[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n
Trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1i g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00f9ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7ng di\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n
Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng quan ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0 duy \u1edf h\u1eadu thi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 duy quan ni\u1ec7m h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u1eadu thi\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1eebng t\u1ea7ng, tr\u00ean quan ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0 duy c\u0169 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean t\u01b0 duy quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u1eebng t\u1ea7ng trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t khi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o, chi ph\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, sau \u0111\u00f3 quay l\u1ea1i thao kh\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u1eadu thi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ti\u00ean thi\u00ean.<\/p>\n
T\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n ban \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ti\u00ean thi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh. Ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ti\u00ean thi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh khi ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, l\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n v\u00f4 t\u00e0, l\u00e0 \u1edf trong \u0110\u1ea1o. Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i khi \u1edf trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ti\u00ean thi\u00ean ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u theo b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh trong \u0110\u1ea1o m\u00e0 l\u00e0m, ch\u00ed thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed m\u1ef9, thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 v\u00f4 vi nhi tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u00e0i h\u00f2a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac nh\u1ea5t. Thu\u1eadn theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u1ed1ng trong qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, t\u01b0 t\u00e2m, sinh m\u1ec7nh t\u1eeb t\u1eeb r\u1edbt xu\u1ed1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u00e3m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, kinh nghi\u1ec7m, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean t\u1ea7ng t\u1ea7ng quan ni\u1ec7m h\u1eadu thi\u00ean, t\u1ea7ng t\u1ea7ng t\u00edch l\u0169y, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i ch\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3 ti\u00ean thi\u00ean, l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i thu\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n ti\u00ean thi\u00ean.<\/p>\n
Sau khi t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3 ti\u00ean thi\u00ean, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc, gia c\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m h\u1eadu thi\u00ean, r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 huy ng\u00f4n h\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea7ng t\u1ea7ng quan ni\u1ec7m h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u1eadu thi\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, b\u1ecb h\u00e3m nh\u1eadp trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o, do v\u1eady t\u01b0 duy ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau khi \u0111i qua s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung, gia c\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng quan ni\u1ec7m h\u1eadu thi\u00ean n\u00e0y s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, b\u1ecb th\u00eam v\u00e0o r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 h\u1eadu thi\u00ean, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m l\u00e0m n\u00f3 m\u00e9o m\u00f3, khi \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 huy ng\u00f4n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o, l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. L\u00fac con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ti\u00ean thi\u00ean thu\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n ban \u0111\u1ea7u, sau khi t\u01b0 duy do ti\u00ean thi\u00ean ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t ra, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 huy ng\u00f4n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u00ean trong kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc gia c\u00f4ng n\u00e0o \u1edf t\u1ea7ng di\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy, n\u00ean l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m g\u00ec li\u1ec1n l\u00e0m n\u1ea5y, t\u00f9y k\u1ef3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf trong \u0110\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n
Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sa \u0111\u1ecda, t\u1eebng t\u1ea7ng quan ni\u1ec7m h\u1eadu thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u, \u0111\u1ec1u \u00e1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 c\u00e1i thi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i sau khi r\u1edbt xu\u1ed1ng, sinh ra d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1, th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u0169ng sinh ra th\u00e0nh t\u00edn; sinh ra \u00e1c th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng sinh ra c\u00e1i thi\u1ec7n\u2026\u2026 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sa ng\u00e3 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch l\u0169y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, quan ni\u1ec7m h\u1eadu thi\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3 ti\u00ean thi\u00ean, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3 ti\u00ean thi\u00ean.<\/p>\n
Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p s\u1ebd \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quan ni\u1ec7m x\u1ea5u s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho n\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tay tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 tay ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai b\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t. T\u1ea1i sao t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau? B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh (b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1), m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m th\u00eam v\u00e0o b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u1eadu thi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3 ti\u00ean thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0110\u1ea1o gia tu luy\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed5n quy ch\u00e2n, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u00e0i tr\u1eeb v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf t\u1ea7ng t\u1ea7ng quan ni\u1ec7m h\u1eadu thi\u00ean, quay v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3 ti\u00ean thi\u00ean ban \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u00e0m cho ch\u00e2n ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i n\u1eefa, l\u00e0m cho m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1o gia khi tu th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n Nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n
L\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n l\u00e0 hai s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhau, n\u1ebfu ta l\u1eafc chu\u00f4ng cho ch\u00f3, sau m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n l\u1eafc chu\u00f4ng cho con ch\u00f3 \u0103n th\u1ee9c \u0103n ngon, l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, sau n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nghe th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng, con ch\u00f3 li\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e3i. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a con ch\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng quan ni\u1ec7m ngo\u1ea1i lai, ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean tr\u00ean t\u01b0 duy nguy\u00ean lai, m\u1ed9t khi c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ph\u00e1t, l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, quay l\u1ea1i kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ch\u00f3. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh quan ni\u1ec7m h\u1eadu thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u00edch l\u0169y, t\u1ea7ng t\u1ea7ng b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp, ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean t\u01b0 duy ban \u0111\u1ea7u, quay l\u1ea1i kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, thao t\u00fang ng\u00f4n h\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng di\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy h\u1eadu thi\u00ean, n\u00f3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n ti\u00ean thi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua t\u1ea7ng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp l\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0 duy h\u1eadu thi\u00ean, b\u1ecb gia c\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, ch\u1ec9 huy ng\u00f4n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Cho n\u00ean m\u1ed9t khi ti\u00ean thi\u00ean ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng quan ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0 duy h\u1eadu thi\u00ean ch\u00f4n l\u1ea5p, th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee1 tinh th\u1ea7n do Socrates l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ebf nh\u00e2n, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 tr\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng t\u1ea7ng quan ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0 duy h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u1eadu thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ti\u00ean thi\u00ean, t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n
Trong qu\u00e1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh quan ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a h\u1eadu thi\u00ean, \u1edf t\u1ea7ng di\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng, t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u1eebng t\u1ea7ng t\u1eebng t\u1ea7ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ec7ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Th\u1ee9c \u0103n ngon v\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e3i v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, con ch\u00f3 th\u1ea5y th\u1ee9c \u0103n ngon s\u1ebd ch\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e3i. Nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng, con ch\u00f3 nghe th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e3i. Nh\u01b0ng rung chu\u00f4ng cho con ch\u00f3, sau \u0111\u00f3 cho n\u00f3 th\u1ee9c \u0103n ngon, qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, trong t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ch\u00f3 s\u1ebd s\u1ea3n sinh ra m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng quan ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0 duy h\u1eadu thi\u00ean, t\u1ea7ng quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e3i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng di\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u1eafm. Khi lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0 duy sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh xong, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, b\u1ebb cong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m sai l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi s\u1ebd tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf ng\u00f4n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Khi lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0 duy sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u00edch l\u0169y nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ean, t\u01b0 duy con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u1ebb cong t\u1eebng t\u1ea7ng t\u1eebng t\u1ea7ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o, r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0 duy \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng, th\u00ec s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea3o chi\u1ec1u, t\u1edbi l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, Thi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00e0 \u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1edd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec7n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay. M\u1ed7i khi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea3o chi\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u1eafp b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n
Ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gia m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea3o chi\u1ec1u, ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng di\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea3o chi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n
\u201cB\u1ea5t th\u1ee9c L\u01b0 S\u01a1n ch\u00e2n di\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c, ch\u1ec9 duy\u00ean th\u00e2n t\u1ea1i th\u1eed s\u01a1n trung\u201d (T\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00fai L\u01b0 S\u01a1n, l\u00e0 do ta \u0111ang \u1edf trong n\u00fai \u0111\u00f3). Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea3y tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7ng di\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7ng di\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u1edf tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 thao kh\u1ed1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 l\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t ra, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i qua t\u1ea7ng t\u1ea7ng d\u1eabn d\u1eaft v\u00e0 gia c\u00f4ng m\u1edbi t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00ean cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1ec9 khi \u0111\u1ec1 cao t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh, ch\u1ec9 sau khi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, l\u1ea5y ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7ng di\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy h\u1eadu thi\u00ean n\u00e0y, t\u1eebng t\u1ea7ng t\u1eebng t\u1ea7ng t\u00e1ch b\u00f3c ch\u00fang ra, t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tu luy\u1ec7n h\u1ed3i th\u0103ng c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i quay v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u00e0i h\u00f2a m\u1ef9 h\u1ea3o h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n
Sau Socrates, gi\u1edbi Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc gia ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh n\u1eefa, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Plato c\u1ee7a \u00d4ng, \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Aristoteles c\u1ee7a Plato v.v., h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc gia ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh. C\u00f3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 so s\u00e1nh Plato v\u1edbi Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, Plato \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Socrates, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba. Plato l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c do nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 duy \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o sai l\u1ec7ch t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh, \u00f4ng ta t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh, c\u00f2n n\u00f3i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd? T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng manh nha c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u00e0 \u00e1c nh\u01b0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ed9ng th\u00ea, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong cu\u1ed1n L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ed1c<\/i> (Utopia) c\u1ee7a Plato.<\/p>\n
Sau n\u00e0y Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sa v\u00e0o tri th\u1ee9c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Sau Socrates, c\u00e1c Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, t\u1ef1 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. D\u00f9 th\u1ebf nh\u00e2n cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 h\u1eadu thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tri th\u1ee9c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. V\u1ec1 sau Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111i v\u00e0o ng\u00f5 c\u1ee5t, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb b\u00f3p m\u00e9o, sai l\u1ec7ch, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea3o chi\u1ec1u, sa v\u00e0o ma \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ma \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n lu\u1eadn, ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a lu\u1eadn, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ma qu\u1ef7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Ma V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ba Tu\u1ea7n ph\u00e1i ma con, ma ch\u00e1u xu\u1ea5t gia l\u00e0m h\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u00e2n kho\u00e1c c\u00e0 sa, mi\u1ec7ng ni\u1ec7m kinh v\u0103n m\u00e0 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni v\u1eady.<\/p>\n