{"id":29117,"date":"2022-09-21T11:52:38","date_gmt":"2022-09-21T04:52:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=29117"},"modified":"2025-05-12T10:20:28","modified_gmt":"2025-05-12T03:20:28","slug":"dai-dao-tri-quoc-8-nho-gia-tri-quoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/09\/dai-dao-tri-quoc-8-nho-gia-tri-quoc.html","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c (8): Nho gia tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>8. Nho gia tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c<\/b><\/p>\n<p>V&#259;n h&oacute;a Trung Hoa kh&#7903;i ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; &#272;&#7841;o gia, l&agrave; v&#259;n h&oacute;a &#272;&#7841;o truy&#7873;n (&#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#272;&#7841;o truy&#7873;n cho) &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ki&#7871;n l&#7853;p tr&ecirc;n c&#417; s&#7903; &#272;&#7841;o gia. Th&#7901;i k&#7923; &#272;&ocirc;ng Chu, b&aacute;ch gia tranh ti&#7871;ng, k&#7923; th&#7921;c ngo&agrave;i &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o do L&atilde;o T&#7917; truy&#7873;n, t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a b&aacute;ch gia ch&#432; t&#7917; kh&aacute;c &#273;&#7873;u l&#7845;y t&#7915; &#272;&#7841;o gia; ho&#7863;c t&#7915; t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng &#272;&#7841;o gia ph&acirc;n t&aacute;ch ra m&#7897;t b&#7897; ph&#7853;n nh&#7887; th&agrave;nh ri&ecirc;ng m&#7897;t gia ph&aacute;i; ho&#7863;c tr&#7897;m t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng &#272;&#7841;o gia, r&#7891;i tr&#7897;n th&ecirc;m nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; kh&aacute;c th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t gia ph&aacute;i; ho&#7863;c &#273;&#7913;ng tr&ecirc;n c&#417; &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh r&#7891;i <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#ta_ngo\" 28739 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">t&agrave; ng&#7897;<\/a>, b&oacute;p m&eacute;o t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng &#272;&#7841;o gia th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t gia ph&aacute;i&hellip;<\/p>\n<p>Cu&#7889;i th&#7901;i k&#7923; Xu&acirc;n Thu, Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; &#273;&atilde; ch&#7881;nh l&yacute;, t&#7893;ng k&#7871;t gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a v&#259;n minh t&#7915; th&#7901;i Nghi&ecirc;u Thu&#7845;n v&agrave; Chu D&#7883;ch c&oacute; t&#7915; v&#259;n minh ti&#7873;n s&#7917;, thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p n&ecirc;n h&#7885;c thuy&#7871;t Nho gia. H&#7885;c thuy&#7871;t Nho gia l&agrave; b&#7897; ph&#7853;n nh&#7853;p th&#7871; l&agrave;m ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&aacute;ch ra t&#7915; v&#259;n h&oacute;a &#272;&#7841;o gia. C&#361;ng c&oacute; ngh&#297;a l&agrave;, trong v&#259;n h&oacute;a &#272;&#7841;o truy&#7873;n th&#7901;i k&#7923; &#273;&#7847;u, hai b&#7897; ph&#7853;n xu&#7845;t th&#7871; tu Ti&ecirc;n v&agrave; nh&#7853;p th&#7871; l&agrave;m ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; nh&#7845;t th&#7875;. &#272;&#7871;n th&#7901;i Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917;, ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; &#273;em b&#7897; ph&#7853;n nh&#7853;p th&#7871; l&agrave;m ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#7911;a &#272;&#7841;o gia t&aacute;ch ri&ecirc;ng ra, tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh gia ph&aacute;i Nho gia ri&ecirc;ng. &#272;&#7871;n th&#7901;i H&aacute;n V&#361; &#272;&#7871;, Nho gia &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n to&agrave;n di&#7879;n trong thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;, &#273;&atilde; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n Trung Qu&#7889;c h&#417;n 2000 n&#259;m. Do &#273;&oacute; Nho gia l&agrave; d&#7921;a v&agrave;o &#272;&#7841;o gia, c&oacute; th&#7875; coi l&agrave; b&#7897; ph&#7853;n t&#7847;ng th&#7845;p c&#7911;a &#272;&#7841;o gia, n&oacute; l&#7845;y t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng &#272;&#7841;o gia l&agrave;m c&#7889;t l&otilde;i v&agrave; c&#417; s&#7903;, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;Ngo&#7841;i Nho n&#7897;i &#272;&#7841;o&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#432; &#273;&atilde; n&oacute;i &#7903; b&agrave;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, Nho gia ch&#7911; tr&#432;&#417;ng v&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7841;o, thi h&agrave;nh nh&acirc;n ngh&#297;a, d&ugrave;ng l&#7877; nh&#7841;c s&#7917;a tr&#7883; thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;. Nho gia tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c, ch&#7911; y&#7871;u s&#7917; d&#7909;ng thu&#7853;t l&#7877; nh&#7841;c. L&#7877; l&agrave; ch&#7881; l&#7877; ngh&#297;a; nh&#7841;c l&agrave; ch&#7881; nh&#7841;c v&#361;. V&#7873; nh&#7841;c, c&oacute; th&#7875; tham kh&#7843;o lo&#7841;t b&agrave;i v&#7873; v&#259;n h&oacute;a &ldquo;Nh&#7841;c v&#361; Ti&ecirc;n t&ocirc;ng&rdquo; (&#27138;&#33310;&#20185;&#36452;), b&agrave;i vi&#7871;t n&agrave;y kh&ocirc;ng n&oacute;i nhi&#7873;u th&ecirc;m, m&agrave; ch&#7911; y&#7871;u &#273;&agrave;m lu&#7853;n v&#7873; ch&#7911; tr&#432;&#417;ng l&#7877; tr&#7883; c&#7911;a Nho gia.<\/p>\n<p>Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; n&oacute;i: Khi &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi h&agrave;nh, v&agrave; th&#7901;i k&#7923; Tam &#272;&#7841;i H&#7841; Th&#432;&#417;ng Chu khi c&aacute;c qu&acirc;n v&#432;&#417;ng ki&#7879;t xu&#7845;t &#273;ang t&#7841;i v&#7883;, tuy ta kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7889;ng th&#7901;i &#273;&oacute;, nh&#432;ng v&#7851;n c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng ghi ch&eacute;p l&#7883;ch s&#7917; &#273;&#7875; l&#7841;i. Trong th&#7901;i &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi h&agrave;nh, thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; v&agrave; b&aacute;ch t&iacute;nh &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; v&igrave; vi&#7879;c chung, kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; t&#432; t&acirc;m. Th&#7901;i &#273;&oacute; ch&#7885;n nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c v&agrave; t&agrave;i n&#259;ng &#273;&#7875; qu&#7843;n l&yacute; s&#7921; v&#7909; c&#7911;a thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;, m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7873;u coi tr&#7885;ng th&agrave;nh t&iacute;n, thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; h&ograve;a thu&#7853;n. Con ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7901;i &#273;&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; coi ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n, m&agrave; c&ograve;n coi ng&#432;&#7901;i trong to&agrave;n thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; c&#361;ng l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n; kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; coi con c&aacute;i m&igrave;nh l&agrave; con c&aacute;i, m&agrave; c&ograve;n coi con c&aacute;i c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c nh&#432; con c&aacute;i m&igrave;nh. B&#7903;i v&#7853;y th&#7901;i &#273;&oacute;, ng&#432;&#7901;i cao tu&#7893;i &#273;&#7873;u an h&#432;&#7903;ng tu&#7893;i gi&agrave;, tr&aacute;ng ni&ecirc;n &#273;&#7873;u d&#7889;c h&#7871;t kh&#7843; n&#259;ng c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, tr&#7867; em &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; th&#7875; tr&#432;&#7903;ng th&agrave;nh kh&#7887;e m&#7841;nh, ng&#432;&#7901;i g&oacute;a b&#7909;a c&ocirc; &#273;&#417;n, v&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; b&#7879;nh t&agrave;n t&#7853;t &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c to&agrave;n x&atilde; h&#7897;i ch&#259;m s&oacute;c. Th&#7901;i &#273;&oacute;, m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng mu&#7889;n &#273;&#7875; c&#7911;a c&#7843;i l&atilde;ng ph&iacute; tr&ecirc;n m&#7863;t &#273;&#7845;t, nh&#432;ng c&#361;ng s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng l&#7845;y l&agrave;m c&#7911;a ri&ecirc;ng. M&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&#7881; lo kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7887; c&ocirc;ng s&#7913;c, nh&#432;ng ai n&#7845;y &#273;&#7873;u kh&ocirc;ng d&#7889;c s&#7913;c v&igrave; m&igrave;nh. Th&#7901;i k&#7923; &#273;&oacute;, b&aacute;ch t&iacute;nh thu&#7847;n ph&aacute;c thi&#7879;n l&#432;&#417;ng, t&acirc;m c&#417;, tr&iacute; x&#7843;o &#273;&#7873;u kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng, thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; tr&#7897;m c&#432;&#7899;p, nh&agrave; nh&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&#7847;n kh&oacute;a c&#7917;a&hellip; Lo&#7841;i tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i x&atilde; h&#7897;i n&agrave;y g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7891;ng&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>Ng&agrave;y nay, &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; ph&#7871; b&#7887; m&#7845;t r&#7891;i, thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; &#273;&atilde; th&agrave;nh t&#432; h&#7919;u c&#7911;a m&#7897;t gia t&#7897;c, ng&#432;&#7901;i thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; &#273;&#7873;u ch&#7881; v&igrave; gia &#273;&igrave;nh c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, ch&#7881; th&acirc;n c&#7853;n v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, ch&#7881; y&ecirc;u th&#432;&#417;ng b&#7843;o v&#7879; con c&aacute;i m&igrave;nh, ch&#7881; lo c&#7911;a c&#7843;i kh&ocirc;ng thu&#7897;c s&#7903; h&#7919;u c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, ch&#7881; s&#7907; m&igrave;nh ph&#7843;i b&#7887; c&ocirc;ng s&#7913;c. Thi&ecirc;n t&#7917; ch&#432; h&#7847;u coi vi&#7879;c cha truy&#7873;n con n&#7889;i, anh truy&#7873;n cho em l&agrave; ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; l&#7877; nghi; ngo&agrave;i t&#432;&#7901;ng th&agrave;nh c&ograve;n &#273;&agrave;o h&agrave;o b&#7843;o v&#7879; th&agrave;nh, l&agrave;m bi&#7879;n ph&aacute;p ph&ograve;ng ng&#7921;; l&#7845;y l&#7877; ngh&#297;a l&agrave;m bi&#7879;n ph&aacute;p c&#259;n b&#7843;n &#273;&#7875; tr&#7883; v&igrave; thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;, d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; quy ph&#7841;m quan h&#7879; vua t&ocirc;i, khi&#7871;n quan h&#7879; cha con th&acirc;n m&#7853;t, anh em h&ograve;a thu&#7853;n, v&#7907; ch&#7891;ng h&agrave;i h&ograve;a; d&ugrave;ng l&#7877; ngh&#297;a x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng ra c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897;, d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; ph&acirc;n chia ru&#7897;ng &#273;&#7845;t v&agrave; h&#7897; t&#7883;ch, d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; t&ocirc;n s&ugrave;ng nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#361;ng c&#7843;m th&ocirc;ng minh, &#273;&atilde; tr&#7907; gi&uacute;p m&igrave;nh t&#7841;o d&#7921;ng s&#7921; nghi&#7879;p. V&igrave; v&#7853;y c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i c&#417; m&#432;u x&#7843;o tr&iacute; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u th&#7883;nh h&agrave;nh, chi&#7871;n lo&#7841;n c&#361;ng t&#7915; &#273;&oacute; m&agrave; n&#7893;i l&ecirc;n. H&#7841; V&#361;, Th&#432;&#417;ng Thang, Chu V&#259;n V&#432;&#417;ng, V&#361; V&#432;&#417;ng, Th&agrave;nh V&#432;&#417;ng, Chu C&ocirc;ng, ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i xu&#7845;t s&#7855;c sinh ra trong t&igrave;nh hu&#7889;ng n&agrave;y, h&#7885; kh&ocirc;ng ai l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&#7849;n th&#7853;n tu&acirc;n theo l&#7877; ngh&#297;a, d&ugrave;ng l&#7877; &#273;&#7875; tr&#7883; v&igrave; thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;&hellip; Lo&#7841;i h&igrave;nh th&aacute;i x&atilde; h&#7897;i n&agrave;y g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;Ti&#7875;u khang&rdquo;.(39)<\/p>\n<p>X&atilde; h&#7897;i &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i &#273;&#7891;ng&rdquo; m&agrave; Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; mong mu&#7889;n k&#7923; th&#7921;c l&agrave; t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng v&#7899;i tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i x&atilde; h&#7897;i v&ocirc; vi nhi tr&#7883; c&#7911;a &#272;&#7841;o gia. X&atilde; h&#7897;i &ldquo;Ti&#7875;u khang&rdquo; ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i x&atilde; h&#7897;i V&#432;&#417;ng &#272;&#7841;o tr&#7883; th&#7871; m&agrave; Nho gia t&ocirc;n s&ugrave;ng v&agrave; th&uacute;c &#273;&#7849;y. T&#7915; &#272;&#7841;i &#273;&#7891;ng &#273;&#7871;n Ti&#7875;u khang, Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; &#273;&atilde; lu&#7853;n thu&#7853;t (di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i, l&#7853;p lu&#7853;n..) v&#7873; s&#7921; chuy&#7875;n bi&#7871;n gi&#7919;a &#272;&#7841;o gia tr&#7883; th&#7871; v&agrave; Nho gia tr&#7883; th&#7871;, t&#7913;c qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh &ldquo;ngo&#7841;i Nho n&#7897;i &#272;&#7841;o&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7841;o gia tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; thu&#7853;t, kh&iacute;, ch&#7881; c&oacute; &#272;&#7841;o, h&#7871;t th&#7843;y l&agrave; &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o v&ocirc; h&igrave;nh. Nho gia tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c, th&igrave; ch&#7911; y&#7871;u d&#7921;a v&agrave;o thu&#7853;t l&#7877; nh&#7841;c. &#272;&oacute; c&oacute; ph&#7843;i l&agrave; n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng th&#7901;i k&#7923; v&ocirc; vi nh&#7883; tr&#7883; m&agrave; &#272;&#7841;o gia gi&#7843;ng l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; l&#7877; nh&#7841;c? Kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i nh&#432; th&#7871;, theo ghi ch&eacute;p, v&agrave;o th&#7901;i k&#7923; Tam Ho&agrave;ng &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; l&#7877; nh&#7841;c r&#7891;i, nh&#432;ng th&#7901;i &#273;&oacute; ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n kh&ocirc;ng d&ugrave;ng l&#7877; nh&#7841;c &#273;&#7875; tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c, m&agrave; ch&#7881; l&agrave; s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m ph&#7909; trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c .<\/p>\n<p>L&#7845;y v&iacute; d&#7909;, m&#7897;t em b&eacute; m&#7851;u gi&aacute;o, b&eacute; s&#7869; bi&#7871;t x&ograve;e tay ra &#273;&#7871;m ng&oacute;n tay l&agrave;m to&aacute;n, &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i b&eacute; m&agrave; n&oacute;i, ch&#7881; c&oacute; d&#7921;a v&agrave;o ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p n&agrave;y m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c to&aacute;n. Nh&#432;ng &#273;&#7889;i m&#7897;t gi&aacute;o s&#432; to&aacute;n m&agrave; n&oacute;i, &ocirc;ng quy&#7871;t s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng &#7845;u tr&#297; x&ograve;e tay ra &#273;&#7875; l&agrave;m to&aacute;n, m&agrave; trong t&acirc;m &#273;&atilde; r&otilde; r&#7891;i, li&#7873;n n&oacute;i ra ngay. &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; n&oacute;i gi&aacute;o s&#432; to&aacute;n kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p &#273;&#7871;m ng&oacute;n tay, m&agrave; l&agrave; &ocirc;ng ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n kh&ocirc;ng c&#7847;n d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7871;n, n&#7871;u &eacute;p &ocirc;ng d&ugrave;ng th&igrave; tr&aacute;i l&#7841;i s&#7869; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh &#7845;u tr&#297; n&#7921;c c&#432;&#7901;i. Th&#7901;i k&#7923; v&ocirc; vi nhi tr&#7883; c&#7911;a &#272;&#7841;o gia kh&ocirc;ng c&#7847;n m&#432;&#7907;n &#273;&#7871;n b&#7845;t k&#7923; thu&#7853;t kh&iacute; g&igrave;, c&#361;ng ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o l&yacute; n&agrave;y.<\/p>\n<p>Th&#7901;i &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o thi h&agrave;nh, m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave;m theo b&#7843;n t&iacute;nh t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n trong &#272;&#7841;o, m&#7895;i l&#7901;i n&oacute;i, h&agrave;nh vi &#273;&#7873;u xu&#7845;t ph&aacute;t t&#7915; trong &#272;&#7841;o &ldquo;t&ograve;ng t&acirc;m s&#7903; d&#7909;c nhi b&#7845;t du c&#7911;&rdquo; (l&agrave;m theo g&igrave; m&agrave; trong t&acirc;m mu&#7889;n m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng v&#432;&#7907;t ra ngo&agrave;i quy t&#7855;c). L&#7877; th&igrave; xoay quanh t&#7847;ng di&#7879;n c&#7889;t l&otilde;i l&agrave; &#272;&#7841;o ngh&#297;a, c&ograve;n c&aacute;i thu&#7853;t sinh ra &#7903; b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i &#272;&#7841;o th&igrave; l&agrave; k&#7871;t qu&#7843; c&#7911;a h&agrave;nh vi v&agrave; y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u c&#7909; th&#7875; khi &#273;em &#272;&#7841;o &#273;&#7889;i &#7913;ng ra t&#7847;ng b&#7873; ngo&agrave;i, r&#7891;i sau &#273;&oacute; ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh m&ocirc; th&#7913;c h&oacute;a.<\/p>\n<p>C&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng &#272;&#7841;o l&agrave; t&acirc;m Ph&aacute;p tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p nh&#7857;m v&agrave;o nh&acirc;n t&acirc;m; l&#7877; l&agrave; m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i chu&#7849;n t&#7855;c h&agrave;nh vi b&#7873; ngo&agrave;i c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i. Bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n b&#7873; ngo&agrave;i v&agrave; t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng n&#7897;i t&acirc;m c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; li&ecirc;n quan m&#7853;t thi&#7871;t v&#7899;i nhau, t&#7915; c&#259;n b&#7843;n m&agrave; n&oacute;i, nh&acirc;n t&acirc;m quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n h&agrave;nh vi b&#7873; ngo&agrave;i c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i, m&#7895;i l&#7901;i n&oacute;i h&agrave;nh vi c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7873;u ph&aacute;t xu&#7845;t t&#7915; n&#7897;i t&acirc;m, ch&#7883;u s&#7921; kh&#7889;ng ch&#7871; n&#7897;i t&#7841;i. Do &#273;&oacute; th&#7901;i k&#7923; &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o thi h&agrave;nh, b&aacute;ch t&iacute;nh &#273;&#7873;u &#7903; trong &#272;&#7841;o, t&acirc;m linh &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#7891;ng h&oacute;a v&#7899;i &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o, thu&#7847;n ch&acirc;n v&ocirc; t&agrave;, m&#7895;i l&#7901;i n&oacute;i h&agrave;nh vi &#273;&#7873;u ph&aacute;t xu&#7845;t t&#7915; n&#7897;i t&acirc;m, xu&#7845;t ph&aacute;t t&#7915; &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o, l&agrave;m t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; m&agrave; t&acirc;m mong mu&#7889;n m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng l&#7879;ch ra ngo&agrave;i &#272;&#7841;o. V&#7873; sau, x&atilde; h&#7897;i lo&agrave;i ng&#432;&#7901;i tr&#7909;y l&#7841;c bi&#7871;n ch&#7845;t, v&agrave; t&acirc;m linh b&#7883; &ocirc; nhi&#7877;m b&#7903;i nh&#7919;ng d&#7909;c v&#7885;ng t&#432; t&acirc;m c&#7911;a h&#7853;u thi&ecirc;n, n&ecirc;n l&#7879;ch kh&#7887;i &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o. Nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i m&agrave; n&#7897;i t&#7841;i r&#7901;i xa &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o th&igrave; bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n h&agrave;nh vi b&#7873; ngo&agrave;i c&#361;ng t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng l&#7879;ch kh&#7887;i tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i ho&agrave;n m&#7929; h&agrave;i h&ograve;a v&#7889;n c&oacute; trong &#272;&#7841;o. L&uacute;c n&agrave;y, tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i t&#7889;t &#273;&#7865;p h&#7841;nh ph&uacute;c c&#7911;a thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; ph&aacute; v&#7905;, c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i chi&#7871;n tranh, tai h&#7885;a b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n. &#272;&#7875; gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i sau khi nh&acirc;n t&acirc;m l&#7879;ch kh&#7887;i &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o, th&igrave; l&#7877; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u h&#432;ng th&#7883;nh, d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; quy ph&#7841;m, &#432;&#7899;c th&uacute;c h&agrave;nh vi v&agrave; ph&#432;&#417;ng th&#7913;c x&#7917; s&#7921; b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>L&#7877; l&agrave; tham chi&#7871;u theo v&agrave; coi ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n h&agrave;nh vi, h&agrave;nh x&#7917; b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i khi h&#7885; &#7903; trong &#272;&#7841;o &#273;&#7875; l&agrave;m chu&#7849;n t&#7855;c, &#273;&#7875; ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh m&ocirc; th&#7913;c h&oacute;a, quy ph&#7841;m h&oacute;a nh&#7919;ng ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n h&agrave;nh vi v&agrave; x&#7917; s&#7921; b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i n&agrave;y, t&#7915; &#273;&oacute; h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; l&#7877; nghi. C&#7889;t l&otilde;i c&#7911;a l&#7877; l&agrave; &#272;&#7841;o &#7849;n ch&#7913;a ph&iacute;a sau, &#272;&#7841;o l&agrave; linh h&#7891;n c&#7911;a l&#7877;.<\/p>\n<p>Th&#7901;i nh&agrave; Chu &#273;&atilde; ch&#7871; &#273;&#7883;nh ra ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; l&#7877; nghi v&ocirc; c&ugrave;ng ho&agrave;n thi&#7879;n, v&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chia th&agrave;nh Ng&#361; l&#7877; g&#7891;m c&oacute;: C&aacute;t l&#7877; (t&ecirc;n g&#7885;i chung cho c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i nghi l&#7877; c&uacute;ng t&#7871;, nh&#432; t&#7871; Thi&ecirc;n &#272;&#7883;a Th&#7847;n linh, Nh&#7853;t nguy&#7879;t tinh t&uacute;, S&#417;n xuy&ecirc;n h&agrave; nh&#7841;c, T&#7893; ti&ecirc;n X&atilde; t&#7855;c); Hung l&#7877; (t&ecirc;n g&#7885;i chung c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i nghi l&#7877; d&ugrave;ng cho tai h&#7885;a, th&#432;&#417;ng vong, bao g&#7891;m tang l&#7877;, hoang l&#7877;, &#273;i&#7871;u l&#7877;, tu&#7845;t l&#7877;, qu&aacute;i l&#7877;); Qu&acirc;n l&#7877; (t&ecirc;n g&#7885;i chung cho t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&aacute;c ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7877; nghi c&oacute; li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n m&#7863;t qu&acirc;n s&#7921;, nh&#432; th&acirc;n chinh, khi&#7875;n t&#432;&#7899;ng, th&#7909; h&agrave;ng, kh&#7843;i to&agrave;n, &#273;&#7841;i x&#7841;); T&acirc;n l&#7877; (t&ecirc;n g&#7885;i chung cho c&aacute;c ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7877; nghi ngo&#7841;i giao gi&#7919;a c&aacute;c n&#432;&#7899;c v&agrave; chi&ecirc;u &#273;&atilde;i t&acirc;n kh&aacute;ch nh&#432; tri&#7873;u s&iacute;nh l&#7877;, s&#297; t&#432;&#417;ng ki&#7871;n l&#7877;); Gia l&#7877; (&#22025;&#31150;) (t&ecirc;n g&#7885;i chung cho c&aacute;c l&#7877; nghi &#273;i&#7873;u h&ograve;a quan h&#7879; gi&#7919;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7899;i con ng&#432;&#7901;i, c&acirc;u th&ocirc;ng giao l&#432;u t&igrave;nh c&#7843;m&hellip; nh&#432; l&#7877; &#273;&#259;ng c&#417; s&#7855;c phong, l&#7877; &#7849;m th&#7921;c, l&#7877; c&#432;&#7899;i, l&#7877; b&#7855;n cung, l&#7877; h&#432;&#7903;ng y&#7871;n, l&#7877; th&#7847;n ph&#7847;n, l&#7877; ch&uacute;c m&#7915;ng&hellip;)<\/p>\n<p>Trong &ldquo;L&#7877; k&yacute; &ndash; L&#7877; v&#7853;n&rdquo; c&oacute; vi&#7871;t: &ldquo;L&#7877; l&agrave; do c&#7893; Th&aacute;nh ti&ecirc;n v&#432;&#417;ng thu&#7853;n theo Thi&ecirc;n &#272;&#7841;o m&agrave; ki&#7871;n l&#7853;p n&ecirc;n, d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; tr&#7883; s&#7917;a nh&acirc;n t&igrave;nh th&#7871; s&#7921;&hellip; L&#7877; &#7855;t ph&#7843;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ki&#7871;n l&#7853;p tr&ecirc;n c&#417; s&#7903; Thi&ecirc;n &#272;&#7841;o, n&oacute; h&#7885;c theo &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a &#273;&#7845;t, tham chi&#7871;u ch&#7913;ng nghi&#7879;m v&#7899;i qu&#7927; th&#7847;n, sau &#273;&oacute; &#273;&#432;a v&agrave;o th&#7921;c h&agrave;nh &#7913;ng d&#7909;ng trong c&aacute;c nghi l&#7877; nh&#432; tang l&#7877;, t&#7871; l&#7877;, x&#7841; l&#7877;, h&#432;&#417;ng &#7849;m t&#7917;u l&#7877;, quan l&#7877;, h&ocirc;n l&#7877;, c&#7849;n l&#7877;, s&iacute;nh l&#7877;&hellip; Th&aacute;nh nh&acirc;n d&ugrave;ng nghi l&#7877; &#273;&#7875; tr&#7883; v&igrave; thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;, thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c quy ch&iacute;nh&rdquo;.(40)<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;Th&aacute;i C&ocirc;ng l&#7909;c thao&rdquo; vi&#7871;t: &ldquo;L&#7877; ch&#7881; l&agrave; trang s&#7913;c v&agrave; &#273;i&#7875;m xuy&#7871;t b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i c&#7911;a Thi&ecirc;n &#272;&#7841;o&rdquo; (41)<\/p>\n<p>C&acirc;u n&oacute;i tr&ecirc;n l&#7841;i l&#7847;n n&#7919;a l&agrave;m r&otilde; m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; gi&#7919;a l&#7877; v&agrave; &#272;&#7841;o. V&iacute; d&#7909;: N&#7871;u &#272;&#7841;o l&agrave; t&#432;&#7899;ng m&#7841;o ho&agrave;n h&#7843;o ti&ecirc;n thi&ecirc;n c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i, th&igrave; l&#7877; ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; trang &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a h&#7853;u thi&ecirc;n. N&#7871;u con ng&#432;&#7901;i sinh ra &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#7849;m h&#7841;nh tr&#7901;i ban, ho&agrave;n m&#7929; kh&ocirc;ng t&igrave; v&#7871;t, gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; &ldquo;N&#432;&#7899;c trong m&#7885;c &#273;&oacute;a sen, t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n kh&ocirc;ng c&#7847;n trang s&#7913;c&rdquo;, ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n kh&ocirc;ng c&#7847;n trang &#273;i&#7875;m t&ocirc; son tr&aacute;t ph&#7845;n, tr&aacute;i l&#7841;i c&agrave;ng trang &#273;i&#7875;m c&agrave;ng x&#7845;u x&iacute;. Khi con ng&#432;&#7901;i sinh ra c&oacute; khi&#7871;m khuy&#7871;t, t&#432;&#7899;ng m&#7841;o kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7911; ho&agrave;n m&#7929; th&igrave; m&#7899;i c&#7847;n trang &#273;i&#7875;m, m&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&oacute; c&#361;ng l&#7845;y h&igrave;nh t&#432;&#7907;ng ho&agrave;n m&#7929; l&agrave;m ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n, th&ocirc;ng qua ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i do con ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7841;o ra &#273;&#7875; che b&#7899;t, b&ugrave; &#273;&#7855;p nh&#7919;ng b&#7845;t c&#7853;p c&#7911;a t&#432;&#7899;ng m&#7841;o, l&agrave;m cho m&igrave;nh tr&ocirc;ng c&agrave;ng ho&agrave;n m&#7929; h&#417;n.<\/p>\n<p>C&#7889;t l&otilde;i c&#7911;a l&#7877; kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; l&#7877; ti&#7871;t v&agrave; h&igrave;nh th&#7913;c b&#7873; ngo&agrave;i r&#432;&#7901;m r&agrave;, m&agrave; l&agrave; c&aacute;i &ldquo;ngh&#297;a&rdquo; m&agrave; n&oacute; tri&#7875;n hi&#7879;n. Cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch &ldquo;L&#7877; K&yacute;&rdquo; Kinh &#273;i&#7875;n Nho gia ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; lu&#7853;n thu&#7853;t ngh&#297;a h&agrave;m ch&#7913;a &#273;&#7857;ng sau l&#7877;, &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; g&#7889;c r&#7877; ki&#7871;n l&#7853;p l&#7877;. M&agrave; g&#7889;c r&#7877; c&#7911;a ngh&#297;a l&#7841;i l&agrave; &#272;&#7841;o, ngh&#297;a l&agrave; s&#7921; b&#7843;o v&#7879; v&agrave; tu&acirc;n theo &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i &#272;&#7841;o, do &#273;&oacute; c&#7889;t l&otilde;i m&agrave; l&#7877; tri&#7875;n hi&#7879;n ra ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; &#272;&#7841;o.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7841;o c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i qu&acirc;n t&#7917; m&agrave; Nho gia gi&#7843;ng nh&#432;: nh&acirc;n, ngh&#297;a, trung, th&#7913;, th&agrave;nh, t&iacute;n, hi&#7871;u, li&ecirc;m, trinh v&agrave; trung dung v.v&hellip; &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; ngh&#297;a c&#7911;a l&#7877;, l&agrave; linh h&#7891;n v&agrave; c&#7889;t l&otilde;i c&#7911;a l&#7877;.<\/p>\n<p>V&igrave; v&#7853;y &#7903; th&#7901;i k&#7923; &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o thi h&agrave;nh, th&igrave; ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n kh&ocirc;ng c&#7847;n th&#7921;c h&agrave;nh l&#7877;, l&#7877; tr&#7903; n&ecirc;n th&#7915;a. Nh&#432;ng &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i x&atilde; h&#7897;i nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i &#273;&atilde; r&#7901;i xa kh&#7887;i &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o m&agrave; n&oacute;i th&igrave; l&#7877; l&agrave; chu&#7849;n t&#7855;c nh&#7845;t thi&#7871;t ph&#7843;i tu&acirc;n theo, n&oacute; quy ph&#7841;m h&agrave;nh vi v&agrave; tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i, l&agrave; ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n &#273;&#7875; con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave;m ng&#432;&#7901;i, n&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng th&igrave; x&atilde; h&#7897;i nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i s&#7869; sa v&agrave;o t&igrave;nh tr&#7841;ng nh&#432; lo&agrave;i c&#7847;m th&uacute;.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7841;o gia tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c l&agrave; t&#7915; trong ra ngo&agrave;i, h&#7885; n&#7855;m ch&#7855;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#259;n b&#7843;n, gi&#7919; v&#7919;ng c&#7845;p &#273;&#7897; c&#7889;t l&otilde;i nh&#7845;t b&ecirc;n trong c&#7911;a &#272;&#7841;o, khi&#7871;n b&aacute;ch t&iacute;nh &#273;&#7873;u tr&#7903; v&#7873; v&#7899;i &#272;&#7841;o, theo b&#7843;n t&iacute;nh t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n &#7903; trong &#272;&#7841;o m&agrave; l&agrave;m, kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; b&#7845;t k&#7923; s&#7921; r&agrave;ng bu&#7897;c h&igrave;nh th&#7913;c b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i n&agrave;o. Khi thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; &#273;&#7873;u tr&#7903; v&#7873; trong &#272;&#7841;o, th&igrave; s&#7869; ph&aacute;t sinh &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng t&#7915; trong ra ngo&agrave;i, t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&aacute;c bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n v&agrave; h&igrave;nh th&#7913;c b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i &#273;&#7873;u kh&ocirc;ng tho&aacute;t ly y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n c&#7911;a &#272;&#7841;o, thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; s&#7869; &#7903; trong tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i mu&#7889;n sao l&agrave;m v&#7853;y m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng v&#432;&#7907;t ra ngo&agrave;i ph&eacute;p t&#7855;c, h&#7871;t th&#7843;y &#273;&#7873;u h&agrave;i h&ograve;a, ho&agrave;n m&#7929; &#7903; trong tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i n&agrave;y.<\/p>\n<p>Nho gia d&ugrave;ng l&#7877; tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c, l&agrave; th&ocirc;ng qua l&#7877; &#273;&#7875; quy ph&#7841;m &#432;&#7899;c th&uacute;c h&agrave;nh vi v&agrave; tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i c&#7911;a b&aacute;ch t&iacute;nh, &#273;&#7875; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng v&agrave; quy ph&#7841;m h&agrave;nh vi &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i t&#7915; ngo&agrave;i v&agrave;o trong, khi&#7871;n cho b&#7873; ngo&agrave;i ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n c&#7911;a &#272;&#7841;o. Hai ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p tr&ecirc;n c&oacute; s&#7921; kh&aacute;c nhau v&#7873; ph&#432;&#417;ng h&#432;&#7899;ng.<\/p>\n<p>Trong &ldquo;T&#7843; truy&#7879;n &ndash; Trang C&ocirc;ng th&#7853;p b&aacute;t ni&ecirc;n&rdquo; c&oacute; vi&#7871;t: &ldquo;Danh v&agrave; v&#7883; kh&aacute;c nhau th&igrave; l&#7877; c&#361;ng kh&aacute;c nhau&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>Trong &ldquo;L&#7877; k&yacute; &ndash; Nh&#7841;c k&yacute;&rdquo; vi&#7871;t: &ldquo;Nh&#7841;c th&#7889;ng nh&#7845;t c&aacute;i t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7891;ng, l&#7877; ph&acirc;n bi&#7879;t c&aacute;i kh&aacute;c bi&#7879;t&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>&#7902; &#273;&acirc;y n&oacute;i ra m&#7897;t &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m kh&aacute;c c&#7911;a l&#7877;, ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c nhau th&igrave; l&#7877; kh&aacute;c nhau, vi&#7879;c kh&aacute;c nhau th&igrave; l&#7877; kh&aacute;c nhau, l&#7877; l&agrave; c&oacute; &#273;&#7859;ng c&#7845;p r&otilde; r&agrave;ng, c&oacute; t&ocirc;n ti tr&#7853;t t&#7921;.<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;L&#7877; k&yacute; &ndash; Kh&uacute;c L&#7877; Th&#432;&#7907;ng&rdquo; vi&#7871;t: &ldquo;L&#7877; d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7883;nh th&acirc;n s&#417;, gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t hi&#7873;m nghi, ph&acirc;n bi&#7879;t gi&#7889;ng nhau &ndash; kh&aacute;c nhau, l&agrave;m r&otilde; th&#7883; phi&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>Nho gia th&uacute;c &#273;&#7849;y thi h&agrave;nh nh&acirc;n ngh&#297;a trong l&#7877; ch&#7871;, coi tr&#7885;ng nh&acirc;n &aacute;i, nh&#432;ng nh&acirc;n &aacute;i c&#7911;a Nho gia &#7903; trong l&#7877;, &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; &ldquo;nh&acirc;n &aacute;i c&oacute; s&#7921; kh&aacute;c bi&#7879;t&rdquo;. &#272;i&#7873;u &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; ngh&#297;a l&agrave; nh&acirc;n &aacute;i c&#7911;a Nho gia l&agrave; ph&acirc;n &#273;&#7859;ng c&#7845;p, tr&#432;&#7899;c ti&ecirc;n y&ecirc;u th&#432;&#417;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, sau &#273;&oacute; y&ecirc;u th&#432;&#417;ng nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; quan h&#7879; xa h&#417;n, nh&#432;: ph&#7909; t&#7917;, huynh &#273;&#7879;, phu th&ecirc;, b&#7857;ng h&#7919;u, sau &#273;&oacute; &#273;&#7871;n ch&uacute;ng sinh.<\/p>\n<p>Trong &ldquo;Trung dung&rdquo; vi&#7871;t: &ldquo;Nh&acirc;n &aacute;i &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n c&#7853;n, l&agrave; c&#259;n c&#7913; v&agrave;o quan h&#7879; th&acirc;n s&#417; m&agrave; ph&acirc;n &#273;&#7859;ng c&#7845;p th&#7913; b&#7853;c. T&ocirc;n tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7913;c h&#7841;nh t&agrave;i n&#259;ng, l&agrave; c&#259;n c&#7913; v&agrave;o &#273;&#7913;c, t&agrave;i, l&#7897;c, v&#7883; m&agrave; ph&acirc;n &#273;&#7859;ng c&#7845;p, nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o th&agrave;nh b&#7903;i l&#7877;&rdquo;. (43)<\/p>\n<p>X&atilde; h&#7897;i d&acirc;n ch&#7911; hi&#7879;n nay coi tr&#7885;ng b&igrave;nh &#273;&#7859;ng trong m&#7885;i s&#7921;, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y l&agrave; c&oacute; h&#7841;i. L&#7877; l&agrave; tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; b&igrave;nh &#273;&#7859;ng, n&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng th&igrave; s&#7869; l&agrave;m lo&#7841;n tr&#7853;t t&#7921; x&atilde; h&#7897;i c&#7911;a c&aacute;c m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; gi&#7919;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7899;i nhau, khi&#7871;n x&atilde; h&#7897;i &#273;&#7841;i lo&#7841;n b&#7845;t tr&#7883;.<\/p>\n<p>T&#7841;i sao l&#7841;i n&oacute;i nh&#432; v&#7853;y?<\/p>\n<p>&#7902; b&agrave;i tr&#432;&#7899;c Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; &#273;&atilde; lu&#7853;n thu&#7853;t s&#7921; gi&#7889;ng v&agrave; kh&aacute;c nhau gi&#7919;a &ldquo;&#273;&#7841;i &#273;&#7891;ng&rdquo; v&agrave; &ldquo;ti&#7875;u khang&rdquo;. Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; v&ocirc; c&ugrave;ng mong m&#7887;i m&#7897;t x&atilde; h&#7897;i &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&#7891;ng, c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; gi&#7845;c m&#417; c&#7843; cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i &ocirc;ng, nh&#432;ng Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; t&#7841;i sao kh&ocirc;ng n&#7895; l&#7921;c tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p &#273;i con &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng x&atilde; h&#7897;i &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&#7891;ng, m&agrave; ch&#7881; &#273;&#7873; x&#432;&#7899;ng &ldquo;ti&#7875;u khang&rdquo; (kh&aacute; gi&#7843;)?<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&oacute; l&agrave; v&igrave; l&ograve;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&oacute; &#273;&atilde; kh&ocirc;ng gi&#7889;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y n&#7919;a r&#7891;i. V&iacute; nh&#432; m&#7897;t &#273;&#7913;a tr&#7867; ng&acirc;y th&#417; &#273;&aacute;ng y&ecirc;u, thu&#7847;n ch&acirc;n trong tr&#7855;ng, &#273;&#7875; h&#7903; m&ocirc;ng ch&#7841;y kh&#7855;p n&#417;i, m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i tr&ocirc;ng th&#7845;y &#273;&#7873;u c&#7843;m th&#7845;y r&#7845;t t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n, v&ocirc; c&ugrave;ng ng&acirc;y th&#417; &#273;&aacute;ng y&ecirc;u. Nh&#432;ng n&#7871;u l&agrave; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7903;ng th&agrave;nh, &#273;&#7875; h&#7903; m&ocirc;ng &#273;i tr&ecirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng ph&#7889;, th&#7871; th&igrave; kh&#7859;ng &#273;&#7883;nh l&agrave; ph&oacute;ng &#273;&atilde;ng d&acirc;m lo&#7841;n, l&agrave;m b&#7841;i ho&#7841;i thu&#7847;n phong m&#7929; t&#7909;c.<\/p>\n<p>B&#7903;i v&igrave; trong t&acirc;m tr&#7867; con ng&acirc;y th&#417; trong s&#7841;ch, n&oacute; ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; quan ni&#7879;m nam n&#7919;, kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t s&#7855;c t&acirc;m, d&acirc;m d&#7909;c l&agrave; th&#7913; g&igrave;, do &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; th&#7875; t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n l&agrave;m theo b&#7843;n t&iacute;nh, m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7869; c&#7843;m th&#7845;y r&#7845;t h&agrave;i h&ograve;a &#273;&aacute;ng y&ecirc;u. C&ograve;n m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i tr&#432;&#7903;ng th&agrave;nh ham d&#7909;c &#273;&#7847;y m&igrave;nh, &#273;&#7875; h&#7903; m&ocirc;ng &#273;i tr&ecirc;n ph&#7889; l&#7899;n, th&igrave; &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; h&agrave;nh vi d&acirc;m &#273;&atilde;ng, l&agrave;m b&#7841;i ho&#7841;i &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c.<\/p>\n<p>C&#361;ng c&aacute;i l&yacute; nh&#432; v&#7853;y, v&agrave;o th&#7901;i k&#7923; &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&#7891;ng, nh&acirc;n t&acirc;m &#273;&#7873;u quy v&#7873; trong &#272;&#7841;o, l&ograve;ng y&ecirc;u th&#432;&#417;ng l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; &#273;&#7859;ng c&#7845;p. Ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7901;i &#273;&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; coi ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n, m&agrave; c&ograve;n coi ng&#432;&#7901;i trong c&#7843; thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n; h&#7885; kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; coi con c&aacute;i m&igrave;nh l&agrave; con c&aacute;i, m&agrave; c&ograve;n coi con c&aacute;i ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c nh&#432; con c&aacute;i m&igrave;nh, m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7873;u v&igrave; c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng, kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; t&#432; t&acirc;m. Nh&#432;ng sau khi thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; &#273;&#7873;u l&#7879;ch kh&#7887;i &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o th&igrave; thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh s&#7903; h&#7919;u ri&ecirc;ng c&#7911;a gia t&#7897;c, m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7873;u v&#7883; t&#432;, &#273;&#7873;u v&igrave; gia &#273;&igrave;nh m&igrave;nh, l&uacute;c n&agrave;y n&#7871;u l&#7841;i l&#7845;y nh&#7919;ng y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u c&#7911;a th&#7901;i k&#7923; &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o m&agrave; y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n th&igrave; cao qu&aacute;, thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; c&oacute; l&#7869; ch&#7859;ng c&oacute; m&#7845;y ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c, tr&aacute;i l&#7841;i c&ograve;n l&agrave;m h&#7895;n lo&#7841;n to&agrave;n b&#7897; tr&#7853;t t&#7921; x&atilde; h&#7897;i.<\/p>\n<p>Trong &ldquo;L&atilde; th&#7883; Xu&acirc;n thu&rdquo;, &ldquo;Ho&agrave;i Nam T&#7917;&rdquo; &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; ghi ch&eacute;p c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n &ldquo;T&#7917; C&#7889;ng t&#7915; ch&#7889;i ti&#7873;n&rdquo; nh&#432; sau:<\/p>\n<p>N&#432;&#7899;c L&#7895; c&oacute; m&#7897;t &#273;i&#7873;u lu&#7853;t r&#7857;ng, ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#432;&#7899;c L&#7895; &#7903; n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&agrave;i b&#7883; sa v&agrave;o v&ograve;ng n&ocirc; l&#7879;, n&#7871;u c&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; th&#7875; chu&#7897;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#7885; tr&#7903; v&#7873; th&igrave; c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#7871;n qu&#7889;c kh&#7889; nh&#7853;n l&#7841;i ti&#7873;n chu&#7897;c. M&#7897;t l&#7847;n, T&#7917; C&#7889;ng, &#273;&#7879; t&#7917; c&#7911;a Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; &#7903; n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&agrave;i chu&#7897;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#432;&#7899;c L&#7895;, sau khi tr&#7903; v&#7873; n&#432;&#7899;c, &ocirc;ng t&#7915; ch&#7889;i nh&#7853;n ti&#7873;n b&#7891;i ho&agrave;n c&#7911;a qu&#7889;c gia. Sau khi bi&#7871;t chuy&#7879;n, Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; n&oacute;i: &ldquo;T&#7917; C&#7889;ng l&agrave;m sai r&#7891;i, t&#7915; nay tr&#7903; &#273;i, ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#432;&#7899;c L&#7895; s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng chu&#7897;c n&ocirc; l&#7879; &#7903; n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&agrave;i v&#7873; n&#7919;a r&#7891;i&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>H&agrave;nh vi v&ocirc; t&#432; n&agrave;y c&#7911;a T&#7917; C&#7889;ng, t&#7841;i sao Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; l&#7841;i n&oacute;i l&agrave; l&agrave;m sai r&#7891;i? Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; n&oacute;i: &ldquo;L&agrave; Th&aacute;nh nh&acirc;n ch&acirc;n ch&iacute;nh, m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch l&agrave;m vi&#7879;c c&#7911;a h&#7885; l&agrave; thay &#273;&#7893;i n&#7871;p s&#7889;ng x&atilde; h&#7897;i, gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a b&aacute;ch t&iacute;nh, kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; l&agrave; l&agrave;m nh&#7919;ng vi&#7879;c c&oacute; l&#7907;i cho h&agrave;nh vi m&igrave;nh. Hi&#7879;n nay ng&#432;&#7901;i gi&agrave;u c&oacute; &#7903; n&#432;&#7899;c L&#7895; r&#7845;t &iacute;t, ng&#432;&#7901;i ngh&egrave;o nhi&#7873;u, l&#297;nh ti&#7873;n b&#7891;i ho&agrave;n c&#7911;a qu&#7889;c gia th&igrave; c&#361;ng ch&#7859;ng c&oacute; t&#7893;n th&#7845;t g&igrave; cho tr&ograve;, nh&#432;ng kh&ocirc;ng l&#297;nh ti&#7873;n b&#7891;i ho&agrave;n th&igrave; n&#432;&#7899;c L&#7895; s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;i chu&#7897;c &#273;&#7891;ng b&agrave;o b&#7883; r&#417;i v&agrave;o c&#7843;nh l&agrave;m n&ocirc; l&#7879; v&#7873; n&#7919;a&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>B&#7903;i v&igrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i ngh&egrave;o &#7903; n&#432;&#7899;c L&#7895; m&#7899;i l&agrave; &#273;&#7841;i &#273;a s&#7889;, &ldquo;chu&#7897;c ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#297;nh ti&#7873;n b&#7891;i ho&agrave;n&rdquo; v&#7889;n l&agrave; h&agrave;nh vi &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c m&agrave; ai ai c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c, c&oacute; th&#7875; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c chung c&#7911;a x&atilde; h&#7897;i. Nh&#432;ng do h&agrave;nh vi c&#7911;a T&#7917; C&#7889;ng, &#273;&atilde; khi&#7871;n &ldquo;chu&#7897;c ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng c&#7847;n ti&#7873;n b&#7891;i ho&agrave;n&rdquo; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n m&#7899;i m&agrave; &#273;&#7841;i &#273;a s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n kh&oacute; m&agrave; l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c. V&igrave; h&#7847;u h&#7871;t m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7873;u kh&ocirc;ng l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c do &#273;&oacute; k&#7871;t qu&#7843; ch&iacute;nh l&agrave;, r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i r&otilde; r&agrave;ng l&agrave; c&oacute; th&#7875; chu&#7897;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ng&#432;&#7901;i, nh&#432;ng v&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; n&agrave;o l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &ldquo;chu&#7897;c ng&#432;&#7901;i m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&#7847;n ti&#7873;n b&#7891;i ho&agrave;n&rdquo; n&ecirc;n do d&#7921; ch&ugrave;n b&#432;&#7899;c. &#272;em h&agrave;nh vi &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c m&agrave; ch&#7881; c&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i c&aacute; bi&#7879;t m&#7899;i l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thay &#273;&#7893;i th&agrave;nh &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c chung c&#7911;a x&atilde; h&#7897;i, th&igrave; ch&#7859;ng gi&uacute;p cho vi&#7879;c n&acirc;ng cao h&agrave;nh vi &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a to&agrave;n th&#7875; x&atilde; h&#7897;i, n&ecirc;n l&agrave; tu&#7847;n t&#7921; ti&#7871;n d&#7847;n, t&#7915;ng b&#432;&#7899;c d&#7851;n d&#7855;t b&aacute;ch t&iacute;nh.<\/p>\n<p>L&#7841;i v&iacute; v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7875; m&#7897;t con ng&#7921;a th&#7891; 100 c&acirc;n (50kg) th&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; g&igrave;, nh&#432;ng n&#7871;u &#273;&#7875; m&#7897;t con ch&oacute; th&#7891; 100 c&acirc;n th&igrave; s&#7869; &#273;&egrave; ch&#7871;t n&oacute;. Th&#7901;i k&#7923; kh&aacute;c nhau, nh&acirc;n t&acirc;m x&atilde; h&#7897;i kh&aacute;c nhau, &#7855;t ph&#7843;i c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u kh&aacute;c nhau &#273;&#7875; tu&#7847;n t&#7921; ti&#7871;n d&#7847;n, kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n trong m&#7897;t s&#7899;m m&#7897;t chi&#7873;u, n&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng th&igrave; s&#7869; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n x&atilde; h&#7897;i h&#7895;n lo&#7841;n.<\/p>\n<p>S&#7921; kh&aacute;c bi&#7879;t c&#7911;a l&#7877; ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; nh&#432; v&#7853;y. Do &#273;&oacute; d&#432;&#7899;i ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; c&#7911;a l&#7877;, tr&#432;&#7899;c ti&ecirc;n th&acirc;n c&#7853;n y&ecirc;u th&#432;&#417;ng b&#7843;o v&#7879; ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; quan h&#7879; th&acirc;n nh&#7845;t v&#7899;i m&igrave;nh, sau &#273;&oacute; l&#7841;i &#273;em l&ograve;ng y&ecirc;u th&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n n&agrave;y m&#7903; r&#7897;ng ra t&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; quan h&#7879; kh&ocirc;ng th&acirc;n, cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng m&#7903; r&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n to&agrave;n b&#7897; ch&uacute;ng sinh trong thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;.<\/p>\n<p>M&#7841;nh T&#7917; n&oacute;i: &ldquo;&#272;em l&ograve;ng hi&#7871;u th&#7843;o &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i cha m&#7865;, b&#7873; tr&ecirc;n c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh m&#7903; r&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n y&ecirc;u th&#432;&#417;ng hi&#7871;u k&iacute;nh &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i cha m&#7865;, b&#7873; tr&ecirc;n c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i trong kh&#7855;p thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;. &#272;em l&ograve;ng y&ecirc;u th&#432;&#417;ng, nh&acirc;n t&#7915; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i con c&aacute;i m&igrave;nh m&#7903; r&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n y&ecirc;u th&#432;&#417;ng, nh&acirc;n t&#7915; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i con c&aacute;i c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i trong kh&#7855;p thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>M&#7841;nh T&#7917; l&#7841;i n&oacute;i: &ldquo;T&#7915; y&ecirc;u th&#432;&#417;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh m&agrave; nh&acirc;n &aacute;i v&#7899;i b&aacute;ch t&iacute;nh trong thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;, t&#7915; nh&acirc;n &aacute;i v&#7899;i b&aacute;ch t&iacute;nh trong thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; m&agrave; y&ecirc;u qu&yacute; v&#7841;n v&#7853;t&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>Nho gia l&#7877; tr&#7883;, ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; d&#7921;a v&agrave;o tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i nh&acirc;n t&acirc;m trong thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;, tr&#432;&#7899;c ti&ecirc;n ki&#7871;n l&#7853;p tr&#7853;t t&#7921; &#273;&#7859;ng c&#7845;p, sau &#273;&oacute; c&#259;n c&#7913; theo tr&#7853;t t&#7921; n&agrave;y &#273;&#7875; d&#7851;n d&#7855;t, khi&#7871;n b&aacute;ch t&iacute;nh trong thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; c&oacute; th&#7875; tr&#432;&#7899;c ti&ecirc;n &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ti&#7875;u khang, sau &#273;&oacute; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&#7891;ng. Kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; l&#7877; tr&#7883; l&agrave; c&oacute; &yacute; ph&acirc;n chia thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; th&agrave;nh nhi&#7873;u lo&#7841;i &#273;&#7859;ng c&#7845;p, ph&acirc;n bi&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i &#273;&atilde;i, m&agrave; l&agrave; v&igrave; trong x&atilde; h&#7897;i thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; v&#7883; t&#432;, kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; n&agrave;o thi h&agrave;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n th&#7901;i thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; v&#7883; c&ocirc;ng, &#7855;t ph&#7843;i tr&#432;&#7899;c ti&ecirc;n ki&#7871;n l&#7853;p tr&#7853;t t&#7921;, sau &#273;&oacute; t&#7915;ng b&#432;&#7899;c d&#7851;n d&#7855;t, n&acirc;ng cao, khi&#7871;n cho cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; tr&#7903; v&#7873; trong &#272;&#7841;o, &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; v&#7883; c&ocirc;ng. Khi Nho gia &#273;i &#273;&#7871;n t&#7847;ng di&#7879;n cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng th&igrave; ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; &#272;&#7841;o, &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; tri&#7875;n hi&#7879;n n&#7897;i h&agrave;m &ldquo;ngo&#7841;i Nho n&#7897;i &#272;&#7841;o&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>Do &#273;&oacute; l&#7877; s&#7869; c&#259;n c&#7913; theo danh ph&#7853;n, &#273;&#7883;a v&#7883;, ho&agrave;n c&#7843;nh kh&aacute;c nhau c&#7911;a m&#7895;i ng&#432;&#7901;i m&agrave; thi h&agrave;nh nh&#7919;ng l&#7877; ti&#7871;t kh&aacute;c nhau. C&#259;n c&#7913; v&agrave;o th&acirc;n s&#417;, t&ocirc;n ti, nam n&#7919;, gi&agrave; tr&#7867;&hellip; thu&#7853;n theo th&#7913; t&#7921; m&agrave; &#273;&#7883;nh ra nh&acirc;n lu&acirc;n, x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng k&#7927; c&#432;&#417;ng, l&#7853;p n&ecirc;n tr&#7853;t t&#7921;. L&#7877; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7883;nh ra v&#7883; tr&iacute; r&otilde; r&agrave;ng cho m&#7895;i ng&#432;&#7901;i trong c&aacute;c m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; x&atilde; h&#7897;i ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p, ch&#7871; &#273;&#7883;nh ra l&#7877; ti&#7871;t kh&aacute;c nhau, khi&#7871;n ai n&#7845;y &#7903; v&#7883; tr&iacute; c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, m&#7895;i ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7921;c thi ch&#7913;c tr&aacute;ch c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, r&otilde; r&agrave;ng c&oacute; tr&#7853;t t&#7921; &#273;&#7875; m&agrave; an ninh b&#7845;t lo&#7841;n.<\/p>\n<p>L&#7877; l&agrave; tr&#7853;t t&#7921; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ki&#7871;n l&#7853;p t&#7841;i nh&acirc;n gian khi h&#7885;c theo thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7883;a v&#361; tr&#7909;, tu&acirc;n theo Thi&ecirc;n &#272;&#7841;o, &#273;&#7883;nh ra quy ph&#7841;m c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i. L&#7877; l&agrave; &#273;em nh&#7919;ng h&agrave;nh vi b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i v&agrave; ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n h&agrave;nh s&#7921; c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7889;i &#7913;ng &#273;&#7889;i chi&#7871;u v&#7899;i &#272;&#7841;o. Th&ocirc;ng qua nh&#7919;ng tr&#7853;t t&#7921; v&agrave; quy ph&#7841;m m&agrave; l&#7877; ki&#7871;n l&#7853;p &#273;&#7875; khi&#7871;n con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; th&#7875; tr&#7903; v&#7873; v&#7899;i ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c t&#7915; b&#7873; ngo&agrave;i &#273;&#7871;n n&#7897;i t&acirc;m.<\/p>\n<p>C&ugrave;ng v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c x&atilde; h&#7897;i ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng suy b&#7841;i, ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng r&#7901;i xa &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o, c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng th&#7913;c tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n v&#7873; ph&iacute;a b&#7873; m&#7863;t b&ecirc;n ngo&agrave;i. Tr&#7885;ng t&acirc;m c&#7911;a l&#7877; c&#361;ng ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n l&#7879;ch h&#432;&#7899;ng t&#7915; n&#7897;i h&agrave;m &#273;&#7841;o ngh&#297;a &#273;&#7857;ng sau h&#432;&#7899;ng &#273;&#7871;n h&igrave;nh th&#7913;c b&#7873; ngo&agrave;i, ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng coi tr&#7885;ng h&igrave;nh th&#7913;c b&#7873; ngo&agrave;i, m&agrave; m&#7845;t &#273;i &#273;&#7841;o ngh&#297;a &#273;&#7857;ng sau, d&#7847;n d&#7847;n tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh l&#7877; nghi r&#432;&#7901;m r&agrave; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p, h&igrave;nh th&#7913;c. Trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a l&#7883;ch s&#7917;, Nho gia d&#7847;n d&#7847;n phai nh&#7841;t m&#7845;t phong th&aacute;i th&#7847;n ti&ecirc;n v&agrave; v&#7867; &#273;&#7865;p &#273;&#7857;ng sau n&oacute;, trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng h&#432;&#7899;ng v&#7873; ph&iacute;a b&#7873; m&#7863;t, n&oacute; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u tr&#7903; n&ecirc;n t&#7847;m th&#432;&#7901;ng, c&#7913;ng nh&#7855;c v&agrave; c&#7893; h&#7911;, &#273;&acirc;y c&#361;ng ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; ki&#7871;p s&#7889; trong &#273;&#7883;nh m&#7879;nh c&#7911;a Nho gia trong th&agrave;nh tr&#7909; ho&#7841;i di&#7879;t c&#7911;a v&#361; tr&#7909;.<\/p>\n<p>Cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng l&#7845;y vi&#7879;c trang &#273;i&#7875;m &#273;&#7875; l&agrave;m v&iacute; d&#7909; so s&aacute;nh v&#7899;i s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a c&aacute;c bi&#7879;n ph&aacute;p tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i: Khi m&#7899;i b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u trang &#273;i&#7875;m r&#7845;t nh&#7841;t, ch&#7911; y&#7871;u l&agrave; d&#7921;a v&agrave;o t&#432;&#7899;ng m&#7841;o ti&ecirc;n thi&ecirc;n, th&#7875; hi&#7879;n kh&iacute; ch&#7845;t ch&acirc;n ng&atilde; t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n, b&#7873; ngo&agrave;i ch&#7881; trang &#273;i&#7875;m b&#7893; khuy&#7871;t m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch th&iacute;ch h&#7907;p, khi&#7871;n ng&#432;&#7901;i ta tr&ocirc;ng r&#7845;t t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n, kh&ocirc;ng nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y d&#7845;u v&#7871;t c&#7911;a trang &#273;i&#7875;m. C&agrave;ng v&#7873; sau th&igrave; l&#7841;i c&agrave;ng d&#7921;a v&agrave;o trang &#273;i&#7875;m b&#7873; ngo&agrave;i, sa v&agrave;o trang &#273;i&#7875;m b&#7873; ngo&agrave;i, ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n v&ugrave;i l&#7845;p kh&iacute; ch&#7845;t ti&ecirc;n thi&ecirc;n, khi&#7871;n trang &#273;i&#7875;m ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng &#273;&#7853;m, t&ocirc; v&#7869; cho xinh &#273;&#7865;p, cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng &#273;&atilde; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh &ldquo;h&oacute;a trang&rdquo;, khi&#7871;n c&#7843; khu&ocirc;n m&#7863;t &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; v&#7869; ra, ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n m&#7845;t &#273;i di&#7879;n m&#7841;o v&#7889;n c&oacute;, nh&#432;ng l&uacute;c n&agrave;y ch&#7881; c&#7847;n b&#7883; n&#432;&#7899;c g&#7897;t r&#7917;a th&igrave; b&#7897; m&#7863;t gi&#7843; t&#7841;o x&#7845;u x&iacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c che gi&#7845;u b&ecirc;n d&#432;&#7899;i li&#7873;n l&#7897; ra.<\/p>\n<p><i>Ch&uacute; th&iacute;ch:<\/i><\/p>\n<p>39. &ldquo;L&#7877; k&yacute;-L&#7877; v&#7853;n&rdquo;, Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; vi&#7871;t: &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o chi h&agrave;nh d&atilde;, d&#7919; tam &#273;&#7841;i chi anh, kh&acirc;u v&#7883; chi &#273;&atilde;i d&atilde;, nhi h&#7919;u ch&iacute; y&ecirc;n. &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o chi h&agrave;nh d&atilde;, thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; vi c&ocirc;ng. Tuy&#7875;n hi&#7873;n d&#7919; n&#259;ng, gi&#7843;ng t&iacute;n tu m&#7909;c, c&#7889; nh&acirc;n b&#7845;t &#273;&#7897;c th&acirc;n k&#7923; th&acirc;n, b&#7845;t &#273;&#7897;c t&#7917; k&#7923; t&#7917;; s&#7917; l&atilde;o h&#7919;u s&#7903; chung, tr&aacute;ng h&#7919;u s&#7903; d&#7909;ng, &#7845;u h&#7919;u s&#7903; tr&#432;&#7901;ng, quan qu&#7843; c&ocirc; &#273;&#7897;c ph&#7871; t&#7853;t gi&#7843; giai h&#7919;u s&#7903; d&#432;&#7905;ng. Nam h&#7919;u ph&#7853;n, n&#7919; h&#7919;u quy. H&oacute;a &aacute;c k&#7923; kh&iacute; &#432; &#273;&#7883;a d&atilde;, b&#7845;t t&#7845;t t&agrave;ng &#432; k&#7927;; l&#7921;c &aacute;c k&#7923; b&#7845;t xu&#7845;t &#432; th&acirc;n d&atilde;, b&#7845;t t&#7845;t vi k&#7927;. Th&#7883; c&#7889; m&#432;u b&#7871; nhi b&#7845;t h&#432;ng, &#273;&#7841;o thi&#7871;t lo&#7841;n t&#7863;c nhi b&#7845;t t&aacute;c, c&#7889; ngo&#7841;i h&#7897; nhi b&#7845;t b&#7871;, th&#7883; v&#7883; &lsquo;&#273;&#7841;i &#273;&#7891;ng&rsquo;. Kim &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o k&yacute; &#7849;n, thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; vi gia, c&aacute;c th&acirc;n k&#7923; th&acirc;n, c&aacute;c t&#7917; k&#7923; t&#7917;, h&oacute;a l&#7921;c vi k&#7927;, &#273;&#7841;i nh&acirc;n th&#7871; c&#7853;p d&#297; vi l&#7877;. Th&agrave;nh qu&aacute;ch c&acirc;u tr&igrave; d&#297; vi c&#7889;, l&#7877; ngh&#297;a d&#297; vi k&#7927;, d&#297; ch&iacute;nh qu&acirc;n th&#7847;n, d&#297; &#273;&#7889;c ph&#7909; t&#7917;, d&#297; m&#7909;c huynh &#273;&#7879;, d&#297; h&ograve;a phu ph&#7909;, d&#297; thi&#7871;t ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897;, d&#297; l&#7853;p &#273;i&#7873;n l&yacute;, d&#297; hi&#7873;n d&#361;ng tri, d&#297; c&ocirc;ng vi k&#7927;. C&#7889; m&#432;u d&#7909;ng th&#7883; t&aacute;c, nhi binh do th&#7917; kh&#7903;i. V&#361; Thang V&#259;n V&#361; Th&agrave;nh V&#432;&#417;ng Chu C&ocirc;ng, do th&#7917; k&#7923; tuy&#7875;n d&atilde;. Th&#7917; l&#7909;c qu&acirc;n t&#7917; gi&#7843;, v&#7883; h&#7919;u b&#7845;t c&#7849;n &#432; l&#7877; gi&#7843; d&atilde;. D&#297; tr&#432;&#7899;c k&#7923; ngh&#297;a, d&#297; kh&#7843;o k&#7923; t&iacute;n, tr&#432;&#7899;c h&#7919;u qu&aacute;, h&igrave;nh nh&acirc;n gi&#7843;ng nh&#432;&#7907;ng, th&#7883; d&acirc;n h&#7919;u th&#432;&#7901;ng. Nh&#432; h&#7919;u b&#7845;t do th&#7917; gi&#7843;, t&#7841;i th&#7871; kh&#7913;, ch&uacute;ng d&#297; vi &#432;&#417;ng, th&#7883; v&#7883; &lsquo;ti&#7875;u khang&rsquo;&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>40. &ldquo;L&#7877; V&#7853;n&rdquo; vi&#7871;t: &ldquo;Phu l&#7877;, ti&ecirc;n v&#432;&#417;ng d&#297; th&#7915;a Thi&ecirc;n chi &#272;&#7841;o, d&#297; tr&#7883; nh&acirc;n chi t&igrave;nh&hellip;.th&#7883; c&#7889; l&#7877; t&#7845;t b&#7843;n &#432; thi&ecirc;n, hi&#7879;u &#432; &#273;&#7883;a, li&#7879;t &#432; qu&#7927; th&#7847;n, &#273;&#7841;t &#432; tang t&#7871; x&#7841; ng&#7921;, quan h&ocirc;n tri&#7873;u s&iacute;nh. Th&aacute;nh nh&acirc;n d&#297; l&#7877; th&#7883; chi, thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; qu&#7889;c gia kh&#7843; &#273;&#7855;c nhi ch&iacute;nh d&atilde;.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>41. &ldquo;Th&aacute;i C&ocirc;ng L&#7909;c Thao&rdquo; vi&#7871;t: &ldquo;L&#7877; gi&#7843;, thi&ecirc;n l&yacute; chi ph&#7845;n tr&#7841;ch.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>42. &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo;: &ldquo;Th&acirc;n th&acirc;n chi s&aacute;t, t&ocirc;n hi&#7873;n chi &#273;&#7859;ng, l&#7877; s&#7903; sinh d&atilde;&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>43. &ldquo;L&atilde; Th&#7883; Xu&acirc;n Thu&rdquo;: &ldquo;L&#7895; qu&#7889;c chi ph&aacute;p, L&#7895; nh&acirc;n vi nh&acirc;n th&#7847;n thi&#7871;p &#432; ch&#432; h&#7847;u, h&#7919;u n&#259;ng th&#7909;c chi gi&#7843;, th&#7911; k&#7923; kim &#432; ph&#7911;. T&#7917; C&#7889;ng th&#7909;c L&#7895; nh&acirc;n &#432; ch&#432; h&#7847;u, lai nhi nh&#432;&#7907;ng b&#7845;t th&#7911; k&#7923; kim. Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; vi&#7871;t &ldquo;T&#7913; th&#7845;t chi h&#297;. T&#7921; kim d&#297; v&atilde;ng, L&#7895; nh&acirc;n b&#7845;t th&#7909;c nh&acirc;n h&#297;&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>44. &ldquo;Ho&agrave;i Nam T&#7917;&rdquo;: &ldquo;Phu Th&aacute;nh nh&acirc;n chi c&#7917; s&#7921; d&atilde;, kh&#7843; d&#297; di phong d&#7883; t&#7909;c, nhi th&#7909; gi&aacute;o thu&#7853;n kh&#7843; thi h&#7853;u th&#7871;, phi &#273;&#7897;c d&#297; th&iacute;ch th&acirc;n chi h&agrave;nh d&atilde;. Kim qu&#7889;c chi ph&uacute; gi&#7843; qu&#7843; nhi b&#7847;n gi&#7843; ch&uacute;ng. Th&#7909;c nhi th&#7909; kim, t&#7855;c vi b&#7845;t li&ecirc;m; b&#7845;t th&#7909; kim, t&#7855;c b&#7845;t ph&#7909;c th&#7909;c nh&acirc;n. T&#7921; kim d&#297; lai, L&#7895; nh&acirc;n b&#7845;t ph&#7909;c th&#7909;c nh&acirc;n &#432; ch&#432; h&#7847;u h&#297;&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>45. &ldquo;M&#7841;nh T&#7917;-L&#432;&#417;ng Hu&#7879; V&#432;&#417;ng Th&#432;&#7907;ng&rdquo;: &ldquo;L&atilde;o ng&ocirc; l&atilde;o, d&#297; c&#7853;p nh&acirc;n chi l&atilde;o; &#7845;u ng&ocirc; &#7845;u, d&#297; c&#7853;p nh&acirc;n chi &#7845;u&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>46. &ldquo;M&#7841;nh T&#7917;-T&#7853;n T&acirc;m Th&#432;&#7907;ng&rdquo;: &ldquo;Th&acirc;n th&acirc;n nhi nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n, nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n nhi &aacute;i v&#7853;t&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>D&#7883;ch t&#7915;:<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/242733\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/242733<\/a><\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[ChanhKien.org] 8. Nho gia tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c V&#259;n h&oacute;a Trung Hoa kh&#7903;i ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; &#272;&#7841;o gia, l&agrave; v&#259;n h&oacute;a &#272;&#7841;o truy&#7873;n (&#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#272;&#7841;o truy&#7873;n cho) &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ki&#7871;n l&#7853;p tr&ecirc;n c&#417; s&#7903; &#272;&#7841;o gia. Th&#7901;i k&#7923; &#272;&ocirc;ng Chu, b&aacute;ch gia tranh ti&#7871;ng, k&#7923; th&#7921;c ngo&agrave;i &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#7841;o do L&atilde;o T&#7917; truy&#7873;n, t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a b&aacute;ch gia ch&#432; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[305],"class_list":["post-29117","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-van-hoa-than-truyen","tag-dai-dao-tri-quoc"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c (8): Nho gia tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/09\/dai-dao-tri-quoc-8-nho-gia-tri-quoc.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c (8): Nho gia tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[ChanhKien.org] 8. 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