{"id":29625,"date":"2023-02-04T10:32:41","date_gmt":"2023-02-04T03:32:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=29625"},"modified":"2025-06-16T00:21:19","modified_gmt":"2025-06-15T17:21:19","slug":"but-ky-tu-luyen-4-tu-luyen-o-noi-thap","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/02\/but-ky-tu-luyen-4-tu-luyen-o-noi-thap.html","title":{"rendered":"B\u00fat k\u00fd tu luy\u1ec7n (4): Tu luy\u1ec7n \u1edf n\u01a1i th\u1ea5p"},"content":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

(1)<\/b><\/p>\n

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\u201cTrong tu luy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu luy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng [t\u0103ng] tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean cao, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n [t\u0103ng] tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y m\u00e0 nh\u00ecn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u201d (Gi\u1ea3ng Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p h\u1ed9i Houston [1996])<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng Ph\u00e1p \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, S\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00fai Tu Di. N\u00fai Tu Di l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00fai Tu Di c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 hai.<\/p>\n

\u1ede t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng: n\u00fai Tu Di t\u1ea1i vi quan t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf t\u1ea7ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed; t\u1ea1i h\u1ed3ng quan, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 hai. N\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 hai, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ti\u1ec3u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i trong ph\u1ea1m vi n\u00e0y. Do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00fai Tu Di m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong ti\u1ec3u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u00fai Tu Di trong t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf trong ti\u1ec3u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n: dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c sinh m\u1ec7nh \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 dung n\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m s\u1edf t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n n\u1eb1m \u1edf l\u1edbp trung gian nh\u1ea5t, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, n\u1ed9i trong ph\u1ea1m vi kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed (vi quan) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh (h\u1ed3ng quan).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 xem dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sinh m\u1ec7nh l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 xem ch\u1ed7 cao (vi quan) c\u1ee7a anh ta l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n xem ch\u1ed7 th\u1ea5p (h\u1ed3ng quan) c\u1ee7a anh ta l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau, ph\u1ea1m vi bao g\u1ed3m t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi bao h\u00e0m t\u1eeb n\u01a1i vi quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed3ng quan c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a anh ta. Cho d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec3m cao r\u1ea5t cao, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5p m\u00e0 n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, anh ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bao dung v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

\u1ede t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng: \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p ch\u00fang ta t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 to l\u1edbn, v\u00ec v\u1eady trong tu luy\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u0103ng c\u00f4ng l\u00ean cao (\u1edf vi quan), m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f2n t\u0103ng c\u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p (\u1edf h\u1ed3ng quan), sau khi tu th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao h\u00e0m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

Trong tu luy\u1ec7n, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn \u201ccao\u201d m\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua tu luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea5p. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu luy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

(2)<\/b><\/p>\n

\u1ede t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng: nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu luy\u1ec7n tu xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ch\u1eef “t\u01b0”. Tu l\u00ean cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 tu xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9, l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nhau, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n. \u201cT\u01b0\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu luy\u1ec7n tu l\u00ean cao h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu luy\u1ec7n tu xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

Sinh m\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec7m l\u00f3t \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi, cho n\u00ean b\u1ecb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec7m cao l\u00ean ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p. N\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y \u0111i c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec7m l\u00f3t \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi, l\u1ea5y \u0111i m\u1ed9t \u00edt th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y h\u1ebft ra th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1y, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 “v\u00f4 \u0111\u00e1y”.<\/p>\n

Khi c\u00e1i \u201ct\u01b0\u201d b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, khi c\u00e1i \u201cv\u00f4 bi\u00ean\u201d \u1edf tr\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u201cv\u00f4 \u0111\u00e1y\u201d \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t, th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c v\u00f4 l\u1eadu, b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u00ean trong, bao h\u00e0m t\u1ea5t th\u1ea3y v\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu b\u1ea5t ph\u00e1. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u201cvi\u00ean dung b\u1ea5t ph\u00e1” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u1edf t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

H\u00e3y nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 b\u1ec3 c\u00e1, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n: b\u1ec3 c\u00e1 dung t\u00edch c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t \u00edt n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y. N\u1ebfu ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111em ch\u1ecdc th\u1ee7ng \u0111\u00e1y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7y v\u00e0 dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 h\u1ebft s\u1ea1ch, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e3 tr\u00e0ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1y, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng v\u00f4 \u00edch.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu b\u1ed5, l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9. L\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, h\u00e3y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eebng l\u1edbp lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1i “t\u01b0”, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p “\u0111\u00e1y” c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 xu\u1ed1ng t\u1ea7ng s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf h\u1ebft c\u00e1i “t\u01b0” v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “v\u00f4 \u0111\u00e1y”, “v\u00f4 bi\u00ean”, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ean trong t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a b\u00ean trong, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n vi\u00ean dung m\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu. \u201cB\u00ean trong\u201d l\u00e0 dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u201cb\u00ean ngo\u00e0i\u201d c\u0169ng l\u00e0 dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n ch\u1ee9a kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9.<\/p>\n

\u1ede t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y: \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, sau khi vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ti\u1ebfn nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u1edbi, s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. N\u1ebfu l\u00f9i l\u1ea1i th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea1p t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, l\u00f9i v\u00e0o trong \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p th\u00ec s\u1ebd v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i c\u00e2u th\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u1edbi trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

(3)<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cx\u1ea3 b\u1ecf\u201d kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p\u201d. H\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n, n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5: trong h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c do A ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch, A l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf B h\u1ebft l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, B th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng so \u0111o t\u1ecb n\u1ea1nh g\u00ec v\u1edbi A, anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng tr\u00e1nh xa A v\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a anh, \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cx\u1ea3 b\u1ecf\u201d. N\u1ebfu B kh\u00f4ng so \u0111o v\u1edbi A \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf A v\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c, ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u1ee7a A h\u1ebft l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng o\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng h\u1eadn, t\u1eeb t\u1eeb bao dung A v\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0m b\u1eadc thang m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, gi\u1eef cho h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t n\u00e0o, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p”.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 x\u00e9t: trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 x\u00e9t th\u00ec A l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c, c\u00f2n B ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e1t b\u1eadc thang kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u h\u01a1n m\u00e0 x\u00e9t th\u00ec B m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, b\u1edfi v\u00ec anh ta g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a anh ta.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: “\u0110\u00e1y c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt”. C\u1ea3 hai ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5, vua c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “h\u1eadu” (\u540e v\u00e0 \u5f8c l\u00e0 hai t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 h\u1eadu, th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thay th\u1ebf nhau), l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ho\u1eb7c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vua th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 con chim d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ph\u00eda sau \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00f4ng vua th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

B\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i L\u00e3o T\u1eed<\/i> d\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m vua th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1i d\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tu \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ti\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9. Khi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh Ti\u00ean, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “n\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh ngo\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng”.<\/p>\n

Trong L\u00e3o T\u1eed<\/i> c\u00f3 n\u00f3i: “S\u1edf d\u0129 Giang H\u1ea3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u0103m s\u00f4ng trong thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 l\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u0103m s\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i, dung n\u1ea1p tr\u0103m s\u00f4ng m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng”.<\/p>\n

Trong tu luy\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201ccon chim d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u\u201d, \u201ccon d\u00ea d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u\u201d (ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u), \u201cn\u1ed5i b\u1eadt gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng\u201d, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1 m\u00ecnh xu\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u201cvi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e1t b\u1eadc thang\u201d kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t khi l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt, khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng tu v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c b\u1ecb v\u1ea5p ng\u00e3. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh \u1edf m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng tu c\u00f9ng h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c l\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao.<\/p>\n

(4)<\/b><\/p>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1i, \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u1ef1c \u0111oan. \u0110\u1ea1o gia tu Ch\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ebfn di\u1ec7t vong, c\u00e1i \u201cCh\u00e2n\u201d n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc m\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111oan. \u0110\u1ea1o gia ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn thanh t\u0129nh v\u00f4 vi, th\u00edch tu \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c, l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, si\u00eau tr\u1ea7n tho\u00e1t t\u1ee5c. Khi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh cao nh\u00e3, thanh cao, ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ki\u00eau c\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 cao t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb x\u01b0a c\u00e1c v\u0103n nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadt n\u00e0y, th\u00edch chia con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng coi ra g\u00ec, th\u00ec t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf coi th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1. C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu luy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gia h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1u mang theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y b\u00ean m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c trong \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, \u201cCh\u00e2n\u201d ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean tr\u00ean s\u1ebd sinh ra \u201cth\u00e0nh\u201d, sinh ra \u201cl\u00f2ng ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh\u201d: trong ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t, tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i sinh ra “t\u00edn”, t\u00edn S\u01b0 t\u00edn Ph\u00e1p, sinh ra “trung” v\u00e0 “trinh” v.v. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1i sinh ra \u201cki\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh\u201d, sinh ra \u201ck\u00ednh\u201d, k\u00ednh S\u01b0 k\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p, sinh ra \u201ckhi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d v.v. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng th\u00e2m s\u00e2u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Trung Dung<\/i> c\u1ee7a Nho gia l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00f2ng ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh\u201d, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u1ea3y sinh khi \u201cCh\u00e2n\u201d \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung dung, kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111oan. \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 “h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p” b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, s\u1ef1 tu luy\u1ec7n s\u1ebd h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, tu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1n, v\u00ec v\u1eady s\u1ebd m\u01a1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 h\u1ed3, k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e3 tr\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 tu luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 “ng\u1ed9 Kh\u00f4ng”, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i “c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3”. Ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c, ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa “tri \u0110\u1ea1o” v\u00e0 “\u0111\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea1o”, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

(5)<\/b><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u n\u00f3i: “N\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1”.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch qu\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nghi\u00eam t\u00fac th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt trong m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c, l\u1ea5y \u201cCh\u00e2n\u201d l\u00e0m v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc che \u0111\u1eady, cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 tu l\u00ean cao, t\u1ecf ra l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00f3t m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t c\u00e1t trong m\u1eaft\u201d, l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng t\u1ecf ra t\u00e0i n\u0103ng s\u1eafc b\u00e9n. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n tham gia v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c n\u00e0o, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp m\u00ecnh, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o m\u1eaft m\u00ecnh, ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y thanh cao.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh, l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tu \u1edf n\u01a1i th\u1ea5p, cho n\u00ean sinh m\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 bao dung. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bao b\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u00fang sinh n\u00e0o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e3 tr\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang hay sai th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, c\u00f3 l\u00fac “h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3” ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan. D\u00f9 trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan n\u00ean gi\u1ea5u s\u00e2u trong t\u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, d\u00f9 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n trong l\u00f2ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, khi n\u00ean “h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3” th\u00ec “h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3”, v\u1edbi c\u00e1i v\u1ebb v\u00f4 tri v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1i ng\u1ed1c m\u00e0 to\u00e1t l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ng\u1edb ng\u1ea9n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 bao dung. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t bao la, tuy \u1edf n\u01a1i th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0ng h\u1ed3n h\u1eadu, kh\u00f4ng ai th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n n\u00f3, v\u00ec v\u1eady n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecdn v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, m\u00e0 g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, cho d\u00f9 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t, x\u1ea5u, d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n, tinh khi\u1ebft, n\u00f3 bao dung t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb tan ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 khi trong t\u00e2m trong nh\u01b0 g\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 v\u0169ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 trong l\u00f2ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2ng tr\u00e0o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ed nh\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u201d (ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng khoe khoang m\u00ecnh n\u00ean tr\u00f4ng b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n).<\/p>\n

(6)<\/b><\/p>\n

\n

\u201cD\u00f9 cho ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb b\u1ea5t h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 x\u1ea5u t\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1eaft th\u00e9p th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc uy l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb bi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tan ch\u1ea3y\u201d (Gi\u1ea3ng Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p h\u1ed9i mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y M\u1ef9 qu\u1ed1c [1999])<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u5bb9\u3001\u6eb6\u3001\u7194 l\u00e0 ba ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m, ti\u1ebfng Trung \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u201cr\u00f3ng\u201d, \u00e2m H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u201cdung\u201d. C\u1ea3 \u6eb6 (h\u00f2a tan) v\u00e0 \u7194(n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y) \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u5bb9 (dung n\u1ea1p, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng).<\/p>\n

Theo nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n: \u5bb9 (dung n\u1ea1p) l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, ch\u1ec9 sau khi bao dung th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i; sau khi \u0111\u00e3 bao dung m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tan ch\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t, cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn bao dung m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, l\u1ea5y \u0111i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng cao b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng, \u00e2m th\u1ea7m bao b\u1ecdc t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh, th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh v\u00e0o trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tan bi\u1ebfn trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb bi h\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn trong \u00e2m th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 khi \u5bb9 (dung n\u1ea1p) th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u00ec m\u1edbi h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

(7)<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng tu \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ma v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o, anh \u1ea5y n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y anh \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao ma v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng cao h\u01a1n \u0110\u1ea1o, sau n\u00e0y anh \u1ea5y hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng: n\u1ebfu ma cao h\u01a1n \u0110\u1ea1o, th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 dung h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t h\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1o trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ma, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t. N\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea1o cao h\u01a1n ma, th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao dung v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ma, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 mu\u00f4n m\u00e0u mu\u00f4n v\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

(8)<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng: bao dung m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean cao m\u00e0 nh\u00ecn v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi bao dung v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i. B\u1edfi v\u00ec khi ch\u1ed7 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, v\u1eady th\u00ec v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a anh ta, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bao dung v\u00e0 g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

L\u00f2ng bao dung th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u201ckhi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d, l\u00e0 \u201cch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh\u201d, l\u00e0 t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean tr\u00ean, l\u00e0 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p m\u00ecnh xu\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ed7 th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, ch\u1ed7 cao c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cao h\u01a1n v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, \u0111em v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt dung n\u1ea1p v\u00e0o trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 bao dung v\u00e0 h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 khi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e2n qu\u00fd v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, xem v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng v\u00ec ch\u00fang m\u00e0 ph\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, nguy\u1ec7n d\u00e0nh m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t cho ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e9p, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi thu\u1ea7n t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 h\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bao dung th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

(9)<\/b><\/p>\n

Khi h\u1ecdc kinh v\u0103n “Vi\u00ean dung” v\u00e0 “V\u00f4 l\u1eadu” c\u1ee7a S\u01b0 ph\u1ee5, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng: \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb trong t\u1ea7ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y xu\u1ea5t ra, sau khi nh\u1ea3y ra r\u1ed3i, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u00ean dung v\u00e0 quy ch\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p \u1edf t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf trong t\u1ea7ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean dung v\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c vi\u00ean dung Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 cu\u1ed3ng v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1ebd v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o ma \u0111\u1ea1o. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bu\u00f4ng m\u00ecnh xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u00ean dung t\u1ea7ng Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, th\u00ec t\u1ea7ng Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y s\u1ebd v\u00f4 t\u1ed3n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p l\u00fd l\u00e0 vi\u00ean dung, l\u00e0 huy\u1ec1n di\u1ec7u v\u00f4 bi\u00ean. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111oan v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i sang ma \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

Trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng c\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e0ng c\u1ef1c \u0111oan th\u00ec l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u1edf trong Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trung dung, kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, tu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 l\u1eadu v\u00e0 vi\u00ean dung b\u1ea5t ph\u00e1.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u0169ng h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tu luy\u1ec7n, \u0111em nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eafc nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb trong \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 giao l\u01b0u v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ec1 cao, xin m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e3y d\u0129 Ph\u00e1p vi S\u01b0.<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/252835<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org] (1) \u201cTrong tu luy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu luy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng [t\u0103ng] tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean cao, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n [t\u0103ng] tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y m\u00e0 nh\u00ecn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u201d (Gi\u1ea3ng Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p h\u1ed9i Houston [1996]) Trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng Ph\u00e1p […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[552],"tags":[590],"class_list":["post-29625","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chia-se-tu-luyen","tag-but-ky-tu-luyen-chan-ngu"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nB\u00fat k\u00fd tu luy\u1ec7n (4): Tu luy\u1ec7n \u1edf n\u01a1i th\u1ea5p - 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