{"id":29873,"date":"2023-04-11T11:46:29","date_gmt":"2023-04-11T04:46:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=29873"},"modified":"2025-05-30T14:22:55","modified_gmt":"2025-05-30T07:22:55","slug":"thuyet-tien-hoa-sai-lam-khoa-hoc-lon-nhat-cua-nhan-loai-phan-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/04\/thuyet-tien-hoa-sai-lam-khoa-hoc-lon-nhat-cua-nhan-loai-phan-2.html","title":{"rendered":"Thuy\u1ebft Ti\u1ebfn H\u00f3a – Sai l\u1ea7m khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i (Ph\u1ea7n 2)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft Ti\u1ebfn H\u00f3a v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/b><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1859, trong quy\u1ec3n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d, Darwin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, cho r\u1eb1ng gi\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t t\u00e2n k\u1ef3, r\u1ea5t t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 khi\u00eau kh\u00edch k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111ang n\u00f3ng l\u00f2ng t\u00ecm t\u00f2i, th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t d\u1ee5ng v\u00f5 m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

\u201cB\u1ed9 ba b\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d quan s\u00e1t, gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 x\u00e1c minh l\u00e0 m\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng tu\u00e2n theo t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d c\u1ee7a Darwin ch\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh xong hai b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u; thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1t nh\u1ea5t, cho t\u1edbi nay v\u1eabn l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea5m nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u00f4 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi Darwin kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra: sinh v\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u00e0 t\u1eeb sinh v\u1eadt nguy\u00ean s\u01a1, v\u1eady sinh v\u1eadt nguy\u00ean s\u01a1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i tin theo Darwin \u0111\u1ea9y ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh l\u00f9i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed7 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t: c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed amino axit. H\u1ecd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed amino axit h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p nhau \u201cng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean\u201d c\u1ee7a s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng bi\u1ec3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00eam to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n, khi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00eam phong ph\u00fa, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 \u1ea9n n\u1ea5p v\u00e0o c\u00e1i h\u1ed9p b\u1ea3o m\u1ec7nh \u201cng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean\u201d th\u1ea7n b\u00ed nh\u1ea5t x\u01b0a nay, n\u01a1i t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2n c\u00f4ng k\u00edch ch\u00ed m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n

Darwin kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 ba trong \u201cb\u1ed9 ba b\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d. \u00d4ng hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng theo th\u1eddi gian l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n, r\u1ed3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i trong sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 phong ph\u00fa t\u1edbi n\u1ed7i, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i g\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 ra di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea3y may ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng b\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf: sau kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 r\u01b0\u1ee1i, nh\u1eefng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng khi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean ngai v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a l\u00ed lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u201c\u0111\u00e1ng ra kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u00f3\u201d nh\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 ph\u00f4i thai h\u1ecdc v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ti\u00ean phong m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, thu\u1eadn theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, quan s\u00e1t \u0111i v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c logic; m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i thai ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m quan s\u00e1t sai l\u1ea7m, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t logic khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

Sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sau khi gi\u00fap m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eb9n to\u00e0n thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u1edbi b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i cho thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng uy hi\u1ebfp s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc); to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ph\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (nh\u01b0 Sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Gen v.v.), th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, c\u00f2n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra b\u00e0n tay s\u1eaft l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f4i thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb trong h\u1ed9p b\u1ea3o m\u1ec7nh \u201cng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean\u201d ra, khi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ban ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0n n\u0103m qua; h\u01a1n n\u1eefa theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n t\u00e2m l\u00fd, nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n b\u1ec7nh h\u1ecdc t\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ebf l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u1ed1c s\u1ee9c v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ebf. H\u1ecd vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch n\u00f3i thuy\u1ebft, g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

X\u00e9t t\u1eeb xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong b\u1ed9 ba b\u01b0\u1edbc. Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00e3i s\u1ebd \u0111i v\u00e0o s\u00e1ch s\u1eed nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb n\u1eafm \u0111\u1ea5m s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia d\u1eb9p tr\u1eeb h\u1ebft; sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp thu r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a, thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay n\u00f3 \u0111ang g\u1eb7p \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

Khi c\u00f2n \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, xem n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Sau khi ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do suy ngh\u0129, t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con chim nh\u1ecf b\u1ecb giam trong l\u1ed3ng qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi l\u1ed3ng, v\u01b0\u01a1n c\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1edbt gi\u00f3, t\u1ef1 do bay l\u01b0\u1ee3n d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u1eddi xanh. S\u1ed1ng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u00e8n \u00e9p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft, v\u1eabn t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng minh c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng kinh \u0111\u00e1ng than, \u0111\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng c\u01b0\u1eddi. L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00fang t\u00f4i bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

2.1 “Th\u00e1nh kinh c\u1ee7a ma v\u01b0\u01a1ng”<\/b><\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0o th\u1eddi m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111ang t\u00edch c\u1ef1c b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111u\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o sau th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy t\u00e0n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea7n m\u1ea5t t\u00edn t\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a. Ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec sinh t\u1ed3n, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng k\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh sinh t\u1ed3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Darwin t\u1eebng g\u1ecdi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 “Th\u00e1nh kinh c\u1ee7a ma v\u01b0\u01a1ng” [1] . M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi, nh\u01b0ng qua h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m t\u1eeb khi thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn nay, c\u00e1i t\u00ean n\u00e0y v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

2.2 Nh\u1eefng nghi ng\u1edd c\u1ee7a Darwin<\/b><\/p>\n

Khi Darwin c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d, nh\u1eefng nghi ng\u1edd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y qua m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 g\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea1o. Trong \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d, Darwin \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o, cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i g\u1ea5u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt to l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 voi. Cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng ta n\u00f3i, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian, th\u00f4ng qua ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, g\u1ea5u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1 voi. Trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i sau n\u00e0y, Darwin \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ed7 th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng g\u1ea5u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1 voi th\u00f4ng qua ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a: lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 voi v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m lu m\u1edd thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

2.3 L\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i, nh\u1ea7m gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft th\u00e0nh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/b><\/p>\n

Nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh h\u1ecdc. T\u1eeb v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 voi \u1edf tr\u00ean, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng khi t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, Darwin \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed9n th\u00eam v\u00e0o ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1ea5t t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n hay l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ea5p cao. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Darwin c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi sau, v\u00ec y\u00eau th\u00edch gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n n\u00e2ng n\u00f3 l\u00ean t\u1ea7m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ea5p cao, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 \u00fd xem n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n. Nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u201cnh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d l\u00f2ng n\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 thi\u00eau, v\u1eaft \u00f3c suy t\u01b0 t\u1ea1o ra v\u1eadt ch\u1ee9ng, v\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00ecnh, vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cch\u1ee9ng minh\u201d t\u00ednh ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Khi s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1i l\u1ed9, h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u00fac \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec, h\u1ecd quay l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng: T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t th\u00edch thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, v\u1eady n\u00ean hy v\u1ecdng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1i “nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc” ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan v\u00e0 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i t\u00e2m th\u00e1i n\u00e0y th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. B\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u00e1i g\u1ea5p g\u00e1p nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00e0y sai khi\u1ebfn, khi vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch h\u1ecd kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh, kh\u00e1ch quan. T\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ai n\u00f3i sao th\u00ec l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u1eady, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 xem gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft th\u00e0nh ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. \u201cN\u00f3i sao l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u1eady\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ec l\u00e0 \u201cph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t\u201d n\u00ean b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng hay l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 k\u00ecm h\u00e3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh, \u00e1p ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng \u200b\u200bl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin v\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a nhi\u1ec1u r\u1ed3i th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i. Ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c so t\u1ea7m nh\u1ecf \u0111i r\u1ed3i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1eadn n\u01b0\u1edbc theo d\u00f2ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i \u0111u\u00f4i c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u0169 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u c\u0169 th\u00ec t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

2.4 Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a b\u1ecb v\u00e2y h\u00e3m trong nguy c\u01a1 tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng<\/b><\/p>\n

Cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a thi\u1ebfu. Darwin c\u00f3 c\u00e2u “ghi ch\u00e9p h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7” \u0111\u00e3 che d\u1ea5u th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u1ed9 ra c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quay gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3n k\u00edch, tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a b\u1ecb v\u00e2y h\u00e3m trong nguy c\u01a1 tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng. Khi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng khi n\u00f3i t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e3o ngoan c\u1ed1 v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y, nghe m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ecdt tai.<\/p>\n

2.5 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/b><\/p>\n

Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i m\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i tr\u00ed c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eebng n\u00f3i chi \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 di\u1ec5n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201c\u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n\u201d c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111ang suy ngh\u0129 thay cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt thay cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u201ckh\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch n\u00fai\u201d kh\u00f4ng? Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n thay v\u00ec l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o, n\u1ebfu b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t trong \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ee5n v\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft; m\u1ed9t khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u00ea trong \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh, n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o logic \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, n\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c li\u00ean quan, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i suy ngh\u0129 b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed. C\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 so s\u00e1nh, tranh lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i sao ch\u00e9p b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

2.6 T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/b><\/p>\n

[1] Th\u01b0 V\u0129 Quang, “H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Darwin”, Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i, \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1959 \u2014—-<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/i><\/p>\n

L\u00fd lu\u1eadn (hay l\u00fd lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc): l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, mang t\u00ednh quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd, quy lu\u1eadt, ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 (Wikipedia)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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