{"id":32004,"date":"2023-12-06T09:55:53","date_gmt":"2023-12-06T02:55:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=32004"},"modified":"2025-05-12T10:19:44","modified_gmt":"2025-05-12T03:19:44","slug":"khai-quat-ve-van-hoa-trung-quoc-phan-7-chu-han-than-truyen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/12\/khai-quat-ve-van-hoa-trung-quoc-phan-7-chu-han-than-truyen.html","title":{"rendered":"Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (Ph\u1ea7n 7): Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n Th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Ch&#432;&#417;ng 9: Ch&#7919; H&aacute;n Th&#7847;n truy&#7873;n<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh v&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a ti&#7871;ng H&aacute;n c&oacute; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ti&#7871;ng &#273;&#7883;a ph&#432;&#417;ng. V&igrave; l&#7869; g&igrave; &#7903; m&#7897;t n&#417;i c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u ti&#7871;ng &#273;&#7883;a ph&#432;&#417;ng nh&#432; Trung Qu&#7889;c, trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n m&#7845;y ngh&igrave;n n&#259;m v&#7851;n c&oacute; th&#7875; b&#7843;o tr&igrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; th&#7889;ng nh&#7845;t v&agrave; truy&#7873;n th&#7915;a v&#7873; v&#259;n h&oacute;a trong ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n th&#7901;i gian? M&agrave; nh&#7919;ng n&#417;i s&#7917; d&#7909;ng ng&ocirc;n ng&#7919; &#273;&#7891;ng nh&#7845;t nh&#432; &#272;&#7871; qu&#7889;c La M&atilde;, &#272;&#7871; qu&#7889;c &#7842; R&#7853;p s&#7899;m &#273;&atilde; chia n&#259;m x&#7867; b&#7843;y? Nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n c&#259;n b&#7843;n l&agrave; nh&#7901; c&ocirc;ng c&#7909; ghi ch&eacute;p c&#7911;a H&aacute;n ng&#7919; &ndash; H&aacute;n t&#7921; l&agrave; m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i v&#259;n t&#7921; h&igrave;nh kh&#7889;i (vu&ocirc;ng) h&#7871;t s&#7913;c &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t. Ch&#7919; H&aacute;n d&ugrave; l&agrave; kh&#7855;c tr&ecirc;n mai r&ugrave;a, &#273;&uacute;c tr&ecirc;n kh&iacute; c&#7909; &#273;&#7891;ng &#273;en, kh&#7855;c tr&ecirc;n th&#7867; tre, hay vi&#7871;t tr&ecirc;n gi&#7845;y tr&#7855;ng, trong 5.000 n&#259;m qua h&igrave;nh th&#7913;c c&#7911;a ch&#7919; H&aacute;n c&oacute; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i, nh&#432;ng &#273;&#7863;c t&iacute;nh bi&#7875;u &yacute; c&#7911;a ch&#7919; H&aacute;n kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i.<\/p>\n<p>T&#432;&#417;ng truy&#7873;n sau khi N&#7919; Oa t&#7841;o ra con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7903; v&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7845;t Trung Nguy&ecirc;n, l&#7841;i c&oacute; m&#7897;t s&#7889; Th&#7847;n t&#7899;i nh&acirc;n gian d&#7841;y con ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&#7919;ng k&#7929; n&#259;ng sinh t&#7891;n c&#417; b&#7843;n. L&uacute;c ban &#273;&#7847;u, m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i giao ti&#7871;p v&#7899;i nhau l&agrave; th&ocirc;ng qua m&#7897;t s&#7889; &acirc;m ti&#7871;t v&agrave; th&#7871; tay &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n, ch&iacute;nh Th&#7847;n Ph&#7909;c Hy &#273;&atilde; s&aacute;ng t&#7841;o cho nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng k&yacute; hi&#7879;u v&#259;n t&#7921; s&#7899;m nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7875; thay th&#7871; cho vi&#7879;c th&#7855;t n&uacute;t d&acirc;y ghi nh&#7899; s&#7921; vi&#7879;c.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7871;n th&#7901;i k&#7923; Ho&agrave;ng &#272;&#7871; l&agrave; ch&#7911; chung c&#7911;a thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;, c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i ph&aacute;t minh nh&#432; v&#259;n t&#7921;, y h&#7885;c, to&aacute;n s&#7889;, l&#7883;ch ph&aacute;p, nh&#7841;c kh&iacute;, g&#7889;m s&#7913;, nu&ocirc;i d&acirc;u t&#7857;m l&#7847;n l&#432;&#7907;t xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n. T&#432;&#417;ng truy&#7873;n b&ecirc;n c&#7841;nh Ho&agrave;ng &#272;&#7871; c&oacute; m&#7897;t s&#7917; quan t&ecirc;n Th&#432;&#417;ng Hi&#7879;t &#273;&atilde; s&aacute;ng t&#7841;o ra v&#259;n t&#7921;. Nghe n&oacute;i, tr&ecirc;n &#273;&#7847;u Th&#432;&#417;ng Hi&#7879;t c&oacute; b&#7889;n con m&#7855;t, c&oacute; th&#7875; nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y th&#7847;n minh. &Ocirc;ng ng&#7849;ng &#273;&#7847;u c&oacute; th&#7875; nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y h&igrave;nh d&#7841;ng Khu&ecirc; tinh vi&ecirc;n kh&uacute;c (&yacute; n&oacute;i sao Khu&ecirc; tr&ograve;n v&agrave; ch&ograve;m sao Khu&ecirc; kh&uacute;c khu&#7927;u), c&uacute;i &#273;&#7847;u c&oacute; th&#7875; quan s&aacute;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c hoa v&#259;n tr&ecirc;n mai r&ugrave;a v&agrave; d&#7845;u ch&acirc;n c&#7911;a chim mu&ocirc;ng c&#7847;m th&uacute;. Th&ocirc;ng qua vi&#7879;c thu th&#7853;p r&#7897;ng kh&#7855;p nhi&#7873;u lo&#7841;i h&igrave;nh t&#432;&#7907;ng xinh &#273;&#7865;p &#7903; th&#7871; gian, Th&#432;&#417;ng Hi&#7879;t &#273;&atilde; &#273;em ch&uacute;ng t&#7893;ng h&#7907;p l&#7841;i th&agrave;nh v&#259;n t&#7921;, &#273;&acirc;y ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; &ldquo;Th&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7893; v&#259;n t&#7921;&rdquo; m&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7901;i sau hay n&oacute;i. S&#7921; ki&#7879;n t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i quan tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i n&agrave;y &#273;&#432;&#417;ng nhi&ecirc;n c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; kinh &#273;&#7897;ng t&#7899;i tr&#7901;i xanh, cho n&ecirc;n m&#7899;i c&oacute; truy&#7873;n thuy&#7871;t &ldquo;Th&#432;&#417;ng Hi&#7879;t t&#7841;o t&#7921;, thi&ecirc;n v&#361; t&uacute;c, qu&#7927; d&#7841; kh&oacute;c&rdquo;, &yacute; n&oacute;i v&agrave;o l&uacute;c Th&#432;&#417;ng Hi&#7879;t t&#7841;o ra ch&#7919; H&aacute;n, c&#7843;m &#273;&#7897;ng Th&#7847;n linh, g&#7841;o t&#7915; tr&ecirc;n tr&#7901;i r&#417;i xu&#7889;ng, ban &#273;&ecirc;m nghe th&#7845;y ti&#7871;ng qu&#7927; &#273;ang kinh h&atilde;i kh&oacute;c r&#7889;ng. B&#7903;i v&#7853;y c&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng, ch&#7919; H&aacute;n ban &#273;&#7847;u l&agrave; do ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; &#273;&#7913;c h&#7841;nh th&ocirc;ng qua th&#7847;n th&ocirc;ng truy&#7873;n c&#7845;p cho nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i, &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i trong t&#432;&#417;ng lai c&oacute; t&aacute;c d&#7909;ng tr&#7885;ng y&#7871;u mang t&iacute;nh quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh.<\/p>\n<p>Tr&ecirc;n c&#417; s&#7903; v&#259;n t&#7921; Th&#7847;n truy&#7873;n, v&agrave;o th&#7901;i nh&agrave; Chu, ng&#432;&#7901;i x&#432;a &#273;&#7873; xu&#7845;t ra ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p t&#7841;o ch&#7919; L&#7909;c Th&#432; (xem trong &ldquo;Chu L&#7877;&rdquo;). C&#259;n c&#7913; v&agrave;o c&aacute;ch n&oacute;i c&#7911;a nh&agrave; v&#259;n t&#7921; h&#7885;c th&#7901;i &#272;&ocirc;ng H&aacute;n l&agrave; H&#7913;a Th&#7853;n, th&igrave; &ldquo;L&#7909;c Th&#432;&rdquo; l&agrave; ch&#7881;: t&#432;&#7907;ng h&igrave;nh, ch&#7881; s&#7921;, h&#7897;i &yacute;, h&igrave;nh thanh, chuy&#7875;n ch&uacute; v&agrave; gi&#7843; t&aacute;.<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;T&#432;&#7907;ng h&igrave;nh t&#7921;&rdquo; l&agrave; th&ocirc;ng qua &#273;&#7863;c tr&#432;ng ch&#7911; y&#7871;u c&#7911;a s&#7921; v&#7853;t kh&aacute;ch quan m&agrave; ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh mi&ecirc;u t&#7843; v&agrave; s&aacute;ng l&#7853;p ra v&#259;n t&#7921;, v&iacute; nh&#432; c&aacute;c ch&#7919; &#26085; (nh&#7853;t)&#12289;&#26376; (nguy&#7879;t)&#12289;&#23665; (s&#417;n)&#12289;&#24029; (xuy&ecirc;n)&#12289;&#20154; (nh&acirc;n)&#12289;&#22823; (&#273;&#7841;i)&#12289;&#22899; (n&#7919;)&#12289;&#30000; (&#273;i&#7873;n)&#12289;&#20117; (t&#7881;nh)&#12289;&#38632; (v&#361;)&hellip;<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;Ch&#7881; s&#7921; t&#7921;&rdquo; c&oacute; m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i l&agrave; v&#259;n t&#7921; k&yacute; hi&#7879;u &#273;&#417;n thu&#7847;n, v&iacute; nh&#432; &#19968; (nh&#7845;t)&#12289;&#20108; (nh&#7883;)&#12289;&#19977; (tam); m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i l&agrave; t&#7841;i c&#417; s&#7903; c&#7911;a ch&#7919; t&#432;&#7907;ng h&igrave;nh m&agrave; th&ecirc;m v&agrave;o k&yacute; hi&#7879;u &#273;&#7875; bi&#7875;u &#273;&#7841;t &yacute; ngh&#297;a, v&iacute; nh&#432; &#26412; (b&#7843;n)&#12289;&#26411; (m&#7841;t)&hellip;<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;H&#7897;i &yacute; t&#7921;&rdquo; l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng v&#259;n t&#7921; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh th&ocirc;ng qua vi&#7879;c t&#7893; h&#7907;p t&#7915; hai ho&#7863;c nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n hai ch&#7919; H&aacute;n tr&#7903; l&ecirc;n, v&iacute; nh&#432; &#26519; (l&acirc;m)&#12289;&#26862; (s&acirc;m)&#12289;&#27493; (b&#7897;)&#12289;&#21462; (th&#7911;)&hellip;<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;H&igrave;nh thanh t&#7921;&rdquo; l&agrave; ch&#7881; c&aacute;c ch&#7919; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh t&#7915; vi&#7879;c t&#7893; h&#7907;p c&aacute;c ch&#7919; H&aacute;n bi&#7875;u &yacute; v&agrave; c&aacute;c ch&#7919; H&aacute;n bi&#7875;u thanh, v&iacute; nh&#432; &#31354; (kh&ocirc;ng)&#12289;&#24754; (bi)&hellip; H&igrave;nh thanh t&#7921; l&agrave; ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng nhi&#7873;u nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;o ch&#7919;, v&#7853;y n&ecirc;n trong ch&#7919; H&aacute;n th&igrave; ch&#7919; h&igrave;nh thanh l&agrave; nhi&#7873;u nh&#7845;t.<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;Chuy&#7875;n ch&uacute; t&#7921;&rdquo; l&agrave; ch&#7881; nh&#7919;ng ch&#7919; H&aacute;n c&oacute; c&ugrave;ng m&#7897;t b&#7897; th&#7911; v&agrave; &yacute; ngh&#297;a t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7891;ng c&oacute; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch cho nhau, v&iacute; nh&#432; &#32771; (kh&#7843;o) v&agrave; &#32769; (l&atilde;o).<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;Gi&#7843; t&aacute; t&#7921;&rdquo; l&agrave; m&#432;&#7907;n d&ugrave;ng nh&#7919;ng ch&#7919; &#273;&#7891;ng &acirc;m &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; &#273;&#7875; bi&#7875;u &#273;&#7841;t m&#7897;t kh&aacute;i ni&#7879;m n&agrave;o &#273;&oacute;. N&oacute;i m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch nghi&ecirc;m kh&#7855;c th&igrave; &ldquo;chuy&#7875;n ch&uacute;&rdquo; v&agrave; &ldquo;gi&#7843; t&aacute;&rdquo; kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p t&#7841;o ch&#7919;, m&agrave; l&agrave; &ldquo;t&#7921; ph&aacute;p&rdquo; (1).<\/p>\n<p>C&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p t&#7841;o ch&#7919; k&#7875; tr&ecirc;n cho th&#7845;y, ch&#7919; H&aacute;n c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; li&ecirc;n h&#7879; ch&#7863;t ch&#7869; v&#7899;i v&#7841;n s&#7921; v&#7841;n v&#7853;t, c&oacute; c&ugrave;ng ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c v&#7899;i b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a s&#7921; v&#7853;t. H&#7913;a Th&#7853;n th&#7901;i &#272;&ocirc;ng H&aacute;n &#273;&atilde; th&agrave;nh c&ocirc;ng s&#7917; d&#7909;ng D&#7883;ch Kinh v&agrave; Ng&#361; H&agrave;nh &#273;&#7875; ho&agrave;n nguy&ecirc;n c&#7845;u t&#7841;o c&#7911;a ch&#7919; H&aacute;n tr&#7903; l&#7841;i nh&#432; c&#361;, l&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch v&agrave; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch c&oacute; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng 540 thi&ecirc;n b&agrave;ng b&#7897; th&#7911;, vi&#7871;t ra m&#7897;t cu&#7889;n &ldquo;Thuy&#7871;t V&#259;n Gi&#7843;i T&#7921;&rdquo; ch&#432;a t&#7915;ng c&oacute;.<\/p>\n<p>Theo s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n d&#7847;n d&#7847;n c&#7911;a v&#259;n h&oacute;a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i, ng&ocirc;n ng&#7919; v&#259;n t&#7921; c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c c&#361;ng c&agrave;ng ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng phong ph&uacute; h&#417;n l&ecirc;n. Ng&#432;&#7901;i ta c&#259;n c&#7913; v&agrave;o c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p t&#7841;o ch&#7919; k&#7875; tr&ecirc;n c&ugrave;ng v&#7899;i c&#417; s&#7903; c&aacute;c b&#7897; th&#7911; m&agrave; H&#7913;a Th&#7853;n cung c&#7845;p, c&#259;n c&#7913; v&agrave;o nhu c&#7847;u c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh m&agrave; s&aacute;ng t&#7841;o ra l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n ch&#7919; H&aacute;n. Ch&#7919; H&aacute;n kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; c&oacute; th&#7875; bi&#7875;u &#273;&#7841;t &acirc;m thanh, m&agrave; c&ograve;n c&oacute; th&#7875; bi&#7875;u &#273;&#7841;t &yacute; t&#7913;, kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; c&oacute; h&igrave;nh t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7845;u th&agrave;nh m&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7847;n sinh &#273;&#7897;ng, m&agrave; n&#7897;i h&agrave;m c&#361;ng c&oacute; &#273;&#7911; t&iacute;nh th&#7847;n truy&#7873;n. Ch&#7919; H&aacute;n c&ugrave;ng v&#7899;i v&#259;n h&oacute;a c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c m&#7897;t m&#7841;ch k&#7871; th&#7915;a v&agrave; h&#7895; tr&#7907; l&#7851;n nhau, b&aacute;c &#273;&#7841;i tinh th&acirc;m. M&#7895;i ch&#7919; H&aacute;n ch&iacute;nh th&#7889;ng &#273;&#7873;u qu&aacute;n xuy&#7871;n &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c, n&#7897;i h&agrave;m Thi&ecirc;n &ndash; &#272;&#7883;a &ndash; Nh&acirc;n, th&#7853;m ch&iacute; &#273;&#7871;n c&#7843; &#273;&#7841;o l&yacute; tu luy&#7879;n.<\/p>\n<p>V&iacute; nh&#432; ch&#7919; &#20754; (Nho &ndash; h&#7885;c tr&ograve;, t&ecirc;n chung c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; h&#7885;c), t&#7915; thi&ecirc;n b&agrave;ng b&#7897; th&#7911; m&agrave; x&eacute;t, t&#7915; &#20154; (Nh&acirc;n) v&agrave; &#38656; (Nhu) m&agrave; gi&#7843;ng th&igrave; l&agrave; y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u (nhu) c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i (nh&acirc;n), con ng&#432;&#7901;i y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; &#273;&acirc;y? M&#7897;t l&agrave; &#273;&#7891; &#273;&#7875; &#259;n, hai l&agrave; gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c. Th&#7913;c &#259;n dinh d&#432;&#7905;ng b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#7915; s&#7919;a m&#7865;, gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#7915; khi c&ograve;n l&agrave; tr&#7867; con. Cho n&ecirc;n, ch&#7919; Nho l&agrave; t&#7915; Nh&acirc;n v&agrave; Nhu t&#7893; th&agrave;nh, h&#417;n n&#7919;a l&#7841;i &#273;&#7891;ng &acirc;m v&#7899;i ch&#7919; &#20083; (Nh&#361; &ndash; s&#7919;a).<\/p>\n<p>L&#7841;i n&oacute;i hai ch&#7919; &#32670;&#32827; (Tu s&#7881; &ndash; c&oacute; ngh&#297;a l&agrave; c&#7843;m th&#7845;y x&#7845;u h&#7893;, h&#7893; th&#7865;n) g&#7891;m ch&#7919; &#32670; (Tu) v&agrave; ch&#7919; &#32827; (S&#7881;). Ch&#7919; &#32670; (Tu) ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch th&igrave; c&oacute; ngh&#297;a l&agrave; l&agrave;m vi&#7879;c n&agrave;y k&eacute;m (b&#7897; &#32650; &ndash; d&#432;&#417;ng), nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y x&#7845;u (b&#7897; &#19985; &ndash; s&#7917;u). Ch&#7919; &#32827; &ndash; S&#7881; c&oacute; &yacute; ngh&#297;a l&agrave; c&acirc;u tr&aacute;ch c&#7913; ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c: c&aacute;i l&#7895; tai ng&#432;&#417;i c&ograve;n nghe &#273;&#432;&#7907;c kh&ocirc;ng (b&#7897; &#32819; &ndash; Nh&#297;), ng&#432;&#417;i c&ograve;n kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7915;ng h&agrave;nh vi c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh l&#7841;i (b&#7897; &#27490; &ndash; Ch&#7881;)?<\/p>\n<p>Hay nh&#432; ch&#7919; &#31119; (Ph&uacute;c), th&#7871; n&agrave;o l&agrave; Ph&uacute;c? &#19968;&#21475; (Nh&#7845;t kh&#7849;u) m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i , &#19968;&#30000; (nh&#7845;t &#273;i&#7873;n) m&#7897;t m&#7843;nh ru&#7897;ng, &#19968;&#34915; (nh&#7845;t y) m&#7897;t b&#7897; qu&#7847;n &aacute;o, ngh&#297;a l&agrave; Ph&uacute;c, c&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y c&#7893; nh&acirc;n &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i l&yacute; gi&#7843;i v&#7873; Ph&uacute;c th&#7853;t l&agrave; v&ocirc; c&ugrave;ng gi&#7843;n d&#7883; v&agrave; l&#7841;c quan.<\/p>\n<p>V&iacute; nh&#432; ch&#7919; &#20161; (Nh&acirc;n &ndash; nh&acirc;n &aacute;i, l&ograve;ng nh&acirc;n t&#7915;) l&agrave; ch&#7919; H&#7897;i &yacute;, g&#7891;m c&oacute; &#20154; (Nh&acirc;n) v&agrave; &#20108; (Nh&#7883;). Theo Thuy&#7871;t V&#259;n Gi&#7843;i T&#7921;, &ldquo;Nh&acirc;n &ndash; con ng&#432;&#7901;i&rdquo; l&agrave; &ldquo;Thi&ecirc;n &#273;&iacute;ch chi sinh, t&#7889;i qu&yacute; gi&#7843; d&atilde;&rdquo;, c&oacute; ngh&#297;a ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; do tr&#7901;i sinh ra, l&agrave; tr&acirc;n qu&yacute; nh&#7845;t. C&ograve;n n&oacute;i ph&agrave;m l&agrave; thu&#7897;c v&#7873; ng&#432;&#7901;i th&igrave; &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; b&#7897; &#20154; (Nh&acirc;n). &#20108; (Nh&#7883;) l&agrave; t&#7915; h&#7897;i &yacute;, c&#361;ng ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; ch&#7919; c&#7893; v&#259;n c&#7911;a ch&#7919; &ldquo;Th&#432;&#7907;ng&rdquo; (&#19978;) (2) . &#20108; (Nh&#7883;), &#19978; (Th&#432;&#7907;ng) &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; &yacute; ngh&#297;a l&agrave; cao. Thuy&#7871;t V&#259;n Gi&#7843;i T&#7921; vi&#7871;t, &#20108; (Nh&#7883;) l&agrave; s&#7889; c&#7911;a &#273;&#7845;t. Nh&#432; v&#7853;y, k&#7871;t h&#7907;p l&#7841;i m&agrave; x&eacute;t, &#20161; (Nh&acirc;n &ndash; nh&acirc;n &aacute;i, l&ograve;ng nh&acirc;n t&#7915;) ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; t&igrave;nh c&#7843;m cao th&#432;&#7907;ng m&agrave; ch&#7881; c&oacute; con ng&#432;&#7901;i tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gian m&#7899;i c&oacute;. Trong Nho gia gi&#7843;ng &ldquo;Nh&acirc;n, L&#7877;, Ngh&#297;a, Tr&iacute;, T&iacute;n&rdquo;, Nh&acirc;n ch&#7881; &#273;&#7913;ng &#273;&#7857;ng sau &#272;&#7913;c, l&agrave; m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i t&igrave;nh c&#7843;m s&acirc;u &#273;&#7853;m t&#7889;t &#273;&#7865;p m&agrave; ch&#7881; con ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7899;i c&oacute;. Trong Thuy&#7871;t V&#259;n Gi&#7843;i T&#7921; vi&#7871;t, &ldquo;Nh&acirc;n, Th&acirc;n d&atilde;&rdquo;. Ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i quan t&acirc;m th&acirc;n thi&#7871;t (&#20146; &ndash; ch&#7919; Th&acirc;n trong th&acirc;n thi&#7871;t) l&#7851;n nhau. Trong L&#7877; K&yacute; c&oacute; vi&#7871;t: &ldquo;Th&#432;&#7907;ng h&#7841; t&#432;&#417;ng th&acirc;n v&#7883; chi Nh&acirc;n&rdquo;, t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch l&agrave; tr&ecirc;n d&#432;&#7899;i quan t&acirc;m th&acirc;n thi&#7871;t l&agrave; Nh&acirc;n (nh&acirc;n &aacute;i). C&ograve;n c&oacute; &ldquo;&Ocirc;n l&#432;&#417;ng gi&#7843;, nh&acirc;n chi b&#7893;n d&atilde;&rdquo;, t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch l&agrave; &ocirc;n h&ograve;a hi&#7873;n l&agrave;nh l&agrave; c&#259;n b&#7843;n c&#7911;a Nh&acirc;n (nh&acirc;n &aacute;i). &ldquo;Nh&acirc;n gi&#7843; kh&#7843; d&#297; quan k&igrave; &aacute;i y&ecirc;n&rdquo;, t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; l&ograve;ng nh&acirc;n (&aacute;i) c&oacute; th&#7875; t&#7887; ra &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; y&ecirc;u th&#432;&#417;ng. Trong t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m &ldquo;Xu&acirc;n Thu &ndash; Nguy&ecirc;n M&#7879;nh Bao&rdquo; c&oacute; vi&#7871;t &ldquo;Nh&acirc;n gi&#7843;, t&igrave;nh ch&iacute; h&#7843;o sinh &aacute;i nh&acirc;n, c&#7889; l&#7853;p t&#7921; nh&#7883; nh&acirc;n vi nh&acirc;n&rdquo;. Nh&acirc;n gi&#7843; l&agrave; c&aacute;ch g&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&acirc;n &#273;&#7913;c. T&#7915;ng c&oacute; th&#7901;i k&igrave; d&ugrave;ng ch&#7919; Nh&acirc;n n&agrave;y &#273;&#7875; ch&#7881; c&oacute; &acirc;n v&#7899;i s&#7921; sinh s&ocirc;i c&#7911;a v&#7841;n v&#7853;t. C&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i x&#432;a nay t&ocirc;n s&ugrave;ng ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; nh&acirc;n t&#7915;, cho r&#7857;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; &#273;&#7913;c h&#7841;nh cao m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; g&#7885;i l&agrave; v&#432;&#417;ng. Hi&#7879;n nay g&#7885;i h&#7841;t c&#7911;a hoa qu&#7843; l&agrave; &#20161; (Nh&acirc;n). K&#7923; th&#7921;c v&agrave;o th&#7901;i c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&#7873;u d&ugrave;ng t&#7915; &#20154; (Nh&acirc;n) n&agrave;y, nh&#432; &#26524;&#20154; (qu&#7843; nh&acirc;n &ndash; h&#7841;t c&#7911;a qu&#7843;)&#12289;&#26680;&#26691;&#20154; (h&#7841;ch &#273;&agrave;o nh&acirc;n &ndash; h&#7841;t qu&#7843; h&#7841;ch &#273;&agrave;o). T&#7915; th&#7901;i nh&agrave; Minh m&#7899;i c&#7843;i bi&#7871;n th&agrave;nh &#20161; (Nh&acirc;n).<\/p>\n<p>V&iacute; nh&#432; ch&#7919; &#32681; (Ngh&#297;a), ch&iacute;nh th&#7875; c&#7911;a ch&#7919; Ngh&#297;a n&agrave;y l&agrave; ch&#7919; h&#7897;i &yacute;, g&#7891;m c&oacute; &#25105; (Ng&atilde;) v&agrave; &#32650; (D&#432;&#417;ng). &#25105; (Ng&atilde;) l&agrave; ch&#7919; h&#7897;i &yacute;, c&oacute; ch&#7919; &#25096; (Qua). &#25096; (Qua) l&agrave; gi&aacute;o &ndash; m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i binh kh&iacute; th&#7901;i c&#7893;. Ch&#7919; &#32650; (D&#432;&#417;ng) l&agrave; ch&#7919; t&#432;&#7907;ng h&igrave;nh bi&#7875;u th&#7883; vi&#7879;c c&uacute;ng t&#7871; gia s&uacute;c. Ch&#7919; Qua c&oacute; t&iacute;nh kim kh&iacute; n&agrave;y khi&#7871;n cho ch&#7919; &#32681; (Ngh&#297;a) mang m&#7897;t b&#7847;u kh&ocirc;ng kh&iacute; d&#432;&#417;ng c&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7847;y ti&#7871;ng leng keng, b&#7903;i v&igrave; trong &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; nguy hi&#7875;m v&agrave; tr&aacute;ch nhi&#7879;m. C&ograve;n ch&#7919; D&#432;&#417;ng mang ngh&#297;a hi&#7871;n t&#7871; kia l&#7841;i ch&#7913;ng t&#7887; Ngh&#297;a l&agrave; hy sinh s&#7921; gi&agrave;u c&oacute; c&#7911;a b&#7843;n th&acirc;n &#273;&#7875; k&iacute;nh Th&#7847;n. C&#7893; nh&acirc;n gi&#7843;ng: &ldquo;Ngh&#297;a b&#7845;t s&aacute;t sinh, ngh&#297;a b&#7845;t s&aacute;t thi&#7875;u&rdquo;. &Yacute; ngh&#297;a ban &#273;&#7847;u c&#7911;a Ngh&#297;a l&agrave; ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i h&agrave;nh vi &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c ho&#7863;c &#273;&#7841;o l&yacute;. X&#7843; sinh th&#7911; ngh&#297;a, t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch l&agrave; x&#7843; b&#7887; sinh m&#7879;nh &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7841;o ngh&#297;a, l&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o l&yacute; m&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i x&#432;a h&#7871;t l&ograve;ng tin t&#432;&#7903;ng kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; ch&#7889;i t&#7915;. Nh&#432;ng hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i l&#7841;i &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n h&oacute;a th&agrave;nh ch&#7919; &#20041; (Ngh&#297;a) n&agrave;y, ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n th&#7845;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c n&#7897;i h&agrave;m ban &#273;&#7847;u n&#7919;a r&#7891;i.<\/p>\n<p>N&oacute;i v&#7873; ch&#7919; &#31150; (L&#7877;), Thuy&#7871;t v&#259;n gi&#7843;ng, &ldquo;L&#7877;, L&iacute; d&atilde;. S&#7903; d&#297; s&#7921; th&#7847;n tr&iacute; ph&uacute;c d&atilde;.&rdquo; &Yacute; ngh&#297;a ban &#273;&#7847;u l&agrave; c&#7917; h&agrave;nh nghi l&#7877;, t&#7871; th&#7847;n c&#7847;u ph&uacute;c. Nho gia x&#432;a nay coi tr&#7885;ng L&#7877;, ch&#7919; L&#7877; n&agrave;y &#273;&uacute;ng th&#7853;t l&agrave; c&oacute; &yacute; ngh&#297;a nh&#432; v&#7853;y. Ch&#7919; &#31150; (L&#7877;) l&agrave; ch&#7919; h&#7897;i &yacute;, c&oacute; ch&#7919; &#31034; (Th&#7883; ho&#7863;c K&#7923;), ch&#7919; &#21274; (Ph&#432;&#417;ng). Ch&#7919; &#21274;(Ph&#432;&#417;ng) l&agrave; ch&#7919; t&#432;&#7907;ng h&igrave;nh, l&agrave; &#273;&#7891; v&#7853;t d&ugrave;ng trong t&#7871; t&#7921; th&#7901;i c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i, n&#7871;u nh&#432; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&ugrave;ng trong Th&#7847;n s&#7921; (c&aacute;c s&#7921; vi&#7879;c li&ecirc;n quan t&#7899;i th&#7901; c&uacute;ng c&aacute;c v&#7883; th&#7847;n linh) th&igrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; &#31150; (L&#7877;). &#31034; (K&#7923;) l&agrave; ch&#7919; h&#7897;i &yacute;, ch&#7919; Ti&#7875;u Tri&#7879;n. Ph&iacute;a tr&ecirc;n ch&#7919; &#31034; (K&#7923;) c&oacute; ch&#7919; &#20108; (Nh&#7883;), trong c&#7893; v&#259;n c&oacute; ngh&#297;a l&agrave; &#19978; (Th&#432;&#7907;ng), ph&iacute;a d&#432;&#7899;i c&oacute; ch&#7919; &#23567; (Ti&#7875;u) c&oacute; ngh&#297;a l&agrave; tam th&#7909;, tam th&#7909; &#273;&#7841;i bi&#7875;u cho Nh&#7853;t (m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i), Nguy&#7879;t (m&#7863;t tr&#259;ng), Tinh (sao). Trong Chu D&#7883;ch gi&#7843;ng: &ldquo;Thi&ecirc;n th&ugrave;y t&#432;&#7907;ng, ki&#7871;n c&aacute;t hung&rdquo;. Ch&#7881; c&oacute; quan s&aacute;t thi&ecirc;n v&#259;n &#7903; tr&ecirc;n tr&#7901;i m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y r&otilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c bi&#7871;n h&oacute;a &#7903; th&#7871; gian, &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; v&igrave; thi&ecirc;n t&#432;&#7907;ng l&agrave; bi&#7879;n ph&aacute;p m&agrave; Th&#7847;n s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7875; chi&#7871;u c&#7889; m&aacute;ch b&#7843;o cho nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i. K&#7923; c&ograve;n l&agrave; m&#7897;t b&#7897; th&#7911; trong ti&#7871;ng H&aacute;n. Ch&#7919; K&#7923; c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u trong c&aacute;c ch&#7919; c&oacute; li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c t&#7871; Th&#7847;n. V&iacute; nh&#432; ch&#7919; &#31069; (Ch&uacute;c) l&agrave; m&#7897;t t&#7915; khen ng&#7907;i d&ugrave;ng trong vi&#7879;c t&#7871; ch&#7911;. Ch&#7919; &#31119; (Ph&uacute;c), c&oacute; thi&ecirc;n th&#7847;n b&#7843;o h&#7897; th&igrave; m&#7899;i g&#7885;i l&agrave; Ph&uacute;c. Ch&#7919; &#31109; (Thi&#7873;n), ch&#7881; m&#7897;t h&igrave;nh th&#7913;c t&#7871; tr&#7901;i c&#7911;a &#273;&#7871; v&#432;&#417;ng. Ch&#7919; &#31038; (X&atilde;), ch&#7881; th&#7847;n th&#7893; &#273;&#7883;a. K&#7871;t h&#7907;p l&#7841;i m&agrave; x&eacute;t, n&#7897;i h&agrave;m c&#7911;a ch&#7919; &#31150; (L&#7877;) l&agrave; h&#432;&#7899;ng t&#7899;i th&#7847;n linh m&agrave; t&#7871; t&#7921;, bi&#7875;u &#273;&#7841;t s&#7921; th&agrave;nh k&iacute;nh v&agrave; t&ocirc;n tr&#7885;ng. &#272;&acirc;y l&agrave; n&#7897;i dung tr&#7885;ng y&#7871;u nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a v&#259;n h&oacute;a Nho gia. Ngh&#297;a r&#7897;ng trong sinh ho&#7841;t h&agrave;ng ng&agrave;y l&agrave; ch&#7881; s&#7921; t&ocirc;n tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c. Trong &ldquo;T&#7843; truy&#7879;n&rdquo; c&oacute; vi&#7871;t, &ldquo;Phu l&#7877;, thi&ecirc;n chi kinh d&atilde;, &#273;&#7883;a chi ngh&#297;a d&atilde;, d&acirc;n chi h&#7841;nh d&atilde;&rdquo;, t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch l&agrave; c&aacute;i L&#7877; c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o c&#7911;a tr&#7901;i, ngh&#297;a c&#7911;a &#273;&#7845;t, &#273;&#7913;c h&#7841;nh c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i. Nh&#432;ng sau n&agrave;y &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n h&oacute;a l&#7841;i th&agrave;nh &#31036; &ndash; L&#7877;, ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n n&#7897;i h&agrave;m k&iacute;nh Th&#7847;n k&iacute;nh ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#7919;a.<\/p>\n<p>V&iacute; nh&#432; ch&#7919; &#26234; (Tr&iacute;), &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; m&#7897;t ch&#7919; h&#7897;i &yacute; ki&ecirc;m h&igrave;nh thanh, l&agrave; ch&#7919; c&oacute; sau ch&#7919; &#30693; (Tri). Ch&#7919; Tr&iacute; c&oacute; ch&#7919; &#26085; (Nh&#7853;t) v&agrave; ch&#7919; &#30693; (Tri). Tri c&#361;ng l&agrave; ch&#7881; thanh. Ch&#7919; &#30693; (Tri) l&agrave; ch&#7919; h&#7897;i &yacute;, g&#7891;m c&oacute; ch&#7919; &#30690; (Th&#7881;) v&agrave; ch&#7919; &#21475; (Kh&#7849;u). &#30690; (Th&#7881;) l&agrave; ch&#7919; t&#432;&#7907;ng h&igrave;nh, ph&#7887;ng theo h&igrave;nh m&#361;i t&ecirc;n c&oacute; g&#7855;n l&ocirc;ng chim, c&oacute; ngh&#297;a l&agrave; t&ecirc;n, m&#361;i t&ecirc;n, ngh&#297;a r&#7897;ng l&agrave; ch&iacute;nh tr&#7921;c, &#273;oan ch&iacute;nh. Ch&#7919; &#21475; (Kh&#7849;u) &#273;&#7913;ng c&#7841;nh ch&#7919; &#30690; (Th&#7881;) hi&#7875;u r&#7897;ng ra n&#7919;a l&agrave; m&#7903; mi&#7879;ng &#273;&#432;a ra l&#7901;i th&#7873; kh&ocirc;ng h&#7889;i h&#7853;n. &#30693; (Tri) l&agrave; t&#7915; c&#7893; c&#7911;a &#26234; (Tr&iacute;), c&oacute; t&agrave;i th&ocirc;ng hi&#7875;u thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7841;o, hi&#7875;u r&otilde; l&yacute; c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n th&#7871; g&#7885;i l&agrave; Tr&iacute;, c&#361;ng ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; Tri. H&#417;n n&#7919;a, Tri, Tr&iacute; ch&acirc;n ch&iacute;nh, nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh l&agrave; ch&acirc;n l&yacute;, nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh l&agrave; ch&acirc;n t&#432;&#7899;ng, c&#361;ng nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh kh&ocirc;ng l&#7879;ch kh&#7887;i qu&#7929; &#273;&#7841;o c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n ngh&#297;a &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c.<\/p>\n<p>V&iacute; nh&#432; ch&#7919; &#20449; (T&iacute;n), &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; ch&#7919; h&#7897;i &yacute; g&#7891;m ch&#7919; &#20154; (Nh&acirc;n) v&agrave; ch&#7919; &#35328; (Ng&ocirc;n). &Yacute; ngh&#297;a ban &#273;&#7847;u c&#7911;a &#20449; (T&iacute;n) l&agrave; ch&acirc;n t&acirc;m th&agrave;nh &yacute;, chuy&ecirc;n nh&#7845;t kh&ocirc;ng thay &#273;&#7893;i. Ng&ocirc;n lu&#7853;n c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i n&ecirc;n l&agrave; th&agrave;nh th&#7853;t, ch&acirc;n th&#7853;t, kh&ocirc;ng gi&#7843; d&#7889;i. &#35328; (Ng&ocirc;n) l&agrave; t&#7915; ch&#7881; s&#7921;, trong ch&#7919; &#35328; (Ng&ocirc;n) Gi&aacute;p c&#7889;t th&igrave; ph&iacute;a d&#432;&#7899;i l&agrave; ch&#7919; &#33292; (Thi&#7879;t &ndash; c&aacute;i l&#432;&#7905;i), ph&iacute;a d&#432;&#7899;i g&#7841;ch ngang bi&#7875;u th&#7883; Ng&ocirc;n (l&#7901;i n&oacute;i) l&agrave; t&#7915; Thi&#7879;t (c&aacute;i l&#432;&#7905;i) m&agrave; ra, l&agrave; t&#432;&#7907;ng h&igrave;nh c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c m&#7903; mi&#7879;ng u&#7889;n (du&#7895;i) l&#432;&#7905;i n&oacute;i chuy&#7879;n. C&ograve;n ch&#7919; Ng&ocirc;n thi&ecirc;n b&agrave;ng b&#7897; th&#7911; &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; quan h&#7879; v&#7899;i n&oacute;i chuy&#7879;n v&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c. Trong Thuy&#7871;t V&#259;n Gi&#7843;i T&#7921; c&oacute; n&oacute;i, &ldquo;Tr&#7921;c ng&ocirc;n vi&#7871;t ng&ocirc;n, lu&#7853;n nan vi&#7871;t ng&#7919;&rdquo;, ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; n&oacute;i trong t&acirc;m c&oacute; c&aacute;i g&igrave; tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p n&oacute;i ra th&igrave; l&agrave; &#35328; (Ng&ocirc;n), c&ograve;n suy l&iacute; bi&#7879;n lu&#7853;n ch&#7845;t v&#7845;n th&igrave; n&ecirc;n ph&#7843;i g&#7885;i l&agrave; &#35486; (Ng&#7919;). B&#7903;i v&#7853;y &ldquo;Ph&aacute;p ng&ocirc;n ngh&#297;a s&#417; &ndash; V&#7845;n Th&#7847;n&rdquo; vi&#7871;t, &ldquo;Ng&ocirc;n, t&acirc;m thanh d&atilde;&rdquo;. N&#7871;u nh&#432; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i n&agrave;o &#273;&oacute; ng&ocirc;n b&#7845;t do trung, ngh&#297;a l&agrave; ngh&#297; m&#7897;t &#273;&#7857;ng n&oacute;i m&#7897;t n&#7867;o, n&oacute;i l&#7901;i gi&#7843; d&#7889;i, th&igrave; kh&#7859;ng &#273;&#7883;nh l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; T&iacute;n. &ldquo;Thi &ndash; V&#7879; Phong &ndash; Manh&rdquo; vi&#7871;t: &ldquo;T&iacute;n th&#7879; &#273;&aacute;n &#273;&aacute;n&rdquo;, ngh&#297;a l&agrave; l&#7901;i th&#7873; son s&#7855;t. Ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i m&#7897;t khi &#273;&atilde; ph&aacute;t l&#7901;i th&#7873;, th&igrave; s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng bao gi&#7901; c&oacute; chuy&#7879;n kh&ocirc;ng th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n.<\/p>\n<p>T&#7915; m&#7897;t s&#7889; v&iacute; d&#7909; k&#7875; tr&ecirc;n c&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng, n&#7897;i h&agrave;m c&#7911;a H&aacute;n t&#7921; ch&iacute;nh th&#7889;ng th&#7853;t phong ph&uacute; bi&#7871;t bao.<\/p>\n<p>M&agrave; h&igrave;nh th&#7875; c&#7911;a ch&#7919; H&aacute;n trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n d&agrave;i &#273;&#7857;ng &#273;&#7861;ng, tr&#7843;i qua Gi&aacute;p c&#7889;t v&#259;n, Kim v&#259;n, &#272;&#7841;i tri&#7879;n, Ti&#7875;u tri&#7879;n, L&#7879; th&#432; v&agrave; Kh&#7843;i th&#432;, sau &#273;&oacute; v&agrave;o nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m cu&#7889;i nh&agrave; H&aacute;n c&#7889; &#273;&#7883;nh l&#7841;i, khi&#7871;n cho v&#259;n h&oacute;a Trung Hoa c&oacute; th&#7875; t&#432;&#417;ng truy&#7873;n qua c&aacute;c th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p>Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&#7911;a c&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n ra r&#7857;ng, ch&#7919; H&aacute;n k&igrave; di&#7879;u h&#7871;t s&#7913;c c&oacute; l&#7907;i cho vi&#7879;c ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n &#273;&#7841;i n&atilde;o. Th&aacute;ng 5 n&#259;m 1982, b&agrave;i vi&#7871;t c&#7911;a nh&agrave; t&acirc;m l&iacute; h&#7885;c Richard Lynn tr&ecirc;n t&#7841;p ch&iacute; khoa h&#7885;c &ldquo;Nature&rdquo; c&oacute; ti&#7871;ng nh&#7845;t to&agrave;n c&#7847;u &#273;&atilde; g&acirc;y ra ti&#7871;ng vang m&#7841;nh m&#7869; tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i. &Ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh tr&#7855;c &#273;&#7883;nh v&agrave; ki&#7875;m tra ch&#7881; s&#7889; IQ c&#7911;a tr&#7867; em n&#259;m n&#432;&#7899;c Anh, M&#7929;, Ph&aacute;p, T&acirc;y &#272;&#7913;c v&agrave; Nh&#7853;t B&#7843;n, ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n ra ch&#7881; s&#7889; IQ trung b&igrave;nh c&#7911;a tr&#7867; em b&#7889;n n&#432;&#7899;c &Acirc;u M&#7929; l&agrave; 100, c&ograve;n IQ trung b&igrave;nh c&#7911;a tr&#7867; em Nh&#7853;t B&#7843;n l&agrave; 111, nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n l&agrave; v&igrave; tr&#7867; em Nh&#7853;t B&#7843;n c&oacute; h&#7885;c t&#7853;p ch&#7919; H&aacute;n. M&#7897;t v&#7883; gi&aacute;o s&#432; c&#7911;a Ph&aacute;p n&oacute;i, &ldquo;D&#7841;y tr&#7867; em Ph&aacute;p v&#259;n t&#7921; ch&#7919; H&aacute;n, m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch ch&#7911; y&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7875; n&#7855;m v&#7919;ng m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i c&ocirc;ng c&#7909; ng&ocirc;n ng&#7919; n&#7919;a, m&agrave; l&agrave; th&ocirc;ng qua h&#7885;c t&#7853;p ch&#7919; H&aacute;n &#273;&#7875; m&#7903; mang tr&iacute; tu&#7879; c&#7911;a tr&#7867; em Ph&aacute;p&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi&ecirc;n &#7903; g&#7847;n tr&#259;m n&#259;m, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&agrave; g&#7847;n 50 n&#259;m tr&#7903; l&#7841;i &#273;&acirc;y, d&#432;&#7899;i s&#7921; th&#7889;ng tr&#7883; t&agrave; &aacute;c c&#7911;a <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#trung_cong\" 28745 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Trung C&#7897;ng<\/a>, v&#259;n minh c&#7893; x&#432;a c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c g&#7863;p ph&#7843;i m&#7897;t tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7841;o ki&#7871;p, nh&#7919;ng truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng &#432;u t&uacute; b&#7883; ph&aacute; ho&#7841;i g&#7847;n nh&#432; kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n, v&ocirc; s&#7889; v&#259;n v&#7853;t tr&acirc;n qu&yacute; b&#7883; &#273;&#7889;t s&#7841;ch. T&#7843;i th&#7875; c&#7911;a v&#259;n h&oacute;a Trung Hoa &ndash; ch&#7919; H&aacute;n c&#361;ng kh&oacute; tr&aacute;nh kh&#7887;i ki&#7871;p n&#7841;n. Trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ph&aacute; ho&#7841;i v&ocirc; l&#7889;i (c&#7911;a <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#trung_cong\" 28745 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Trung C&#7897;ng<\/a>), ch&#7919; H&aacute;n truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; b&oacute;p m&eacute;o th&agrave;nh c&aacute;i g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;ch&#7919; gi&#7843;n th&#7875;&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>S&#7921; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n c&#7911;a &ldquo;ch&#7919; gi&#7843;n th&#7875;&rdquo; &#273;&atilde; g&acirc;y ra &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng r&#7845;t to l&#7899;n t&#7899;i s&#7921; bi&#7875;u &#273;&#7841;t chu&#7849;n x&aacute;c n&#7897;i h&agrave;m c&#7911;a ch&#7919; H&aacute;n, v&iacute; nh&#432; ch&#7919; &ldquo;&#32681;&rdquo; v&agrave; ch&#7919; &ldquo;&#20041;&rdquo; &#273;&atilde; n&oacute;i &#7903; tr&ecirc;n. L&#7841;i v&iacute; nh&#432; ch&#7919; &ldquo;&#36554; (Xa &ndash; xe c&#7897;)&rdquo; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng, &#7903; gi&#7919;a ch&#7919; l&agrave; th&acirc;n xe, tr&ecirc;n d&#432;&#7899;i l&agrave; b&aacute;nh xe, m&#7897;t c&aacute;i tr&#7909;c b&aacute;nh xe n&#7889;i li&#7873;n c&#7843; l&#7841;i. T&#7915; ch&#7919; &#36554; c&oacute; th&#7875; d&#7877; d&agrave;ng nh&igrave;n ra &yacute; ngh&#297;a c&#7911;a n&oacute;. C&ograve;n ch&#7919; &#36710; (xa) vi&#7871;t theo ch&#7919; gi&#7843;n th&#7875; th&igrave; c&#259;n b&#7843;n kh&ocirc;ng nh&igrave;n ra h&agrave;m ngh&#297;a nguy&ecirc;n th&#7911;y c&#7911;a n&oacute; n&#7919;a r&#7891;i.<\/p>\n<p>Ngo&agrave;i ra, s&#7921; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n c&#7911;a ch&#7919; gi&#7843;n th&#7875; &#273;&atilde; l&agrave;m cho ng&#432;&#7901;i Trung Qu&#7889;c sau n&#259;m 1949 kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n bi&#7871;t l&agrave;m th&#7871; n&agrave;o &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7863;t t&ecirc;n ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c cho c&aacute;c s&#7921; v&#7853;t m&#7899;i xu&#7845;t sinh. Cho d&ugrave; &#273;&#7863;t cho n&oacute; m&#7897;t c&aacute;i danh t&#7915; th&igrave; c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; &#273;&aacute;nh m&#7845;t li&ecirc;n h&#7879; v&#7899;i b&#7843;n t&iacute;nh v&agrave; t&#7847;ng t&#7847;ng &yacute; ngh&#297;a s&acirc;u h&#417;n c&#7911;a s&#7921; v&#7853;t. T&#7915; m&#7863;t n&agrave;y m&agrave; gi&#7843;ng, ch&#7919; H&aacute;n c&#361;ng ch&#7881; c&ograve;n l&#7841;i m&#7897;t ch&uacute;t &yacute; t&#7913; n&ocirc;ng c&#7841;n b&#7873; m&#7863;t. Ch&#7919; H&aacute;n gi&#7843;n th&#7875; c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; khi&#7871;n thu&#7897;c t&iacute;nh &acirc;m d&#432;&#417;ng, ng&#361; h&agrave;nh nguy&ecirc;n b&#7843;n c&#7911;a ch&#7919; H&aacute;n bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t g&#7847;n nh&#432; kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n.<\/p>\n<p>N&oacute;i t&oacute;m l&#7841;i, ch&#7919; H&aacute;n truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng b&#7883; bi&#7871;n d&#7883; th&agrave;nh ch&#7919; gi&#7843;n th&#7875;, k&#7923; th&#7921;c ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; c&#7855;t &#273;&#7913;t huy&#7871;t m&#7841;ch &#273;&atilde; t&#432;&#417;ng truy&#7873;n qua c&aacute;c th&#7901;i k&#7923; c&#7911;a v&#259;n minh Trung Hoa 5000 n&#259;m, h&#7911;y di&#7879;t quan ni&#7879;m &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c ch&iacute;nh th&#7889;ng &#273;&#7875; l&agrave;m ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p><i>Ghi ch&uacute; c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#7883;ch:<\/i><\/p>\n<p>(1) &ldquo;&#23383;&#27861;&rdquo;&nbsp;: &ldquo;T&#7921; ph&aacute;p&rdquo; l&agrave; c&aacute;ch d&ugrave;ng ch&#7919; ch&#7913; kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p t&#7841;o ch&#7919;.<\/p>\n<p>&ndash; Ch&#7919; chuy&#7875;n ch&uacute; l&agrave; ch&#7919; c&oacute; t&#7921; d&#7841;ng gi&#7889;ng nhau, c&aacute;ch ph&aacute;t &acirc;m t&ugrave;y v&agrave;o v&#7883; tr&iacute; ch&#7919; m&agrave; c&oacute; c&aacute;ch ph&aacute;t &acirc;m kh&aacute;c bi&#7879;t. V&iacute; d&#7909;: Ch&#7919; &#32771; (Kh&#7843;o: th&#7885;\/gi&agrave;) v&agrave; &#32769; (L&atilde;o: gi&agrave;) l&agrave; hai ch&#7919; kh&aacute;c nhau nh&#432;ng c&oacute; c&ugrave;ng ngh&#297;a ch&#7881; ng&#432;&#7901;i gi&agrave;.<\/p>\n<p>&ndash; Ch&#7919; gi&#7843; t&aacute; thu&#7897;c d&#7841;ng ch&#7919; m&#432;&#7907;n c&oacute; s&#7861;n r&#7891;i ph&aacute;t &acirc;m ch&#7879;ch &#273;i ho&#7863;c gi&#7919; nguy&ecirc;n &acirc;m &#273;&#7885;c, thay &#273;&#7893;i ngh&#297;a kh&aacute;c. V&iacute; d&#7909;: &#38263; (Tr&#432;&#7901;ng) l&agrave; d&agrave;i b&#7883; m&#432;&#7907;n v&agrave; &#273;&#7885;c ra th&agrave;nh Tr&#432;&#7903;ng c&oacute; ngh&#297;a tr&#432;&#7903;ng th&agrave;nh &#38263;&#22823; (Zh&#462;ng d&agrave;).<\/p>\n<p>Xem tham kh&#7843;o t&#7841;i <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GRIMs9jv41A\" rel=\"nofollow\">&#273;&acirc;y.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>(2) Ch&#7919; c&#7893; v&#259;n (Gi&aacute;p c&#7889;t v&#259;n v&agrave; Kim v&#259;n) c&#7911;a ch&#7919; &#19978; (Th&#432;&#7907;ng) ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; ch&#7919; &#20108; (Nh&#7883;), xem tham kh&#7843;o t&#7841;i <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/hvdic.thivien.net\/whv\/%E4%B8%8A\" rel=\"nofollow\">&#273;&acirc;y.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><i>(C&ograve;n ti&#7871;p)<\/i><\/p>\n<p>D&#7883;ch t&#7915;: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/38214\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/38214<\/a><\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[ChanhKien.org] Ch&#432;&#417;ng 9: Ch&#7919; H&aacute;n Th&#7847;n truy&#7873;n Trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh v&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a ti&#7871;ng H&aacute;n c&oacute; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ti&#7871;ng &#273;&#7883;a ph&#432;&#417;ng. V&igrave; l&#7869; g&igrave; &#7903; m&#7897;t n&#417;i c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u ti&#7871;ng &#273;&#7883;a ph&#432;&#417;ng nh&#432; Trung Qu&#7889;c, trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n m&#7845;y ngh&igrave;n n&#259;m v&#7851;n c&oacute; th&#7875; b&#7843;o tr&igrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[452],"class_list":["post-32004","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-van-hoa-than-truyen","tag-van-hoa-trung-quoc"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (Ph\u1ea7n 7): Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n Th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/12\/khai-quat-ve-van-hoa-trung-quoc-phan-7-chu-han-than-truyen.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (Ph\u1ea7n 7): Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n Th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[ChanhKien.org] Ch&#432;&#417;ng 9: Ch&#7919; H&aacute;n Th&#7847;n truy&#7873;n Trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh v&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a ti&#7871;ng H&aacute;n c&oacute; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ti&#7871;ng &#273;&#7883;a ph&#432;&#417;ng. 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