{"id":30841,"date":"2023-07-18T06:37:46","date_gmt":"2023-07-17T23:37:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=30841"},"modified":"2025-05-30T14:22:17","modified_gmt":"2025-05-30T07:22:17","slug":"thuyet-tien-hoa-sai-lam-khoa-hoc-lon-nhat-cua-nhan-loai-phan-41","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/07\/thuyet-tien-hoa-sai-lam-khoa-hoc-lon-nhat-cua-nhan-loai-phan-41.html","title":{"rendered":"Thuy\u1ebft Ti\u1ebfn H\u00f3a – Sai l\u1ea7m khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i (Ph\u1ea7n 4-1)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n 4 – C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/b><\/p>\n

4.1. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p<\/b><\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i, d\u00f9 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hay tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n. C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00ec qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3 r\u1ed3i, ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00ec c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Darwin, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i t\u1ea1p lai kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ng\u1ef1a lai v\u1edbi l\u1eeba ra con la) v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 lo\u00e0i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Sau n\u00e0y, khi gen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n th\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 gen th\u00ec d\u00f9 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i di truy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t gen m\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u201c\u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen\u201d \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, cho r\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta t\u1eadp trung ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

4.1.1 T\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a gen \u1edf c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t kh\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/b><\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec gen l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t di truy\u1ec1n n\u00ean t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a gen l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong di truy\u1ec1n, s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i gen gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia g\u00e2y gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fat \u00edt \u1edf ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1ecf trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lai gi\u1ed1ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00f4 sinh th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 cha m\u1eb9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u. (L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch: nh\u01b0 con la l\u00e0 con lai do ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u1eeba c\u00e1i giao ph\u1ed1i sinh ra, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n. L\u1ea5y l\u1ee3n \u0111\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ea1ch lai v\u1edbi l\u1ee3n \u1ec9 c\u00e1i, sinh ra con lai, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 con lai lai ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi l\u1ee3n \u0111\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ea1ch ban \u0111\u1ea7u, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 l\u1ee3n con ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a l\u1ee3n \u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ea1ch). Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Meier c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard g\u1ecdi t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a gen n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng di truy\u1ec1n. D\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00f3, d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 lai t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ch\u00f3, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a gen l\u00e0 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1eb7t hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen t\u1ea1o ra gen m\u1edbi th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda duy nh\u1ea5t n\u1ebfu c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

4.1.2 T\u1eeb l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai s\u00f3t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sao ch\u00e9p ho\u1eb7c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a gen n\u00ean c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a gen. X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1ec9. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n s\u01a1 b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao, kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ngh\u00ecn, trong khi \u1edf c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc cao, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u gen l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u [1]. Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n sinh ra th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn sinh h\u1ecdc, c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn cao. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng nhau xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y xem li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m (t\u00ednh tr\u1ea1ng) cao c\u1ea5p hay kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 gen cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

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Gen l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n DNA. DNA (axit deoxyribonucleic) l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 \u1edf nh\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 ty th\u1ec3.\u00a0(\u1ea2nh minh h\u1ecda: my.clevelandclinic.org)<\/em><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t gen bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c baz\u01a1, l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a gen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn baz\u01a1, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i baz\u01a1 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p tinh vi kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed ngh\u0129 xem, li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh cao c\u1ea5p h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t hai k\u00fd t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u1ed1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p tinh vi kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, d\u1ecb d\u1ea1ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf sinh t\u1ed3n trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn d\u00f9ng cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00ean c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n. (V\u00ed d\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch: Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ru\u1ed3i gi\u1ea5m trong h\u01a1n 1500 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, ru\u1ed3i v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ru\u1ed3i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u con b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft, nhi\u1ec1u con b\u1ecb xo\u0103n c\u00e1nh ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t ng\u1ee7n).<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh to\u00e1n x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u00e0ng cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 gen d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sinh h\u1ecdc kh\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng, v.v., n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c sinh h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh ra x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bkhi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen \u0111\u1ebfn khi x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd n\u00e0o c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. N\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qua loa.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t sinh ra c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 nh\u1ecf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch H\u1ed9p \u0111en c\u1ee7a Darwin<\/i> (Darwin’s Black Box) c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Behe, M. J. – nh\u00e0 sinh h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u200b\u200b\u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf sinh h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4ng m\u00e1u l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p tinh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o do ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong \u0111\u00f3, x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t protein (TPA) ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 1\/10 m\u0169 18 (0,0000000000000000001) v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n m\u1ea5t \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 10 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra. Nh\u01b0ng protein (TPA) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f4ng m\u00e1u n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t. V\u1eady n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00eam m\u1ed9t protein c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t n\u00f3 th\u00ec x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t l\u00e0 1\/10 m\u0169 36. M\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u00f3a ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: “Th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng may, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i” [2] N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp n\u1eefa, thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n sinh ra s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p l\u00ean cao, t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00e1c nhau ti\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. \u0110\u1ecdc qua qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u201cl\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f3a\u201d xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc e r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i suy x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, Fred Hoyley (nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00f3i: “X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1n cu\u1ed3ng phong qu\u00e9t qua x\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p n\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c 747 v\u1eady”. [3]<\/p>\n

4.1.3 T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/b><\/p>\n

1. Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sinh v\u1eadt<\/i>, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 L\u00fd Nan, 153, 158 Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u00e2n D\u00e2n, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1982.<\/p>\n

2. Darwin’s Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution<\/i>, Michael J. Behe, Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, 1998, trang 29-35. https:\/\/bit.ly\/3BN5pmr<\/a><\/p>\n

3. Khoa h\u1ecdc<\/i>, Horgan J., T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Scientific American, 1991(264) 2<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: https:\/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/node\/16720<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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[ChanhKien.org] Ph\u1ea7n 4 – C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a 4.1. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y n\u00ean […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":44001,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[304,97],"tags":[420],"class_list":["post-30841","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loat-bai","category-phan-tich-binh-luan","tag-thuyet-tien-hoa-sai-lam-khoa-hoc"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThuy\u1ebft Ti\u1ebfn H\u00f3a - Sai l\u1ea7m khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i (Ph\u1ea7n 4-1) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/07\/thuyet-tien-hoa-sai-lam-khoa-hoc-lon-nhat-cua-nhan-loai-phan-41.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Thuy\u1ebft Ti\u1ebfn H\u00f3a - Sai l\u1ea7m khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i (Ph\u1ea7n 4-1) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[ChanhKien.org] Ph\u1ea7n 4 – C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a 4.1. 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