[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n
Ph\u1ea7n 3. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ba b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/b><\/p>\n
Khi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eebng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c trong c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u1edf t\u1ea7m v\u0129 m\u00f4, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch logic th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, gi\u00fap cho \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
C\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 \u1edf ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh: gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc so s\u00e1nh, c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i thai. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc so s\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n
3.1. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t – Sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 logic trong b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc so s\u00e1nh<\/b><\/p>\n
3.1.1. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc so s\u00e1nh: d\u00f9ng sai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea3o<\/b><\/p>\n
N\u1ebfu trong m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat l\u1ed7i logic n\u00e0o, th\u00ec gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u00e0nh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn. D\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0: “N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 do v\u01b0\u1ee3n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau; B\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 do v\u01b0\u1ee3n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh”.<\/p>\n
D\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a logic th\u00ec ch\u00ednh l\u00e0: N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, th\u00ec m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i logic gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u1ea5u tr\u0129 nh\u1ea5t. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, ki\u1ec3u logic l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea7n thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 logic, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt th\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ed7 cho nhau th\u00ec m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 ban \u0111\u1ea7u. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Do \u0111\u00f3, khi m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 sinh ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea3o th\u00ec c\u00e1i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i kia, v\u1eady n\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1eabn nhau.<\/p>\n
Hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1eabn nhau c\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nhau, b\u1edfi v\u00ec hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau, ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn) n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau [\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 kia], nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb logic c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (\u201c\u0111\u00fang\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201csai\u201d) l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu v\u1edbi nhau. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fang c\u00f2n m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 kia sai, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1u sai.<\/p>\n
V\u00ed d\u1ee5, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ba c\u1eb7p m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1eabn nhau, t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang sai c\u1ee7a hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 trong c\u1eb7p n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang sai c\u1ee7a hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 trong c\u1eb7p kia:<\/p>\n
“N\u1ebfu A l\u00e0 em c\u1ee7a B th\u00ec A nh\u1ecf tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n B; B\u1edfi v\u00ec A nh\u1ecf tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n B n\u00ean A l\u00e0 em c\u1ee7a B”. Trong hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 hai sai;<\/p>\n
“N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chia h\u1ebft cho 2 th\u00ec s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ch\u1eb5n; B\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ch\u1eb5n n\u00ean s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 chia h\u1ebft cho 2”. C\u1ea3 hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang; b\u1edfi v\u00ec “chia h\u1ebft cho 2” l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a “s\u1ed1 ch\u1eb5n”, m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang;<\/p>\n
“N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a th\u00ec anh ta bi\u1ebft l\u00e1i xe; n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft l\u00e1i xe th\u00ec anh ta bi\u1ebft c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a”. C\u1ea3 hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1u sai, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 logic t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa “c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a” v\u00e0 ” l\u00e1i xe”.<\/p>\n
B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e3y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1eb7p m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 trong \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. M\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t “N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 do v\u01b0\u1ee3n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau\u201d, \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 quy n\u1ea1p ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, tuy nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u201cc\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau\u201d nhi\u1ec1u \u00edt bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 suy \u0111o\u00e1n. M\u00e0 cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb logic (\u201c\u0111\u00fang\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201csai\u201d) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb logic c\u1ee7a m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 hai. M\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 hai \u201cB\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 do v\u01b0\u1ee3n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh” kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang sai c\u1ee7a m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 logic \u201c\u0111\u00fang\u201d l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu suy lu\u1eadn theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u00e0 tr\u1ebb trai g\u00e1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n! B\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u201c\u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng\u201d v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 kh\u1ec9. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u201cth\u00e1nh kinh c\u1ee7a ma v\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1edb h\u1ed5 l\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bao dung v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u logic sai l\u1ec7ch r\u00e0nh r\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng th\u00e8m suy x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u1ed1n d\u0129 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm, v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i theo logic th\u00ec nghi\u00eam t\u00fac m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n
3.1.2. Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ph\u00e9p quy n\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng?<\/b><\/p>\n
C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng n\u00f3i thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p quy n\u1ea1p [1] (t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e9p quy n\u1ea1p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p quy n\u1ea1p to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc). C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ra ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed1i (ch\u01b0a ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1) c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi! Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u201cquy n\u1ea1p\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u1eaft c\u1ee9ng! “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 do v\u01b0\u1ee3n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh”, suy lu\u1eadn quy n\u1ea1p n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eady m\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n
N\u1ebfu suy x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c sinh s\u1ea3n, x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v.v…, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quy n\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y n\u00ean s\u1edbm th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh th\u00f4i!<\/p>\n
3.2. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai – S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i thai b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/b><\/p>\n
N\u0103m 1866, nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ernst Haeckel \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n (recapitulation law) hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt di truy\u1ec1n sinh h\u1ecdc (biogenetic law), \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f4i thai c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc cao s\u1ebd t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt n\u00e0y t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p l\u00ean cao. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng, lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u201cb\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng\u201d c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1i th\u00e1c. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u cho th\u1ea5y lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a quan s\u00e1t qua loa, xa r\u1eddi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. \u1ede tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ng\u00e0y nay, khi xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i ng\u00e0nh\u201d c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t.<\/p>\n
3.2.1. D\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ee9ng minh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, d\u1ed1c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn sai th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang<\/b><\/p>\n
B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quan s\u00e1t t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f4i thai, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0a ra thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u00e0m manh m\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00f2n lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm manh m\u1ed1i cho k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1eeb trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f4i thai c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc cao; k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 \u201csinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc cao l\u00e0 do sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh\u201d, trong khi lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng “qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i thai” (k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt b\u1eadc cao c\u00f3 ph\u00f4i thai).<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0ng theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 suy lu\u1eadn quy n\u1ea1p ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. B\u1edfi v\u00ec khi ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sinh v\u1eadt, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 quy n\u1ea1p gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ed3i. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft do ch\u00ednh “qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f4i thai” v\u00e0 \u201cthuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d thai ngh\u00e9n ra gi\u1edd quay l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9ng minh thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. D\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng: lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 con \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a “thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a” v\u00e0 “qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f4i thai”, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i quay l\u1ea1i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng “thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a” l\u00e0 con \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh! Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “lo\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n”, trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “ngh\u0129 lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n”, trong logic th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n” (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t), \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0: \u201cV\u00ec thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f4i thai s\u1ebd t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a; V\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f4i thai t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a n\u00ean thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang.”<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u201cd\u00f9ng sai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea3o\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n
3.2.2. Lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan s\u00e1t sai l\u1ea7m<\/b><\/p>\n
Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan s\u00e1t sai l\u1ea7m. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cKh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d (The Beginnings of Human Life) do nh\u00e0 ph\u00f4i h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Erich Blechschmidt vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0o thai c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “khe mang” gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a thai nhi th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u1ebfp nh\u0103n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a thai nhi, n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 b\u1ecb khi\u00ean c\u01b0\u1ee1ng g\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh \u201ckhe mang\u201d. Thai nhi c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kho\u1ea3ng 9 mm, ph\u1ea7n nh\u00f4 ra \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111u\u00f4i. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u0111u\u00f4i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh r\u1ed7ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1 nhanh ra h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 \u00edt l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi nh\u00f4 ra \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd s\u1edbm b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan t\u00e0n t\u00edch n\u00e0o [2]. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb t\u1eadt hi\u1ebfm g\u1eb7p nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb nhi\u1ec1u l\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb m\u1ecdc \u0111u\u00f4i, thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, theo logic n\u00e0y th\u00ec d\u1ecb t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00e3o c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, v\u1eady ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00e3o? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea9m sinh c\u00f3 t\u1ee9 chi s\u1ee9t m\u1ebb, m\u1ecdc th\u00eam ng\u00f3n tay ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1eady c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ee9 chi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u1ecb d\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh? N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n suy ngh\u0129 ra ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1i khung c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 (Atavism)” ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ecb d\u1ea1ng ho\u1eb7c khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh di truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n
3.2.3. Lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp l\u1edbn<\/b><\/p>\n
Nh\u00e0 ph\u00f4i h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Michael Richardson \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb 17 vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00f4i thai v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u1edf 50 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng, r\u1ed3i c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p. Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1997, h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean b\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc Anatomy and Embryology: h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd \u201cph\u00f4i thai c\u1ee7a Haeckel” l\u00e0 tr\u00f2 l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp “tr\u1ee9 danh” nh\u1ea5t trong ng\u00e0nh sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n
Theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Richardson, lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng nghi: ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd ph\u00f4i thai ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1, Haeckel \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a \u0111i m\u0169i, tim, gan v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i thai ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho t\u1edbi c\u1ea3 m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng tay ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i thai, r\u1ed3i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh \u0111u\u00f4i! \u00d4ng ta c\u0169ng t\u00f9y \u00fd th\u00eam th\u1eaft, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, ph\u00f4i thai g\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1eaft kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eafc t\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng Haeckel \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u00e0u \u0111en \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Haeckel c\u00f2n t\u00f9y \u00fd thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00f4i thai kh\u00e1c nhau. Haeckel c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i che gi\u1ea5u t\u00ean lo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f9ng chi h\u1ecd ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/p>\n
V\u1ed1n d\u0129 khi Haeckel c\u00f2n gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Jena \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00ec nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb phanh phui r\u1ed3i. Richardson \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Jena \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c tr\u00f2 l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che \u0111\u1eady h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m nay, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Haeckel \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i v\u00e0o n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn h\u00e0nh vi gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Haeckel trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n
3.2.4. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ecb d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc h\u01a1n n\u1eefa ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1i \u201ch\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft\u201d n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u0103n c\u1ee9 cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c [2]. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Daniel Garrison Brinton tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en l\u00e0 \u2026, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u; L. Bolk tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en\u2026., b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecd b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng. Nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec1u \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m! T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd – lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n – l\u00e0 c\u00e1i sai c\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n
3.2.5. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n<\/b><\/p>\n
C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 gen, lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn. Hi\u1ec7n nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00e1c gen c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c gen m\u1edbi, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e2y? Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Stephen Jay Gould v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ra l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i: \u201c\u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 20 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 r\u1ed3i. Lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5u th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a h\u1eadu du\u1ec7, v\u1eady th\u00ec khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 k\u1ebft th\u00fac, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 m\u1edf ra kh\u00f4ng gian cho nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c quy lu\u1eadt di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Medel \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n c\u0169ng theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5\u201d.<\/p>\n
T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, lu\u1eadt t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft sai l\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u00e0m sao n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u01b0 s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9ng minh thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e2y?<\/p>\n
3.2.6. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o, ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/b><\/p>\n
[1] Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p suy lu\u1eadn quy n\u1ea1p l\u00e0 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn chung r\u1eb1ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed9c l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau<\/p>\n
[2] [\u0110\u1ee9c] Erich Blechschmidt (Erich Blechschmidt), b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n D\u01b0\u1ee1ng Ch\u00ednh, \u201cKh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d (The Beginnings of Human Life), China Science Publishing & Media, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1987, Trang 31-38, 52-57.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
[ChanhKien.org] Ph\u1ea7n 3. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ba b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a Khi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eebng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c trong c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u1edf t\u1ea7m v\u0129 m\u00f4, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch logic th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, gi\u00fap […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[304,97],"tags":[420],"class_list":["post-30376","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loat-bai","category-phan-tich-binh-luan","tag-thuyet-tien-hoa-sai-lam-khoa-hoc"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n