{"id":31483,"date":"2023-10-09T11:41:13","date_gmt":"2023-10-09T04:41:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=31483"},"modified":"2025-05-24T23:27:58","modified_gmt":"2025-05-24T16:27:58","slug":"loat-bai-mexico-2012-05-thuyet-tien-hoa-loi-noi-doi-the-ky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/10\/loat-bai-mexico-2012-05-thuyet-tien-hoa-loi-noi-doi-the-ky.html","title":{"rendered":"Lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i Mexico 2012 (05): Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7"},"content":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n c\u1edd, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 an b\u00e0i. C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Th\u1ea7n, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a ma qu\u1ef7. N\u1ebfu t\u0129nh t\u00e2m quan s\u00e1t, nghi\u00eam t\u00fac suy ngh\u0129 th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn r\u1ea5t r\u00f5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1i m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, hi\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa, th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh internet: Darwin ape<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/span>Darwin, s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ma qu\u1ef7<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Sinh ti\u1ec1n Darwin nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf, nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u201cM\u1ee5c s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ef7\u201d. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi x\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u1eb7t cho m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u201cm\u1ee5c s\u01b0\u201d th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \u201cs\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ma qu\u1ef7\u201d c\u00f3 v\u1ebb th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m lung lay nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Th\u1ea7n, khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi coi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i. Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a n\u00f3i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, k\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh \u0103n th\u1ecbt k\u1ebb y\u1ebfu, k\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh sinh t\u1ed3n l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n

Darwin c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Marx v\u00e0 Engels l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a Marx v\u00e0 Engels v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong \u201cba n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx. Trong h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \u1ede t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, sinh m\u1ec7nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb coi nh\u01b0 lo\u00e0i s\u00e2u ki\u1ebfn. N\u01a1i \u00edt th\u00ec s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u00e0n s\u00e1t l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n, n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi v\u00e0o trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cch\u00e2n l\u00fd ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u1edf n\u0103m ch\u00e2u b\u1ed1n bi\u1ec3n\u201d. \u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c, thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f9a r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb b\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3i, b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1ee9c h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201ck\u1ebb chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng\u201d.<\/p>\n

<\/span>M\u1eaft x\u00edch trung gian b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n, d\u00f9ng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Darwin m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u, v\u00ec v\u1eady Darwin tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng sinh v\u1eadt d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n linh ho\u1eb7c s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ed m\u1eadt. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u201cm\u1eaft x\u00edch trung gian\u201d c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0: ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1ed5 (Dryopithecus, 14-8 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc), v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam (Australopithecus, 4-1,9 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc), v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Hominin, 1,7 tri\u1ec7u \u2013 200 ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc). T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y m\u00e0 x\u00e9t, thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 4 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam (t\u1ee9c kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 8-4 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc), v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 200 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u201cgiai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y\u201d, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp. V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u201cnh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u201cthuy\u1ebft v\u01b0\u1ee3n bi\u1ec3n\u201d. N\u00f3i th\u1eb3ng ra l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u201ccon kh\u1ec9\u201d \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u1edf l\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3n su\u1ed1t 4 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay trong s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u201cv\u01b0\u1ee3n bi\u1ec3n\u201d. \u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u0103m 1960, t\u00f4i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc\u201d ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh qu\u1ed1c Alister Hardy, tuy r\u1eb1ng ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p, nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa kh\u1ec9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean 4 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, v\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao \u201clo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9\u201d ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng ra bi\u1ec3n? M\u1ed9t con c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y sang lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1eeb trong h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean v\u1eady m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u201ch\u1eadu du\u1ec7\u201d. Darwin ng\u1ee5y bi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c m\u1eaft x\u00edch trung gian nh\u01b0: ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai qu\u1eadt h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch qu\u00e1 \u00edt n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n

<\/span>\u0110\u1ea7y r\u1eaby ng\u1ee5y bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 logic sai l\u1ea7m<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Darwin th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00f5 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00ed, h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Darwin. Sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd n\u00eau ra l\u00fd do r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n sai, v\u00e0 v\u00ec b\u1ea1n sai n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00fang. N\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, Thomas H Huxley \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u201ccon ch\u00f3 hung \u00e1c c\u1ee7a Darwin\u201d. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0i nghi, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u01b0a ra \u201cc\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f3\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea1n c\u00f2n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e2y?\u201d<\/p>\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u00f2ng vo v\u00e0 ng\u1ee5y bi\u1ec7n logic. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft l\u00e0m ng\u01a1, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cN\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u01b0\u1ee3n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau; v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb v\u01b0\u1ee3n\u201d. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfc \u0111u\u00f4i c\u00f4ng. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1, h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao chi\u1ebfc \u0111u\u00f4i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a con c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i khi ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n k\u1ebb th\u00f9, t\u1ea1i sao con c\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d th\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfc \u0111u\u00f4i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 n\u00f3i: Chi\u1ebfc \u0111u\u00f4i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a con c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat con c\u00f4ng c\u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i sinh s\u1ea3n. N\u00f3i c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n anh ta c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con c\u00f4ng c\u00e1i v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao anh ta bi\u1ebft con c\u00f4ng c\u00e1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u00edch c\u00e1i \u0111u\u00f4i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh c\u01a1 b\u1eafp to v\u1ea1m v\u1ee1 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u to \u0111\u1eb9p trai? M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 19, Haeckel c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t sinh sinh v\u1eadt\u201d, cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f4i thai c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc cao s\u1ebd t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ngay khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng quan tr\u1ecdng cho thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1: n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, th\u00ec \u201chi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t sinh sinh v\u1eadt\u201d c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i thai r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1; v\u00ec c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t sinh sinh v\u1eadt n\u00ean ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ai hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa \u201chi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t sinh sinh v\u1eadt\u201d v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 g\u00ec, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch th\u1eadm t\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng Nam th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Mexico \u0111\u00e3 khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 tinh x\u1ea3o, \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c g\u1ea7n El Houno c\u0169ng khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 th\u00f4 s\u01a1. M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ba nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp: 1) ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i uranium h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t, 2) ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p truy t\u00ecm ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb, 3) ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hydrat h\u00f3a tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda, 4) ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m th\u1ef1c kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t. C\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u cho ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u2014 25 v\u1ea1n n\u0103m! T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea5y l\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn s\u00f3ng to gi\u00f3 l\u1edbn. N\u1ebfu con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i. H\u1ecd v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p trong su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean l\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c r\u00fat kinh ph\u00ed nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc, th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c li\u00ean quan, m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft danh d\u1ef1, v.v. Nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 Ameta c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. \u1ede Mexico \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u0169i gi\u00e1o s\u1eaft 260.000 n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i \u1edf trong x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed, s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

Miller, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Imperial Valley \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch voi ma m\u00fat \u1edf sa m\u1ea1c Anza- Borrego thu\u1ed9c bang California, b\u00ean tr\u00ean ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft dao r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, C\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 uranium \u0111o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 300.000 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba t\u1eeb v\u00e0 m\u1eabu v\u1eadt n\u00fai l\u1eeda cho th\u1ea5y ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 750.000 n\u0103m. M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Miller gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con qu\u00e1i th\u00fa v\u00e0 hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t con voi ma m\u00fat c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Siberia. Miller n\u00f3i: “Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng hy v\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ec3”.<\/p>\n

<\/span>T\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, \u201c\u0111\u00e1\u201d ch\u1ee9ng minh th\u00e0nh n\u00fai<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

(T\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng)<\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch trung gian nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1944 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1952 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u1ede ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng Acambaro c\u1ee7a Mexico, \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Waldemar Jules \u0111\u00e3 khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 335.000 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc. Khi v\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean: Ngo\u00e0i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Eskimo, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u201cqu\u00e1i th\u00fa\u201d ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea3y vui \u0111\u00f9a, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u1ee7ng long, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u01b0\u1ee1i kh\u1ee7ng long kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef cho kh\u1ee7ng long con \u0103n. H\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ee7ng long ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng long m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ch\u00fang v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ee7ng long \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, v\u00ec v\u1eady khi h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng long th\u00ec r\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1954, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf chuy\u00ean gia Mexico g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m khai qu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khai qu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd di\u1ec5n ra ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u1ecd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u kh\u1ee7ng long l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng chuy\u1ec7n \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng long t\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec v\u1eady v\u1eabn ki\u00ean tr\u00ec th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e0ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn km, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ica \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Nazca \u1edf Peru, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u1edf ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng Acambaro. Nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc h\u00ecnh h\u1ecda n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn khi s\u00f4ng Ica b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 b\u1edd. Ch\u00fang ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 Ica n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n nay. Nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp oxit. Theo gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c, nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i \u00edt nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean v\u00e0i tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1, trong \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y h\u01a1n 10.000 vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc hoa v\u0103n th\u1ea7n b\u00ed, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecda kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn. Nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ca ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng, truy\u1ec1n m\u00e1u, k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ee7ng long v.v. trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd ra b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 13 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chuy\u00ean gia cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Atlantis v\u00e0 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Lemuria \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a b\u00ed \u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e1 Ica \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng long\u201d, h\u00e3y ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng long t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 (\u1ea2nh internet)<\/em><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e1 Ica v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp ch\u00fang – Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Javier Cabrera<\/em><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e1 Ica, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang d\u00f9ng k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng quan s\u00e1t b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi (\u1ea2nh internet)<\/em><\/p>\n

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Di t\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 (\u1ea2nh internet)<\/em><\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh b\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sumer c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sumer g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c\u201d. B\u1ee9c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 7300 n\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed; h\u00ecnh b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t \u1ea9n danh ch\u1ee5p t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t m\u1ecf d\u1ea7u \u1edf \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a \u1edf l\u00e0ng Acambaro c\u1ee7a Mexico v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 Ica \u1edf Peru r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh cao s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ee7ng long. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u. T\u1eeb h\u00ecnh s\u1ed1 5, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sumer c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t \u1ea9n danh ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t m\u1ecf d\u1ea7u \u1edf \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. \u0110\u1ea1i s\u01b0 L\u00fd H\u1ed3ng Ch\u00ed trong Gi\u1ea3ng Ph\u00e1p trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i quanh B\u1eafc M\u1ef9<\/b><\/i> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

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\u201cNh\u01b0 v\u1eady gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 hai \u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1 l\u1edbn th\u1ebf h\u1ecfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n l\u00e0m sao? V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao n\u0103m m\u00e9t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u1edbn m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. T\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p \u1ea5y, th\u00ec [v\u1edbi] ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao n\u0103m m\u00e9t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 l\u1ea7u l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eady. M\u1ed9t \u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1 n\u1eefa l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt to l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 kh\u1ee7ng long? K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5p cho \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao n\u0103m m\u00e9t nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u1edbn c\u1ee1 kh\u1ee7ng long c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n nay nh\u00ecn con b\u00f2 v\u1eady. C\u00e1c [ch\u1ee7ng] ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho h\u1ecd c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7ng kh\u00e1c nhau, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean, v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

<\/span>Cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya d\u1ef1 ng\u00f4n r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n nay th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 canh t\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ecbnh ho\u00e1. M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1. Nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi New Zealand – Michael Denton \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a: L\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111ang trong kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng\u201d (Evolution: A Theory in Crisis) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng: “Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Darwin l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20”.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 2005, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u201cDarwin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em ra x\u00e9t x\u1eed\u201d (Darwin on Trial), ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt s\u01b0, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c bang Kansas c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1. Theo t\u1edd New York Time \u0111\u01b0a tin, phe \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Darwin m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u1eed c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ra l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1eddi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n v\u1ecb chuy\u00ean gia l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee9ng ra l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho Darwin, l\u00e0m lung lay ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng “h\u1ecd s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n, s\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh”.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 2016, 514 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 c\u00f9ng nhau k\u00fd t\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin. Trong th\u01b0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng nhau k\u00fd t\u00ean n\u00eau: \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin, v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd hay kh\u00f4ng\u201d. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 k\u00fd t\u00ean v\u00e0o b\u00e0i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u00f3 154 nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, 76 nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, 63 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc li\u00ean quan. N\u0103m 2008, b\u1ed9 phim t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u201cTr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d (Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u1edf M\u1ef9. Ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 Darwin.<\/p>\n

V\u00f4 s\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh huy ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1ng ph\u1ebf t\u00edch hoang t\u00e0n, \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3i m\u00e3i l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i m\u00e3i m\u00e3i. Nh\u01b0ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec, l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n tr\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 thi\u00ean l\u00fd. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u00e3y ngh\u0129 xem b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i ai, h\u00e3y ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \u201cL\u00e0m lo\u1ea1n th\u00ec lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1!\u201d<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/78114<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org] Th\u1ebf s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n c\u1edd, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 an b\u00e0i. C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Th\u1ea7n, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a ma qu\u1ef7. 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