{"id":32293,"date":"2024-01-07T05:55:01","date_gmt":"2024-01-06T22:55:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=32293"},"modified":"2025-05-12T10:19:35","modified_gmt":"2025-05-12T03:19:35","slug":"khai-quat-ve-van-hoa-trung-quoc-8-nho-thich-dao-va-van-hoa-truyen-thong-trung-quoc-phan-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/01\/khai-quat-ve-van-hoa-trung-quoc-8-nho-thich-dao-va-van-hoa-truyen-thong-trung-quoc-phan-1.html","title":{"rendered":"Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (8): Nho, Th\u00edch, \u0110\u1ea1o v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c (Ph\u1ea7n 1)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Ch&#432;&#417;ng 10: Nho, Th&iacute;ch, &#272;&#7841;o v&agrave; v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng Trung Qu&#7889;c (Th&#432;&#7907;ng)<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Trong h&#417;n 2.500 n&#259;m sau th&#7901;i Xu&acirc;n Thu, &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng s&acirc;u s&#7855;c nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7871;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng Trung Qu&#7889;c l&agrave; Nho gia, Th&iacute;ch gia v&agrave; &#272;&#7841;o gia. V&igrave; v&#7853;y th&#7911;y t&#7893; c&#7911;a ba gia n&agrave;y: Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917;, Ph&#7853;t Th&iacute;ch Ca M&acirc;u Ni v&agrave; L&atilde;o T&#7917; trong d&ograve;ng s&ocirc;ng d&agrave;i &#273;&#7857;ng &#273;&#7861;ng c&#7911;a l&#7883;ch s&#7917; v&#7851;n nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; k&iacute;nh ng&#432;&#7905;ng v&agrave; s&ugrave;ng b&aacute;i l&acirc;u d&agrave;i c&#7911;a h&#7853;u nh&acirc;n.<\/p>\n<p>Kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t l&agrave; s&#7921; tr&ugrave;ng h&#7907;p c&#7911;a l&#7883;ch s&#7917; hay an b&agrave;i c&#7911;a Thi&ecirc;n &yacute;, m&agrave; Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917;, Ph&#7853;t Th&iacute;ch Ca M&acirc;u Ni v&agrave; L&atilde;o T&#7917; &#273;&#7873;u xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n v&agrave;o c&ugrave;ng m&#7897;t th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i. N&#259;m sinh c&#7911;a L&atilde;o T&#7917; kh&ocirc;ng r&otilde; r&agrave;ng. Ng&agrave;y 8 th&aacute;ng 4 n&#259;m 566 tr&#432;&#7899;c C&ocirc;ng nguy&ecirc;n (TCN), Th&iacute;ch Ca M&acirc;u Ni sinh ra t&#7841;i khu v&#7921;c l&agrave; n&#432;&#7899;c Nepal ng&agrave;y nay. 15 n&#259;m sau, t&#7913;c ng&agrave;y 27 th&aacute;ng 8 n&#259;m 551 TCN, Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; ra &#273;&#7901;i &#7903; Kh&uacute;c Ph&#7909;, S&#417;n &#272;&ocirc;ng. V&#259;n minh Trung Hoa c&#361;ng nh&#7901; c&oacute; ba v&#7883; th&aacute;nh nh&acirc;n n&agrave;y m&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n r&#7921;c r&#7905;.<\/p>\n<p><b>Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; &ndash; Nho gia &ndash; V&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng Trung Qu&#7889;c<\/b><\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m 551 TCN, Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; sinh ra t&#7841;i n&#432;&#7899;c L&#7895;. &Ocirc;ng t&ecirc;n Kh&acirc;u, t&#7921; l&agrave; Tr&#7885;ng Ni, h&#7885; Kh&#7893;ng Th&#7883;. Nh&agrave; Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; r&#7845;t ngh&egrave;o, &#273;&#7883;a v&#7883; x&atilde; h&#7897;i c&#361;ng r&#7845;t th&#7845;p. Sau khi l&#7899;n l&ecirc;n, &ocirc;ng t&#7915;ng l&agrave;m Ti&#7875;u L&#7841;i, l&agrave; m&#7897;t ch&#7913;c quan nh&#7887; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; ph&#7849;m c&#7845;p th&#7901;i phong ki&#7871;n. V&igrave; &#273;&#7875; tuy&ecirc;n truy&#7873;n ch&#7911; tr&#432;&#417;ng ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, &ocirc;ng d&ugrave;ng ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n th&#7901;i gian cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i d&#7851;n d&#7855;t c&aacute;c &#273;&#7879; t&#7917; chu du li&#7879;t qu&#7889;c, b&ocirc;n ba du thuy&#7871;t c&aacute;c n&#432;&#7899;c. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n ch&#7911; tr&#432;&#417;ng c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng v&#7851;n lu&ocirc;n kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tr&#7885;ng th&#7883;. T&#7899;i n&#259;m 63 tu&#7893;i, Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; v&#7873; l&#7841;i n&#432;&#7899;c L&#7895;. N&#432;&#7899;c L&#7895; cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng tr&#7885;ng d&#7909;ng Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917;, &ocirc;ng c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u ra l&agrave;m quan n&#7919;a.<\/p>\n<p>T&#7915; &#273;&oacute; v&#7873; sau, Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; d&#7889;c l&ograve;ng d&#7841;y h&#7885;c, bi&ecirc;n so&#7841;n &#273;i&#7875;n t&#7883;ch, trong ch&iacute;n n&#259;m tu&#7893;i x&#7871; chi&#7873;u n&agrave;y cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng &#273;&atilde; x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c Nho h&#7885;c th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t th&#7875; h&#7879; t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng. N&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng nh&#7845;t l&agrave;: Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; &#273;&atilde; ho&agrave;n th&agrave;nh xong vi&#7879;c bi&ecirc;n so&#7841;n &ldquo;L&#7909;c Ngh&#7879;&rdquo; g&#7891;m &ldquo;Thi&rdquo;, &ldquo;Th&#432;&rdquo;, &ldquo;Nh&#7841;c&rdquo;, &ldquo;L&#7877;&rdquo;, &ldquo;D&#7883;ch&rdquo; v&agrave; &ldquo;Xu&acirc;n Thu&rdquo;. Tr&#7915; &ldquo;Nh&#7841;c&rdquo; sau n&agrave;y b&#7883; th&#7845;t l&#7841;c, c&aacute;c kinh th&#432; c&ograve;n l&#7841;i lu&ocirc;n l&agrave; t&agrave;i li&#7879;u gi&#7843;ng d&#7841;y c&#417; b&#7843;n c&#7911;a c&aacute;c v&#432;&#417;ng tri&#7873;u h&#7853;u th&#7871;.<\/p>\n<p>Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; c&ograve;n c&#259;n c&#7913; v&agrave;o t&agrave;i li&#7879;u l&#7883;ch s&#7917; c&#7911;a n&#432;&#7899;c L&#7895; m&agrave; vi&#7871;t n&ecirc;n &ldquo;Xu&acirc;n Thu&rdquo;, b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#7915; n&#259;m &#273;&#7847;u c&#7911;a L&#7895; &#7848;n C&ocirc;ng (n&#259;m 722 TCN), k&#7871;t th&uacute;c v&agrave;o n&#259;m th&#7913; 14 c&#7911;a L&#7895; Ai C&ocirc;ng (n&#259;m 481 TCN), bao qu&aacute;t 12 v&#7883; qu&#7889;c qu&acirc;n c&#7911;a n&#432;&#7899;c L&#7895;. L&#7845;y n&#432;&#7899;c L&#7895; l&agrave;m trung t&acirc;m m&agrave; ghi ch&eacute;p, t&ocirc;n k&iacute;nh t&iacute;nh ch&iacute;nh th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a v&#432;&#417;ng th&#7845;t nh&agrave; Chu, l&#7845;y s&#7921; t&iacute;ch th&#7901;i &Acirc;n Th&#432;&#417;ng l&agrave;m &#273;i&#7873;u r&#259;n, k&#7871; th&#7915;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a nh&agrave; H&#7841;, Th&#432;&#417;ng v&agrave; Chu, v&#259;n t&#7915; ng&#7855;n g&#7885;n s&uacute;c t&iacute;ch m&agrave; &yacute; ngh&#297;a l&#7841;i uy&ecirc;n th&acirc;m. N&#432;&#7899;c Ng&ocirc;, n&#432;&#7899;c S&#7903; t&#7921; x&#432;ng l&agrave; v&#432;&#417;ng, nh&#432;ng trong &ldquo;Xu&acirc;n Thu&rdquo; l&#7841;i b&#7883; h&#7841; xu&#7889;ng x&#432;ng l&agrave; t&#7917; t&#432;&#7899;c. T&#7845;n V&#259;n C&ocirc;ng c&ugrave;ng ch&#432; h&#7847;u g&#7863;p m&#7863;t &#273;&#7875; li&ecirc;n k&#7871;t &#273;&#7891;ng minh, th&#7921;c t&#7871; l&agrave; tri&#7879;u Chu T&#432;&#417;ng V&#432;&#417;ng t&#7899;i nh&#7853;p h&#7897;i c&ugrave;ng, nh&#432;ng trong &ldquo;Xu&acirc;n Thu&rdquo; l&#7841;i k&#7883; h&uacute;y m&agrave; vi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;Chu thi&ecirc;n t&#7917; tu&#7847;n th&uacute; &#273;&#7871;n H&agrave; D&#432;&#417;ng&rdquo;. C&#7913; nh&#432; v&#7853;y m&agrave; suy, &ldquo;Xu&acirc;n Thu&rdquo; ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng nguy&ecirc;n t&#7855;c nh&#432; v&#7853;y m&agrave; b&igrave;nh lu&#7853;n v&#7873; c&aacute;c s&#7921; ki&#7879;n l&uacute;c b&#7845;y gi&#7901;, h&#7853;u th&#7871; g&#7885;i &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; b&uacute;t ph&aacute;p &ldquo;Xu&acirc;n Thu&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; l&agrave; c&aacute; nh&acirc;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n thu nh&#7853;n h&#7885;c tr&ograve; d&#7841;y h&#7885;c trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917; gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c Trung Qu&#7889;c. Tr&#432;&#7899;c &ocirc;ng, vi&#7879;c h&#7885;c t&#7853;p di&#7877;n ra t&#7841;i quan ph&#7911;. Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; m&#7903; ra tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7885;c t&#432;, thu nh&#7853;n m&ocirc;n &#273;&#7891; r&#7897;ng kh&#7855;p, m&#7903; r&#7897;ng &#273;&#7889;i t&#432;&#7907;ng gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c t&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng, &#273;&#432;a v&#259;n h&oacute;a tri th&#7913;c truy&#7873;n b&aacute; t&#7899;i d&acirc;n gian, l&agrave;m ra c&#7889;ng hi&#7871;n v&#297; &#273;&#7841;i v&#7899;i gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7879; t&#7917; theo h&#7885;c Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; &#432;&#7899;c ch&#7915;ng c&oacute; kho&#7843;ng 3.000 ng&#432;&#7901;i, trong &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; 72 ng&#432;&#7901;i tinh th&ocirc;ng s&aacute;u lo&#7841;i k&#7929; ngh&#7879; l&agrave; L&#7877;, Nh&#7841;c, X&#7841;, Ng&#7921;, S&#7889;, Thu&#7853;t. C&ograve;n nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7879; t&#7917; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; d&#7841;y b&#7843;o nhi&#7873;u ph&#432;&#417;ng di&#7879;n kh&aacute;c nh&#432;ng kh&ocirc;ng ch&iacute;nh th&#7913;c ghi v&agrave;o danh s&aacute;ch l&#7841;i c&agrave;ng nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n n&#7919;a.<\/p>\n<p>Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; sau khi qua &#273;&#7901;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c mai t&aacute;ng b&ecirc;n b&#7901; T&#7913; Th&#7911;y &#7903; ph&iacute;a B&#7855;c L&#7895; Th&agrave;nh. C&oacute; h&#417;n 100 nh&agrave; l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7879; t&#7917; c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n kh&aacute;c c&#7911;a n&#432;&#7899;c L&#7895;, l&#7847;n l&#432;&#7907;t t&#7899;i b&ecirc;n m&#7897; c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng m&agrave; &#7903;, cho n&ecirc;n n&#417;i n&agrave;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;Kh&#7893;ng l&yacute;&rdquo;. C&aacute;c th&#7871; h&#7879; ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n n&#432;&#7899;c L&#7895; truy&#7873;n l&#7841;i r&#7857;ng, m&#7895;i n&#259;m &#273;&#7873;u ph&#7843;i &#273;&uacute;ng ng&agrave;y &#273;&uacute;ng gi&#7901; quy &#273;&#7883;nh t&#7899;i tr&#432;&#7899;c m&#7897; c&#7911;a Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; t&#7871; b&aacute;i, m&agrave; gi&#7899;i nho sinh c&#361;ng &#273;&uacute;ng th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m n&agrave;y &#273;&#7871;n n&#417;i &#273;&acirc;y &#273;&#7875; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u v&agrave; h&#7885;c t&#7853;p l&#7877; nghi, ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh l&#7877; u&#7889;ng r&#432;&#7907;u v&agrave; c&aacute;c nghi th&#7913;c nh&#432; thi b&#7855;n cung.<\/p>\n<p>Khu m&#7897; c&#7911;a Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; r&#7897;ng kho&#7843;ng m&#7897;t kho&#7843;nh (t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng 100 m&#7851;u &#273;&#7845;t c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c, &#432;&#7899;c ch&#7915;ng 6,67 h&eacute;cta). Gian nh&agrave; ch&iacute;nh n&#417;i Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; t&#7915;ng &#7903; c&ugrave;ng nh&#7919;ng ph&ograve;ng trong m&agrave; &#273;&#7879; t&#7917; &#7903; sau n&agrave;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#7843;i t&#7841;o th&agrave;nh mi&#7871;u, l&#432;u gi&#7919; l&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7891; v&#7853;t m&agrave; Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; t&#7915;ng d&ugrave;ng nh&#432; y ph&#7909;c, m&#361; m&atilde;o, &#273;&agrave;n, xe, s&aacute;ch v&#7903;, v.v. M&#7897;t m&#7841;ch cho t&#7899;i t&#7853;n th&#7901;i nh&agrave; H&aacute;n, h&#417;n 200 n&#259;m ch&#432;a t&#7915;ng b&#7883; b&#7887; hoang.<\/p>\n<p>Sau n&agrave;y c&aacute;c &#273;&#7879; t&#7917; c&#7911;a Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; c&#259;n c&#7913; theo ng&ocirc;n h&agrave;nh c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng m&agrave; bi&ecirc;n so&#7841;n th&agrave;nh &ldquo;Lu&#7853;n ng&#7919;&rdquo;, &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; t&#432; li&#7879;u tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p &#273;&aacute;ng tin c&#7853;y nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7875; con ng&#432;&#7901;i hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i ch&uacute;ng ta nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c v&#7873; Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917;. Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; &#273;&atilde; s&aacute;ng t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t h&#7885;c thuy&#7871;t ho&agrave;n ch&#7881;nh l&#7845;y &ldquo;Nh&acirc;n&rdquo;, &ldquo;L&#7877;, &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo;, &ldquo;Gi&aacute;o&rdquo; v&agrave; &ldquo;H&#7885;c&rdquo; l&agrave;m n&#7897;i dung ch&#7911; y&#7871;u, bao qu&aacute;t ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883;, lu&acirc;n l&yacute;, &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c, gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c v&agrave; c&aacute;c t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng kh&aacute;c, k&#7923; v&#7885;ng quy ph&#7841;m h&agrave;nh vi t&#7915; qu&acirc;n v&#432;&#417;ng t&#7899;i b&aacute;ch t&iacute;nh l&ecirc; d&acirc;n. &Ocirc;ng n&oacute;i cho ng&#432;&#7901;i ta bi&#7871;t th&#7871; n&agrave;o l&agrave; Trung Dung, th&#7871; n&agrave;o l&agrave; Nh&acirc;n, Ngh&#297;a, L&#7877;, Tr&iacute;, T&iacute;n, v.v. &#273;&atilde; t&#7841;o ra &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng to l&#7899;n t&#7899;i l&#7883;ch s&#7917; v&#259;n h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c v&agrave; th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&#7843; &#272;&ocirc;ng Nam &Aacute;.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#432; v&#7853;y t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng Nho gia c&#7911;a Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; bao h&agrave;m nh&#7919;ng n&#7897;i dung ch&#7911; y&#7871;u g&igrave;?<\/p>\n<p>M&#7897;t, &ldquo;Nh&acirc;n&rdquo; (&#20161;) l&agrave; c&#7889;t l&otilde;i trong t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng h&#7885;c thuy&#7871;t c&#7911;a Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917;. Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7873; xu&#7845;t m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch minh x&aacute;c r&#7857;ng, &ldquo;Nh&acirc;n&rdquo; t&#7913;c &ldquo;&aacute;i nh&acirc;n&rdquo; (Nhan Uy&ecirc;n), t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch &ldquo;Nh&acirc;n&rdquo; l&agrave; y&ecirc;u th&#432;&#417;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i. L&agrave;m s&aacute;ng t&#7887; th&ecirc;m m&#7897;t b&#432;&#7899;c n&#7919;a th&igrave; &ldquo;Phu Nh&acirc;n gi&#7843;, k&#7927; d&#7909;c l&#7853;p nhi l&#7853;p nh&acirc;n, k&#7927; d&#7909;c &#273;&#7841;t nhi &#273;&#7841;t nh&acirc;n&rdquo; (Ung d&atilde;), t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i Nh&acirc;n l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i mu&#7889;n &#273;&#7913;ng v&#7919;ng th&igrave; gi&uacute;p ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c &#273;&#7913;ng v&#7919;ng, mu&#7889;n th&agrave;nh &#273;&#7841;t th&igrave; gi&uacute;p ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c th&agrave;nh &#273;&#7841;t. N&#7871;u Nh&acirc;n th&igrave; ph&#7843;i l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &ldquo;K&#7927; s&#7903; b&#7845;t d&#7909;c, v&#7853;t thi vu nh&acirc;n&rdquo; (Nhan Uy&ecirc;n), t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch l&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;o m&igrave;nh kh&ocirc;ng mu&#7889;n ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c l&agrave;m v&#7899;i m&igrave;nh th&igrave; c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng l&agrave;m v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c. T&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&atilde; n&agrave;y xuy&ecirc;n su&#7889;t c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng di&#7879;n h&#7885;c thuy&#7871;t t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917;.<\/p>\n<p>Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; l&#7841;i ch&#7881; r&otilde; th&ecirc;m ra r&#7857;ng &ldquo;N&#259;ng h&agrave;nh ng&#361; gi&#7843; vu thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;, vi nh&acirc;n h&#297;&rdquo;, t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch l&agrave; c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c n&#259;m &#273;i&#7873;u &#7903; trong thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; th&igrave; l&agrave; Nh&acirc;n v&#7853;y. N&#259;m &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; &ldquo;Cung, khoan, t&iacute;n, m&#7851;n, hu&#7879;&rdquo;. B&#7903;i v&igrave; &ldquo;Cung t&#7855;c b&#7845;t v&#361;, khoan t&#7855;c &#273;&#7855;c ch&uacute;ng, t&iacute;n t&#7855;c nh&acirc;n nh&#7853;m y&ecirc;n, m&#7851;n t&#7855;c h&#7919;u c&ocirc;ng, hu&#7879; t&#7855;c t&uacute;c d&#297; s&#7917; nh&acirc;n&rdquo; (D&#432;&#417;ng h&oacute;a), t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch l&agrave; khi&ecirc;m cung th&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng khinh nh&#7901;n, khoan dung th&igrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&ograve;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i, t&iacute;n th&igrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i ta tin c&#7853;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c, m&#7851;n (c&aacute;n) th&igrave; c&oacute; c&ocirc;ng, hu&#7879; th&igrave; &#273;&#7911; (sai) khi&#7871;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ng&#432;&#7901;i. N&#259;m lo&#7841;i ph&#7849;m &#273;&#7913;c n&agrave;y &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ki&#7871;n l&#7853;p tr&ecirc;n c&#417; s&#7903; t&ocirc;n tr&#7885;ng, quan t&acirc;m v&agrave; th&ocirc;ng c&#7843;m v&#7899;i con ng&#432;&#7901;i. &ldquo;T&#7917; d&#297; t&#7913; gi&aacute;o, v&#259;n, h&agrave;nh, trung, t&iacute;n&rdquo;, ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; h&#7885;c sinh ph&#7843;i h&#7885;c t&#7853;p b&#7889;n ph&#432;&#417;ng di&#7879;n: h&#7885;c v&#7845;n, ng&ocirc;n h&agrave;nh, trung th&agrave;nh, khoan dung v&agrave; t&iacute;n ngh&#297;a.<\/p>\n<p>Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh gi&aacute; tr&#7883; v&agrave; t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng c&#7911;a &ldquo;Nh&acirc;n&rdquo;. &Ocirc;ng cho r&#7857;ng, &ldquo;Nh&acirc;n&rdquo; &#273;&atilde; l&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u m&agrave; m&#7895;i c&aacute; nh&acirc;n c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t ph&#7843;i tu d&#432;&#7905;ng, c&#361;ng l&agrave; nguy&ecirc;n t&#7855;c tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c b&igrave;nh thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; t&#7845;t y&#7871;u ph&#7843;i tu&acirc;n theo. &#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c thi h&agrave;nh ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883;, &ocirc;ng kh&#7903;i x&#432;&#7899;ng ph&#7843;i d&#7921;a v&agrave;o s&#7921; quan t&acirc;m v&agrave; qu&yacute; tr&#7885;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n, l&#7845;y ph&#432;&#417;ng th&#7913;c gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch an bang tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c. &Ocirc;ng &#273;&#7873; xu&#7845;t: &ldquo;Vi ch&iacute;nh d&#297; &#273;&#7913;c, th&iacute; nh&#432; b&#7855;c th&#7847;n c&#432; k&igrave; s&#7903; nhi ch&uacute;ng tinh c&#7897;ng chi.&rdquo; (Vi ch&iacute;nh), t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch l&agrave; c&#7847;m ch&iacute;nh quy&#7873;n th&igrave; ph&#7843;i c&oacute; &#272;&#7913;c, v&iacute; nh&#432; sao B&#7855;c &#272;&#7849;u &#7903; n&#417;i c&#7889; &#273;&#7883;nh &#273;&#7875; c&aacute;c ng&ocirc;i sao kh&aacute;c v&acirc;y quanh v&#7853;y. C&aacute;i g&#7885;i l&agrave; &#272;&#7913;c n&agrave;y, ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; th&#7875; hi&#7879;n tinh th&#7847;n c&#7911;a &ldquo;Nh&acirc;n&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>Tr&ecirc;n c&#417; s&#7903; kh&#7903;i x&#432;&#7899;ng &ldquo;Nh&acirc;n&rdquo; v&agrave; &ldquo;&#272;&#7913;c&rdquo;, Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; &#273;&#7873; xu&#7845;t m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i x&atilde; h&#7897;i l&yacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7891;ng&rdquo;, ch&iacute;nh l&agrave;: &#7902; th&#7901;i &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o th&#7921;c h&agrave;nh th&igrave; thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; l&agrave; c&#7911;a chung, c&#7843; thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; &#273;&#7873;u v&igrave; vi&#7879;c c&ocirc;ng, ch&#7885;n ng&#432;&#7901;i hi&#7873;n n&#259;ng, coi tr&#7885;ng th&agrave;nh t&iacute;n, s&#7889;ng tr&ecirc;n thu&#7853;n d&#432;&#7899;i h&ograve;a, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; th&#432;&#417;ng k&iacute;nh v&#7899;i cha m&#7865; c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; y&ecirc;u th&#432;&#417;ng con c&aacute;i m&igrave;nh, ng&#432;&#7901;i gi&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nu&ocirc;i d&#432;&#7905;ng tr&#7885;n &#273;&#7901;i, ng&#432;&#7901;i tr&aacute;ng ni&ecirc;n c&oacute; ch&#7895; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng, con tr&#7867; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#259;m s&oacute;c t&#7899;i khi tr&#432;&#7903;ng th&agrave;nh, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i g&oacute;a b&#7909;a c&ocirc; &#273;&#7897;c, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&ocirc; &#273;&#417;n m&#7845;t v&#7907;, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7879;nh t&agrave;n ph&#7871; t&#7853;t nguy&#7873;n &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nu&ocirc;i d&#432;&#7905;ng&hellip; &#272;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#432; v&#7853;y th&igrave; &acirc;m m&#432;u qu&#7927; k&#7871; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7883;nh h&agrave;nh, b&#7841;o lo&#7841;n tr&#7897;m c&#432;&#7899;p kh&ocirc;ng x&#7843;y ra, &#273;i ra ngo&agrave;i kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i &#273;&oacute;ng c&#7917;a, nh&#432; th&#7871; l&agrave; &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&#7891;ng. (L&#7877; K&iacute; &ndash; L&#7877; V&#7853;n). X&atilde; h&#7897;i &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&#7891;ng n&agrave;y, th&#7921;c t&#7871; ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; tinh th&#7847;n c&#7911;a &ldquo;Nh&acirc;n&rdquo; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7875; hi&#7879;n to&agrave;n di&#7879;n &#273;&#7847;y &#273;&#7911; ngo&agrave;i x&atilde; h&#7897;i.<\/p>\n<p>L&yacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7891;ng&rdquo; kh&oacute; m&agrave; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c, Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; l&ugrave;i m&#7897;t b&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#7873; xu&#7845;t l&yacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng x&atilde; h&#7897;i &ldquo;Ti&#7875;u Khang&rdquo;: X&acirc;y d&#7921;ng th&agrave;nh qu&aacute;ch, &#273;&agrave;o h&agrave;o b&#7843;o v&#7879; th&agrave;nh &#273;&#7875; th&ecirc;m ki&ecirc;n c&#7889;, &#273;&#7863;t ra l&#7877; nghi l&agrave;m k&#7927; c&#432;&#417;ng d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; quy ph&#7841;m quan h&#7879; vua t&ocirc;i, khi&#7871;n quan h&#7879; cha con th&acirc;n m&#7853;t, anh em h&ograve;a thu&#7853;n, v&#7907; ch&#7891;ng h&ograve;a &aacute;i, d&ugrave;ng l&#7877; nghi x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897;, ph&acirc;n chia ru&#7897;ng &#273;&#7845;t v&agrave; h&#7897; t&#7883;ch&hellip; nh&#7901; &#273;&oacute; m&agrave; x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng l&#7877; nh&#432;&#7907;ng (khi&ecirc;m cung, th&#7911; l&#7877;, l&#7845;y c&aacute;ch c&#432; x&#7917; cao &#273;&#7865;p m&agrave; nh&#432;&#7901;ng nhau) ki&#7875;u m&#7851;u theo nghi l&#7877;, l&agrave;m g&#432;&#417;ng cho b&aacute;ch t&iacute;nh noi theo l&#7877; ph&aacute;p m&agrave; ch&#7845;p h&agrave;nh&hellip; Nh&#432; th&#7871; l&agrave; Ti&#7875;u Khang. &#272;&acirc;y l&agrave; x&atilde; h&#7897;i b&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#7847;u qu&aacute;n tri&#7879;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tinh th&#7847;n c&#7911;a &ldquo;Nh&acirc;n&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>Hai, &ldquo;L&#7877;&rdquo; (&#31036;) l&agrave; m&#7897;t ph&#7841;m tr&ugrave; quan tr&#7885;ng kh&aacute;c trong h&#7885;c thuy&#7871;t t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a Kh&#7893;ng T&#7915;. &ldquo;L&#7877;&rdquo; l&agrave; m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i quy ph&#7841;m h&agrave;nh vi x&atilde; h&#7897;i &#273;&atilde; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i t&#7915; l&acirc;u. Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; cho r&#7857;ng, t&#7899;i th&#7901;i nh&agrave; Chu, &ldquo;L&#7877;&rdquo; &#273;&atilde; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n t&#7899;i m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; ho&agrave;n m&#7929; nh&#7845;t, v&igrave; v&#7853;y &ocirc;ng s&ugrave;ng b&aacute;i nh&#7845;t l&agrave; Chu L&#7877;, t&#7913;c l&agrave; L&#7877; c&#7911;a nh&agrave; Chu.<\/p>\n<p>Theo c&aacute;ch nh&igrave;n c&#7911;a Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917;, &ldquo;L&#7877;&rdquo; l&agrave; quy ph&#7841;m h&agrave;nh vi m&agrave; m&#7895;i ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh ph&#7843;i tu&acirc;n th&#7911;, t&#7915; Thi&ecirc;n t&#7917; cho t&#7899;i th&#7913; d&acirc;n. C&aacute;i &ldquo;L&#7877;&rdquo; c&#7911;a Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; bao h&agrave;m hai ph&#432;&#417;ng di&#7879;n l&agrave; tinh th&#7847;n b&ecirc;n trong v&agrave; h&igrave;nh th&#7913;c b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i. C&aacute;i tinh th&#7847;n b&ecirc;n trong n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; duy h&#7897; ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; t&ocirc;ng ph&aacute;p (1) c&#7845;p b&#7853;c c&ugrave;ng c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i quan h&#7879; lu&acirc;n l&yacute; t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng th&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>H&igrave;nh th&#7913;c b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i c&#7911;a &ldquo;L&#7877;&rdquo; bao g&#7891;m c&aacute;c l&#7877; ti&#7871;t nghi th&#7913;c nh&#432; t&#7871; t&#7921;, qu&acirc;n &#273;&#7897;i, l&#7877; &#273;&#7897;i m&#361;, k&#7871;t h&ocirc;n, tang s&#7921;, mai t&aacute;ng, tri&#7873;u b&aacute;i k&#7871;t th&acirc;n, li&ecirc;n k&#7871;t &#273;&#7891;ng minh, v.v. Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; cho r&#7857;ng, ch&uacute; tr&#7885;ng tinh th&#7847;n b&ecirc;n trong c&#7911;a &ldquo;L&#7877;&rdquo; t&#7845;t nhi&ecirc;n l&agrave; quan tr&#7885;ng, nh&#432;ng tinh th&#7847;n b&ecirc;n trong chung quy v&#7851;n c&#7847;n d&#7921;a v&agrave;o h&igrave;nh th&#7913;c b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i &#273;&#7875; th&#7875; hi&#7879;n. Cho n&ecirc;n &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng l&#7877; ti&#7871;t nghi th&#7913;c n&agrave;y, Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; chuy&ecirc;n ch&uacute; h&#7885;c t&#7853;p, t&#7921; m&igrave;nh th&#7921;c h&agrave;nh, m&agrave; c&ograve;n y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u c&aacute;c &#273;&#7879; t&#7917; nghi&ecirc;m kh&#7855;c tu&acirc;n th&#7911;. B&#7903;i v&igrave; tinh th&#7847;n b&ecirc;n trong c&#7911;a &ldquo;L&#7877;&rdquo; l&agrave; duy h&#7897; ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; t&ocirc;ng ph&aacute;p c&#7845;p b&#7853;c, cho n&ecirc;n c&ograve;n li&ecirc;n quan t&#7899;i &#273;&#7883;a v&#7883; danh ph&#7853;n c&#7911;a m&#7895;i c&aacute; nh&acirc;n. H&agrave;nh vi tu&acirc;n th&#7911; nghi&ecirc;m ng&#7863;t v&#7899;i danh ph&#7853;n c&#7911;a b&#7843;n th&acirc;n ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; gi&#7919; &ldquo;L&#7877;&rdquo;, v&#432;&#7907;t qu&aacute; danh ph&#7853;n c&#7911;a b&#7843;n th&acirc;n ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; tr&aacute;i v&#7899;i &ldquo;L&#7877;&rdquo;. &#272;&#7873; xu&#7845;t &ldquo;Qu&acirc;n qu&acirc;n, th&#7847;n th&#7847;n, ph&#7909; ph&#7909;, t&#7917; t&#7917;&rdquo;, t&#7841;m hi&#7875;u l&agrave; vua ph&#7843;i ra vua, quan ph&#7843;i ra quan, cha ph&#7843;i ra cha, con ph&#7843;i ra con. &ldquo;L&#7877; nh&#7841;c chinh ph&#7841;t t&#7921; thi&ecirc;n t&#7917; xu&#7845;t,&rdquo; (l&#7877; nh&#7841;c v&agrave; hi&#7879;u l&#7879;nh chinh ph&#7841;t &#273;&#7873;u &#7903; trong tay thi&ecirc;n t&#7917;), kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; &ldquo;T&#7921; ph&aacute;p h&#7847;u xu&#7845;t&rdquo; (&#7903; trong tay vua ch&#432; h&#7847;u), l&#7841;i c&agrave;ng kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; &ldquo;B&#7891;i th&#7847;n ch&#7845;p qu&#7889;c m&#7879;nh&rdquo; (do b&#7873; t&ocirc;i n&#7855;m gi&#7919; v&#7853;n m&#7879;nh qu&#7889;c gia). Trong ph&#432;&#417;ng di&#7879;n gia &#273;&igrave;nh th&igrave; &ldquo;Ph&#7909; vi t&#7917; &#7849;n, t&#7917; vi ph&#7909; &#7849;n&rdquo;, t&#7841;m hi&#7875;u l&agrave; cha che gi&#7845;u cho con, con che gi&#7845;u cho cha. (2)<\/p>\n<p>B&#7903;i v&#7853;y, Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; &#273;&#7873; xu&#7845;t r&otilde; r&agrave;ng ch&#7911; tr&#432;&#417;ng &ldquo;Ch&iacute;nh danh&rdquo;, m&agrave; c&ograve;n th&ocirc;ng qua vi&#7879;c bi&ecirc;n so&#7841;n &ldquo;Xu&acirc;n Thu&rdquo; m&agrave; ch&acirc;m bi&#7871;m b&agrave;i x&iacute;ch c&aacute;c ch&#7911;ng c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i h&agrave;nh vi tr&aacute;i l&#7877; &#273;i qu&aacute; gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n.<\/p>\n<p>Ba, Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; c&ograve;n &#273;&#432;a ra t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng &ldquo;Trung dung&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>T&#7841;i &#273;&acirc;y c&oacute; hai &#273;i&#7875;m quan tr&#7885;ng: th&#7913; nh&#7845;t l&agrave; &ldquo;Trung&rdquo;, th&#7913; hai l&agrave; &ldquo;H&ograve;a&rdquo;. C&aacute;i &ldquo;Trung&rdquo; c&#7911;a Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917;, kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; th&#7887;a hi&#7879;p v&agrave; nh&#432;&#7907;ng b&#7897;, m&agrave; l&agrave; trong l&uacute;c nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c v&agrave; x&#7917; l&yacute; s&#7921; v&#7853;t kh&aacute;ch quan, c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &ldquo;Th&iacute;ch &#273;&#7897;&rdquo; (v&#7915;a ph&#7843;i), &ldquo;Kh&aacute;p nh&#432; k&igrave; ph&acirc;n&rdquo; (&#273;&uacute;ng m&#7921;c, th&iacute;ch &#273;&aacute;ng). M&agrave; c&#417; s&#7903; c&#7911;a &ldquo;Th&iacute;ch &#273;&#7897;&rdquo; v&agrave; &ldquo;Kh&aacute;p nh&#432; k&igrave; ph&acirc;n&rdquo; ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; b&#7855;t ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; th&#7921;c t&#7871;.<\/p>\n<p>Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; c&ograve;n &#273;&#432;a ra quan &#273;i&#7875;m &ldquo;H&ograve;a vi qu&yacute;&rdquo;. &ldquo;L&#7877;&rdquo; v&#7889;n l&agrave; d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; bi&#7875;u th&#7883; s&#7921; kh&aacute;c bi&#7879;t v&#7873; c&#7845;p b&#7853;c trong b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; th&acirc;n ph&#7853;n kh&aacute;c nhau. Nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh &ldquo;H&ograve;a vi qu&yacute;&rdquo;, ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh s&#7921; ph&#7889;i h&#7907;p v&agrave; h&agrave;i h&ograve;a quan h&#7879; khi c&oacute; s&#7921; kh&aacute;c bi&#7879;t v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&ugrave;ng c&#7845;p b&#7853;c n&agrave;y. &#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng &ldquo;Trung&rdquo; v&agrave; &ldquo;H&ograve;a&rdquo; n&agrave;y, Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; ch&#7911; tr&#432;&#417;ng kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; xem n&oacute; l&agrave; m&#7897;t ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c v&agrave; x&#7917; l&yacute; s&#7921; v&#7853;t, m&agrave; c&ograve;n th&ocirc;ng qua tu d&#432;&#7905;ng v&agrave; r&egrave;n luy&#7879;n, &#273;&#432;a n&oacute; dung nh&#7853;p v&agrave;o t&iacute;nh c&aacute;ch v&agrave; ph&#7849;m ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a b&#7843;n th&acirc;n, tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh m&#7929; &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>B&#7889;n, Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; c&#7843; &#273;&#7901;i &ldquo;H&#7885;c nhi b&#7845;t y&#7871;m, h&#7889;i nh&acirc;n b&#7845;t quy&#7879;n&rdquo; (h&#7885;c kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t ch&aacute;n, d&#7841;y ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t m&#7879;t). &Ocirc;ng trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh d&#7841;y h&#7885;c &#273;&atilde; t&iacute;ch l&#361;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c kinh nghi&#7879;m phong ph&uacute;. T&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng &ldquo;Gi&aacute;o&rdquo; v&agrave; &ldquo;H&#7885;c&rdquo; l&agrave; b&#7897; ph&#7853;n quan tr&#7885;ng h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh n&ecirc;n h&#7885;c thuy&#7871;t t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng.<\/p>\n<p>Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; n&#417;i n&agrave;o c&#361;ng h&#7885;c, kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; v&#7883; th&#7847;y n&agrave;o c&#7889; &#273;&#7883;nh truy&#7873;n th&#7909;, c&#7843; &#273;&#7901;i khi&ecirc;m t&#7889;n hi&#7871;u h&#7885;c. &Ocirc;ng &#273;&#7873; x&#432;&#7899;ng &ldquo;Tri chi vi tri chi, b&#7845;t tri vi b&#7845;t tri, th&#7883; tri d&atilde;&rdquo; (Vi ch&iacute;nh), t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch l&agrave;: bi&#7871;t th&igrave; n&oacute;i l&agrave; bi&#7871;t, kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t th&igrave; n&oacute;i l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t, v&#7853;y m&#7899;i th&#7853;t l&agrave; bi&#7871;t. &Ocirc;ng c&ograve;n n&oacute;i &ldquo;Tam nh&acirc;n h&agrave;nh, t&#7845;t h&#7919;u ng&atilde; s&#432; y&ecirc;n. Tr&#7841;ch k&igrave; thi&#7879;n gi&#7843; nhi t&ograve;ng chi, k&igrave; b&#7845;t thi&#7879;n gi&#7843; nhi c&#7843;i chi.&rdquo; (Thu&#7853;t nhi), t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch l&agrave;: trong ba ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;i c&ugrave;ng &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng, t&#7845;t c&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; th&#7847;y c&#7911;a ta, l&#7845;y c&aacute;i thi&#7879;n c&#7911;a h&#7885; m&agrave; h&#7885;c, nh&igrave;n ra c&aacute;i b&#7845;t thi&#7879;n c&#7911;a h&#7885; m&agrave; s&#7917;a m&igrave;nh. L&#7841;i n&oacute;i &ldquo;M&#7851;n nhi h&#7843;o h&#7885;c, b&#7845;t s&#7881; h&#7841; v&#7845;n&rdquo;, t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i minh m&#7851;n hi&#7871;u h&#7885;c, kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7841;i h&#7887;i k&#7867; d&#432;&#7899;i. Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; c&#361;ng h&#7885;c t&#7853;p h&#7885;c sinh c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, &ocirc;ng &#273;&#7873; x&#432;&#7899;ng &ldquo;&#272;&#432;&#417;ng nh&acirc;n, b&#7845;t nh&#432;&#7907;ng vu s&#432;&rdquo; (V&#7879; Linh C&ocirc;ng), t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch l&agrave;: vi&#7879;c nh&acirc;n &#273;&#7913;c kh&ocirc;ng nh&#432;&#7901;ng ai, l&agrave;m &#273;i&#7873;u nh&acirc;n &#273;&#7913;c th&igrave; d&#7851;u l&agrave; th&#7847;y c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng nh&#432;&#7901;ng.<\/p>\n<p>Trong &ldquo;B&aacute;t d&#7853;t&rdquo; c&oacute; &#273;o&#7841;n tr&ograve; chuy&#7879;n gi&#7919;a &#273;&#7879; t&#7917; T&#7917; H&#7841; v&agrave; Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; nh&#432; sau:<\/p>\n<p>T&#7917; H&#7841;: Kh&eacute;o c&#432;&#7901;i t&#432;&#417;i &#273;&#7865;p l&agrave;m sao, m&#7855;t &#273;&#7865;p l&agrave;m sao, n&#7873;n tr&#7855;ng v&#7869; b&#7913;c tranh t&#432;&#417;i &#273;&#7865;p, n&oacute;i nh&#432; v&#7853;y ngh&#297;a l&agrave; sao?<\/p>\n<p>Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917;: Ph&#7843;i c&oacute; n&#7873;n tr&#7855;ng &#273;&#7865;p tr&#432;&#7899;c, sau m&#7899;i v&#7869; tranh.<\/p>\n<p>T&#7917; H&#7841;: V&#7853;y L&#7877; c&#361;ng &#273;&#7913;ng sau Nh&acirc;n sao?<\/p>\n<p>Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917;: Tr&ograve; c&oacute; th&#7875; b&agrave;n lu&#7853;n &ldquo;Thi&rdquo; v&#7899;i ta &#273;&#432;&#7907;c r&#7891;i.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7875; t&#7893;ng k&#7871;t kinh nghi&#7879;m h&#7885;c t&#7853;p c&#7911;a b&#7843;n th&acirc;n, &ocirc;ng n&oacute;i: &ldquo;Ng&ocirc; th&#432;&#7901;ng chung nh&#7853;t b&#7845;t th&#7921;c, chung d&#7841; b&#7845;t t&#7849;m, d&#297; t&#432;, v&ocirc; &iacute;ch, b&#7845;t nh&#432; h&#7885;c d&atilde;&rdquo; (V&#7879; Linh C&ocirc;ng), t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch l&agrave;: ta t&#7915;ng c&#7843; ng&agrave;y kh&ocirc;ng &#259;n, c&#7843; &#273;&ecirc;m kh&ocirc;ng ngh&#7881;, suy t&#432;, nh&#432;ng v&ocirc; &iacute;ch, kh&ocirc;ng b&#7857;ng &#273;i h&#7885;c.<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng &#273;&#7873; xu&#7845;t h&#7885;c t&#7853;p ph&#7843;i c&#7889; g&#7855;ng n&#7895; l&#7921;c, coi tr&#7885;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p h&#7885;c t&#7853;p. V&#7873; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh t&iacute;ch l&#361;y tri th&#7913;c, &ocirc;ng nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh t&iacute;nh tr&#7885;ng y&#7871;u c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c h&#7885;c v&agrave; c&#7847;u, n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng t&#7921; m&igrave;nh l&agrave; &ldquo;Ng&atilde; phi sinh nhi tri chi gi&#7843;, h&#7843;o c&#7893;, m&#7851;n d&#297; c&#7847;u chi gi&#7843; d&atilde; &ldquo; (Thu&#7853;t nhi), t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch l&agrave; ta sinh ra kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i &#273;&atilde; bi&#7871;t t&#7845;t c&#7843;, l&agrave; do th&iacute;ch &#273;&#7841;o c&#7893; x&#432;a, c&#7847;n m&#7851;n h&#7885;c h&#7887;i m&agrave; n&ecirc;n. &Ocirc;ng y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u c&aacute;c &#273;&#7879; t&#7917; ph&#7843;i &ldquo;Ph&aacute;t ph&#7845;n vong th&#7921;c&rdquo;, ngh&#297;a l&agrave; c&#7889; g&#7855;ng n&#7895; l&#7921;c qu&ecirc;n &#259;n, &ldquo;H&#7885;c nhi th&igrave; t&#7853;p chi&rdquo; (h&#7885;c th&igrave; ph&#7843;i luy&#7879;n t&#7853;p), &ldquo;&Ocirc;n c&#7889; nhi tri t&acirc;n&rdquo; (&ocirc;n l&#7841;i c&aacute;i c&#361; &#273;&#7875; bi&#7871;t c&aacute;i m&#7899;i). &Ocirc;ng n&oacute;i: &ldquo;&#272;a v&#259;n, tr&#7841;ch k&#7923; thi&#7879;n gi&#7843; b&#7845;t nhi t&ograve;ng chi, &#273;a ki&#7871;n nhi th&#7913;c chi, tri chi th&#7913; d&atilde;&rdquo; (Thu&#7853;t nhi), t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch l&agrave; nghe nhi&#7873;u, ch&#7885;n l&#7845;y &#273;i&#7873;u thi&#7879;n m&agrave; l&agrave;m theo, nh&igrave;n nhi&#7873;u r&#7891;i ghi nh&#7899; th&agrave;nh tri th&#7913;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, bi&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#432; v&#7853;y l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; tr&iacute; r&#7891;i. L&#7841;i n&oacute;i: &ldquo;H&#7885;c nhi b&#7845;t t&#432; t&#7855;c v&otilde;ng, t&#432; nhi b&#7845;t h&#7885;c t&#7855;c &#273;&atilde;i&rdquo; (Vi ch&iacute;nh), tam d&#7883;ch l&agrave; h&#7885;c m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng suy ngh&#297; th&igrave; m&#7845;t h&#7871;t, ngh&#297; m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng h&#7885;c th&igrave; nguy hi&#7875;m. M&#7897;t m&#7863;t th&igrave; y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u suy ngh&#297; ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch ph&#7843;i d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n c&#417; s&#7903; t&igrave;m t&ograve;i h&#7885;c t&#7853;p, m&#7863;t kh&aacute;c l&#7841;i y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u ph&#7843;i h&#7885;c, ph&#7843;i nghe, ph&#7843;i nh&igrave;n m&#7885;i th&#7913; th&ecirc;m v&agrave;o &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u, bi&#7871;n th&agrave;nh tri th&#7913;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, gi&uacute;p tri th&#7913;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh phong ph&uacute;, &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7873; cao. &Ocirc;ng c&ograve;n nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh h&#7885;c k&#7871;t h&#7907;p v&#7899;i h&agrave;nh. &Ocirc;ng n&oacute;i: &ldquo;Qu&acirc;n t&#7917; d&#7909;c n&#7897;t vu ng&ocirc;n nhi m&#7851;n vu h&agrave;nh&rdquo; (ng&#432;&#7901;i qu&acirc;n t&#7917; kh&ocirc;ng n&ecirc;n n&oacute;i nhi&#7873;u m&agrave; quan tr&#7885;ng &#7903; h&agrave;nh). Cho r&#7857;ng ch&#7881; n&oacute;i m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng l&agrave;m l&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&aacute;ng x&#7845;u h&#7893;, &ldquo;S&#7881; cung chi b&#7845;t &#273;&atilde;i d&atilde;&rdquo; (L&yacute; nh&acirc;n), t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch l&agrave; s&#7907; s&#7869; x&#7845;u h&#7893; n&#7871;u n&oacute;i m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c. &ldquo;Qu&acirc;n t&#7917; s&#7881; k&igrave; ng&ocirc;n nhi qu&aacute; k&igrave; h&agrave;nh&rdquo; (Hi&#7871;n v&#259;n), t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch l&agrave; qu&acirc;n t&#7917; ph&#7843;i bi&#7871;t h&#7893; th&#7865;n v&igrave; l&#7901;i n&oacute;i qu&aacute; so v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c l&agrave;m. Th&#7921;c ti&#7877;n v&agrave; kinh nghi&#7879;m gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c c&#7911;a Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7863;t &#273;&#7883;nh ra c&#417; s&#7903; h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh l&yacute; lu&#7853;n gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c.<\/p>\n<p>C&oacute; th&#7875; n&oacute;i, Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7863;t n&#7873;n m&oacute;ng cho v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng Trung Qu&#7889;c. T&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng k&#7875; tr&ecirc;n c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng ch&#7911; th&#7875; v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#7901;i sau, &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng di&#7879;n nh&#432; ph&#432;&#417;ng th&#7913;c t&#432; duy, &#273;&#7883;nh h&#432;&#7899;ng gi&aacute; tr&#7883; c&#361;ng nh&#432; t&acirc;m l&yacute; x&atilde; h&#7897;i c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng s&acirc;u s&#7855;c. L&#7845;y &ldquo;Nh&acirc;n, L&#7877;, Ngh&#297;a, Tr&iacute;, T&iacute;n&rdquo; l&agrave;m c&#417; s&#7903;, t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng Nho gia coi tr&#7885;ng tu d&#432;&#7905;ng &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i, gi&#7843;ng kh&iacute; ti&#7871;t, tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7841;o ngh&#297;a, quan t&acirc;m t&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c, &#273;&#7873; x&#432;&#7899;ng khoan dung nh&#7851;n n&#7841;i b&igrave;nh h&ograve;a, &#273;&#7897; l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7841;c quan, quan t&acirc;m t&#7899;i ch&#7881;nh th&#7875; l&#7907;i &iacute;ch c&#7911;a qu&#7889;c gia v&agrave; nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n, coi tr&#7885;ng tu th&acirc;n, t&#7873; gia, tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c, b&igrave;nh thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;. Nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y c&oacute; &yacute; ngh&#297;a quan tr&#7885;ng v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7873; cao tu d&#432;&#7905;ng &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i, b&#7843;o tr&igrave; s&#7921; h&agrave;i h&ograve;a trong quan h&#7879; x&atilde; h&#7897;i, &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh x&atilde; h&#7897;i, v.v. B&#7903;i v&#7853;y nh&#7919;ng qu&#7889;c qu&acirc;n c&oacute; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a nhi&#7873;u tri&#7873;u &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&#7873;u tu&acirc;n theo t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c b&igrave;nh thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; c&#7911;a Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917;.<\/p>\n<p>T&#432; M&atilde; Thi&ecirc;n, s&#7917; gia th&#7901;i H&aacute;n &#273;&atilde; &#273;&aacute;nh gi&aacute; Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; l&agrave;: &ldquo;Thi&rdquo; trung h&#7919;u gi&aacute; d&#7841;ng &#273;&iacute;ch tho&#7841;i: &ldquo;T&#432;&#7907;ng cao s&#417;n nh&#7845;t b&agrave;n l&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n chi&ecirc;m ng&#432;&#7905;ng, t&#432;&#7907;ng &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&#7841;o nh&#7845;t b&agrave;n nh&#432;&#7907;ng nh&acirc;n tu&acirc;n tu&#7847;n.&rdquo; t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch l&agrave; trong &ldquo;Thi&rdquo; c&oacute; m&#7897;t c&acirc;u n&oacute;i nh&#432; th&#7871; n&agrave;y: &ldquo;Gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; n&uacute;i cao khi&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c ph&#7843;i chi&ecirc;m ng&#432;&#7905;ng, gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o khi&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7843;i tu&acirc;n theo.&rdquo; T&#7915; x&#432;a &#273;&#7871;n nay, trong thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; t&#7915; qu&acirc;n v&#432;&#417;ng cho t&#7899;i hi&#7873;n nh&acirc;n c&#361;ng nhi&#7873;u, khi c&ograve;n s&#7889;ng th&igrave; hi&#7875;n qu&yacute; vinh hoa, nh&#432;ng t&#7899;i l&uacute;c ch&#7871;t th&igrave; c&#361;ng ch&#7859;ng c&ograve;n g&igrave;. Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; l&agrave; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i b&igrave;nh d&acirc;n, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c s&aacute;ch &#273;&#7873;u t&ocirc;n &ocirc;ng l&agrave;m t&ocirc;ng s&#432;. T&#7915; thi&ecirc;n t&#7917; v&#432;&#417;ng h&#7847;u t&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave;m l&#7909;c ngh&#7879; trong to&agrave;n qu&#7889;c &#273;&#7873;u xem h&#7885;c thuy&#7871;t c&#7911;a Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; l&agrave; chu&#7849;n t&#7855;c t&#7889;i cao, v&#7853;y c&oacute; th&#7875; n&oacute;i Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; l&agrave; Th&aacute;nh nh&acirc;n ch&iacute; cao v&ocirc; th&#432;&#7907;ng r&#7891;i. V&igrave; v&#7853;y, ng&#432;&#7901;i bi&#7871;t Trung Hoa t&#7845;t bi&#7871;t Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917;, kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; th&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; ch&acirc;n ch&iacute;nh hi&#7875;u r&otilde; v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng Trung Hoa.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&aacute;ng ti&#7871;c l&agrave; t&#7899;i l&#7883;ch s&#7917; c&#7853;n &#273;&#7841;i Trung Qu&#7889;c, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&agrave; sau th&#7901;i <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#trung_cong\" 28745 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Trung C&#7897;ng<\/a> n&#7855;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&iacute;nh quy&#7873;n, ch&#7859;ng e d&egrave; g&igrave; m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7915;ng ph&aacute; ho&#7841;i v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng Trung Qu&#7889;c, t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; c&#361;ng b&#7883; ph&ecirc; ph&aacute;n. Nh&#7919;ng hi&#7879;n th&#7921;c x&#7845;u x&iacute; &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c ng&agrave;y nay nh&#432; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c x&atilde; h&#7897;i ch&#7859;ng c&ograve;n, nh&acirc;n t&acirc;m kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n nh&#432; x&#432;a, ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; h&#7911; b&#7841;i ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; h&#7853;u qu&#7843; x&#7845;u t&#7915; s&#7921; ph&aacute; ho&#7841;i v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#trung_cong\" 28745 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Trung C&#7897;ng<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><i>(C&ograve;n ti&#7871;p)<\/i><\/p>\n<p>D&#7883;ch t&#7915;: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/38439\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/38439<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Ch&uacute; th&iacute;ch:<\/p>\n<p>(1): Qu&yacute; &#273;&#7897;c gi&#7843; c&oacute; th&#7875; t&igrave;m hi&#7875;u th&ecirc;m v&#7873; &ldquo;ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; t&ocirc;ng ph&aacute;p&rdquo; tr&ecirc;n trang <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nh%C3%A0_Chu#Ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_t%C3%B4ng_ph%C3%A1p\" rel=\"nofollow\">Wikipedia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>(2): Theo hi&#7875;u bi&#7871;t c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#7883;ch &ldquo;Ph&#7909; vi t&#7917; &#7849;n, t&#7917; vi ph&#7909; &#7849;n&rdquo;, c&oacute; &yacute; l&agrave; cha v&agrave; con che gi&#7845;u l&#7895;i cho nhau l&agrave; l&#7869; th&#432;&#7901;ng t&igrave;nh v&igrave; c&oacute; t&igrave;nh ph&#7909; t&#7917;, n&ecirc;n kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; n&oacute;i l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng ngay th&#7859;ng. V&#7853;y, l&yacute; v&agrave; t&igrave;nh c&oacute; khi kh&ocirc;ng nh&#7845;t tr&iacute; v&#7899;i nhau m&agrave; l&agrave; quan h&#7879; t&#432; ph&aacute;p c&ograve;n ch&#7913;a &#273;&#7921;ng m&acirc;u thu&#7851;n. V&#7873; l&yacute;, con l&agrave;m ch&#7913;ng cha ph&#7841;m t&#7897;i l&agrave; theo l&yacute; ngay th&#7859;ng, kh&ocirc;ng sai. Nh&#432;ng v&#7873; t&igrave;nh, cha che gi&#7845;u t&#7897;i con c&#361;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng x&#7843;y ra. Quan &#273;i&#7875;m Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; l&agrave; ph&#7843;i &#273;em l&yacute; v&agrave; t&igrave;nh th&#7889;ng nh&#7845;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#7899;i nhau m&#7899;i ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p th&#7921;c t&#7871; th&#7901;i b&#7845;y gi&#7901;.<\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[ChanhKien.org] Ch&#432;&#417;ng 10: Nho, Th&iacute;ch, &#272;&#7841;o v&agrave; v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng Trung Qu&#7889;c (Th&#432;&#7907;ng) Trong h&#417;n 2.500 n&#259;m sau th&#7901;i Xu&acirc;n Thu, &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng s&acirc;u s&#7855;c nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7871;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng Trung Qu&#7889;c l&agrave; Nho gia, Th&iacute;ch gia v&agrave; &#272;&#7841;o gia. V&igrave; v&#7853;y th&#7911;y t&#7893; c&#7911;a ba gia n&agrave;y: Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917;, Ph&#7853;t Th&iacute;ch Ca [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[452],"class_list":["post-32293","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-van-hoa-than-truyen","tag-van-hoa-trung-quoc"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (8): Nho, Th\u00edch, \u0110\u1ea1o v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c (Ph\u1ea7n 1) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/01\/khai-quat-ve-van-hoa-trung-quoc-8-nho-thich-dao-va-van-hoa-truyen-thong-trung-quoc-phan-1.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (8): Nho, Th\u00edch, \u0110\u1ea1o v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c (Ph\u1ea7n 1) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[ChanhKien.org] Ch&#432;&#417;ng 10: Nho, Th&iacute;ch, &#272;&#7841;o v&agrave; v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng Trung Qu&#7889;c (Th&#432;&#7907;ng) Trong h&#417;n 2.500 n&#259;m sau th&#7901;i Xu&acirc;n Thu, &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng s&acirc;u s&#7855;c nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7871;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng Trung Qu&#7889;c l&agrave; Nho gia, Th&iacute;ch gia v&agrave; &#272;&#7841;o gia. V&igrave; v&#7853;y th&#7911;y t&#7893; c&#7911;a ba gia n&agrave;y: Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917;, Ph&#7853;t Th&iacute;ch Ca [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/01\/khai-quat-ve-van-hoa-trung-quoc-8-nho-thich-dao-va-van-hoa-truyen-thong-trung-quoc-phan-1.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-01-06T22:55:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-05-12T03:19:35+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"editor_n\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"editor_n\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"29 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/01\/khai-quat-ve-van-hoa-trung-quoc-8-nho-thich-dao-va-van-hoa-truyen-thong-trung-quoc-phan-1.html#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/01\/khai-quat-ve-van-hoa-trung-quoc-8-nho-thich-dao-va-van-hoa-truyen-thong-trung-quoc-phan-1.html\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"editor_n\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#\/schema\/person\/d39853a2b0e6235cdad43189e4cbd085\"},\"headline\":\"Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (8): Nho, Th\u00edch, \u0110\u1ea1o v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c (Ph\u1ea7n 1)\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-01-06T22:55:01+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-05-12T03:19:35+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/01\/khai-quat-ve-van-hoa-trung-quoc-8-nho-thich-dao-va-van-hoa-truyen-thong-trung-quoc-phan-1.html\"},\"wordCount\":5920,\"keywords\":[\"V\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c\"],\"articleSection\":[\"V\u0103n h\u00f3a\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/01\/khai-quat-ve-van-hoa-trung-quoc-8-nho-thich-dao-va-van-hoa-truyen-thong-trung-quoc-phan-1.html\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2024\/01\/khai-quat-ve-van-hoa-trung-quoc-8-nho-thich-dao-va-van-hoa-truyen-thong-trung-quoc-phan-1.html\",\"name\":\"Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (8): Nho, Th\u00edch, \u0110\u1ea1o v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c (Ph\u1ea7n 1) - 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