Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u1ea7n b\u00ed<\/b><\/p>\n
V\u1eeba r\u1ed3i khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim. Suy cho c\u00f9ng, t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay gi\u1edbi m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p, trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u m\u00e0u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u m\u00e0u hay ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim, ng\u00e0y nay gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tu luy\u1ec7n b\u00ed truy\u1ec1n c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a.<\/p>\n
Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00ec b\u00ed truy\u1ec1n n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n
\u201cThu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim\u201d (Alchemia), danh x\u01b0ng n\u00e0y trong ti\u1ebfng Trung (ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt c\u0169ng v\u1eady) phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Trong ti\u1ebfng La-tinh, \u0111an \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “alchemia”, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb n\u00e0y r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Trung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 “thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim” theo danh x\u01b0ng quen thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim v\u00e0 \u0111an \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m chung. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u201cngo\u1ea1i \u0111an thu\u1eadt\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gia Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u201cho\u00e0ng b\u1ea1ch thu\u1eadt\u201d \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n, l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, ch\u00ec, v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng, v.v. t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m chung v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n
N\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng m\u00e0 x\u00e9t, th\u00ec thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o gia c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ph\u00eda, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u00f4n ph\u00e1i tu luy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau m\u1ed9t tr\u1eddi m\u1ed9t v\u1ef1c, m\u1ed7i m\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n
Trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u00ed truy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00ed thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 tu luy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i \u0111an thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gia. Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c lo\u1ea1i tu luy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i coi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i n\u1ed3i n\u1ea5u qu\u1eb7ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1i v\u1ea1c tr\u00ean l\u00f2, \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e2m t\u00ednh th\u0103ng hoa l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 tri\u1ebft gia (Lapis Philosophorum) trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u01a1i gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i \u0111an thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gia Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua. B\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ed9t m\u00e0u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf m\u00e0u v\u1ebd, bao g\u1ed3m ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o thu\u1ed1c m\u00e0u, tinh ch\u1ebf ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 gia, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c r\u01b0\u1eddm r\u00e0 m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 tinh vi nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh bay h\u01a1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i do ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c tr\u1ee3 th\u1ee7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c trong x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ebd \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. M\u1ecdi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 kim d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim. Khi c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thao t\u00e1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 luy\u1ec7n kim, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u trong thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim.<\/p>\n
Trong s\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ghi ch\u00e9p, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 Cennino Cennini, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14, trong cu\u1ed1n S\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt<\/i> (Libro dell\u2019 Arte) n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 thu\u1ed1c m\u00e0u chu sa m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean nh\u01b0 sau: “Chu sa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra th\u00f4ng qua thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim”. Cho n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ed9t m\u00e0u chu sa, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecda s\u0129 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n
Thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00f3 v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u00ed truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n truy\u1ec1n, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 tinh hoa s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, do \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ee3 luy\u1ec7n kim ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm, v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi luy\u1ec7n kim, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n t\u1ecbnh trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m tu luy\u1ec7n trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gian, cho n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadp th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n b\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn th\u1ea7n b\u00ed v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn th\u00e2m s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n ra \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gian, c\u0169ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n
C\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c sau khi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u00ec r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfp thu, s\u1eeda c\u0169 th\u00e0nh m\u1edbi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 Gi\u00e1ng sinh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1ebft D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 T\u1ebft Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3n t\u1ebft Nguy\u00ean ti\u00eau… C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu luy\u1ec7n ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong tu luy\u1ec7n. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, gi\u1edbi tu luy\u1ec7n cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ed9i dung b\u00ed truy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh ngo\u00e0i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi \u201cb\u00ed truy\u1ec1n\u201d l\u00e0m g\u00ec? Cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt th\u1ee3 luy\u1ec7n kim ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng vi\u1ebft ra m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u1ee9, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a tu luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1eadp m\u1edd ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft.<\/p>\n
Do \u0111\u00f3, thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Cho n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 th\u1eadt th\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3, v\u00e0ng thau l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n, \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u00fang sai sai, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 g\u00e2y ra v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng n\u1eeda t\u1ed1t n\u1eeda x\u1ea5u. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 luy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i \u0111an th\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, trong s\u1eed s\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu luy\u1ec7n \u0103n xong th\u00ec th\u00e0nh Ti\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u00edt tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m \u0103n th\u00ec tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9c, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 sau th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u1ea1i \u0111an thu\u1eadt trong l\u00f2ng th\u1ebf nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Minh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng s\u00e2u m\u00e0 nh\u00ecn, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n
Tu luy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n truy\u1ec1n th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m lo\u1ea1n. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim, sau nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p g\u1ecdi h\u1ed3n v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e2u th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi sinh m\u1ec7nh \u1edf kh\u00f4ng gian kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed1i ch\u1ebf thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 thu\u1eadt chi\u00eau h\u1ed3n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh thu\u1eadt c\u1ea7u th\u1ea7n (Theurgia) v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt g\u1ecdi h\u1ed3n (Goetia), nh\u01b0ng lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m h\u1eefu c\u1ea7u chi\u00eau m\u1eddi linh th\u1ec3 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u1eed ph\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n
T\u00f9y theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eafc t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ed5 x\u00fay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u01b0\u1edbng ngo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u1ea7u, bi\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a tu luy\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp khoa h\u1ecdc. H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i sau khi tho\u00e1t thai kh\u1ecfi v\u0103n h\u00f3a thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim, v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng k\u00edch nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 kim ngo\u00e0i ngh\u1ec1, g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb giang h\u1ed3 b\u1ecbp b\u1ee3m. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 sau c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00e0ng m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng l\u00e0m cho thanh danh c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim sa s\u00fat gh\u00ea g\u1edbm.<\/p>\n
C\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n kim c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc phong ph\u00fa kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1 cao, tinh ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa b\u00e1ch b\u1ec7nh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh b\u1ea5t l\u00e3o, m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00e9m r\u1ed3i l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3 m\u00e0 l\u1eeba ti\u1ec1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng \u00edt \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thanh danh c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n
Thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu, v\u00ec v\u1eady gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ghi ch\u00e9p trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi v\u0103n h\u00f3a thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n
Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u Jan van Eyck nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Flemish Primitives t\u1eebng m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t minh ra tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ng\u00e0y nay m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd tranh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng ta. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Van Eyck v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u, v\u00ec \u00f4ng (v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh trai Hubert van Eyck) \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh ra k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ebd tranh, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thi nhau s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0u d\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd tranh, nhanh ch\u00f3ng khi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tranh n\u00e0y chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n
Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n trong x\u01b0\u1edfng, sau khi th\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian, ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 tinh l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i tranh m\u1edbi. B\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu ph\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e2y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng v\u00f4 \u00edch. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u1ec7n \u00fd d\u1ed1c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng cao h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111a ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 kim, Jan van Eyck ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n
Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1eddi V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng Giorgio Vasari trong cu\u1ed1n Le vite de’ pi\u00f9 eccellenti pittori, scultori e architettori<\/i> (Truy\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong gi\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt) n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Jan van Eyck “r\u1ea5t y\u00eau th\u00edch thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim”. N\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, Karel van Mander, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f9ng Flemish c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c, t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u: Th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u201cth\u1eed v\u00e0 sai\u201d, v\u1edbi x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n s\u1ebd cho ra th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n
Ngo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u, nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecda s\u0129 c\u0169ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecda s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Albrecht D\u00fcrer v\u00e0 Parmigianino th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00ec ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ea7n b\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 nh\u1ecf, tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111a ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i khoan dung v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim, l\u1ea1i th\u00eam s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng s\u1edf th\u00edch trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n
(C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/p>\n