{"id":30865,"date":"2023-07-20T10:53:08","date_gmt":"2023-07-20T03:53:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=30865"},"modified":"2025-05-30T14:22:12","modified_gmt":"2025-05-30T07:22:12","slug":"thuyet-tien-hoa-sai-lam-khoa-hoc-lon-nhat-cua-nhan-loai-phan-41-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/07\/thuyet-tien-hoa-sai-lam-khoa-hoc-lon-nhat-cua-nhan-loai-phan-41-2.html","title":{"rendered":"Thuy\u1ebft Ti\u1ebfn H\u00f3a – Sai l\u1ea7m khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i (Ph\u1ea7n 4-2)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n 4 – C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/b><\/p>\n

4.2. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u0103ng nhanh?<\/b><\/p>\n

Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc cao. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn d\u1eabn t\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Tuy nhi\u00ean, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1eabu h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i: n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00ec tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra \u201cquy lu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00e0ng nhanh [5], n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec c\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn. S\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau l\u1ea5y thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9, sau khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y – thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a? Hay v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u? Khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Th\u1ef1c ra c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 to\u00e1n, l\u00fd, h\u00f3a, t\u01b0 duy logic kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 danh t\u1eeb. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn cao si\u00eau t\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 “th\u00e1p ng\u00e0” s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

4.2.1. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc cao<\/b><\/p>\n

Sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng gen l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb di truy\u1ec1n. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb gen c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i virus b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p ra th\u00ec gen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed DNA, ph\u00e2n t\u1eed DNA l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ed7i do r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n t\u1eed nh\u1ecf baz\u01a1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

Khi m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ph\u00e2n chia l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f4i, th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 gen \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao ch\u00e9p ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra hai gen g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cao. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sao ch\u00e9p, do c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c g\u00e2y ra sai s\u00f3t s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen. Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00ean sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc cao. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1ec9. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n chu\u1ea9n) b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao, kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ngh\u00ecn, trong khi \u1edf sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc cao, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gen c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u [1].<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, theo thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00ec c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ec7nh n\u00ean c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n sinh v\u1eadt. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00e2y d\u1ecb d\u1ea1ng, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00ean sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc cao. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi m\u1ecdi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i gen, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i gen gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p m\u1edbi mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00ean sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc cao. L\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5: n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb tr\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng cha m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Suy lu\u1eadn theo thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00ec m\u1ecdi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3:<\/p>\n

(a) T\u1eeb sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 gen t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

So s\u00e1nh t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u00e2n s\u01a1 (\u1ea2nh ancestry.com)<\/em><\/p>\n

(b) C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed DNA t\u1eeb c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i xo\u1eafn k\u00e9p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1edbi c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt cao c\u1ea5p h\u01a1n th\u00ec c\u00f3 hai b\u1ed9 gen (b\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ed9i, th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9), xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

c) Gen c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 sinh v\u1eadt l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed DNA chu\u1ed7i xo\u1eafn k\u00e9p, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf sao ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a gen ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn. T\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a enzyme trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a enzyme trong vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n sai, ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u. [2]<\/p>\n

(d) \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ADN \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao ch\u00e9p c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn [2] Sinh v\u1eadt c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gen c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00ean t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

(e) C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c DNA b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn. [2]<\/p>\n

(f) G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00e0 DNA b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c DNA c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao h\u01a1n, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u00e0y \u1edf c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc cao ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p. [3]<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Darwin, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a gen, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i gen th\u00ec c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ednh tr\u1ea1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a n\u00e0o. Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i gen l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i gen m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i gen.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc cao ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t gen duy nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gen li\u00ean quan, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh cao c\u1ea5p h\u01a1n do m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. V\u1eady th\u00ec s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gen li\u00ean quan s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc cao. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3m tr\u00ean qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3m \u1edf sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc cao.<\/p>\n

4.2.2. Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u201cquy lu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c\u201d tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3<\/b><\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft ra m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “quy lu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c”, n\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i sinh b\u1eadc c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00e0ng nhanh. [5]<\/p>\n

Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t 1,4 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n s\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u00e0nh sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n chu\u1ea9n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o; l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t 900 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng; 100 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m sau, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng b\u1eadc cao ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh; 60 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m sau, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng – c\u00e1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n; 40 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m sau, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n; t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn 3 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m; v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 10 ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1eddi gian ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a theo gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (\u1ea2nh flexbooks.ck12.org)<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e2y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 hai k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? C\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u201cc\u00f3 th\u1eadt\u201d; m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a duy nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. Ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean logic c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u chi\u1ec3u theo t\u01b0 duy thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 sao l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 sai t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c r\u1ed3i, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nan gi\u1ea3i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sinh v\u1eadt x\u1ea3y ra d\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt k\u1ef7 Cambri. L\u00fac n\u00e0y c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i sau khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian sau l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 \u201cB\u1ea5t th\u1ee9c L\u01b0 S\u01a1n ch\u00e2n di\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c; Ch\u1ec9 duy\u00ean th\u00e2n t\u1ea1i th\u1eed s\u01a1n trung\u201d (D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a: Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00fai L\u01b0 S\u01a1n, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec th\u00e2n \u0111ang \u1edf trong n\u00fai \u1ea5y) [6]. T\u1eebng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i: c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f2n l\u00e2u m\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0 duy logic ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chi ti\u1ebft, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 duy t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc loanh quanh trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sao?<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i: “Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?” \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i n\u00f3i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 bao bi\u1ec7n cho n\u00f3. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i: “Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c, gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c, gi\u1eef t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn g\u00ec c\u1ea3”. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc v\u00e0o ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ebft, c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9. Ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y c\u00e2y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eebng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean v\u0129 m\u00f4. T\u1eeb t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen gi\u1ea3m tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c tr\u00ean v\u0129 m\u00f4. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u0169ng \u1edf t\u1ea7m v\u0129 m\u00f4 v\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u1edbn. V\u00ec ch\u00fang v\u1eeba c\u00f3 t\u00ednh v\u0129 m\u00f4 v\u1eeba m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi nhau n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec n\u1eefa? Khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, khi m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9ng d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c trong lo\u1ea1t n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

4.2.3. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/b><\/p>\n

1. Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sinh v\u1eadt<\/i>, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 L\u00fd Nan, 153, 158 Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u00e2n D\u00e2n, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1982.<\/p>\n

2. H\u00f3a sinh<\/i>, Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ed3ng, V\u01b0\u01a1ng K\u00ednh Nham ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean, T\u1eadp II, 337-338, Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai n\u0103m 1991.<\/p>\n

3. T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Science, Johnson R.E. v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 283, 1001-1004, (1999)<\/p>\n

4. \u201cNghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed\u201d H\u1ea1 Ph\u00fac S\u01a1, Th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc, 1996, 24, 2264-2268<\/span><\/p>\n

5. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 1, 185-186, 106-107<\/p>\n

6. Hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u201c\u0110\u1ec1 T\u00e2y L\u00e2m b\u00edch”\u00a0c\u1ee7a T\u00f4 Th\u1ee9c (T\u00f4 \u0110\u00f4ng Pha) – nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: https:\/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/node\/16720<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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