\u00e1i Lu\u00e2n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 c\u0169, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o r\u00e1ch, v\u1ecf c\u00e2y, d\u00e2y gai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e2m v\u00e0 gi\u00e3 n\u00e1t th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5y, s\u1ee3i nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra gi\u1ea5y r\u1ebb ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Th\u00e1i H\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9\u201d (gi\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i H\u1ea7u). Sau \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i Lu\u00e2n l\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng \u0110an \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1ecf c\u00e2y Thanh \u0110\u00e0n v\u00e0 r\u01a1m r\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra \u201cTuy\u00ean ch\u1ec9\u201d (gi\u1ea5y Tuy\u00ean) th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda.<\/p>\n
(Ghi ch\u00fa: Ph\u1ecfng theo s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa \u201c\u1ea4u h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ef3nh L\u00e2m\u201d c\u1ee7a Zhengjian.org)<\/p>\n