{"id":29565,"date":"2023-01-19T14:24:49","date_gmt":"2023-01-19T07:24:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=29565"},"modified":"2025-05-31T03:29:42","modified_gmt":"2025-05-30T20:29:42","slug":"khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/01\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-1.html","title":{"rendered":"Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a tu luy\u1ec7n (Ph\u1ea7n 1)"},"content":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

Trong gi\u1edbi m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tu luy\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111a ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u quen v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m ng\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n sinh v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129, t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, coi s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed5 l\u1ed9 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “tu luy\u1ec7n” ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00ed von ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eeb, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tu luy\u1ec7n theo ngh\u0129a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu truy t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bao h\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u m\u00e0u v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc “B\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a m\u00e0u s\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng”<\/i>, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gia, m\u00e0u t\u00edm c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gia, v.v. Nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa m\u00e0u s\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a tu luy\u1ec7n. V\u1eady v\u0103n h\u00f3a tu luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong l\u00fd lu\u1eadn m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3? H\u00f4m nay, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 b\u00ed \u1ea9n \u0111\u1eb1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0110an thanh<\/b><\/p>\n

V\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i tinh th\u00e2m, m\u00e0 m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh n\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n, n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. \u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “\u0110an thanh”, danh x\u01b0ng n\u00e0y k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c nhau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m ng\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111a chi\u1ec1u, l\u1eadp th\u1ec3, n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a t\u1ea7ng t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y n\u00f3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u1ebf gian. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111an thanh v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 hai lo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u00e0u th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 “\u0111an” v\u00e0 “thanh”. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec \u201c\u0111an\u201d l\u00e0 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf (m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf h\u01a1i ng\u1ea3 v\u00e0ng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ecbu), c\u00f2n \u201cthanh\u201d l\u00e0 m\u00e0u xanh lam (t\u00f9y theo quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9), nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 m\u00e0u xanh. Hai m\u00e0u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u201c\u0111an thanh\u201d \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c ra, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u00fat hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai m\u00e0u th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd quen d\u00f9ng “n\u0103m m\u00e0u ch\u00ednh”, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, xanh, \u0111en, \u0111\u1ecf, v\u00e0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh Kim, M\u1ed9c, Th\u1ee7y, H\u1ecfa, Th\u1ed5, (xem chi ti\u1ebft \u1edf b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc “B\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a m\u00e0u s\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng”<\/i>), h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 \u0111en l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0u m\u1ef1c. V\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi \u201c\u0111an thanh\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00e0u s\u1eafc: x\u00e9t t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n m\u00e0u s\u1eafc th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecf l\u00e0 m\u00e0u n\u00f3ng c\u00f2n xanh l\u00e0 m\u00e0u l\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 quang h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ba m\u00e0u RGB. N\u1ebfu x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng ba m\u00e0u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ecf (Red), l\u1ee5c (Green) v\u00e0 lam (Blue) theo c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc phong ph\u00fa, trong gi\u1edbi chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “h\u1ec7 m\u00e0u RGB”. Theo \u0111\u00f3, ba m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf – l\u1ee5c – lam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 “ba m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n”.<\/p>\n

Trong quang ph\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u00e0u l\u1ee5c n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 lam; c\u00f2n quang ph\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 m\u00e0u lam c\u00f3 c\u1ef1 ly xa nhau h\u01a1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, m\u00e0u thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecf thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0u n\u00f3ng, trong khi m\u00e0u thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 lam thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0u l\u1ea1nh. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, hai m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 lam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao qu\u00e1t to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh: Tr\u00ean quang ph\u1ed5, trong h\u1ec7 RGB th\u00ec m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 lam n\u1eb1m \u1edf hai b\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00e0u l\u1ee5c.<\/i><\/p>\n

Y h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u00ecnh ch\u00f3p trong m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho ph\u00e9p con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng l\u1ee5c, l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u00edm. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 m\u00e0u RGB ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0u s\u1eafc trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u00ecnh ch\u00f3p trong m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt m\u00e0u s\u1eafc ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh ra d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, h\u1ec7 m\u00e0u CMYK v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 m\u00e0u RGB n\u00f3i tr\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. V\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ba m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n “\u0111\u1ecf, v\u00e0ng, lam” chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c, trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ng\u00e0y nay n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng “thanh (xanh l\u01a1), h\u1ed3ng c\u00e1nh sen, v\u00e0ng”. (Ch\u00fa th\u00edch: \u201cThanh\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u00e0u xanh theo kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u00e0u xanh \u201c\u0111an thanh\u201d th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i). B\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn c\u00e1c m\u00e0u kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng khi tr\u1ed9n m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea1t v\u1edbi m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u0169, tr\u1ed9n m\u00e0u xanh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf nh\u1ea1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u00e0u lam; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 lam kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea1t v\u00e0 m\u00e0u xanh. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 lam tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ecb gi\u00e1ng c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n xu\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh m\u00e0u trung gian.<\/p>\n

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H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh: \u0110\u1ed3 th\u1ecb l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft pha tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u m\u00e0u hi\u1ec7n nay. Xanh, h\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea1t, v\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ba m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi; m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea1t t\u1ea1o ra m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, m\u00e0u xanh tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u00e0u xanh l\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi m\u00e0u xanh t\u1ea1o ra m\u00e0u lam; m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, l\u1ee5c, lam \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u00e0u ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp theo. V\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, ba m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u00e0u \u0111en, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, do \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u m\u00e0u, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00e0u x\u00e1m.<\/i><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ba m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong h\u1ec7 m\u00e0u CMYK phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nhau trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean b\u1edd v\u1ef1c s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, sau khi ba m\u00e0u n\u00e0y thay th\u1ebf cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, m\u00e0u t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n, m\u00e0u b\u1ed5 t\u00fac, th\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong h\u1ec7 m\u00e0u CMYK, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u00e0u b\u1ed5 sung m\u1edbi gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 xanh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, m\u00e0u lam v\u00e0 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u00e0u b\u1ed5 sung nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh m\u00e0u l\u1ee5c… C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u201cba m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n” c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u00edt v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c l\u00fd l\u1ebd kh\u00e1c nhau. Do \u0111\u00f3, khi v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 “ba m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ra, tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 r\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 b\u00f2ng bong. B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, c\u00e0ng ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p; con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang k\u00e9o d\u00e0i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 chi ti\u1ebft, k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e0ng \u0111i c\u00e0ng h\u1eb9p, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ee5n v\u1eb7t nh\u1ea5t. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, thay v\u00ec v\u00f9i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u00fai s\u00e1ch, d\u00e3i gi\u00f3 d\u1ea7m m\u01b0a trong bi\u1ec3n v\u1edf, b\u1ecf g\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y ng\u1ecdn, ch\u1eb3ng b\u1eb1ng tu\u00e2n theo minh ng\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh th\u00f4ng minh tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7, nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee5c, t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nguy\u00ean s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed5n quy ch\u00e2n, \u0111\u01b0a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u lam v\u00e0 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho m\u00e0u l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 m\u00e0u n\u00f3ng trong m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u00c2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh quan tr\u1ecdng trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi hai c\u00e1i \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 m\u00e0u lam, th\u00ec m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho d\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e0u lam \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho \u00e2m. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u lam \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u00e2m, m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Gi\u1edbi tu luy\u1ec7n quy th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3 do hai m\u00e0u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c Ti\u00ean Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea1o, b\u1edfi v\u1eady c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi m\u00e0u s\u1eafc th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gia th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

X\u00e9t t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, \u0111an thanh \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho n\u00f3ng l\u1ea1nh, n\u00f3ng l\u1ea1nh th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. T\u1eeb c\u00e1i nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i l\u1edbn, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 b\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i tinh th\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, do ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00ec sao s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng gian bao la r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “v\u0169” (\u5b87), m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ecf \u1edf l\u1edbp v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a “v\u0169”, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c qu\u00e1 \u00edt. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 “b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u0169, t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 ch\u00ed kim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5”. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a cho r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, s\u1eed s\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng \u201c\u0111an s\u00e1ch\u201d (s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecf) \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng, \u201cthanh s\u1eed\u201d (s\u1eed xanh) l\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u00ec v\u1eady n\u00f3i “\u0111an thanh” c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, b\u1edfi v\u00ec hai lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u00e0u t\u1eeb kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 phai m\u1edd, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

Theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a tu luy\u1ec7n. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n “\u0111an” trong \u0111an thanh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a tu luy\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tu luy\u1ec7n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “l\u00f4 h\u1ecfa thu\u1ea7n thanh” (d\u00e0y c\u00f4ng t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n). T\u1eeb n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb tu luy\u1ec7n \u0111an \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u00f4 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n \u0111an, luy\u1ec7n \u0111an y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee7 cao, t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n khi l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n \u0111an chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u lam th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 luy\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh \u0111an t\u1ed1t. Gi\u1edbi tu luy\u1ec7n c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng luy\u1ec7n th\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung ra vi\u1ec7c tu luy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda trong l\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi thu\u1ea7n thanh, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n truy\u1ec1n, n\u1eafm v\u1eefng b\u00ed ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tu luy\u1ec7n, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda m\u00e0u lam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi l\u1eeda xanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t h\u00f3a l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 n\u1ebfn. B\u1edfi v\u00ec tu luy\u1ec7n v\u1ed1n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, n\u00ean n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i d\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh, th\u00ec m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda trong l\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh: C\u00e1c v\u00ec sao trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ee5m sao H\u1ed9p Ng\u1ecdc (Jewel Box) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee5p b\u1edfi k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng R\u1ea5t l\u1edbn (VLT), m\u1ed9t k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n quang h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t thi\u00ean v\u0103n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (ESO) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf Chile. Trong c\u1ee5m sao n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, s\u1edf d\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00ec \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t ch\u00e2u ng\u1ecdc tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i trang s\u1ee9c l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed c\u00f4ng phu.<\/i><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n nay cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. V\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a 7 m\u00e0u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i trong quang ph\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

M\u00e0u t\u00edm: 668\u2013789THz<\/p>\n

M\u00e0u lam: 630\u2013668THz<\/p>\n

M\u00e0u l\u1ee5c lam: 606\u2013630THz<\/p>\n

M\u00e0u l\u1ee5c: 526\u2013606THz<\/p>\n

M\u00e0u v\u00e0ng: 508\u2013526THz<\/p>\n

M\u00e0u cam: 484\u2013508THz<\/p>\n

M\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf: 400\u2013484THz<\/p>\n

Qua nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ecf l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eebng c\u1ea5p t\u0103ng l\u00ean, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u00edm l\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t. B\u1edfi v\u00ec gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng, cho n\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tu luy\u1ec7n, c\u00f4ng \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c nhau hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn cao th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, cam, v\u00e0ng, l\u1ee5c, l\u1ee5c lam, lam, t\u00edm (t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n), m\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf t\u1ea7ng cao m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf t\u1ea7ng th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean thi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00ec v\u1eady nh\u00ecn chung h\u00e0nh tinh m\u00e0u cam so v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh tinh m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng l\u1ea1i cao h\u01a1n h\u00e0nh tinh m\u00e0u cam… \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1t l\u00f2 s\u01b0\u1edfi, ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1 th\u1ea5p; khi ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda b\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y m\u1ea1nh th\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng cao, ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda th\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u da cam; v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng khi ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda s\u1eafp t\u1eaft th\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng, nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt, v\u00ec v\u1eady nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n l\u1eeda nh\u1ecf li ti s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gian n\u00e0y, khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda trong l\u00f2 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n l\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n 7 m\u00e0u, c\u00e1c m\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh m\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn cao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ecf, cam, v\u00e0ng, tr\u1eafng, tr\u1eafng xanh v\u00e0 lam. Tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan tr\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y m\u00e0u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea3m quang c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau, b\u00e0n chi ti\u1ebft th\u00ec r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u00e1nh d\u00f9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t sinh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Max Planck (1858 – 1947) c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb m\u00e0u s\u1eafc m\u00e0 m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c quan th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong qu\u1ef9 t\u00edch, gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “qu\u1ef9 t\u00edch Planckian” (Planckian locus). N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, n\u1ebfu ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda trong l\u00f2 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c n\u00f3ng l\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong qu\u1ef9 t\u00edch n\u00e0y qu\u00e9t qua, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda n\u00f3ng l\u00ean. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 quang s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong n\u00e0y. Qua h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c quan.<\/p>\n

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H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh: Ph\u1ea7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc trong h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian m\u00e0u, thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi d\u1ea3i m\u00e0u m\u00e0 m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, do \u1ee6y ban Chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (CIE) quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u0103m 1931. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng cong qu\u1ef9 t\u00edch t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng m\u00e0u lam \u1edf gi\u1eefa b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cqu\u1ef9 t\u00edch Planckian\u201d, ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1.<\/i><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong qu\u1ef9 t\u00edch xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ph\u1ea1m vi m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111i qua c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, cam, v\u00e0ng, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng m\u00e0u lam. Nh\u01b0ng khi \u1edf gi\u1eefa d\u1ea3i m\u00e0u l\u1ee5c, m\u00e0u m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong \u0111i qua k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng n\u1eb1m b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh n\u01a1i giao thoa m\u1ea5y m\u00e0u quang s\u1eafc, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Cho n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng c\u1ef1c cao, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f4 s\u1eafc, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng. Do \u0111\u00f3, sau m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, cam, v\u00e0ng th\u00ec m\u00e0u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00e0u l\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0u lam, qu\u1ef9 t\u00edch tr\u00e1nh v\u00f9ng m\u00e0u t\u00edm, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao m\u00e0u t\u00edm trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, b\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 th\u00ec t\u1eeb m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0u lam ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 r\u1ed3i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf l\u1ee5c hay \u0111\u1ecf t\u00edm. Theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda trong l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n \u1edf kh\u00f4ng gian n\u00e0y c\u0169ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn lam l\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac.<\/p>\n

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H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh: Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Hertzsprung-Russell cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh m\u1ea5y m\u00e0u: \u0111\u1ecf, cam, v\u00e0ng, tr\u1eafng, tr\u1eafng xanh v\u00e0 lam.<\/i><\/p>\n

X\u00e9t t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 l\u1eeda trong l\u00f2 hay sao tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi, so s\u00e1nh m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf th\u00ec l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u lam th\u00ec n\u00f3ng h\u01a1n, cho n\u00ean khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 xanh lam \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u xanh lam th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh \u00e2m, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 tr\u1eddi d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u00e2m; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00f3ng l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 \u00e2m. Ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 hai m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 lam: b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi cao m\u00e0u lam k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1nh; c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a dung nham m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 n\u00f3ng. V\u1eady hai m\u00e0u lam v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec m\u00e0u n\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c \u00e2m v\u00e0 m\u00e0u n\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c d\u01b0\u01a1ng?<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng quang s\u1eafc t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn lam tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 bao qu\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5; trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 nh\u00ecn, m\u00e0u lam c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi bao la v\u00e0 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf c\u1ee7a dung nham d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho hai c\u1ef1c tr\u00ean – d\u01b0\u1edbi, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho thi\u00ean – \u0111\u1ecba, c\u00e0n – kh\u00f4n; t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 tu luy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, hai m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 lam c\u0169ng kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda t\u1eeb l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1t l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tu luy\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng gian b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu th\u00f4ng qua con m\u1eaft th\u1ecbt, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng; t\u1ea1i t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 cao h\u01a1n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m cao th\u00e2m h\u01a1n, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn s\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

M\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n. M\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u0103n h\u00f3a; c\u00f2n m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u1ea1i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng k\u1ef9 ph\u00e1p m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u0169ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm v\u1eefng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u trong m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u201c\u0111an thanh\u201d kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00fd m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y xem “\u0111an thanh” c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec. \u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111an thanh d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 hai lo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt l\u00e0 “\u0111an sa” (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chu sa) v\u00e0 “thanh ho\u1ea1ch” (kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt m\u00e0u lam), gi\u1edbi m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 chu sa v\u00e0 azurite (kho\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng xanh) ng\u00e0y nay. N\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a chu sa l\u00e0 th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n sulfua, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n, v\u00e0 azurite l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t mu\u1ed1i cacbonat.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u0103n h\u00f3a tu luy\u1ec7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn ba t\u1eeb quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i. \u0110\u00fang v\u1eady, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u01b0ng ba lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ba nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 l\u1edbn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u1ecf nhoi th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, y h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim (c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0: thu\u1eadt luy\u1ec7n kim) trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 linh t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m chung gi\u1eefa v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u00ean nh\u00e2n h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi linh h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00f5i t\u1eeb bi v\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u1ea5m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ecfng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u00e2m, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh d\u00e3n n\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay h\u01a1i; mu\u1ed1i v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t th\u00f4 r\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh ch\u1ebf, v\u00ec v\u1eady n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua tu luy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa linh h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ra sao. Khi ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i r\u00f5 \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129 g\u00ec trong \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n (Anima) v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n (Spiritus) c\u00f9ng kh\u1edfi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, v\u00ec v\u1eady nh\u00ecn chung kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1eadn t\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn t\u1eed vong \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y: H\u1ecd r\u1ea5t s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tinh th\u1ea7n r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ebft; nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thanh th\u1ea3n, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u01b0ng ph\u1ea5n; v\u00e0 sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 khi ch\u1ebft. V\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fac t\u1eed vong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf cao t\u1ea7ng, b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; C\u00f2n \u00fd th\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng khi linh h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bao h\u00e0m t\u01b0 duy c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i t\u1ea7ng n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

Ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y theo m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 khi ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau th\u00ec c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tam v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a tu luy\u1ec7n th\u1eddi x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 x\u00e9t, \u0111an thanh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i, m\u00e0 l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi tam v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 linh h\u1ed3n, tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u0103ng hoa l\u00ean tr\u00ean, th\u00ec tam v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tam v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh m\u1ec7nh \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng kh\u00e1c nhau, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n… Cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1ed1n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi, vi\u00ean dung v\u1edbi k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng l\u00ean tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

(C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: http:\/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/node\/270620<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org] Trong gi\u1edbi m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tu luy\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111a ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u quen v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m ng\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n sinh v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129, t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, coi s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,551,304,97],"tags":[414],"class_list":["post-29565","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bai-chon-loc","category-hoi-hoa","category-loat-bai","category-phan-tich-binh-luan","tag-khoa-hoc-mau-sac"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nKhoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a tu luy\u1ec7n (Ph\u1ea7n 1) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/01\/khoa-hoc-mau-sac-va-van-hoa-tu-luyen-phan-1.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a tu luy\u1ec7n (Ph\u1ea7n 1) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[ChanhKien.org] Trong gi\u1edbi m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tu luy\u1ec7n. 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