{"id":29782,"date":"2023-03-18T10:03:26","date_gmt":"2023-03-18T03:03:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=29782"},"modified":"2025-05-12T10:20:17","modified_gmt":"2025-05-12T03:20:17","slug":"dai-dao-tri-quoc-16-dai-dao-phuong-tay","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/03\/dai-dao-tri-quoc-16-dai-dao-phuong-tay.html","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c (16): \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y"},"content":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

V\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, m\u1ed9t trong m\u1ed9t ngo\u00e0i. V\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5p, l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m. Nh\u01b0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, sinh m\u1ec7nh, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, nh\u1eafm th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o t\u1ea7ng di\u1ec7n th\u00e2m s\u00e2u m\u00e0 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i nh\u00ecn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y s\u1edd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t cao, si\u00eau xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, xem tr\u1ecdng \u1edf n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb1ng sau, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Hoa, m\u1ea5y b\u00e0i ti\u1ebfp theo, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c. Khi xem b\u00e0i n\u00e0y, xin vui l\u00f2ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p xem l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c (7): \u0110\u1ea1o gia tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1o gia tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u1ea1o gia Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf t\u1ea7ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c. Socrates l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi L\u00e3o T\u1eed, nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng Socrates ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi L\u00e3o T\u1eed ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, hai v\u1ecb l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 nhau trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. \u1ede ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f9ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 Hy L\u1ea1p – Socrates.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi Socrates, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 Hy L\u1ea1p ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Socrates, \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i sang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 (b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi). \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 truy c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u1ea1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, do v\u1eady nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1i m\u00e0 Socrates truy c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu, l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 truy c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 truy c\u1ea7u \u1edf ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

L\u00e3o T\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi r\u1eddi nh\u00e2n gian, v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i 5000 ch\u1eef. Socrates c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ch\u1eef g\u00ec, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ch\u00e9p ra sau khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb sai l\u1ec7ch, khi ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng cho th\u00eam \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Socrates, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m l\u1ec7ch \u0111i \u00fd ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Socrates, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Plato – ng\u01b0\u1eddi ghi ch\u00e9p ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t, cho n\u00ean l\u00e0m h\u1eadu th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Socrates.<\/p>\n

Socrates l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m cho sinh m\u1ec7nh h\u1ed3i th\u0103ng, tu luy\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh Th\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec L\u00e3o T\u1eed \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, v\u00ec v\u1eady ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Socrates th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u1ee3 s\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p<\/i> (T\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: \u201cPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee1 tinh th\u1ea7n\u201d), \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu luy\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho sinh m\u1ec7nh h\u1ed3i th\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Socrates l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee1, gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta sinh n\u1edf. Socrates th\u00f4ng qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, d\u1eabn d\u1eaft, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ea3n sinh ra t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, n\u00ean \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee1 tinh th\u1ea7n\u201d.<\/p>\n

Khi Socrates tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n, tranh lu\u1eadn, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c uy\u00ean th\u00e2m, c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f3i m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec c\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec, \u0111\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Socrates ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh truy v\u1ea5n t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ecfi v\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m cho k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0a ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau t\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi nhau, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u00f3. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Socrates th\u00f4ng qua kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng g\u1ee3i m\u1edf, d\u1eabn d\u1eaft, l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng Socrates l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u1edf trong t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00eau c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Cho n\u00ean Socrates g\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p g\u1ee3i m\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ebft ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 “ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee1 tinh th\u1ea7n”. \u0110\u00e2y th\u1ef1c ra ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu luy\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1o gia c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng xem d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee1 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00f4 tri, ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 tri c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng Socrates t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tri, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed cho l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u1ee5y bi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3o ho\u1ea1t, k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ebf nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb1ng sau, kh\u00f4ng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c (7): \u0110\u1ea1o gia tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c<\/a>\u201d \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gia. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc m\u00e0 sinh ra, hai m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi sinh ra. C\u00f3 Thi\u1ec7n th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00c1c, c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u00edn th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1, c\u00f3 tr\u00ean th\u00ec c\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi\u2026 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n sinh. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 di\u1ec7n, l\u00e0m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i quay v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u00e0i h\u00f2a ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9, th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c h\u1eadu thi\u00ean do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, quay v\u1ec1 trong \u0110\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gia.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh<\/i> n\u00f3i, ma qu\u1ef7 h\u00f3a th\u00e2n th\u00e0nh r\u1eafn, d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7 Eva \u0103n tr\u00e1i c\u1ea5m tr\u00ean c\u00e2y tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, Adam v\u00e0 Eva sau khi sinh ra tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t Thi\u1ec7n \u00c1c, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ecd ra kh\u1ecfi v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e0ng?<\/p>\n

Adam v\u00e0 Eva l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng do Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o ra, ban \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 \u01b0u v\u00f4 l\u1ef1 trong v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0110\u1ecba \u0110\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5, t\u1ef1 do t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac vui v\u1ebb v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00e2y k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0i h\u00f2a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn theo b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh m\u00e0 l\u00e0m v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi nhi tr\u1ecb \u1edf trong \u0110\u1ea1o. Khi ma qu\u1ef7 d\u1eabn d\u1ee5 Eva, Eva x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c Adam \u0103n v\u1ee5ng qu\u1ea3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 xong, h\u1ecd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean \u201ctr\u00ed tu\u1ec7\u201d c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t Thi\u1ec7n \u00c1c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0103n tr\u00e1i c\u1ea5m, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u1ec7n \u00c1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ti\u00ean thi\u00ean thu\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n v\u00f4 t\u00e0, \u1edf trong \u0110\u1ea1o, th\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u theo b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh m\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u1edf trong \u0110\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00c1c, do v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 Thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00ed Thi\u1ec7n. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, Thi\u1ec7n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u00c1c, \u1ea9n trong \u0110\u1ea1o m\u00e0 v\u00f4 danh, \u00c1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 sinh, n\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i Thi\u1ec7n v\u00f4 danh, ch\u00ed Thi\u1ec7n. Do v\u1eady l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ch\u00ed Thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u1ec7n \u00c1c, thu\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n v\u00f4 t\u00e0 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m.<\/p>\n

Khi \u0103n qu\u1ea3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, s\u1ea3n sinh ra tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c Thi\u1ec7n, \u00c1c, t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a Adam v\u00e0 Eva b\u1ecb sa \u0111\u1ecda, b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quay v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ti\u00ean thi\u00ean thu\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3 ly khai \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u00e0i h\u00f2a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac nh\u1ea5t ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ed1ng trong v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0110\u1ecba \u0110\u00e0ng thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft m\u1ef9 h\u1ea3o n\u1eefa, cho n\u00ean Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ecd ra kh\u1ecfi v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0110\u1ecba \u0110\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecd xu\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1c li\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ee3i h\u1ecd \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea9y t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m linh, l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa quay v\u1ec1 trong \u0110\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd quay v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac m\u1ef9 h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n. K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh thu nh\u1ecf qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e0m l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p, ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ea1o, th\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00edch, Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n Socrates l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u201cPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee1 tinh th\u1ea7n\u201d c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 tri c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00f4 tri, k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf \u0111i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb trong s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sa \u0111\u1ecda h\u1eadu thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. B\u1edfi v\u00ec tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra sau khi sinh m\u1ec7nh b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, b\u1ecb h\u00e3m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc m\u00e0 sinh ra, l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m cho nh\u00e2n t\u00e2m tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, kh\u1edfi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n, c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i quay v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thu\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ti\u00ean thi\u00ean, c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, quay v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o, khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a nh\u1ea5t. Do v\u1eady v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u1eadu thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, quay v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp trong ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng lu\u1eadn thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc. Socrates c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i \u201cPhaedo\u201d c\u1ee7a Plato \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m tho\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Socrates: \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu, c\u00e1i s\u1ef1 Vui V\u1ebb n\u00e0y sao m\u00e0 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 – Th\u1ed1ng Kh\u1ed5 theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, hai lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng nhau tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n truy c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t trong hai th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3n di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi n\u00f3, c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 hai th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t v\u1eady\u2026 ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y xem xem c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u do m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u00e0 sinh ra? B\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 Thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00c1c, c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 xi\u1ebft\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec L\u00e3o T\u1eed gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1eady n\u00ean mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c h\u1eadu thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, ph\u00e1 tr\u1eeb h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u201cph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee1 tinh th\u1ea7n\u201d c\u1ee7a Socrates l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 tri c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf h\u1ebft tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u1eadu thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ec v\u1eady s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 tri n\u00e0y k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c h\u1eadu thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Ch\u1ec9 khi nh\u1ea3y tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc m\u1edbi quay v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o, v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed Hu\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Cho n\u00ean Th\u1ea7n kh\u1ea3i th\u1ecb cho th\u1ebf nh\u00e2n r\u1eb1ng: Socrates, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tri, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 tri c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o? Kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n th\u00f4i. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee1 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Socrates: \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00f4 tri, xin l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Socrates t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh truy h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0m cho k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, l\u1ed9 r\u00f5 ch\u1ed7 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 ch\u1ed7 sai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Socrates l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua khai m\u1edf kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra h\u1eadu thi\u00ean trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9 b\u1ea5t ph\u00e1, l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu (c\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t). B\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, cho n\u00ean tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 sinh ra trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i r\u1ed3i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, xa r\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o (Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd), v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o, ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu, v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc l\u00e0 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng sau khi l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u01a1 h\u1edf. Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y b\u00e8o tr\u00f4i, dao \u0111\u1ed9ng theo, cho n\u00ean ai c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh (h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn th\u00ec tr\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y).<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, do v\u1eady n\u00ean tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t. Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o Socrates v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c h\u1eadu thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, nh\u1ea3y tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ee9ng trong t\u1ea7ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u su\u1ed1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ed7 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c truy v\u1ea5n, v\u1eb7n h\u1ecfi, l\u00e0m cho k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn m\u00e0 l\u1ed9 ra ch\u1ed7 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 ch\u1ed7 sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng th\u00f4ng qua t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eabn d\u1eaft, l\u00e0m cho t\u01b0 duy ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, quy ch\u00ednh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu, cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu, v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf, quy ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u1eadu thi\u00ean, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, quay v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh m\u1ec7nh h\u1ed3i th\u0103ng, ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed5n quy ch\u00e2n, n\u00ean m\u1edbi n\u00f3i: Socrates l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u201cph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee1 tinh th\u1ea7n\u201d, k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu luy\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1o gia c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ea1o gia khi \u1edf t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 th\u1ea5p th\u00ec d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c, tu luy\u1ec7n l\u00ean t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 cao th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn sinh m\u1ec7nh h\u1ed3i th\u0103ng, tu luy\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh Th\u1ea7n, Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: https:\/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/node\/263224<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org] V\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, m\u1ed9t trong m\u1ed9t ngo\u00e0i. V\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5p, l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[305],"class_list":["post-29782","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-van-hoa-than-truyen","tag-dai-dao-tri-quoc"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c (16): \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/03\/dai-dao-tri-quoc-16-dai-dao-phuong-tay.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c (16): \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[ChanhKien.org] V\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, m\u1ed9t trong m\u1ed9t ngo\u00e0i. 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