![\"\"](\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/1000.jpg\")
<\/a><\/p>\n\u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n in c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Kinh Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n in ghi r\u00f5 \u201cN\u0103m th\u1ee9 9 H\u00e0m Th\u00f4ng\u201d t\u1ee9c n\u0103m 868, \u201cNg\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 4, V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ki\u1ec7t v\u00e2ng m\u1ec7nh song th\u00e2n in ra \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1eb1ng Ph\u00e1p\u201d. Quy\u1ec3n kinh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng cu\u1ed9n, d\u00e0i 4877mm, r\u1ed9ng 244mm. Ngo\u00e0i quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 b\u1ee9c tranh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni thuy\u1ebft Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Jetavanavihara (m\u1ed9t th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng), ph\u1ea7n sau l\u00e0 to\u00e0n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Kinh Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i>. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc r\u1ea5t tinh x\u1ea3o, n\u00e9t ch\u1eef m\u1ed9c m\u1ea1c, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, n\u00e9t kh\u1eafc kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o, m\u1ef1c in tr\u00ean cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eadm, \u0111\u1ec1u, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt.<\/p>\n
B\u1ed9 Kinh Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i> v\u00e0 Ch\u00fa \u0110\u1ea1i Bi<\/i> in v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n in s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1eadt qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed in \u1ea5n c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n
2. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n<\/b><\/p>\n
\u201cTh\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 cai tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1eaft n\u00fat d\u00e2y th\u1eebng, sau n\u00e0y c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf\u201d (Kinh D\u1ecbch<\/i>). Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 5000 n\u0103m. Nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c “Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Hi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1o ch\u1eef” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1ea1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 2 t\u1eadp 17 s\u00e1ch L\u00e3 Th\u1ecb Xu\u00e2n Thu<\/i>.<\/p>\n
Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Hi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1eed quan c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf, sinh ra \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef, th\u00f4ng minh, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng kh\u1ea3i ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 qu\u1ebb Tr\u1ea1ch Thi\u00ean Qu\u1ea3i? (Qu\u1ebb n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng: C\u00e1c b\u1ec1 t\u00f4i n\u00ean ph\u00f2 t\u00e1 qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u00fap vua cai tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1t). “\u00d4ng quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t tr\u00ean m\u00f3ng vu\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a chim th\u00fa, nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1eef v\u1ebft. D\u00f9ng c\u00e1i ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a tr\u0103m ngh\u1ec1, quan s\u00e1t v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 v\u1ebd ra h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u0103n (\u6587). V\u1ec1 sau k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc (h\u00ecnh thanh) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 (\u5b57). V\u0103n t\u1ef1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ean, vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean t\u1ea5m l\u1ee5a ho\u1eb7c th\u1ebb tre g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch.” (Thuy\u1ebft V\u0103n Gi\u1ea3i T\u1ef1<\/i> c\u1ee7a H\u1ee9a Th\u1eadn th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n)<\/p>\n
Trong h\u01a1n 2.000 n\u0103m t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf (Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf, Chuy\u00ean H\u00fac, \u0110\u1ebf C\u1ed1c, Nghi\u00eau, Thu\u1ea5n) \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi vua v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c nhau l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef theo c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef Gi\u00e1p C\u1ed1t, ch\u1eef Kim, ch\u1eef Tri\u1ec7n, ch\u1eef L\u1ec7, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u ch\u1eef kh\u00e1c. Sau khi T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Nguy\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 221 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, ch\u1eef Tri\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1eef L\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n
3. Kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n<\/b><\/p>\n
K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n nguy\u00ean b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb con d\u1ea5u v\u00e0 in d\u1eadp th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c con d\u1ea5u th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1eef ch\u00ecm kh\u1eafc v\u00e0o trong \u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e1n (\u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n v\u00e0 T\u00e2y H\u00e1n) ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc n\u1ed5i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. T\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng con d\u1ea5u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef n\u1ed5i vi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft xu\u00f4i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef n\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n
K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in d\u1eadp b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a d\u00f9ng gi\u1ea5y \u01b0\u1edbt \u00e9p ch\u1eb7t l\u00ean bia \u0111\u00e1, \u0111\u1ee3i gi\u1ea5y kh\u00f4 r\u1ed3i d\u00f9ng m\u1ef1c ch\u00e0 l\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft hay h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cd\u1eadp \u0111\u00e1\u201d. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in d\u1eadp \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef ch\u00ecm vi\u1ebft xu\u00f4i, t\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n in ra l\u00e0 ch\u1eef tr\u1eafng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n \u0111en, c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng con d\u1ea5u ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc n\u1ed5i th\u00ec cho ra b\u1ea3n in l\u00e0 ch\u1eef \u0111en tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n tr\u1eafng. Sau n\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef ch\u00ecm vi\u1ebft xu\u00f4i m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng theo con d\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef n\u1ed5i vi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u00f4i m\u1ef1c \u0111en l\u00ean con d\u1ea5u r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3ng l\u00ean m\u1eb7t gi\u1ea5y, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u1eafc in. Kh\u1eafc in l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p con d\u1ea5u v\u00e0 in d\u1eadp, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n
4. B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n<\/b><\/p>\n
Sau khi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 th\u1eddi T\u00e2y H\u00e1n k\u1ebft th\u00fac, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Nguy\u00ean v\u1ed1n t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng Nho gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u du nh\u1eadp t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. V\u00e0o n\u0103m V\u0129nh B\u00ecnh th\u1ee9 10 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n (n\u0103m 67), H\u00e1n Minh \u0110\u1ebf c\u1eed s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y t\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac l\u1ec5 Ph\u1eadt, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, t\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Trung Nguy\u00ean. S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Th\u1ed5 v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 105, Th\u00e1i Lu\u00e2n ph\u00e1t minh ra gi\u1ea5y Th\u00e1i H\u1ea7u, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng v\u1ea3i l\u1ee5a \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn sang th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 d\u00f9ng v\u1ea3i l\u1ee5a sang gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 d\u00f9ng gi\u1ea5y. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n in \u1ea5n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n
V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng trong th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kho b\u00e1u ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng tinh hoa t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Trung Nguy\u00ean. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t minh ra k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3ng truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. V\u00e0o n\u0103m Trinh Qu\u00e1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (n\u0103m 627), h\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Huy\u1ec1n Trang \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u Ph\u00e1p th\u1ec9nh kinh, sau 18 n\u0103m \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, \u1edf l\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a Ho\u1eb1ng Ph\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch kinh Ph\u1eadt. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n Trang t\u1eebng in r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u “tranh Ph\u1ed5 Hi\u1ec1n B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t” v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t cho c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3. V\u00e0o n\u0103m \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng V\u0129nh Huy th\u1ee9 ba (n\u0103m 652), Huy\u1ec1n Trang t\u1ea5u xin vua cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Nh\u1ea1n Th\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef kinh v\u00e0 tranh. Trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh, h\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Huy\u1ec1n Trang \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch kho\u1ea3ng 75 b\u1ed9 kinh Ph\u1eadt, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 1.335 quy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n
C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3ng truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c cao t\u0103ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. V\u00e0o n\u0103m \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Ti\u00ean Thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 hai, t\u1ee9c n\u0103m n\u0103m C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean 712, l\u1ee5c t\u1ed5 Hu\u1ec7 N\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch \u1edf ch\u00f9a Qu\u1ed1c \u00c2n, nh\u1ee5c th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y m\u00e0 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u00f9a Nam Hoa, T\u00e0o Kh\u00ea.<\/p>\n
5. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n<\/b><\/p>\n
Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m Kh\u00e1nh L\u1ecbch th\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng (n\u0103m 1041-1049), T\u1ea5t Th\u0103ng ph\u00e1t minh ra lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n s\u1eafp ch\u1eef b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong s\u00e1ch M\u1ed9ng Kh\u00ea B\u00fat \u0110\u00e0m<\/i> c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p r\u1eb1ng “Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p in \u1ea5n n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t, m\u1ecfng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n, m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con d\u1ea5u, d\u00f9ng l\u1eeda nung cho c\u1ee9ng. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m th\u00e9p, tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp k\u1ebft d\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ef1a th\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c s\u00e1p ong tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi b\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5y. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 in ba ho\u1eb7c hai b\u1ea3n th\u00ec c\u00e1ch in n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu in h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn b\u1ea3n th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng\u201d.<\/p>\n
Ch\u1eef in r\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t d\u1ec5 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng, kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1eddi vua Nguy\u00ean Th\u00e0nh T\u00f4ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Thanh (n\u0103m 1297-1308), V\u01b0\u01a1ng Trinh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ch\u1eef r\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u00f2n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 quay v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eafp ch\u1eef. Lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef r\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp l\u00ean gi\u00e1 ch\u1eef theo v\u1ea7n, khi s\u1eafp ch\u1eef th\u00ec b\u00e1nh xe quay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ebfp ch\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn ch\u1eef.<\/p>\n
K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n lu\u00f4n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p in \u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u00e0u \u0111en, \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c xanh lam. Ngo\u00e0i in v\u0103n t\u1ef1, m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a in xen m\u00e0u l\u00e0 in \u1ea3nh. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f9ng m\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4 l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 in m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh ba m\u00e0u th\u00ec m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecf t\u00f4 tr\u00ean c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y, m\u00e0u xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y v\u1ebd tr\u00ean l\u00e1 v\u00e0 m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng v\u1ebd tr\u00ean hoa. Nh\u01b0ng in theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y th\u00ec m\u00e0u s\u1eafc d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5. V\u00ec v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eadm nh\u1ea1t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n m\u00e0u trong b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd g\u1ed1c m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, kh\u1eafc th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea5m in, sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1a theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc m\u00e0 in xen m\u00e0u ho\u1eb7c in ch\u1ed3ng m\u00e0u, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 \u00fd. B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch Th\u1eadp Tr\u00fac Trai h\u1ecda ph\u1ed5<\/i> v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Thi\u00ean Kh\u1ea3i, Tri\u1ec1u Minh (Minh Hi T\u00f4ng 1621 \u2013 1627) kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t c\u1ee7a m\u00e2y v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n
T\u1ec7p \u0111\u00ednh k\u00e8m: \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in m\u00e0u c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i – Tranh T\u1ebft D\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u1ec5u Thanh.<\/p>\n
D\u1eabn l\u1eddi s\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 ph\u01b0\u1eddng tranh D\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00e0nh Hi\u1ec7u thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng tranh T\u1ebft D\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u1ec5u Thanh: D\u1ef1a theo t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u th\u00ec tranh T\u1ebft \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u01a1n 2.000 n\u0103m. Tranh T\u1ebft D\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u1ec5u Thanh \u1edf Thi\u00ean T\u00e2n c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u01a1n 400 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00ec n\u0103m quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a tranh T\u1ebft l\u00e0: c\u1ea5u, kh\u1eafc, \u1ea5n, h\u1ecda v\u00e0 b\u1ed3i (k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u, kh\u1eafc, in, v\u1ebd, \u0111\u1eafp). Tranh kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n g\u1ed7 l\u00e0 kh\u1eafc ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, khi in ra s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh. Quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a tranh T\u1ebft l\u00e0 in tranh, quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hai n\u1ed9i dung, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ef1c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1ebd m\u00e0u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp sau khi in; hai l\u00e0 in xen m\u00e0u, in xen n\u0103m m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n
\u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n d\u00e2n gian, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c: H\u1ed3ng L\u00e2u M\u1ed9ng<\/i>, Tam Qu\u1ed1c di\u1ec5n Ngh\u0129a<\/i>, Th\u1ee7y H\u1eed<\/i> v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Du K\u00fd<\/i>. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4ng r\u00e9t m\u01b0\u1edbt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh T\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 cho tr\u1ebb con nghe r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc. Tr\u1ebb con c\u0169ng th\u00edch nghe, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 c\u0169ng th\u00edch k\u1ec3, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t y\u00eau th\u00edch tranh T\u1ebft.<\/p>\n
6. L\u1eddi k\u1ebft<\/b><\/p>\n
Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Nguy\u00ean. Tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1eddi gian kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng 5000 n\u0103m, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong \u00e1nh h\u00e0o quang v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i tr\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, hun \u0111\u00fac n\u00ean n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e2m s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Nguy\u00ean, l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng cho nh\u1eefng vinh quang v\u00e0 suy b\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed xa x\u01b0a, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n
D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/30555<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"[ChanhKien.org] 1. B\u1ea3n in s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t B\u1ea3n in s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn nay l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n in kinh Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Kinh Ch\u00fa \u0110\u1ea1i Bi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n in kinh Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Kinh Ch\u00fa d\u00e0i 34cm, r\u1ed9ng 31cm, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in tr\u00ean […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[388],"class_list":["post-28759","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-khoa-hoc","tag-tu-dai-phat-minh"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
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