{"id":29498,"date":"2023-01-04T09:39:56","date_gmt":"2023-01-04T02:39:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=29498"},"modified":"2025-05-12T10:20:22","modified_gmt":"2025-05-12T03:20:22","slug":"dai-dao-tri-quoc-10-dao-trung-dung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2023\/01\/dai-dao-tri-quoc-10-dao-trung-dung.html","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c (10): \u0110\u1ea1o Trung dung"},"content":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

10. \u0110\u1ea1o Trung dung<\/b><\/p>\n

V\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n Trung Hoa nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n cu\u1ed9c, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00edn t\u1ee9c, \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ng\u1ed9 t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u01a1, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fat v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n Trung Hoa.<\/p>\n

Nho gia c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Trung dung. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, Nho gia l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1o gia ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch ra, do \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Nho gia \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o gia, m\u00e0 c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Trung dung. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Trung dung th\u00ec t\u1eeb Nho gia ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1o gia, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Trung dung l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Nho gia, l\u00e0 C\u1ed5ng Tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Nho gia.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf n\u00ean Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed n\u00f3i: “Trung dung l\u1ebd n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ed1i cao ch\u0103ng? B\u00e1ch t\u00ednh thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 r\u1eddi xa Trung dung \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i”. (52)<\/p>\n

Trung dung c\u00f3 ba c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi: C\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1i k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t, so v\u1edbi tr\u00ean th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, so v\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00ec c\u00f3 d\u01b0, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i th\u00f4 t\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m Trung dung. C\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 h\u00f3a l\u1ed1p, v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 ch\u1edb qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, c\u0169ng ch\u1edb ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn, n\u1eafm b\u1eaft t\u1ed1t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9, v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 v\u1eeba kh\u00e9o, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m t\u1ed1i cao m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Trung dung. C\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u00e0i h\u00f2a c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, c\u00f9ng sinh s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 th\u0103ng hoa \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m cao t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a Trung dung m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, xin h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 “Gi\u1ea3i Chu d\u1ecbch, B\u00e1t qu\u00e1i v\u00e0 v\u0103n t\u1ef1 Th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n”, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc<\/b><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, Tam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 do \u00c2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng, Ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh. Gi\u1eefa \u00c2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng, Ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec b\u1edfi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i quan h\u1ec7, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 “t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh” v\u00e0 “t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc”, gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hai m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh – ph\u1ee5 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3, sinh ra thi\u1ec7n th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi sinh ra \u00e1c, c\u00f3 tr\u00ean th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi, c\u00f3 l\u1ea1nh th\u00ec \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 n\u00f3ng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec \u1eaft c\u00f3 sai, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec \u1eaft c\u00f3 t\u0129nh… v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i hai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u00e2m – d\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c hai nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh – ph\u1ee5 n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh, th\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng t\u1eebng c\u1eb7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc. Nh\u01b0 n\u00f3ng l\u1ea1nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, s\u00e1ng t\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u0129nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc… T\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt trong khi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh l\u1eabn nhau th\u00ec c\u0169ng t\u1eebng c\u1eb7p t\u1eebng c\u1eb7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong khi c\u00e1i n\u00f3ng t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u00f3ng th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1ea5p thu nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, sau khi b\u1ecb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1ea5p thu nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00f3ng sinh ra l\u1ea1nh. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1nh tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, m\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i sau khi h\u1ea5p thu nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u00f3ng, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1ea1nh sinh ra n\u00f3ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3ng l\u1ea1nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1nh c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc v\u1edbi n\u00f3ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3ng, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ea1nh. M\u00e0 n\u00f3ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ch\u1ebf l\u1ea1nh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u1ea1nh, khi\u1ebfn l\u1ea1nh t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh n\u00f3ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3ng l\u1ea1nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng c\u00e1i l\u00fd nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh t\u1ed1i, khi\u1ebfn t\u1ed1i c\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7n ra t\u1ed1i h\u01a1n; t\u1ed1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra s\u00e1ng, khi\u1ebfn s\u00e1ng c\u00e0ng r\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, t\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ng, s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ed1i. \u00c1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00e0ng thi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01a1n, thi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn \u00e1c hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00e0ng \u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c h\u01a1n; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau thi\u1ec7n, thi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau gi\u1ea3m \u00e1c…<\/p>\n

M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc r\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u, ch\u00fang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi sinh ra s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u00c2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n<\/b><\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc l\u00e0 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u00f3 \u1eaft t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ebd t\u1eeb n\u01a1i cao ch\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng n\u01a1i th\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u1eaft s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1eb3ng. Khi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1eb3ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ea3y n\u1eefa. N\u01b0\u1edbc cao ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng theo h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1eb3ng, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c s\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5p nh\u00f4. Do \u0111\u00f3, khi n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1eb3ng, khi n\u00e0y m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u0129nh; khi n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1eb3ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1eb3ng “v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh”, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 n\u00f3, m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1eb3ng l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1eb3ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

Khi t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd trung h\u00f2a v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, quy v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o, \u1ea9n trong \u0110\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 “Trung” m\u00e0 Trung dung n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng. T\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc lu\u00f4n tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u1edf l\u00e2n c\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, khi kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “H\u00f2a”, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con s\u00f3ng l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o. Trung, \u00fd l\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 trong \u0110\u1ea1o; H\u00f2a, \u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0i h\u00f2a c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng xoay quanh \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, Trung dung c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trung H\u00f2a.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch Trung Dung<\/i> vi\u1ebft: “C\u00e1c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ef7, n\u1ed9, ai, l\u1ea1c… khi ch\u01b0a sinh ra th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trung. Sinh ra h\u1ef7, n\u1ed9, ai, l\u1ea1c r\u1ed3i nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u00f2a. Trung l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt. H\u00f2a l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0i h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i Trung H\u00f2a th\u00ec thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb, v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh”. (53)<\/p>\n

X\u00e9t t\u1edbi Trung, Trung ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 trong \u0110\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9 \u0110\u1ea1o \u1ea9n v\u00f4 danh, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00f4 vi.<\/p>\n

H\u00f2a, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ec3u khang m\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn. Khi thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 sinh ra t\u01b0 t\u00e2m, l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o, sau khi l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc xoay quanh \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. N\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e0, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u1edf xung quanh \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, khi\u1ebfn cho v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt sau khi l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, khi\u1ebfn cho v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u00e0i h\u00f2a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1edf trong khu v\u1ef1c an to\u00e0n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh xung quanh \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00edch \u0111i v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, khi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc m\u1ea5t \u0111i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft, th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u1ebf th\u00ec ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ec7ch ra ngo\u00e0i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3, s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng “\u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c”, thi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n gian, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1o s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n gian \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn, trong v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh tr\u1ee5 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

“\u0110i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/b><\/p>\n

V\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c trong ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c h\u00e0i h\u00f2a. V\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y k\u00edch th\u00edch qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh, nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta cho r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111un s\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb, gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed khi trong mi\u1ec7ng b\u1ea1n \u0103n th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eafng, nh\u01b0 nhai l\u00e1 tr\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1eafng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1eafng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n, khi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1eafng v\u1ed1n ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1eefa l\u00e0 kem \u0111\u00e1nh r\u0103ng r\u1ea5t ng\u1ecdt, v\u1ecb r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eadm, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan. M\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh r\u0103ng bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng xong, \u0103n tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y th\u00ec th\u1ea5y tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f9i v\u1ecb, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1eafng v\u1eady. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi m\u1ea5t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, do \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c \u1edf tr\u00ean ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i th\u00ec s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u1ed1n c\u00f3, s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Xin ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat:<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ti\u00ean thi\u00ean kh\u00e1ch quan, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Trung”. T\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i “Trung”, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ra kh\u1ecfi t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 trong \u0110\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00f4 vi nhi h\u00e0nh. “V\u00f4 vi nhi tr\u1ecb” c\u1ee7a L\u00e3o T\u1eed, ho\u1eb7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i “\u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng” m\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1edf trong “Trung”.<\/p>\n

Khi thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 khi l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, th\u00ec \u1eaft s\u1ebd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i trong c\u00e1i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc. Khi \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft, th\u00ec s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a xung quanh \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9ng, gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf trong ph\u1ea1m vi h\u00e0i h\u00f2a. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi sau khi l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n l\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o, gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf trong khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i an to\u00e0n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i xung quanh \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i “ti\u1ec3u khang” m\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i “H\u00f2a” n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Khi v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc m\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9, qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch, th\u00ec s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u00ea d\u1ecbch. \u0110i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o, l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch quan ti\u00ean thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, \u1edf trong n\u01a1i u minh (n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) m\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec, c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y. Khi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ti\u00ean thi\u00ean v\u1ed1n c\u00f3, th\u00ec ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u1eadu thi\u00ean l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf trong \u0110\u1ea1o, th\u00ec ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, l\u00fac n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, v\u00ec thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n r\u1ed3i. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd h\u00e0nh x\u1eed theo b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u1edf trong \u0110\u1ea1o, l\u00e0m theo nh\u1eefng g\u00ec trong t\u00e2m mong mu\u1ed1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

Sau khi thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ec7ch ra kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea1o, th\u1ebf th\u00ec v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ec7ch ra kh\u1ecfi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u00e0i h\u00f2a ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1, v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf g\u1ea7n v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. L\u00fac n\u00e0y tuy thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o, l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n, do \u0111\u00f3 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t x\u1ea5u, \u0111\u00fang sai. V\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u xung quanh \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o, l\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf g\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng (\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o). Sau khi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng b\u1ecb x\u00ea d\u1ecbch, th\u1ebf th\u00ec ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y v\u1ecb tr\u00ed sau khi \u0111\u00e3 x\u00ea d\u1ecbch (\u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u1edbi) l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, l\u00fac n\u00e0y s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra x\u00ea d\u1ecbch, nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u1eefa, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed nh\u01b0 sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh r\u0103ng, \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra x\u00ea d\u1ecbch, th\u1ebf th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1eafng v\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u00ec l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng, tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y v\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt th\u00ec l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb g\u00ec. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra x\u00ea d\u1ecbch, do \u0111\u00f3 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 sai v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, l\u00fac n\u00e0y, v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt n\u1eefa, v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Sau khi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng x\u00ea d\u1ecbch, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1ch quan, l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o. C\u00e1i t\u1ed1t m\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t n\u1eefa, c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u n\u1eefa. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3, khi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c \u0111\u00fang sai c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n x\u1ea3y ra bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eefa, s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh ma qu\u1ef7 c\u1ea7m th\u00fa, s\u1ebd \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t!<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/i><\/p>\n

(52) Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n nh\u01b0 sau: “\u4e2d\u5eb8\u5176\u81f3\u77e3\u4e4e\uff01\u6c11\u9c9c\u80fd\u4e45\u77e3”<\/p>\n

(53) Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n nh\u01b0 sau: “\u559c\u3001\u6012\u3001\u54c0\u3001\u4e50\u4e4b\u672a\u53d1\uff0c\u8c13\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u53d1\u800c\u7686\u4e2d\u8282\uff0c\u8c13\u4e4b\u548c\u3002\u4e2d\u4e5f\u8005\uff0c\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u5927\u672c\u4e5f\u3002\u548c\u4e5f\u8005\uff0c\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u8fbe\u9053\u4e5f\u3002\u81f4\u4e2d\u548c\uff0c\u5929\u5730\u4f4d\u7109\uff0c\u4e07\u7269\u80b2\u7109”<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/242735<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org] 10. \u0110\u1ea1o Trung dung V\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n Trung Hoa nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n cu\u1ed9c, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00edn t\u1ee9c, \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ng\u1ed9 t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u01a1, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fat v\u1ecf […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[305],"class_list":["post-29498","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-van-hoa-than-truyen","tag-dai-dao-tri-quoc"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c (10): \u0110\u1ea1o Trung dung - 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