H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh: “H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean” (Natural Colour System) x\u00e1c l\u1eadp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/em><\/p>\nK\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Ostwald ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c (Ostwald color system) x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Munsell (Munsell color system) \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u0103m m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n… Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ba m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 n\u00ean m\u1edbi l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ba m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n
Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p in b\u1ed1n m\u00e0u khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n in \u1ea5n h\u00e0ng cao c\u1ea5p m\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p in s\u00e1u m\u00e0u \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n. B\u1edfi v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng th\u00eam hai lo\u1ea1i m\u1ef1c in tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u1ed1n m\u00e0u ban \u0111\u1ea7u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng s\u1ebd m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng gam m\u00e0u, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n, in ra m\u00e0u s\u1eafc tinh m\u1ef9 h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ba m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng th\u00eam m\u1ef1c in m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c?<\/p>\n
\u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ba m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, suy cho c\u00f9ng th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u00f5 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hay m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu, khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n
Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng cho d\u00f9 \u1edf trong t\u1ea7ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u1edf t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c th\u00ec c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng trong tu luy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng, m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf \u1edf t\u1ea7ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 m\u00e0u cam cao h\u01a1n m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng, v\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u00f2n m\u00e0u cam cao h\u01a1n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng? M\u00e0u t\u00edm c\u00f3 t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n m\u00e0u lam v\u1eady m\u00e0 m\u00e0u lam l\u00e0 m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, t\u1ea1i sao m\u00e0u t\u00edm kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n? V\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u1eeb c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi cao h\u01a1n m\u00e0 x\u00e9t th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecf, cam, v\u00e0ng, l\u1ee5c, l\u1ee5c lam, lam, t\u00edm m\u1ed7i m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ri\u00eang v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 to l\u1edbn \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1eb1ng sau n\u00f3, t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ecdn ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 sai?<\/p>\n
K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3y m\u00e0u n\u00e0y, trong c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng tranh c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb9p, \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua pha tr\u1ed9n ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p m\u00e0u m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf th\u1eabm t\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e3o h\u00f2a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf th\u1eabm, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat l\u1ea1nh. L\u00fac n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf th\u1eabm v\u00e0 m\u00e0u lam ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u00e0u l\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho m\u00e0u h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1i h\u1eb3n \u0111i, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3. C\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua pha tr\u1ed9n nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn mua ch\u00fang \u1edf c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n
\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c m\u00e0u. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed1c m\u00e0u kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi nhau, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n l\u00e2u c\u1ee7a m\u00e0u s\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00e0ng k\u1ebft thu\u1ed1c m\u00e0u. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00e0u chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 qua ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n, th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n
L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5, cadmium cam, n\u00f3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o m\u00e0u cam duy nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed9n cadmium \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 chrome v\u00e0ng v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u00e0u cam, th\u00ec t\u00f9y theo s\u1ef1 qua \u0111i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0u cam t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u n\u00e2u do m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n
V\u00ec nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y, ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m k\u1ef5 trong vi\u1ec7c pha tr\u1ed9n m\u00e0u s\u1eafc trong gi\u1edbi m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nghi\u00eam t\u00fac gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u00fd th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau, nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c kh\u1eaft khe n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c tranh b\u1ecb r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t, bong tr\u00f3c, r\u01a1i ra sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m do thu\u1ed1c m\u00e0u m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1ea1t Ph\u00e1p, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1i theo xu th\u1ebf chung.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu. Hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 nay, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a. Trong h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t tr\u1eddi m\u1ed9t v\u1ef1c v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c trong \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e3o h\u1ecd coi th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecbnh qua h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb che m\u1eaft b\u1edfi gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u1edf b\u00ean b\u1edd v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con r\u1ed1i, \u0111i theo l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng b\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y b\u00e8o tr\u00f4i.<\/p>\n
H\u00f4m nay, ch\u00fang ta d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3i th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, xuy\u00ean qua m\u00e0n s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c, b\u01b0\u1edbc qua ch\u00f4ng gai, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tu luy\u1ec7n, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy ch\u00ednh l\u1ea1i trong c\u01a1n h\u1ed3ng th\u1ee7y, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thu\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n, thu\u1ea7n thi\u1ec7n, thu\u1ea7n m\u1ef9, l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa to\u1ea3 ra \u00e1nh h\u00e0o quang c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n
T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/p>\n
Aristote, De Sensu et Sensibilibus<\/i>, 4th century BC<\/p>\n
Cennino Cennini, Libro dell\u300fArte<\/i>, 1437<\/p>\n
Charles Moreau-Vauthier, La peinture<\/i>, 1913<\/p>\n
Ewald Hering, Zur Lehre vom Lichtsinne<\/i>, 1878<\/p>\n
\u00c9tienne Dinet, Les Fl\u00e9aux de la Peinture<\/i>, 1926<\/p>\n
Giorgio Vasari, Le vite de’ pi\u00f9 eccellenti pittori, scultori e architettori<\/i>, 1550<\/p>\n
Jacques-Nicolas Paillot de Montabert, Trait\u00e9 complet de la Peinture<\/i>, 1829<\/p>\n
Jean-Georges Vibert, La Science de la peinture<\/i>, 1891<\/p>\n
Leonardo da Vinci, Trattato della pittura<\/i>, 1651<\/p>\n
L\u00e9onor M\u00e9rim\u00e9e, De la peinture \u00e0 l\u300fhuile<\/i>, 1830<\/p>\n
Paul Coremans, Les Primitifs flamands<\/i>, 1953<\/p>\n
D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: http:\/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/node\/270620<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n Nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00e1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a. Trong gi\u1edbi m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt lu\u00f4n l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":29668,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,551,304,97],"tags":[414],"class_list":["post-29667","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bai-chon-loc","category-hoi-hoa","category-loat-bai","category-phan-tich-binh-luan","tag-khoa-hoc-mau-sac"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 tu luy\u1ec7n (Ph\u1ea7n 4) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 tu luy\u1ec7n (Ph\u1ea7n 4) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n Nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00e1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a. Trong gi\u1edbi m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt lu\u00f4n l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-02-15T07:42:21+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-05-30T20:29:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Color_diagram_Charles_Hayter.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"450\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"723\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"editor_n\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"editor_n\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"21 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"editor_n\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#\/schema\/person\/d39853a2b0e6235cdad43189e4cbd085\"},\"headline\":\"Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 tu luy\u1ec7n (Ph\u1ea7n 4)\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-02-15T07:42:21+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-05-30T20:29:56+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html\"},\"wordCount\":4248,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Color_diagram_Charles_Hayter.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc\"],\"articleSection\":[\"B\u00e0i ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc\",\"H\u1ed9i h\u1ecda\",\"Lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i (Series)\",\"Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html\",\"name\":\"Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 tu luy\u1ec7n (Ph\u1ea7n 4) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Color_diagram_Charles_Hayter.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-02-15T07:42:21+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-05-30T20:29:56+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#\/schema\/person\/d39853a2b0e6235cdad43189e4cbd085\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Color_diagram_Charles_Hayter.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Color_diagram_Charles_Hayter.jpg\",\"width\":450,\"height\":723},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 tu luy\u1ec7n (Ph\u1ea7n 4)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/\",\"name\":\"Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\",\"description\":\"Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#\/schema\/person\/d39853a2b0e6235cdad43189e4cbd085\",\"name\":\"editor_n\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/477cfe79ccaed8cd40df0d7aaa67e353ae2abbab5c5e604c00a2fa48794ede02?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/477cfe79ccaed8cd40df0d7aaa67e353ae2abbab5c5e604c00a2fa48794ede02?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"editor_n\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/author\/editorn\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 tu luy\u1ec7n (Ph\u1ea7n 4) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 tu luy\u1ec7n (Ph\u1ea7n 4) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net","og_description":"H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n Nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00e1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a. Trong gi\u1edbi m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt lu\u00f4n l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc […]","og_url":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html","og_site_name":"Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net","article_published_time":"2023-02-15T07:42:21+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-05-30T20:29:56+00:00","og_image":[{"width":450,"height":723,"url":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Color_diagram_Charles_Hayter.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"editor_n","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"editor_n","Est. reading time":"21 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html"},"author":{"name":"editor_n","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#\/schema\/person\/d39853a2b0e6235cdad43189e4cbd085"},"headline":"Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 tu luy\u1ec7n (Ph\u1ea7n 4)","datePublished":"2023-02-15T07:42:21+00:00","dateModified":"2025-05-30T20:29:56+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html"},"wordCount":4248,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Color_diagram_Charles_Hayter.jpg","keywords":["Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc"],"articleSection":["B\u00e0i ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc","H\u1ed9i h\u1ecda","Lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i (Series)","Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html","url":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html","name":"Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 tu luy\u1ec7n (Ph\u1ea7n 4) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Color_diagram_Charles_Hayter.jpg","datePublished":"2023-02-15T07:42:21+00:00","dateModified":"2025-05-30T20:29:56+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#\/schema\/person\/d39853a2b0e6235cdad43189e4cbd085"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Color_diagram_Charles_Hayter.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Color_diagram_Charles_Hayter.jpg","width":450,"height":723},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-4.html#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 tu luy\u1ec7n (Ph\u1ea7n 4)"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#website","url":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/","name":"Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net","description":"Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#\/schema\/person\/d39853a2b0e6235cdad43189e4cbd085","name":"editor_n","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/477cfe79ccaed8cd40df0d7aaa67e353ae2abbab5c5e604c00a2fa48794ede02?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/477cfe79ccaed8cd40df0d7aaa67e353ae2abbab5c5e604c00a2fa48794ede02?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"editor_n"},"url":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/author\/editorn"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29667","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29667"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29667\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29668"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29667"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29667"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29667"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Color_diagram_Charles_Hayter.jpg\")
<\/a><\/p>\n